{ "packId": "stoicism", "packName": "Stoicism: A School and Its Sources", "description": "Create a reliable, evidence-traceable knowledge pack on Stoicism, strengthened with a source-grounded range of ancient Stoic figures and a bounded 21st-century reception case study of Ryan Holiday and Tim Ferriss. The supplied legacy ZIP may be inspected only as untrusted lead material: no claim, quotation, citation, validation result, or release assertion from it may be reused unless directly ver", "packVersion": "1.0.4", "lessons": [ { "id": "l01", "title": "Lesson 1: A School and Its Sources", "order": 1, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/stoicism/guides/l01.md", "sources": [ { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register" } ], "parts": [ { "id": "l01-p01", "title": "A School, Not a Slogan", "order": 1, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l01-001", "item-stoic-l01-002", "item-stoic-l01-003", "item-stoic-l01-004", "item-stoic-l01-005", "item-stoic-l01-009", "item-stoic-l01-010", "item-stoic-l01-011", "item-stoic-l01-012", "item-stoic-l01-013", "item-stoic-l01-014", "item-stoic-l01-015", "item-stoic-l01-016", "item-stoic-l01-017", "item-stoic-l01-018", "item-stoic-l01-019", "item-stoic-l01-020", "item-stoic-l01-021" ] }, { "id": "l01-p02", "title": "A Widened Early Roster and Its Source Limits", "order": 2, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l01-023", "item-stoic-l01-024", "item-stoic-l01-025", "item-stoic-l01-026", "item-stoic-l01-027", "item-stoic-l01-028", "item-stoic-l01-033", "item-stoic-l01-034", "item-stoic-l01-035", "item-stoic-l01-036", "item-stoic-l01-037", "item-stoic-l01-038", "item-stoic-l01-039", "item-stoic-l01-040", "item-stoic-l01-041", "item-stoic-l01-042", "item-stoic-l01-043", "item-stoic-l01-044", "item-stoic-l01-045", "item-stoic-l01-046", "item-stoic-l01-047", "item-stoic-l01-048", "item-stoic-l01-049", "item-stoic-l01-050", "item-stoic-l01-051" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-stoic-l01-1", "statement": "Place the school in Athens, identify its early succession and fields, and distinguish historical orientation from a surviving early corpus.", "demonstrationIds": [ "demo-stoic-l01-1", "demo-stoic-l01-2" ] }, { "id": "obj-stoic-l01-2", "statement": "Widen the early roster through named figures while distinguishing poem, fragments, later doxography, and scholarly placement.", "demonstrationIds": [ "demo-stoic-l01-3", "demo-stoic-l01-4" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "demo-stoic-l01-1", "label": "Fix the school in place and time: the painted porch, Zeno of", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l01-009", "item-stoic-l01-013", "item-stoic-l01-014" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l01-2", "label": "Three interlocking fields, a conventional succession, and no", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l01-015", "item-stoic-l01-016", "item-stoic-l01-017", "item-stoic-l01-020", "item-stoic-l01-021" ], "requiredCorrect": 5 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l01-3", "label": "Named figures on the widened early roster, from Persaeus and", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l01-041", "item-stoic-l01-042", "item-stoic-l01-044", "item-stoic-l01-051" ], "requiredCorrect": 4 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l01-4", "label": "Tell a surviving translated poem from fragments, a later rep", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l01-035", "item-stoic-l01-040", "item-stoic-l01-043", "item-stoic-l01-045" ], "requiredCorrect": 4 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-school-sources", "objectiveId": "obj-stoic-l01-1", "title": "School, Succession & Fields", "mcqIds": [ "item-stoic-l01-013", "item-stoic-l01-014", "item-stoic-l01-015", "item-stoic-l01-016", "item-stoic-l01-017" ] }, { "id": "test-widened-roster", "objectiveId": "obj-stoic-l01-2", "title": "Widened Roster & Evidence Types", "mcqIds": [ "item-stoic-l01-039", "item-stoic-l01-040", "item-stoic-l01-041", "item-stoic-l01-044", "item-stoic-l01-045" ] } ] }, { "id": "l02", "title": "Lesson 2: A Connected Philosophical System", "order": 2, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/stoicism/guides/l02.md", "sources": [ { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register" } ], "parts": [ { "id": "l02-p03", "title": "Why Physics, Logic, and Ethics Belong Together", "order": 3, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l02-001", "item-stoic-l02-002", "item-stoic-l02-003", "item-stoic-l02-004", "item-stoic-l02-005", "item-stoic-l02-008", "item-stoic-l02-009", "item-stoic-l02-011", "item-stoic-l02-012", "item-stoic-l02-013", "item-stoic-l02-015", "item-stoic-l02-016", "item-stoic-l02-017", "item-stoic-l02-018", "item-stoic-l02-020", "item-stoic-l02-021", "item-stoic-l02-022", "item-stoic-l02-023", "item-stoic-l02-025", "item-stoic-l02-026", "item-stoic-l02-027", "item-stoic-l02-028", "ot-stoic-fields-1" ] }, { "id": "l02-p04", "title": "Reason, Language, and Causal Order", "order": 4, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l02-030", "item-stoic-l02-031", "item-stoic-l02-032", "item-stoic-l02-033", "item-stoic-l02-034", "item-stoic-l02-035", "item-stoic-l02-036", "item-stoic-l02-037", "item-stoic-l02-038", "item-stoic-l02-039", "item-stoic-l02-040", "item-stoic-l02-041", "item-stoic-l02-043", "item-stoic-l02-044", "item-stoic-l02-046", "item-stoic-l02-048", "item-stoic-l02-049", "item-stoic-l02-050", "item-stoic-l02-051", "item-stoic-l02-053", "item-stoic-l02-054", "ot-stoic-cofated-1" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-stoic-l02-1", "statement": "Explain the three Stoic fields, their wider ancient scope, and what the system analogies do and do not settle about ethics and physics", "demonstrationIds": [ "demo-stoic-l02-1", "demo-stoic-l02-2" ] }, { "id": "obj-stoic-l02-2", "statement": "Describe the breadth of Stoic logic and the approximate status of lekta, and explain the co-fated reply to fatalistic inaction", "demonstrationIds": [ "demo-stoic-l02-3", "demo-stoic-l02-4" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "demo-stoic-l02-1", "label": "Name the three fields and distinguish their ancient scope fr", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l02-002", "item-stoic-l02-003", "item-stoic-l02-008" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l02-2", "label": "Give the animal, egg, and field analogies their proper weigh", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l02-015", "item-stoic-l02-016", "item-stoic-l02-018", "item-stoic-l02-021" ], "requiredCorrect": 4 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l02-3", "label": "Map the reach of Stoic logic and handle lekta as the approxi", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l02-031", "item-stoic-l02-032", "item-stoic-l02-034", "item-stoic-l02-036", "item-stoic-l02-037", "item-stoic-l02-040" ], "requiredCorrect": 5 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l02-4", "label": "Explain co-fated action in a causal sequence and the doctor ", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l02-048", "item-stoic-l02-049", "item-stoic-l02-053" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-stoic-fields", "objectiveId": "obj-stoic-l02-1", "title": "Stoic Fields & System", "mcqIds": [ "item-stoic-l02-003", "item-stoic-l02-008", "item-stoic-l02-016", "item-stoic-l02-021", "ot-stoic-fields-1" ] }, { "id": "test-stoic-logic-cofated", "objectiveId": "obj-stoic-l02-2", "title": "Logic, Lekta & Co-Fated", "mcqIds": [ "item-stoic-l02-032", "item-stoic-l02-037", "item-stoic-l02-049", "item-stoic-l02-053", "ot-stoic-cofated-1" ] } ] }, { "id": "l03", "title": "Lesson 3: Virtue, Value, and Action", "order": 3, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/stoicism/guides/l03.md", "sources": [ { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register" } ], "parts": [ { "id": "l03-p05", "title": "The End, Virtue, and the Sage", "order": 5, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l03-001", "item-stoic-l03-002", "item-stoic-l03-003", "item-stoic-l03-004", "item-stoic-l03-005", "item-stoic-l03-006", "item-stoic-l03-007", "item-stoic-l03-012", "item-stoic-l03-013", "item-stoic-l03-014", "item-stoic-l03-015", "item-stoic-l03-016", "item-stoic-l03-017", "item-stoic-l03-018", "item-stoic-l03-019", "item-stoic-l03-020", "item-stoic-l03-021", "item-stoic-l03-022", "item-stoic-l03-023", "item-stoic-l03-024", "item-stoic-l03-025", "item-stoic-l03-026", "item-stoic-l03-027", "item-stoic-l03-028", "item-stoic-l03-029", "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l03-1-1" ] }, { "id": "l03-p06", "title": "Indifferents, Appropriate Action, and a Roman Witness", "order": 6, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l03-032", "item-stoic-l03-033", "item-stoic-l03-034", "item-stoic-l03-035", "item-stoic-l03-036", "item-stoic-l03-040", "item-stoic-l03-041", "item-stoic-l03-042", "item-stoic-l03-043", "item-stoic-l03-044", "item-stoic-l03-045", "item-stoic-l03-046", "item-stoic-l03-047", "item-stoic-l03-048", "item-stoic-l03-049", "item-stoic-l03-050", "item-stoic-l03-051", "item-stoic-l03-052", "item-stoic-l03-053", "ot-l03-pref-dispref" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-stoic-l03-1", "statement": "Explain telos, virtue, the sage ideal, and qualified Panaetius-Posidonius coverage.", "demonstrationIds": [ "demo-stoic-l03-2" ] }, { "id": "obj-stoic-l03-2", "statement": "Distinguish value from preferred and dispreferred indifferents and introduce appropriate action through transmission-aware Epictetan evidence.", "demonstrationIds": [ "demo-stoic-l03-3", "demo-stoic-l03-4" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "demo-stoic-l03-2", "label": "Treat the sage as a strict ideal no school leader claimed, a", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l03-012", "item-stoic-l03-015", "item-stoic-l03-016", "item-stoic-l03-013", "item-stoic-l03-018", "item-stoic-l03-019", "item-stoic-l03-020", "item-stoic-l03-029", "item-stoic-l03-021", "item-stoic-l03-022", "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l03-1-1" ], "requiredCorrect": 11 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l03-3", "label": "Separate strict value from preferred and dispreferred indiff", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l03-040", "item-stoic-l03-042", "item-stoic-l03-052", "item-stoic-l03-041", "item-stoic-l03-043" ], "requiredCorrect": 5 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l03-4", "label": "Read the Epictetan evidence with its translation and recordi", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l03-045", "item-stoic-l03-044", "item-stoic-l03-046", "item-stoic-l03-053" ], "requiredCorrect": 4 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-telos-virtue-sage", "objectiveId": "obj-stoic-l03-1", "title": "Telos, Virtue, and the Sage", "mcqIds": [ "item-stoic-l03-015", "item-stoic-l03-017", "item-stoic-l03-020", "item-stoic-l03-021", "item-stoic-l03-022", "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l03-1-1" ] }, { "id": "test-indifferents-action", "objectiveId": "obj-stoic-l03-2", "title": "Indifferents and Appropriate Action", "mcqIds": [ "item-stoic-l03-042", "item-stoic-l03-043", "item-stoic-l03-044", "item-stoic-l03-046", "ot-l03-pref-dispref" ] } ] }, { "id": "l04", "title": "Lesson 4: Impression, Assent, and Agency", "order": 4, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/stoicism/guides/l04.md", "sources": [ { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register" } ], "parts": [ { "id": "l04-p07", "title": "An Impression Is Not Yet an Assent", "order": 7, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l04-001", "item-stoic-l04-002", "item-stoic-l04-003", "item-stoic-l04-004", "item-stoic-l04-005", "item-stoic-l04-006", "item-stoic-l04-012", "item-stoic-l04-013", "item-stoic-l04-014", "item-stoic-l04-015", "item-stoic-l04-016", "item-stoic-l04-017", "item-stoic-l04-018", "item-stoic-l04-019", "item-stoic-l04-020", "item-stoic-l04-021", "item-stoic-l04-022", "item-stoic-l04-023", "item-stoic-l04-024", "item-stoic-l04-025", "item-stoic-l04-026", "item-stoic-l04-027", "item-stoic-l04-028", "ot-impulse-1" ] }, { "id": "l04-p08", "title": "Agency Within a Causal World", "order": 8, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l04-031", "item-stoic-l04-032", "item-stoic-l04-033", "item-stoic-l04-034", "item-stoic-l04-035", "item-stoic-l04-039", "item-stoic-l04-040", "item-stoic-l04-041", "item-stoic-l04-042", "item-stoic-l04-043", "item-stoic-l04-044", "item-stoic-l04-045", "item-stoic-l04-046", "item-stoic-l04-047", "item-stoic-l04-048", "item-stoic-l04-049", "item-stoic-l04-050", "item-stoic-l04-051", "item-stoic-l04-052", "item-stoic-l04-053" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-stoic-l04-1", "statement": "Distinguish impression, impulse, assent, passion, and good feelings, using the Sphaerus anecdote only as a bounded illustration", "demonstrationIds": [ "demo-stoic-l04-1" ] }, { "id": "obj-stoic-l04-2", "statement": "Explain the Stoic compatibilist project and keep its causal and psychological vocabulary distinct", "demonstrationIds": [ "demo-stoic-l04-3", "demo-stoic-l04-4" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "demo-stoic-l04-1", "label": "Treat impression, assent, and impulse as separate acts, incl", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l04-012", "item-stoic-l04-015", "item-stoic-l04-023", "item-stoic-l04-027", "item-stoic-l04-021", "item-stoic-l04-024" ], "requiredCorrect": 6 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l04-3", "label": "State the determinism-with-responsibility project and the an", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l04-039", "item-stoic-l04-041", "item-stoic-l04-048", "item-stoic-l04-052" ], "requiredCorrect": 4 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l04-4", "label": "Keep prohairesis and the other technical terms non-interchan", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l04-042", "item-stoic-l04-044" ], "requiredCorrect": 2 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-impression-assent", "objectiveId": "obj-stoic-l04-1", "title": "Impression & Assent", "mcqIds": [ "item-stoic-l04-012", "item-stoic-l04-015", "item-stoic-l04-017", "item-stoic-l04-018", "ot-impulse-1" ] }, { "id": "test-compatibilist-agency", "objectiveId": "obj-stoic-l04-2", "title": "Compatibilism & Agency", "mcqIds": [ "item-stoic-l04-039", "item-stoic-l04-041", "item-stoic-l04-042", "item-stoic-l04-044", "item-stoic-l04-043" ] } ] }, { "id": "l05", "title": "Lesson 5: Social Concern and Roman Mediation", "order": 5, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/stoicism/guides/l05.md", "sources": [ { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register" } ], "parts": [ { "id": "l05-p09", "title": "Oikeiosis, Cosmopolitanism, and Proximity", "order": 9, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l05-001", "item-stoic-l05-002", "item-stoic-l05-003", "item-stoic-l05-004", "item-stoic-l05-005", "item-stoic-l05-006", "item-stoic-l05-011", "item-stoic-l05-012", "item-stoic-l05-013", "item-stoic-l05-014", "item-stoic-l05-015", "item-stoic-l05-016", "item-stoic-l05-017", "item-stoic-l05-018", "item-stoic-l05-021", "item-stoic-l05-022", "item-stoic-l05-023", "item-stoic-l05-024", "item-stoic-l05-025", "item-stoic-l05-026", "item-stoic-l05-027" ] }, { "id": "l05-p10", "title": "Roman Transmission, Duty Language, and Source Roles", "order": 10, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l05-028", "item-stoic-l05-029", "item-stoic-l05-030", "item-stoic-l05-031", "item-stoic-l05-032", "item-stoic-l05-036", "item-stoic-l05-037", "item-stoic-l05-038", "item-stoic-l05-039", "item-stoic-l05-040", "item-stoic-l05-041", "item-stoic-l05-042", "item-stoic-l05-043", "item-stoic-l05-044", "item-stoic-l05-047", "item-stoic-l05-048", "item-stoic-l05-049", "item-stoic-l05-050", "item-stoic-l05-051", "item-stoic-l05-052" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-stoic-l05-1", "statement": "Introduce social concern and Hierocles's circles while retaining partial-survival and abstract-only limits", "demonstrationIds": [ "demo-stoic-l05-1", "demo-stoic-l05-2" ] }, { "id": "obj-stoic-l05-2", "statement": "Explain Cicero's non-Stoic mediation of Stoic theory and connect source roles to social and appropriate-action language", "demonstrationIds": [ "demo-stoic-l05-3", "demo-stoic-l05-4" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "demo-stoic-l05-1", "label": "State what the Stoicism overview establishes: oikeiosis, cos", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l05-012", "item-stoic-l05-021", "item-stoic-l05-022", "item-stoic-l05-011", "item-stoic-l05-024" ], "requiredCorrect": 5 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l05-2", "label": "Read Hierocles' concentric circles from the abstract alone: ", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l05-017", "item-stoic-l05-027" ], "requiredCorrect": 2 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l05-3", "label": "Distinguish Cicero's non-Stoic engagement and De Officiis' P", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l05-043", "item-stoic-l05-047", "item-stoic-l05-049" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l05-4", "label": "Judge what survival routes and evidence categories license a", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l05-037", "item-stoic-l05-044", "item-stoic-l05-050", "item-stoic-l05-051", "item-stoic-l05-052" ], "requiredCorrect": 5 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-hierocles-circles", "objectiveId": "obj-stoic-l05-1", "title": "Hierocles' Circles & Limits", "mcqIds": [ "item-stoic-l05-021", "item-stoic-l05-022", "item-stoic-l05-024", "item-stoic-l05-027", "item-stoic-l05-025" ] }, { "id": "test-cicero-mediation", "objectiveId": "obj-stoic-l05-2", "title": "Cicero's Roman Mediation", "mcqIds": [ "item-stoic-l05-047", "item-stoic-l05-049", "item-stoic-l05-050", "item-stoic-l05-051", "item-stoic-l05-052" ] } ] }, { "id": "l06", "title": "Lesson 6: Roman Figures and Textual Forms", "order": 6, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/stoicism/guides/l06.md", "sources": [ { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register" } ], "parts": [ { "id": "l06-p11", "title": "Seneca, Musonius, and Cornutus", "order": 11, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l06-001", "item-stoic-l06-002", "item-stoic-l06-003", "item-stoic-l06-004", "item-stoic-l06-005", "item-stoic-l06-007", "item-stoic-l06-009", "item-stoic-l06-010", "item-stoic-l06-012", "item-stoic-l06-013", "item-stoic-l06-014", "item-stoic-l06-015", "item-stoic-l06-016", "item-stoic-l06-019", "item-stoic-l06-020", "item-stoic-l06-022", "item-stoic-l06-023", "item-stoic-l06-025", "item-stoic-l06-026", "ot-l06-textforms-1" ] }, { "id": "l06-p12", "title": "Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius: Transmission and Self-Address", "order": 12, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l06-027", "item-stoic-l06-029", "item-stoic-l06-031", "item-stoic-l06-032", "item-stoic-l06-033", "item-stoic-l06-035", "item-stoic-l06-036", "item-stoic-l06-037", "item-stoic-l06-038", "item-stoic-l06-039", "item-stoic-l06-041", "item-stoic-l06-043", "item-stoic-l06-044", "item-stoic-l06-045", "item-stoic-l06-047", "item-stoic-l06-048", "item-stoic-l06-049", "item-stoic-l06-050", "item-stoic-l06-052" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-stoic-l06-1", "statement": "Compare surviving Roman textual forms and roles without treating one author or publisher description as the whole school.", "demonstrationIds": [ "demo-stoic-l06-1", "demo-stoic-l06-2" ] }, { "id": "obj-stoic-l06-2", "statement": "Distinguish Arrian-associated Epictetan transmission from Marcus's self-addressed Meditations and their linked but different contexts.", "demonstrationIds": [ "demo-stoic-l06-3", "demo-stoic-l06-4" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "demo-stoic-l06-1", "label": "Set Seneca's surviving works against early Stoicism's fragme", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l06-002", "item-stoic-l06-003", "item-stoic-l06-007", "item-stoic-l06-009" ], "requiredCorrect": 4 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l06-2", "label": "Place Musonius's role and Cornutus's compendium from a publi", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l06-013", "item-stoic-l06-015", "item-stoic-l06-019", "item-stoic-l06-022", "item-stoic-l06-025", "item-stoic-l06-026" ], "requiredCorrect": 5 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l06-3", "label": "Handle Epictetus's texts as transmitted: Arrian's record of ", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l06-031", "item-stoic-l06-032", "item-stoic-l06-035", "item-stoic-l06-036", "item-stoic-l06-038" ], "requiredCorrect": 5 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l06-4", "label": "Read the Meditations as writing Marcus addressed to himself,", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l06-041", "item-stoic-l06-043", "item-stoic-l06-044", "item-stoic-l06-048" ], "requiredCorrect": 4 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-roman-textual-forms", "objectiveId": "obj-stoic-l06-1", "title": "Roman Textual Forms", "mcqIds": [ "item-stoic-l06-002", "item-stoic-l06-013", "item-stoic-l06-019", "item-stoic-l06-025", "ot-l06-textforms-1" ] }, { "id": "test-epictetus-marcus-transmission", "objectiveId": "obj-stoic-l06-2", "title": "Epictetus and Marcus Transmission", "mcqIds": [ "item-stoic-l06-031", "item-stoic-l06-032", "item-stoic-l06-036", "item-stoic-l06-043", "item-stoic-l06-052" ] } ] }, { "id": "l07", "title": "Lesson 7: Reception and Responsible Reading", "order": 7, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/stoicism/guides/l07.md", "sources": [ { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register" } ], "parts": [ { "id": "l07-p13", "title": "Reception Changes the Stoicism That Readers Meet", "order": 13, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l07-001", "item-stoic-l07-002", "item-stoic-l07-003", "item-stoic-l07-004", "item-stoic-l07-005", "item-stoic-l07-006", "item-stoic-l07-012", "item-stoic-l07-013", "item-stoic-l07-014", "item-stoic-l07-015", "item-stoic-l07-016", "item-stoic-l07-017", "item-stoic-l07-018", "item-stoic-l07-019", "item-stoic-l07-020", "item-stoic-l07-022", "item-stoic-l07-023", "item-stoic-l07-028", "item-stoic-l07-029", "item-stoic-l07-030", "item-stoic-l07-031" ] }, { "id": "l07-p14", "title": "Documented Contemporary Materials: Holiday Site and Podcast; Ferriss Interview", "order": 14, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l07-034", "item-stoic-l07-035", "item-stoic-l07-036", "item-stoic-l07-037", "item-stoic-l07-038", "item-stoic-l07-042", "item-stoic-l07-043", "item-stoic-l07-044", "item-stoic-l07-045", "item-stoic-l07-046", "item-stoic-l07-047", "item-stoic-l07-050", "item-stoic-l07-051", "item-stoic-l07-052", "item-stoic-l07-053", "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-1", "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-2", "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-3", "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-4" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-stoic-l07-1", "statement": "Explain how later readers meet Stoicism through transformed textual pathways", "demonstrationIds": [ "demo-stoic-l07-1", "demo-stoic-l07-2" ] }, { "id": "obj-stoic-l07-2", "statement": "Read first-party materials for only the site, book, podcast-hosting, and interview-publication details they document", "demonstrationIds": [ "demo-stoic-l07-3", "demo-stoic-l07-4" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "demo-stoic-l07-1", "label": "Identify the texts and translations that carried Stoicism to", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l07-013", "item-stoic-l07-017", "item-stoic-l07-018" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l07-2", "label": "Explain how survival, printing, and selective reframing resh", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l07-014", "item-stoic-l07-019", "item-stoic-l07-030" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l07-3", "label": "State what each first-party page documents: the site, the bo", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l07-042", "item-stoic-l07-043", "item-stoic-l07-044", "item-stoic-l07-045", "item-stoic-l07-046", "item-stoic-l07-052", "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-1", "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-2", "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-3", "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-4" ], "requiredCorrect": 9 }, { "id": "demo-stoic-l07-4", "label": "Match a claim to the source that can carry it, and reject in", "itemIds": [ "item-stoic-l07-047", "item-stoic-l07-053", "item-stoic-l07-051", "item-stoic-l07-052" ], "requiredCorrect": 4 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-reception-pathways", "objectiveId": "obj-stoic-l07-1", "title": "Reception Pathways", "mcqIds": [ "item-stoic-l07-017", "item-stoic-l07-018", "item-stoic-l07-019", "item-stoic-l07-022", "item-stoic-l07-020" ] }, { "id": "test-first-party-reading", "objectiveId": "obj-stoic-l07-2", "title": "First-Party Source Reading", "mcqIds": [ "item-stoic-l07-042", "item-stoic-l07-043", "item-stoic-l07-044", "item-stoic-l07-045", "item-stoic-l07-047", "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-1", "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-2", "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-3", "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-4" ] } ] } ], "items": [ { "id": "item-stoic-l01-001", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "title": "The Porch That Named a School", "body": "Stoicism takes its name from the stoa poikile, the painted porch in Athens associated with the school's first generation. The label points to a place where the earliest Stoics gathered, not to a modern mood or a single motto. Naming the setting explains the word; it does not by itself describe how the early school operated.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "Stoa Poikile", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: The excavated foundations of the Stoa Poikile, the Painted Stoa, on the north side of the Athenian Agora. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "The excavated foundations of the Stoa Poikile, the Painted Stoa, on the north side of the Athenian Agora.", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons · Zde · CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stoa_Poikile,_Athnens,_225831.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l01-001.webp" }, "uid": "12frymoetmrvo" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-002", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "title": "Zeno of Citium and an Approximate Start", "body": "The conventional starting point of Stoicism is Zeno of Citium, who began the school around 300 BCE. The word 'around' is doing real work here: the date orients a chronology rather than fixing a year. Treating it as a precision figure would build more structure than the evidence supports.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Zeno of Citium marble bust", "imagePrompt": "Zeno of Citium and an Approximate Start: The conventional starting point of Stoicism is Zeno of Citium, who began the school around 300 BCE. The word 'around' is doing real work here: the date orients a chronology rather than fixing a year. Treating it as a precision figure would build more structur", "alt": "Zeno of Citium and an Approximate Start.", "credit": "Jeremy Weate from Abuja, Nigeria (Openverse) · by 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=21009170", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l01-002.webp" }, "uid": "1lq3bqpjbwlc3" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-003", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "title": "Three Interlocking Fields", "body": "Stoicism comprises three interlocking fields: physics, logic, and ethics. Naming all three at the outset guards against reading the school as nothing but a set of ethical slogans. The claim identifies the architecture; it leaves open the debated question of how tightly each field depends on the others.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Stoa of Attalos colonnade Athens", "imagePrompt": "Three Interlocking Fields: Stoicism comprises three interlocking fields: physics, logic, and ethics. Naming all three at the outset guards against reading the school as nothing but a set of ethical slogans. The claim identifies the architecture; it leaves open the debated question of how tightly eac", "alt": "Three Interlocking Fields.", "credit": "Pexels · Zsófia Fehér · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/colonnade-in-stoa-of-attalos-athens-greece-14640075/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l01-003.webp" }, "uid": "uhhf3y1o6z4ca" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-004", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "title": "A Conventional Succession", "body": "The early school is conventionally presented as running from Zeno to Cleanthes of Assos and then to Chrysippus of Soli. That sequence is an orientation device for readers meeting the school for the first time. It should not be converted into a chart that assigns each Stoic doctrine to one named founder.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "museum gallery lined with rows of ancient marble portrait busts", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A museum gallery lined with rows of ancient marble portrait busts on plinths. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A museum gallery lined with rows of ancient marble portrait busts on plinths.", "credit": "Pexels · Michael Noel · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/museum-exhibition-of-ancient-bust-statues-4890543/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l01-004.webp" }, "uid": "kofayi1o0sqgc" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-005", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "title": "Nothing Complete Survives", "body": "No complete authored work by Zeno, Cleanthes, or Chrysippus survives. The gap is specific rather than total: fragments, later reports, and a poem associated with Cleanthes all remain in play as evidence. A careful reader therefore asks what kind of evidence stands behind a claim before treating it as a founder's own words.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "broken pottery sherds laid out on a work table", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: Broken pottery sherds laid out on a work table. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "Broken pottery sherds laid out on a work table.", "credit": "Pexels · Alfo Medeiros · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/broken-porcelain-in-dirt-15241236/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l01-005.webp" }, "uid": "1hy8qz02zjswq" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-009", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Stoa poikile", "display": "Stoa poikile" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The painted porch in Athens associated with the Stoic school's first generation, and the structure from which the school's name derives." }, "uid": "1ljgk8v11f4503" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-010", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "The conventional early succession", "display": "The conventional early succession" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The customary ordering of the school's first figures — Zeno, then Cleanthes of Assos, then Chrysippus of Soli — used to orient a reader rather than to assign each doctrine to one founder." }, "uid": "e28buqgg1tau" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-011", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Zeno of Citium" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Zeno of Citium" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Began the school in Athens around 300 BCE, a date offered for orientation rather than precision." }, "uid": "kx6z0u1ahj302" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-012", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cleanthes of Assos" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cleanthes of Assos" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Second figure in the conventional early succession, standing between the founder and Chrysippus of Soli." }, "uid": "3ww1x6buxd5e" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-013", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Where does the name 'Stoicism' come from?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The temple porch honoured in the Hymn to Zeus associated with Cleanthes of Assos", "short": "Temple porch from the Hymn" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A colonnade at Citium named for the founder by the generation that came after him", "short": "Colonnade at Citium" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A lecture hall attached to the scholarchate later held by Diogenes of Babylon", "short": "The scholarch's lecture hall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The stoa poikile, a painted porch in Athens tied to the school's first generation", "short": "The painted porch in Athens" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The name derives from the stoa poikile, the painted porch in Athens associated with the school's first generation. It records the school's setting, not a doctrine or a slogan.", "uid": "53plsze5pfe5" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-014", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How should the date 'around 300 BCE' for the beginning of Zeno's school be treated?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "As the year the three fields of physics, logic, and ethics were first named", "short": "Year the fields were named" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As an approximate orientation point for placing the school in time", "short": "An approximate orientation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As the date on which Chrysippus of Soli took over the school's leadership", "short": "Chrysippus takes over" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As a precise founding year fixed by a document surviving from the school", "short": "A precise, documented year" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Zeno of Citium began the school around 300 BCE, and the approximation is part of the claim. The date orients the chronology; it is not a precision figure to build on.", "uid": "c2dp42t3e776" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-015", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which three interlocking fields does Stoicism comprise?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Logic, ethics, and politics", "short": "Logic, ethics, politics" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Physics, logic, and theology", "short": "Physics, logic, theology" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Physics, rhetoric, and ethics", "short": "Physics, rhetoric, ethics" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Physics, logic, and ethics", "short": "Physics, logic, ethics" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Stoicism comprises the three interlocking fields of physics, logic, and ethics. Naming them describes the architecture of the system without settling how tightly the fields depend on one another.", "uid": "1q1xd8q5sccny" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-016", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the conventional order of the early Stoic succession?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Zeno of Citium, then Chrysippus of Soli, then Cleanthes of Assos", "short": "Zeno, Chrysippus, Cleanthes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cleanthes of Assos, then Zeno of Citium, then Chrysippus of Soli", "short": "Cleanthes, Zeno, Chrysippus" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Chrysippus of Soli, then Zeno of Citium, then Cleanthes of Assos", "short": "Chrysippus, Zeno, Cleanthes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Zeno of Citium, then Cleanthes of Assos, then Chrysippus of Soli", "short": "Zeno, Cleanthes, Chrysippus" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The conventional early succession runs from Zeno to Cleanthes of Assos and then to Chrysippus of Soli. It is an orientation device, not a chart assigning each doctrine to one founder.", "uid": "tknd3t5svffd" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-017", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What has come down to us from Zeno, Cleanthes, and Chrysippus?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "One complete treatise by each of the three, preserved by later copyists in Athens", "short": "One treatise from each" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "No complete authored work by any of the three, but fragments and reports survive", "short": "No complete work, but fragments" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Complete works by Chrysippus alone, since he systematized the school's teaching", "short": "Only Chrysippus complete" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nothing at all, leaving every claim about the three to modern reconstruction", "short": "Nothing at all survives" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "No complete authored work by Zeno, Cleanthes, or Chrysippus survives. The loss is limited to complete works: fragments, later reports, and a poem associated with Cleanthes still count as evidence.", "uid": "1tq47iwsupwo" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-018", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "template": "Stoicism takes its name from the stoa poikile, the painted porch in ___ associated with the school's first generation.", "answer": "Athens", "distractors": [ "Citium", "Athens", "Assos" ], "explanation": "The painted porch stands in Athens. Citium, Assos, and Soli are the places that appear in the names of Zeno, Cleanthes, and Chrysippus.", "uid": "ip2ayr19k3gej" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-019", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "template": "Stoicism comprises three interlocking fields: physics, ___, and ethics.", "answer": "logic", "distractors": [ "logic", "rhetoric", "politics" ], "explanation": "The three interlocking fields are physics, logic, and ethics.", "uid": "17trselafg3wp" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-020", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "statement": "Because no complete work by Zeno, Cleanthes, or Chrysippus survives, no evidence about the three of them remains.", "isTrue": false, "why": "The loss covers complete authored works only; fragments, later reports, and a poem associated with Cleanthes are still evidence.", "uid": "eouvlixbcsnq" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-021", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-school-not-a-slogan", "statement": "The succession from Zeno to Cleanthes of Assos to Chrysippus of Soli is a conventional orientation device rather than a record of who originated each doctrine.", "isTrue": true, "why": "The succession places the early figures in order; it does not mean that one person alone created each doctrine.", "uid": "1tzzu1dqpt4kz" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-023", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "title": "Labels That Are Still Argued Over", "body": "Old Stoa and Middle Stoicism are period labels used to organize a survey of the school. Their relevance and accuracy are debated, so they work as rough scaffolding rather than as self-explanatory boxes. A figure's place in such a sequence says nothing about what actually survives from that figure.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "gallery of Greek philosopher marble busts", "imagePrompt": "Labels That Are Still Argued Over: Old Stoa and Middle Stoicism are period labels used to organize a survey of the school. Their relevance and accuracy are debated, so they work as rough scaffolding rather than as self-explanatory boxes. A figure's place in such a sequence says nothing about what ac", "alt": "Labels That Are Still Argued Over.", "credit": "Pexels · Marble head sculpture of ancient Greek philosopher on red background.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/head-statue-near-orange-wall-15253822/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l01-023.webp" }, "uid": "16sz6ri898dpc" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-024", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "title": "A Poem That Actually Survives", "body": "A translated text of the Hymn to Zeus associated with Cleanthes survives. That poem gives direct evidence for cosmic and theological vocabulary within its own lines. It does not show that every Stoic used the same wording or held an identical theology.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "close-up of the fanned yellowed pages of an antique book", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: The fanned, yellowed page edges of an antique book, seen close up. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "The fanned, yellowed page edges of an antique book, seen close up.", "credit": "Unsplash · Mishaal Zahed (Meschael Zahède) · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/brown-book-on-black-background-h4x-Tksufvw", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l01-024.webp" }, "uid": "r0u1xb1kl9y39" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-025", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "title": "A Systematizer Known Through Fragments", "body": "Chrysippus is described as an early Stoic systematizer, yet his output reaches modern readers as fragments and reports rather than as a complete personal corpus. The label is a historical description of his role in the school. It is not a licence to reconstruct a full Chrysippean theory or to supply him with a quotation.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "Chrysippus", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A sculpted portrait bust identified as the Stoic philosopher Chrysippus. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A sculpted portrait bust identified as the Stoic philosopher Chrysippus.", "subjectType": "person", "credit": "Wikipedia — Chrysippus · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysippus", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l01-025.webp" }, "uid": "10st3ep17uqkx9" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-026", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "title": "Book 7 and Its Compiler", "body": "In Book 7, Diogenes Laertius presents material under Ariston, Cleanthes, Sphaerus, and Chrysippus in a Stoic sequence. What that supports is the compiler's arrangement of the school. It is not a surviving work by each of the figures he lists.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Diogenes Laertius Lives of the Eminent Philosophers volume", "imagePrompt": "Book 7 and Its Compiler: In Book 7, Diogenes Laertius presents material under Ariston, Cleanthes, Sphaerus, and Chrysippus in a Stoic sequence. What that supports is the compiler's arrangement of the school. It is not a surviving work by each of the figures he lists.", "alt": "Book 7 and Its Compiler.", "credit": "Wikipedia — Diogenes Laertius · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l01-026.webp" }, "uid": "1llo7mw1qtz8jm" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-027", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "title": "The Wax Pomegranates", "body": "Diogenes Laertius reports that Sphaerus became a pupil of Cleanthes, and recounts an episode involving wax pomegranates, assent, and appearance. The episode reaches modern readers as a later translated anecdote. It is not a full account of what Sphaerus thought.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "wax pomegranate model artificial fruit", "imagePrompt": "The Wax Pomegranates: Diogenes Laertius reports that Sphaerus became a pupil of Cleanthes, and recounts an episode involving wax pomegranates, assent, and appearance. The episode reaches modern readers as a later translated anecdote. It is not a full account of what Sphaerus thought.", "alt": "The Wax Pomegranates.", "credit": "Pexels · Oleksandra Zelena · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/pomegranates-on-a-market-18523341/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l01-027.webp" }, "uid": "f82nk2ed4o1e" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-028", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "title": "The Roster Runs On", "body": "A scholarly overview identifies Diogenes of Babylon as an early successor in the scholarchate and Antipater of Tarsus as his successor. That placement widens the historical roster of the school. It does not by itself supply either figure with an independent body of doctrine.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Tarsus ancient Roman road Turkey", "imagePrompt": "The Roster Runs On: A scholarly overview identifies Diogenes of Babylon as an early successor in the scholarchate and Antipater of Tarsus as his successor. That placement widens the historical roster of the school. It does not by itself supply either figure with an independent body of doctrine.", "alt": "The Roster Runs On.", "credit": "Pexels · Gokhan Erkaya · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/ancient-roman-road-lined-with-pine-trees-38296348/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l01-028.webp" }, "uid": "151pq1c1c2d3xa" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-033", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Old Stoa", "display": "Old Stoa" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A period label used to group an early phase of the Stoic school; its relevance and accuracy are debated, so it organizes a survey rather than settling one." }, "uid": "n545tq3letco" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-034", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hymn to Zeus", "display": "Hymn to Zeus" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A poem associated with Cleanthes, surviving in a translated text, which gives direct evidence for cosmic and theological vocabulary within that particular poem." }, "uid": "mn2h7x1c8a0xl" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-035", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Fragments and reports", "display": "Fragments and reports" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The form in which Chrysippus's output reaches modern readers — pieces of text and later accounts of it, rather than a complete personal corpus." }, "uid": "1gm201q1axfsqy" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-036", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Persaeus" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Persaeus" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Named in a later compiler's report about the school's founder and credited there with a work title." }, "uid": "1czo64u8wn59w" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-037", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Antipater of Tarsus" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Antipater of Tarsus" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Placed by a scholarly overview as the successor of Diogenes of Babylon in the scholarchate." }, "uid": "195yo9p7rk9hp" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-038", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What are 'Old Stoa' and 'Middle Stoicism'?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Two fields into which the Stoic system divides", "short": "Two fields of the system" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Period labels whose relevance and accuracy remain debated", "short": "Debated period labels" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Titles of two compilations that preserve early Stoic material", "short": "Titles of two compilations" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Names of two Athenian porches where the school met", "short": "Two Athenian porches" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Old Stoa and Middle Stoicism are period labels, and their relevance and accuracy are debated. They can help organize a survey, but they are not self-explanatory boxes.", "uid": "1osmsk71nemrph" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-039", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What does the surviving translated Hymn to Zeus associated with Cleanthes establish?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A single theological wording shared by every Stoic writer of the period", "short": "One wording for all Stoics" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The preservation of Cleanthes' complete prose works alongside the poem", "short": "Cleanthes' prose survives too" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The school's official statement of its physics, endorsed by its head", "short": "An official statement of physics" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Direct evidence for cosmic and theological vocabulary in that one poem", "short": "Vocabulary within that poem" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The translated poem is direct evidence for the cosmic and theological vocabulary in its own lines. It does not establish identical wording or theology across the school.", "uid": "psemgq1bzwque" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-040", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what form does Chrysippus's output reach modern readers?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "As a complete personal corpus copied continuously since antiquity", "short": "A complete corpus" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As a single surviving treatise together with a translated hymn", "short": "One treatise plus a hymn" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As a section written in his own voice inside a later compiler's book", "short": "His own voice in a compiler" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As fragments and later reports rather than a complete corpus", "short": "Fragments and later reports" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Chrysippus is described as an early Stoic systematizer, but his output survives through fragments and reports rather than a complete personal corpus.", "uid": "176a4h816r1nja" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-041", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Diogenes Laertius presents material under Ariston, Cleanthes, Sphaerus, and Chrysippus in Book 7. What does this support?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "An eyewitness record made while the four of them were still teaching", "short": "An eyewitness record" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A directly surviving work by each of the four figures named", "short": "A surviving work by each" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A complete doctrinal system agreed on by all four of them", "short": "A system agreed by all four" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The compiler's presentation of those figures in a Stoic sequence", "short": "The compiler's presentation" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Book 7 sequence supports how a later compiler presented these figures. It is not a surviving work by each of them.", "uid": "h8952m1elvvpa" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-042", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What does Diogenes Laertius's Zeno material tell us about Persaeus?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It gives a full biography of him drawn from the school's own records", "short": "A full biography" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It names him in a report about Zeno, with one work title credited", "short": "Named, with a work title" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It lists him as Zeno's immediate successor in the scholarchate", "short": "Zeno's immediate successor" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It preserves a long passage of his own prose alongside Zeno's", "short": "Preserves his prose" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Zeno material names Persaeus in a report and credits him with a work title. Being a later report, it is not surviving Persaeus prose and cannot carry a biography.", "uid": "16u7xcx13oz7v5" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-043", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the evidential status of the Sphaerus wax-pomegranate episode?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A first-hand record kept by the school while he studied", "short": "A first-hand school record" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A passage from Sphaerus's own surviving treatise on assent", "short": "From his own treatise" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A later translated anecdote reported by Diogenes Laertius", "short": "A later translated anecdote" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A fragment quoted directly from Cleanthes' lost lectures", "short": "A fragment of Cleanthes" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Diogenes Laertius recounts the episode about wax pomegranates, assent, and appearance. It comes to us as a later translated anecdote, not as a complete account of Sphaerus's philosophy.", "uid": "1ld5b1nq1fcc1" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-044", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "According to a scholarly overview, who succeeded Diogenes of Babylon in the scholarchate?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Chrysippus of Soli", "short": "Chrysippus of Soli" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Zeno of Citium", "short": "Zeno of Citium" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cleanthes of Assos", "short": "Cleanthes of Assos" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Antipater of Tarsus", "short": "Antipater of Tarsus" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "A scholarly overview places Diogenes of Babylon as an early successor in the scholarchate and Antipater of Tarsus as his successor. The placement is historical and does not attribute doctrines to either.", "uid": "8fmks4llm4d6" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-045", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these reaches modern readers as a surviving translated text rather than through fragments or a later report?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Hymn to Zeus associated with Cleanthes of Assos", "short": "The Hymn to Zeus" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The systematizing output attributed to Chrysippus of Soli", "short": "Chrysippus's output" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The prose of Persaeus named in the Zeno material", "short": "Persaeus's prose" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sphaerus's own account of assent and appearance", "short": "Sphaerus on assent" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "A translated text of the Hymn to Zeus associated with Cleanthes survives. Chrysippus reaches us through fragments and reports, while Persaeus and Sphaerus appear only in later reports.", "uid": "1ihnhindbi7b1" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-046", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "template": "Diogenes Laertius recounts an episode in which ___ pomegranates raise a question about assent and appearance.", "answer": "wax", "distractors": [ "wax", "clay", "bronze" ], "explanation": "The reported episode involves wax pomegranates, assent, and appearance, and it survives as a later translated anecdote.", "uid": "z46vauzisbhu" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-047", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "template": "In Book 7, Diogenes Laertius presents material under Ariston, Cleanthes, ___, and Chrysippus in a Stoic sequence.", "answer": "Sphaerus", "distractors": [ "Persaeus", "Zeno", "Sphaerus" ], "explanation": "The Book 7 sequence runs Ariston, Cleanthes, Sphaerus, Chrysippus, and records the compiler's presentation of them.", "uid": "1h7728uwwi6w4" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-048", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "template": "A scholarly overview places ___ as an early successor in the scholarchate, with Antipater of Tarsus following him.", "answer": "Diogenes of Babylon", "distractors": [ "Cleanthes of Assos", "Diogenes Laertius", "Chrysippus of Soli" ], "explanation": "The overview identifies Diogenes of Babylon as an early successor in the scholarchate and Antipater of Tarsus as the next. Diogenes Laertius is the later compiler, a different person.", "uid": "k11v4p4irc4j" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-049", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "template": "Chrysippus is described as an early Stoic ___, though his output survives only as fragments and reports.", "answer": "systematizer", "distractors": [ "compiler", "systematizer", "commentator" ], "explanation": "Chrysippus is described as an early Stoic systematizer, though his output survives only as fragments and reports. The label describes his role and does not license reconstructing a complete theory.", "uid": "1cifkf01976l6w" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-050", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "statement": "The surviving translated Hymn to Zeus shows that every Stoic used the same theological wording.", "isTrue": false, "why": "The poem is direct evidence for the vocabulary in its own lines only; it does not establish identical wording or theology across the school.", "uid": "wz09usi847po" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l01-051", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "a-widened-early-roster-and-its-source-limits", "statement": "Diogenes Laertius's Zeno material names Persaeus and credits him with a work title, but does not preserve Persaeus's own prose.", "isTrue": true, "why": "The testimony is a later report about Persaeus, which is why it cannot stand in for surviving prose or a secure biography.", "uid": "1jhpaen1t07zxh" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-001", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "title": "Three Fields, One System", "body": "Stoic philosophy is conventionally divided into physics, logic, and ethics. The division is presented as an interconnected system rather than three sealed compartments. How tightly that system holds together is an interpretive question rather than a settled result.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Stoa Poikile ruins, Athenian Agora", "imagePrompt": "Three Fields, One System: Stoic philosophy is conventionally divided into physics, logic, and ethics. The division is presented as an interconnected system rather than three sealed compartments. How tightly that system holds together is an interpretive question rather than a settled result.", "alt": "Three Fields, One System.", "credit": "Pexels · Serhii Kovalov · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/aerial-view-of-ancient-agora-in-athens-greece-39060203/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l02-001.webp" }, "uid": "1o9a39z1fedo5x" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-002", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "The threefold division", "display": "The threefold division" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The conventional grouping of Stoic philosophy into physics, logic, and ethics, presented as an interconnected system rather than three sealed compartments." }, "uid": "1n18bsesc7rx0" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-003", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Stoic philosophy is conventionally divided into which three fields?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Physics, mathematics, and politics", "short": "Physics, maths, politics" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Logic, rhetoric, and poetics", "short": "Logic, rhetoric, poetics" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ethics, theology, and history", "short": "Ethics, theology, history" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Physics, logic, and ethics", "short": "Physics, logic, ethics" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The conventional division is physics, logic, and ethics, and it is presented as an interconnected system rather than three separate subjects.", "uid": "g87896gqm28w" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-004", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "template": "Stoic philosophy is conventionally divided into physics, ___, and ethics.", "answer": "logic", "distractors": [ "rhetoric", "politics", "mathematics" ], "explanation": "Logic is the third of the conventional fields, alongside physics and ethics.", "uid": "okqdje191zn3y" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-005", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "title": "Wider Than the Modern Words", "body": "The three field names do not carry their modern departmental meanings. In Stoic usage, physics includes natural philosophy, and logic extends well beyond formal inference. Reading a current course catalogue back into the school would narrow all three without warrant.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "rows of small wooden drawers in an old library card catalogue", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: Rows of small wooden drawers in an old library card catalogue. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "Rows of small wooden drawers in an old library card catalogue.", "credit": "Unsplash · Jan Antonin Kolar · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/brown-wooden-drawer-lRoX0shwjUQ", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l02-005.webp" }, "uid": "1tp3h7y198zh8i" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-008", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How does Stoic 'physics' differ from the modern subject that shares its name?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It is confined to the measurement of motion, force, and matter", "short": "Only motion and force" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It reaches across natural philosophy, wider than today's subject", "short": "Wider: natural philosophy" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It treats only the study of living creatures and their growth", "short": "Only living creatures" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It concerns the rules by which one statement follows another", "short": "Rules of inference" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "In Stoic usage physics includes natural philosophy, so its ancient range is wider than the modern subject of the same name.", "uid": "gq017rpuyjp" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-009", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "title": "What Ethics Covered", "body": "Stoic ethics is not confined to rules of private conduct. It concerns the end of life, value, action, and social relations together. A discussion of what is worth choosing, and of how one stands towards others, therefore falls inside this single field.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Greek funerary stele, National Archaeological Museum Athens", "imagePrompt": "What Ethics Covered: Stoic ethics is not confined to rules of private conduct. It concerns the end of life, value, action, and social relations together. A discussion of what is worth choosing, and of how one stands towards others, therefore falls inside this single field.", "alt": "What Ethics Covered.", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons · George E. Koronaios · CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Funerary_stele_of_Alkias_of_Phocis_at_the_National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens_on_6_September_2018.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l02-009.webp" }, "uid": "1kt69u0zbsfmm" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-011", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A Stoic discussion of what is worth choosing and how to act belongs to which field?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Ethics", "short": "Ethics" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Logic", "short": "Logic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rhetoric", "short": "Rhetoric" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Physics", "short": "Physics" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Ethics is the field concerned with the end of life, value, action, and social relations, so questions about choosing and acting sit there.", "uid": "1web7vq1bu3u4u" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-012", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "statement": "In Stoic usage, ethics concerns the end of life, value, action, and social relations.", "isTrue": true, "why": "That is the ancient range of the field. It is wider than a modern course on private conduct would suggest.", "uid": "1sqwjao13jmhly" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-013", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "title": "An Animal, an Egg, a Field", "body": "Ancient writers reached for three homely images to portray the fields of the school: an animal, an egg, and a fertile field. Each pictures parts that belong together rather than subjects filed separately. The images show an organised system; they do not decide how the parts depend on one another.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "chicken egg cut in half showing shell, white and yolk", "imagePrompt": "An Animal, an Egg, a Field: Ancient writers reached for three homely images to portray the fields of the school: an animal, an egg, and a fertile field. Each pictures parts that belong together rather than subjects filed separately. The images show an organised system; they do not decide how the par", "alt": "An Animal, an Egg, a Field.", "credit": "Pexels · From above of broken white chicken egg with raw yolk placed on light surface", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/broken-chicken-egg-placed-on-white-table-6294462/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l02-013.webp" }, "uid": "4g2xdf5mkhz1" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-015", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Animal, egg, fertile field" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Animal, egg, fertile field" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Ancient images portraying the school's three fields as mutually connected" }, "uid": "fdobs514nfem7" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-016", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What work do the analogies of an animal, an egg, and a fertile field do?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "They rank the three fields in order of difficulty for beginners", "short": "Rank fields by difficulty" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They prove that ethics follows strictly from natural philosophy", "short": "Prove ethics from physics" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They assign one field to each generation of the school", "short": "One field per generation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They picture the school's three fields as mutually connected", "short": "Fields are interconnected" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The analogies portray the fields as mutually connected. They illustrate an organised system without settling how the fields depend on each other.", "uid": "1kmwfyn1drkgux" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-017", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "template": "Ancient writers used the images of an animal, ___, and a fertile field to portray the Stoic fields as connected.", "answer": "an egg", "distractors": [ "an olive tree", "a chariot", "a ship" ], "explanation": "The three ancient images are an animal, an egg, and a fertile field.", "uid": "t1l9ij1tximr3" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-018", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "statement": "The animal, egg, and fertile field analogies settle how far Stoic ethics depends on Stoic physics.", "isTrue": false, "why": "They portray the fields as mutually connected. The dependence of ethics on physics is a scholarly disagreement the images illustrate but do not resolve.", "uid": "1ln4gi1p7ltp3" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-020", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "title": "A Disagreement Left Open", "body": "Scholars disagree about how tightly Stoic ethics depends on Stoic physics. The school can be described as conventionally systemic while that dependence stays an interpretive question. Reporting the disagreement plainly is more honest than forcing a single answer onto the material.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "philosophy shelves in a university library reading room", "imagePrompt": "A Disagreement Left Open: Scholars disagree about how tightly Stoic ethics depends on Stoic physics. The school can be described as conventionally systemic while that dependence stays an interpretive question. Reporting the disagreement plainly is more honest than forcing a single answer onto the ma", "alt": "A Disagreement Left Open.", "credit": "Unsplash · A close-up view of bookshelves within Suzzallo Library at the University of Washington. The shelves are constructed from dark, richly-toned wood,…", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/bookshelves-are-filled-with-numerous-colorful-books-xWLeDdluavY", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l02-020.webp" }, "uid": "193bma28689f8" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-021", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How is the relation between Stoic ethics and Stoic physics best described?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Scholars agree the two were taught as unrelated subjects", "short": "Agreed to be unrelated" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ethics is generally held to be a later addition to the system", "short": "Ethics added later" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Scholars disagree about how tightly one depends on the other", "short": "Disagreement over dependence" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Physics is generally held to be one department of the school's logic", "short": "Physics inside logic" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The dependence of ethics on physics is an open scholarly disagreement, so the honest description reports the debate rather than deciding it.", "uid": "dyam4rsb8ynj" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-022", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "title": "Bodies and Incorporeals", "body": "Stoic natural philosophy distinguishes bodies, which exist, from incorporeals, which are given a different status. Time, place, void, and lekta are grouped among the incorporeals. The interpretation of that distinction is contested, so it should not be flattened into the slogan that only matter exists.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "stone garden sundial in sunlight casting a sharp shadow, close-up", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A stone sundial in bright sunlight, its gnomon casting a sharp shadow across the dial. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A stone sundial in bright sunlight, its gnomon casting a sharp shadow across the dial.", "credit": "Pexels · wal_ 172619 · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-of-a-sundial-in-black-and-white-38368165/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l02-022.webp" }, "uid": "14ewy41a3mdrk" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-023", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Bodies", "display": "Bodies" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "In Stoic natural philosophy, the things said to exist, distinguished from incorporeals such as time, place, void, and lekta, which are given a different status." }, "uid": "19ja4kq1f83p8a" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-025", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Time, place, void, lekta" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Time, place, void, lekta" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Items given a status different from the things said to exist" }, "uid": "8utowl17rsoyl" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-026", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In Stoic natural philosophy, which group is set apart from bodies?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Rhetoric, dialectic, and grammar", "short": "Rhetoric, dialectic, grammar" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Earth, water, air, and fire", "short": "Earth, water, air, fire" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Time, place, void, and lekta", "short": "Time, place, void, lekta" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Value, action, and social relations", "short": "Value, action, relations" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Time, place, void, and lekta are the incorporeals, distinguished in Stoic natural philosophy from the bodies that exist.", "uid": "izlilc1kvg2h2" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-027", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "template": "Stoic natural philosophy distinguishes bodies that exist from ___ such as time, place, and void.", "answer": "incorporeals", "distractors": [ "elements", "impressions", "categories" ], "explanation": "Time, place, and void are named among the incorporeals, which are set apart from the bodies said to exist.", "uid": "1mq5xur1ei2e7" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-028", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "why-physics-logic-and-ethics-belong-together", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Why is 'only matter exists' a poor summary of the bodies-incorporeals distinction?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The slogan restates a debate the school's logic had already closed", "short": "Logic had closed the debate" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The distinction gives incorporeals their own status and is contested", "short": "Incorporeals have a status" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The school ranked bodies below incorporeals in its order of study", "short": "Bodies ranked lower" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The distinction belongs to ethics, where value and action are treated", "short": "It belongs to ethics" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Incorporeals such as time, place, void, and lekta are given a status of their own, and the reading of the distinction is debated, so the slogan misstates it.", "uid": "1cesyrll8hvgv" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-030", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "title": "Logic With a Wide Door", "body": "Stoic logic covered far more than formal argument. The surviving scholarly overview describes it as taking in rhetoric, dialectic, epistemology, grammar, and the theory of language. A technical term found there may belong to a discussion of expression or knowledge rather than to inference alone.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Pnyx speaker's platform, Athens", "imagePrompt": "Logic With a Wide Door: Stoic logic covered far more than formal argument. The surviving scholarly overview describes it as taking in rhetoric, dialectic, epistemology, grammar, and the theory of language. A technical term found there may belong to a discussion of expression or knowledge rather than", "alt": "Logic With a Wide Door.", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Athens_from_the_Pnyx_on_July_24,_2019.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l02-030.webp" }, "uid": "1rwgoe55k5hm1" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-031", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Stoic logic", "display": "Stoic logic" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The field that took in rhetoric, dialectic, epistemology, grammar, and the theory of language, rather than formal inference alone." }, "uid": "llqp0y1oh3v1o" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-032", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which set of areas did Stoic logic take in?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and the study of harmonics", "short": "Arithmetic and astronomy" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Medicine, law, and household management", "short": "Medicine, law, household" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Value, action, social relations, and the end of a human life", "short": "Value, action, the end of life" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rhetoric, dialectic, epistemology, and grammar", "short": "Rhetoric, dialectic, grammar" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The overview describes Stoic logic as including rhetoric, dialectic, epistemology, grammar, and the theory of language.", "uid": "41w0aq1tugf0i" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-033", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "template": "Stoic logic covered rhetoric, dialectic, epistemology, ___, and the theory of language.", "answer": "grammar", "distractors": [ "geometry", "astronomy", "arithmetic" ], "explanation": "Grammar is one of the five areas the overview lists under Stoic logic.", "uid": "1749fd5qk8mal" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-034", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Rhetoric, dialectic, epistemology, grammar" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Rhetoric, dialectic, epistemology, grammar" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Areas gathered inside the field that also covered the theory of language" }, "uid": "7r7jcc1efibeo" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-035", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "title": "Lekta, Approximately", "body": "Lekta may be glossed roughly as what can be said or expressed, and Stoic sources treat them as incorporeals. The word 'approximately' is doing real work here: the English gloss does not settle disputes about the Greek term. The bodies-incorporeals distinction supplies the context, not a finished translation.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Liddell and Scott Greek-English Lexicon open on a desk", "imagePrompt": "Lekta, Approximately: Lekta may be glossed roughly as what can be said or expressed, and Stoic sources treat them as incorporeals. The word 'approximately' is doing real work here: the English gloss does not settle disputes about the Greek term. The bodies-incorporeals distinction supplies the conte", "alt": "Lekta, Approximately." }, "uid": "8wyr6yp1yyis" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-036", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Lekta", "display": "Lekta" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Approximately, what can be said or expressed. Stoic sources treat them as incorporeals, and the English gloss is offered as approximate rather than settled." }, "uid": "1sadcyy1yfftjc" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-037", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How is the English gloss of lekta presented?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "As an approximation that leaves technical disputes open", "short": "An approximate gloss" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As a settled translation agreed across Greek scholarship", "short": "A settled translation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As a Latin coinage introduced by much later Roman writers", "short": "A later Latin coinage" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As a term that belongs to ethics rather than to language", "short": "An ethical term" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The gloss is explicitly approximate. It orients a reader towards what can be said or expressed without resolving disputes about the Greek term.", "uid": "216l25ikd093" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-038", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "template": "Lekta may be glossed approximately as what can be ___ or expressed.", "answer": "said", "distractors": [ "counted", "measured", "written" ], "explanation": "The approximate gloss is 'what can be said or expressed'.", "uid": "eoenai2u8w1w" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-039", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Where do Stoic sources place lekta?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Among the bodies said to exist in nature", "short": "With the bodies" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Among the divisions of rhetoric and grammar", "short": "Inside rhetoric and grammar" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Among the questions that belong to ethics", "short": "Inside ethics" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Among the incorporeals, beside time and place", "short": "With the incorporeals" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Stoic sources treat lekta as incorporeals, the group that also holds time, place, and void.", "uid": "mnl9oklnucrm" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-040", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "statement": "The gloss 'what can be said or expressed' is a settled translation of lekta.", "isTrue": false, "why": "The gloss is explicitly approximate. It gives a reader a usable sense of the term without resolving the technical disputes about the Greek.", "uid": "1o0nkhhqu3cj3" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-041", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "title": "Titles Without Their Books", "body": "The scholarly overview attributes lost books on knowledge, cognition, and ignorance to Chrysippus. The titles are evidence that those topics were credited to him. Because the books are lost, they cannot supply their contents or their exact wording.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "bust of Chrysippus, British Museum", "imagePrompt": "Titles Without Their Books: The scholarly overview attributes lost books on knowledge, cognition, and ignorance to Chrysippus. The titles are evidence that those topics were credited to him. Because the books are lost, they cannot supply their contents or their exact wording.", "alt": "Titles Without Their Books.", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons · Paul Hudson from United Kingdom · CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_(15302988376).jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l02-041.webp" }, "uid": "dnqw481siw7e0" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-043", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What can the lost Chrysippean book titles establish?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "That his arguments about cognition can now be recovered", "short": "Arguments recoverable" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That the books were copied and quoted word for word later", "short": "Copied word for word" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That he wrote more on logic than on ethics", "short": "More logic than ethics" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That topics of that kind were attributed to him", "short": "Topics attributed to him" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "A title is evidence of attribution only. Because the books are lost, the titles cannot disclose their contents or wording.", "uid": "16nuns7ih5z1f" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-044", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Books on knowledge, cognition, and ignorance" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Books on knowledge, cognition, and ignorance" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Lost titles credited to Chrysippus by the scholarly overview" }, "uid": "1p72paspevco" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-046", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "title": "Co-Fated in the Sequence", "body": "The overview describes Stoic sources as endorsing causal determinism while treating some actions as co-fated within the causal sequence. A co-fated act sits inside the order of causes rather than outside it. This reports an ancient account of causal order and action; it does not settle a modern free-will debate.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "line of toppling dominoes", "imagePrompt": "Co-Fated in the Sequence: The overview describes Stoic sources as endorsing causal determinism while treating some actions as co-fated within the causal sequence. A co-fated act sits inside the order of causes rather than outside it. This reports an ancient account of causal order and action; it doe", "alt": "Co-Fated in the Sequence.", "credit": "Pexels · A woman in beige long sleeves setting up dominoes in a line on a white table.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/woman-in-beige-long-sleeves-playing-domino-8102747/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l02-046.webp" }, "uid": "p1x28n960vi5" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-048", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Co-fated", "display": "Co-fated" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Said of an action treated as belonging inside the causal sequence rather than standing outside it, in the Stoic account of causal order." }, "uid": "1ap0ii111eanrl" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-049", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What does calling an action 'co-fated' mean in this account?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It is brought about by two separate causes acting at one time", "short": "Two causes at once" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It belongs inside the causal sequence rather than outside it", "short": "Inside the causal sequence" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It stands outside the causal order as an exception to it", "short": "Outside the causal order" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is fixed in advance whatever anyone chooses to do about it", "short": "Fixed whatever you do" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Some actions are treated as co-fated within the causal sequence, which places them inside the order of causes rather than outside it.", "uid": "1kpt03bany6o9" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-050", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "template": "Stoic sources are described as endorsing causal determinism while treating some actions as ___ within the causal sequence.", "answer": "co-fated", "distractors": [ "uncaused", "optional", "predetermined" ], "explanation": "The overview's term is co-fated: the action belongs within the sequence of causes.", "uid": "1ly9ncmxa6912" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-051", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "title": "The Doctor in the Argument", "body": "The familiar doctor example answers the conclusion that action is pointless in a causally ordered world. Its work is to place an action inside the sequence rather than to leave it outside. The physician is a historical philosophical illustration and cannot be turned into medical advice.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "doctor listening to a patient's chest with a stethoscope in a clinic", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A doctor in a white coat listening to a patient's chest with a stethoscope. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A doctor in a white coat listening to a patient's chest with a stethoscope.", "credit": "Unsplash · Vitaly Gariev · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/doctor-examines-child-with-stethoscope-in-clinic-0geEiqWD2G0", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l02-051.webp" }, "uid": "noxh664j603s" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-053", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What role is the doctor example given?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "To settle the modern argument about freedom and determinism", "short": "Settles the free-will debate" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "To reject the conclusion that action is pointless", "short": "Answers fatalistic inaction" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "To prove that any outcome can be altered", "short": "Effort can alter outcomes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "To show that medicine was the school's model for every science", "short": "Medicine as model science" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The example is presented as a response to the conclusion that action is pointless in a causally ordered world. It rejects fatalistic inaction by placing the action within the sequence.", "uid": "1g9otav1eeijg9" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l02-054", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reason-language-and-causal-order", "statement": "The co-fated doctor example replies to the conclusion that action is pointless in a causally ordered world.", "isTrue": true, "why": "That is the role the overview gives it. The act is placed inside the causal sequence rather than outside it, which is why inaction does not follow.", "uid": "scfce7diqv25" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-001", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "title": "Living in Agreement with Nature", "body": "The Stoic telos — the end at which a life is aimed — is commonly expressed as living in agreement with nature. The phrase is technical historical vocabulary and needs explanation from inside the Stoic account of reason, value, and action. It is not an instruction to follow whatever impulse arises, and \"natural\" here is not a general word of approval.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Stoa Poikile ruins, Ancient Agora of Athens", "imagePrompt": "Living in Agreement with Nature: The Stoic telos — the end at which a life is aimed — is commonly expressed as living in agreement with nature. The phrase is technical historical vocabulary and needs explanation from inside the Stoic account of reason, value, and action. It is not an instruction to ", "alt": "Living in Agreement with Nature.", "credit": "Wikipedia — Ancient Agora of Athens · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Agora_of_Athens", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l03-001.webp" }, "uid": "1u3gmn44kenky" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-002", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "title": "Virtue as a Perfected Rational Condition", "body": "The overview used here characterizes Stoic virtue as a perfected rational condition. What that condition involves is knowledge of what is good, what is bad, and what is neither. This is a scholarly reconstruction of ancient ethical vocabulary rather than a contemporary personality test, so it names a theoretical standard rather than a score a reader assigns to themselves.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "marble bust of a Greek philosopher, Roman copy", "imagePrompt": "Virtue as a Perfected Rational Condition: The overview used here characterizes Stoic virtue as a perfected rational condition. What that condition involves is knowledge of what is good, what is bad, and what is neither. This is a scholarly reconstruction of ancient ethical vocabulary rather than a c", "alt": "Virtue as a Perfected Rational Condition.", "credit": "Pexels · Close-up of a marble bust depicting an ancient Greek philosopher with intricate detail.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/ancient-greek-marble-bust-close-up-38350638/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l03-002.webp" }, "uid": "16ph15u1kitk52" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-003", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "title": "The Named Stoic Virtues", "body": "Wisdom or prudence, justice, courage, and moderation are named among the Stoic virtues in the overview. The list is a source-supported teaching vocabulary for reading Stoic ethics. It is not evidence that quietness, toughness, or outward success counts as Stoic virtue.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Library of Celsus virtue statues, Ephesus", "imagePrompt": "The Named Stoic Virtues: Wisdom or prudence, justice, courage, and moderation are named among the Stoic virtues in the overview. The list is a source-supported teaching vocabulary for reading Stoic ethics. It is not evidence that quietness, toughness, or outward success counts as Stoic virtue.", "alt": "The Named Stoic Virtues." }, "uid": "1od5g9p9cx92x" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-004", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "title": "The Virtues Held Together", "body": "The Stoic position described in the overview treats the virtues as inseparable rather than as independent qualities held one at a time. That inseparability is an ancient theoretical thesis about how the virtues stand to one another. It should not be recast as an unqualified modern rule for self-assessment.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Ancient Agora of Athens stone ruins", "imagePrompt": "The Virtues Held Together: The Stoic position described in the overview treats the virtues as inseparable rather than as independent qualities held one at a time. That inseparability is an ancient theoretical thesis about how the virtues stand to one another. It should not be recast as an unqualifie", "alt": "The Virtues Held Together.", "credit": "Pexels · Explore the tranquility of the Ancient Agora in Athens with this serene shot of historic ruins.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-woman-walking-in-the-park-15189450/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l03-004.webp" }, "uid": "1jvlzmx1d7ngj9" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-005", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "title": "The Sage as a Demanding Ideal", "body": "Stoic sources set the sage as a demanding ideal of wisdom, and the overview reports that no school leaders claimed the strict all-or-nothing knowledge status attached to it. The sage therefore works as a theoretical benchmark inside the framework. No named ancient author should be given that status without a source that specifically supports it.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "ancient marble portrait bust on a plinth in a museum gallery", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: An ancient marble portrait bust displayed on a plinth in a museum gallery. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "An ancient marble portrait bust displayed on a plinth in a museum gallery.", "credit": "Unsplash · Vidar Nordli-Mathisen · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/ancient-marble-bust-of-a-young-man-wearing-a-cap-DrJXrV5yfIE", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l03-005.webp" }, "uid": "6egdfr1n1cbnb" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-006", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "title": "Panaetius and Posidonius Placed", "body": "The overview places Panaetius in the later second century BCE and identifies Posidonius as his student in the first century BCE. The dates and the teacher-student relationship orient a discussion of the school's middle period. They do not by themselves establish a single settled Middle Stoic doctrine.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "Posidonius", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A sculpted portrait bust identified as the Stoic philosopher Posidonius. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A sculpted portrait bust identified as the Stoic philosopher Posidonius.", "subjectType": "person", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons · Sailko · CC BY 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Posidonio,_replica_augustea_(23_ac.-14_dc_ca)_da_originale_del_100-50_ac._ca._6142.JPG", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l03-006.webp" }, "uid": "1hgk1wvwjnq3h" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-007", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "title": "Development and Dispute in the Middle Period", "body": "The overview records that Panaetius rejected periodic conflagration, and it treats reports about Posidonius on the passions as contested and interpretively mediated. Together these show a school in which positions developed and were argued over. Neither point supports saying that either figure simply abandoned Stoicism.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Greek philosophical papyrus fragment", "imagePrompt": "Development and Dispute in the Middle Period: The overview records that Panaetius rejected periodic conflagration, and it treats reports about Posidonius on the passions as contested and interpretively mediated. Together these show a school in which positions developed and were argued over. Neither ", "alt": "Development and Dispute in the Middle Period.", "credit": "Pexels · barış erkin · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/ancient-medieval-ruin-wall-close-up-photo-11019333/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l03-007.webp" }, "uid": "kav4t4rcqyzu" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-012", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Telos", "display": "Telos" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The end at which a life is aimed in Stoic ethics, commonly expressed as living in agreement with nature — a formula that requires historical explanation rather than a modern reading of \"natural\" as approval." }, "uid": "1sd175i1c5rlr2" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-013", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Virtue (in the Stoic sense)", "display": "Virtue (in the Stoic sense)" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A perfected rational condition, characterized in the overview as involving knowledge of what is good, what is bad, and what is neither." }, "uid": "1mlpu5h76wzud" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-014", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Inseparability of the virtues", "display": "Inseparability of the virtues" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Stoic position, as described in the overview, that the named virtues are not separable from one another and so are not independent traits that can be held one at a time." }, "uid": "jc0vab1trzp83" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-015", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How is the Stoic telos most commonly expressed in the overview used here?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "As living according to the customs of one's city", "short": "Living by one's city's customs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As living in pursuit of a lasting reputation", "short": "Pursuit of lasting reputation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As living in agreement with nature", "short": "Living in agreement with nature" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As living free from every bodily discomfort", "short": "Freedom from bodily discomfort" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The telos, the end at which a life is aimed, is commonly expressed as living in agreement with nature. The formula still needs historical explanation from inside the Stoic framework.", "uid": "1grq65r1inr3yl" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-016", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The overview cautions that \"living in agreement with nature\" should NOT be read in which way?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "As one part of a wider account of reason and value", "short": "Part of a wider account" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As a licence to follow whatever impulse arises", "short": "Licence to follow impulse" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As a formula belonging to a technical ethical vocabulary", "short": "Technical ethical vocabulary" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As a claim needing explanation from its historical setting", "short": "Needs historical explanation" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The source note warns that the formula is not an invitation to follow a personal impulse and that \"natural\" is not a modern word of approval. The other three readings are ones the overview does support.", "uid": "o2r21t19oa2dt" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-017", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Stoic virtue is characterized in the overview as a perfected rational condition involving knowledge of what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "What is possible, what is impossible, and what is likely", "short": "Possible, impossible, likely" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "What is pleasant, what is painful, and what is dull", "short": "Pleasant, painful, dull" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "What is good, what is bad, and what is indifferent", "short": "Good, bad, indifferent" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "What is lawful, what is unlawful, and what is customary", "short": "Lawful, unlawful, customary" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The overview describes virtue as a perfected rational condition involving knowledge of what is good, bad, and neither. That three-way division is the shape of the claim.", "uid": "1vhpwizw8fmtx" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-018", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these is named among the Stoic virtues in the overview?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Humility", "short": "Humility" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Loyalty", "short": "Loyalty" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Piety", "short": "Piety" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Justice", "short": "Justice" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The virtues named are wisdom or prudence, justice, courage, and moderation. Piety, humility, and loyalty do not appear on that list.", "uid": "w8uv4t17uy2g5" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-019", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How does the overview describe the relation among the Stoic virtues?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "They are ranked, with wisdom placed first", "short": "Ranked, wisdom first" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They are acquired one at a time in a fixed order", "short": "Acquired in a fixed order" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They are inseparable from one another", "short": "Inseparable" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They are held to conflict with one another at times", "short": "Sometimes in conflict" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The position described in the overview treats the virtues as inseparable. It does not present them as ranked, as sequentially acquired, or as sometimes in conflict.", "uid": "1tgqvgczhpv2c" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-020", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What does the overview report about the school's leaders and the sage's status?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Each of them was recognized as having reached it", "short": "Every leader reached it" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "No one but the founder was said to have held it", "short": "No one but the founder held it" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "None of them claimed that strict knowledge status", "short": "No leader claimed it" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They disputed whether the ideal could be defined", "short": "They disputed its definition" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The overview reports that no school leaders claimed the strict all-or-nothing knowledge status associated with the sage, which is why the sage stays a theoretical ideal.", "uid": "psbxf81lyw2rk" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-021", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "According to the overview, which period is given for Posidonius?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The first century BCE", "short": "First century BCE" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The early third century BCE", "short": "Early third century BCE" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The first century CE", "short": "First century CE" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The later second century BCE", "short": "Later second century BCE" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The overview places Panaetius in the later second century BCE and identifies Posidonius as his student in the first century BCE.", "uid": "13w67wh130nh2n" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-022", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which position on periodic conflagration does the overview record for Panaetius?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "He treated it as a matter of contested report", "short": "Called the reports contested" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He made it central to his account of the passions", "short": "Made it central to passions" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He defended it against critics inside the school", "short": "Defended it in the school" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He rejected the periodic conflagration", "short": "Rejected it" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The overview records that Panaetius rejected periodic conflagration. It is the reports about Posidonius on the passions, not this point, that are described as contested and mediated.", "uid": "6tyx1f1f1dqo5" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-023", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "template": "The Stoic telos is commonly expressed as living in agreement with ___.", "answer": "nature", "distractors": [ "reason", "nature", "the city" ], "explanation": "The formula is \"living in agreement with nature.\" The overview stresses that it needs historical explanation rather than a modern sense of \"natural.\"", "uid": "bj9boj1msvrfb" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-024", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "template": "Wisdom or prudence, justice, courage, and ___ are named among the Stoic virtues in the overview.", "answer": "moderation", "distractors": [ "humility", "generosity", "moderation" ], "explanation": "The four named in the overview are wisdom or prudence, justice, courage, and moderation.", "uid": "1y4y3r61sqbtcm" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-025", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "template": "The overview reports that no school leaders claimed the strict, all-or-nothing ___ status associated with the sage.", "answer": "knowledge", "distractors": [ "knowledge", "authority", "citizenship" ], "explanation": "The status at issue is an all-or-nothing knowledge status, and the overview reports that no school leaders claimed it.", "uid": "158wt8n1m3qgdv" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-026", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Inseparability of the virtues" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Inseparability of the virtues" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "A single rational condition, not a set of traits picked up one at a time" }, "uid": "16vnt4s1479mxm" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-027", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Posidonius" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Posidonius" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "First century BCE; identified in the overview as the student of Panaetius" }, "uid": "16w5k8d13msgjb" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-028", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "statement": "The overview's list of Stoic virtues shows that toughness and outward success count as Stoic virtue.", "isTrue": false, "why": "The named list — wisdom or prudence, justice, courage, moderation — is a source-supported teaching vocabulary. It is not proof that quietness, toughness, or success constitutes Stoic virtue.", "uid": "1pol32nutezx9" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-029", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-end-virtue-and-the-sage", "statement": "The overview reports that no leaders of the Stoic school claimed the strict knowledge status attached to the sage.", "isTrue": true, "why": "Stoic sources set the sage as a demanding ideal of wisdom, and the overview reports that no school leaders claimed the all-or-nothing knowledge status that ideal names.", "uid": "1vp5o2gzj4dbg" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-032", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "title": "What the Indifferents Cover", "body": "In strict Stoic evaluation, health, illness, wealth, poverty, reputation, office, and death do not determine whether a life is good or bad in the way virtue and vice do. The claim marks a technical evaluative boundary inside the framework. It does not say that these conditions, or other people's circumstances, are insignificant.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "ancient Roman silver denarius coins", "imagePrompt": "What the Indifferents Cover: In strict Stoic evaluation, health, illness, wealth, poverty, reputation, office, and death do not determine whether a life is good or bad in the way virtue and vice do. The claim marks a technical evaluative boundary inside the framework. It does not say that these cond", "alt": "What the Indifferents Cover.", "credit": "Pexels · Close-up view of ancient Roman silver coins showcasing detailed engravings and historical significance.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/ancient-denar-coins-15954089/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l03-032.webp" }, "uid": "1ojkl1u1exdm1w" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-033", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "title": "Preferred and Dispreferred", "body": "Stoic sources distinguish preferred indifferents from dispreferred ones. The two labels mark a difference inside the class of things that do not make a life good or bad. The distinction is what keeps \"indifferent\" from meaning that a person should choose carelessly or stop noticing circumstances.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Roman bronze balance scale with weights", "imagePrompt": "Preferred and Dispreferred: Stoic sources distinguish preferred indifferents from dispreferred ones. The two labels mark a difference inside the class of things that do not make a life good or bad. The distinction is what keeps \"indifferent\" from meaning that a person should choose carelessly or sto", "alt": "Preferred and Dispreferred.", "credit": "mharrsch (Openverse) · by 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/44124324682@N01/17428346150", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l03-033.webp" }, "uid": "1myvab31iwbdc9" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-034", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "title": "Appropriate Action", "body": "Appropriate action is a Stoic category used to discuss selections and actions, even though outcomes and possessions alone do not make a person good. It gives the framework a way to talk about what someone does without making results the measure of goodness. It is presented here as a historical framework, not as counsel for family, civic, or bodily decisions.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Roman Forum ruins, Rome", "imagePrompt": "Appropriate Action: Appropriate action is a Stoic category used to discuss selections and actions, even though outcomes and possessions alone do not make a person good. It gives the framework a way to talk about what someone does without making results the measure of goodness. It is presented here a", "alt": "Appropriate Action.", "credit": "Pexels · Ancient Roman ruins at the Roman Forum in Rome, showcasing historic architecture and rich history.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/rovine-di-roma-antica-28002443/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l03-034.webp" }, "uid": "1em4gfm11vcv9a" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-035", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "title": "Section 1 of the Encheiridion", "body": "Section 1 of the Encheiridion translation opened for this lesson distinguishes things it describes as in our control from body, property, reputation, and office. That wording belongs to one specified English translation of a compact work. It is evidence for that text, not for a universal modern rule called the dichotomy of control.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "small worn pocket-sized old book with a plain unlettered cover, held closed in one hand", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A small, worn pocket-sized book with a plain, unlettered cover, held closed in one hand. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A small, worn pocket-sized book with a plain, unlettered cover, held closed in one hand.", "credit": "Unsplash · Jonathan Greenaway · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/brown-and-green-hardbound-book-Y4hGgeiFn3s", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l03-035.webp" }, "uid": "1rwhst4ax3vmk" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-036", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "title": "Prohairesis and Arrian's Record", "body": "The Epictetus overview identifies prohairesis as a central technical notion. The same overview describes the Discourses as associated with Arrian's recording of Epictetus's teaching. Translation language such as \"control\" does not settle how the technical term should be read, and it leaves the questions of genre and recording open.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "person standing at a fork in a forest path", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A person standing where a forest path splits in two directions. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A person standing where a forest path splits in two directions.", "credit": "Unsplash · Einar Storsul · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/girl-walking-near-trees-K3W7I7x37Xk", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l03-036.webp" }, "uid": "17gc4nkauj1c4" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-040", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Preferred and dispreferred indifferents", "display": "Preferred and dispreferred indifferents" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The distinction Stoic sources draw inside the class of things that do not make a life good or bad, which stops \"indifferent\" from meaning that a person should choose carelessly or fail to notice circumstances." }, "uid": "mn3vm21yk6hue" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-041", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Appropriate action", "display": "Appropriate action" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A Stoic category used to discuss selections and actions, kept in the framework even though outcomes and possessions alone do not make a person good." }, "uid": "1vhviz91a18md" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-042", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In strict Stoic evaluation, what is said of health, wealth, reputation, and office?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "They do not settle whether a life is good or bad", "short": "Don't settle good or bad" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They are counted as genuine goods when abundant", "short": "Genuine goods when abundant" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They are treated as evils to be refused outright", "short": "Evils to be refused" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They rank above virtue whenever survival is at stake", "short": "Above virtue in a crisis" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "In strict Stoic evaluation these do not determine whether a life is good or bad in the way virtue and vice do. The claim marks an evaluative boundary; it does not call them insignificant.", "uid": "12g84l11tt986f" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-043", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the Stoic category of appropriate action used to discuss?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Outcomes and possessions", "short": "Outcomes and possessions" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Feelings and impressions", "short": "Feelings and impressions" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Selections and actions", "short": "Selections and actions" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The ranking of the virtues", "short": "Ranking of the virtues" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Appropriate action is used to discuss selections and actions. It is retained precisely because outcomes and possessions alone do not make a person good.", "uid": "yb0kpd1iwfei5" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-044", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Section 1 of the Encheiridion translation opened here contrasts things described as in our control with which list?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Wealth, illness, custom, death", "short": "Wealth, illness, custom, death" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Speech, memory, habit, appetite", "short": "Speech, memory, habit, appetite" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Body, property, reputation, office", "short": "Body, property, standing, office" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Family, city, fortune, inheritance", "short": "Family, city, fortune, estate" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "That translation's first section distinguishes things described as in our control from body, property, reputation, and office.", "uid": "1p614bdhfhwf7" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-045", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How does the Epictetus overview describe the Discourses?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "As a late compilation assembled by his students", "short": "A late student compilation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As linked to Arrian's record of the teaching", "short": "Linked to Arrian's record" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As a summary written long after his lifetime", "short": "A much later summary" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As a treatise Epictetus prepared for publication", "short": "A treatise he published" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The overview describes the Discourses as associated with Arrian's recording of Epictetus's teaching, which keeps genre and transmission part of any claim made from the text.", "uid": "1dj5ghclg3llg" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-046", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What does the source note say about English \"control\" as a rendering connected to prohairesis?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It leaves the technical interpretation unsettled", "short": "Leaves interpretation open" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It shows the notion was marginal in his thought", "short": "Shows the notion was minor" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It settles the technical interpretation firmly", "short": "Settles the meaning firmly" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It removes the questions of genre and recording", "short": "Removes transmission questions" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Translation language such as \"control\" does not settle the technical interpretation or remove questions about genre and recording. The overview still identifies prohairesis as a central notion.", "uid": "1mq2xt7ugqnrx" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-047", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "template": "Stoic sources distinguish preferred indifferents from ___ indifferents.", "answer": "dispreferred", "distractors": [ "forbidden", "dispreferred", "required" ], "explanation": "The pairing is preferred and dispreferred. It is what stops \"indifferent\" from meaning careless or inattentive choosing.", "uid": "1makta21lzlnv4" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-048", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "template": "Section 1 of the opened Encheiridion translation contrasts things described as in our control with body, property, reputation, and ___.", "answer": "office", "distractors": [ "family", "office", "friendship" ], "explanation": "The four items contrasted in that translation's first section are body, property, reputation, and office.", "uid": "lfsi8m4rmr8g" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-049", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "template": "The Epictetus overview identifies ___ as a central technical notion in his thought.", "answer": "prohairesis", "distractors": [ "telos", "prohairesis", "moderation" ], "explanation": "Prohairesis is the notion the Epictetus overview identifies as central. Translation language such as \"control\" does not settle how to read it.", "uid": "17vqnecegom00" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-050", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Dispreferred indifferents" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Dispreferred indifferents" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The lower-ranked group among things that neither make nor mar a life" }, "uid": "11rhn241d7p0pa" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-051", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arrian" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arrian" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Named in the overview as the recorder behind a text of Epictetus's teaching" }, "uid": "103ndv0zasxbi" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-052", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "statement": "Treating health, wealth, and office as indifferents means that other people's circumstances are insignificant.", "isTrue": false, "why": "The claim is about a technical evaluative framework: these things do not determine whether a life is good or bad in the way virtue and vice do. It does not say that conditions or other people's circumstances are insignificant.", "uid": "4hxpio9qs5le" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l03-053", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "indifferents-appropriate-action-and-a-roman-witness", "statement": "The in-our-control wording of Section 1 belongs to one specified English translation of the Encheiridion.", "isTrue": true, "why": "The evidence is for a named English translation of a compact work. It is not a universal modern rule called the dichotomy of control, and English \"control\" does not settle the technical Stoic term.", "uid": "1lef1fd1jg3p3r" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-001", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "title": "Received, Then Accepted", "body": "Stoic psychology draws a line between receiving an impression and assenting to it. Receiving is one event; accepting what the impression presents is a further one, which is why the two words are not synonyms. The distinction does not claim that a person can prevent every initial appearance or sensation, only that appearance and acceptance are separate steps in the account.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Stoa Poikile ruins Athens Agora", "imagePrompt": "Received, Then Accepted: Stoic psychology draws a line between receiving an impression and assenting to it. Receiving is one event; accepting what the impression presents is a further one, which is why the two words are not synonyms. The distinction does not claim that a person can prevent every ini", "alt": "Received, Then Accepted.", "credit": "Pexels · Serhii Kovalov · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/aerial-view-of-ancient-agora-in-athens-greece-39060203/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l04-001.webp" }, "uid": "umh9b1lj6yjh" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-002", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "title": "Where the Account Puts Assent", "body": "In the account summarized by the overview, the Stoic soul forms impressions and impulses, while assent is assigned to the commanding faculty. That is an allocation inside a technical psychological model, a statement about which element of the account does what. It is reported as a source-supported description, not as a promise that every feeling can be controlled.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Roman marble bust of a Greek philosopher British Museum", "imagePrompt": "Where the Account Puts Assent: In the account summarized by the overview, the Stoic soul forms impressions and impulses, while assent is assigned to the commanding faculty. That is an allocation inside a technical psychological model, a statement about which element of the account does what. It is r", "alt": "Where the Account Puts Assent.", "credit": "Unsplash · Ancient Greek head carved in stone. Interior of British Museum, London. Black and white photography, Fujifilm Acros.", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/a-statue-of-a-man-n9WsCVHJKoI", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l04-002.webp" }, "uid": "1rgb32711g1zk5" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-003", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, Book VII (Sphaerus)", "url": "https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/7/Sphaerus%2A.html" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "title": "The Wax Pomegranates", "body": "A reported anecdote has Sphaerus confronted with wax pomegranates. In it he distinguishes assenting that the objects are pomegranates from assenting that there are good grounds to think they are. The difference at stake concerns appearance, evidence, and what is actually being asserted.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "wax fruit model pomegranate", "imagePrompt": "The Wax Pomegranates: A reported anecdote has Sphaerus confronted with wax pomegranates. In it he distinguishes assenting that the objects are pomegranates from assenting that there are good grounds to think they are. The difference at stake concerns appearance, evidence, and what is actually being ", "alt": "The Wax Pomegranates.", "credit": "Pexels · RDNE Stock project · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/person-holding-a-red-candle-7157959/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l04-003.webp" }, "uid": "x2qcu7wtoy9x" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-004", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, Book VII (Sphaerus)", "url": "https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/7/Sphaerus%2A.html" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "title": "A Later Witness, Not a System", "body": "The wax-pomegranate episode reaches modern readers as a later translated anecdote. That status sets the weight it can carry: a narrow illustration of appearance, evidence, and assertion. It is not a surviving account of Sphaerus's philosophy, and it should not be asked to stand in for one.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Diogenes Laertius Lives of the Eminent Philosophers manuscript", "imagePrompt": "A Later Witness, Not a System: The wax-pomegranate episode reaches modern readers as a later translated anecdote. That status sets the weight it can carry: a narrow illustration of appearance, evidence, and assertion. It is not a surviving account of Sphaerus's philosophy, and it should not be asked", "alt": "A Later Witness, Not a System.", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons · Diogenes Laërtius · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diogenes_Laertius,_Venice,_Gr._394.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l04-004.webp" }, "uid": "l06gfv1xt83at" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-005", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "title": "Judgments Inside the Passions", "body": "The overview presents the Stoic passions as involving judgments, and it discusses good feelings, eupatheiai, in relation to the sage. Both belong to an account of affect that runs through what a person accepts as true. Terminology and detail vary by author and period, and the analysis is not offered as a clinical method.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "pair of comedy and tragedy theatre masks, one laughing and one grieving", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A pair of comedy and tragedy theatre masks, one laughing and one grieving. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A pair of comedy and tragedy theatre masks, one laughing and one grieving.", "credit": "Unsplash · Custom Patches By Bob · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/a-black-and-white-mask-with-a-sad-face-mOrid-L-ncA", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l04-005.webp" }, "uid": "pff6b21e20dow" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-006", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "title": "Where “Never Feeling Anything” Goes Wrong", "body": "The line that Stoicism means never feeling anything is not a sound summary of the source-supported account of the passions. That account works through judgments and includes good feelings discussed in relation to the sage. Correcting the caricature does not install its opposite: the evidence does not show Stoics endorsing every emotion, or holding one uniform theory across every period.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Ancient Agora of Athens colonnade ruins", "imagePrompt": "Where “Never Feeling Anything” Goes Wrong: The line that Stoicism means never feeling anything is not a sound summary of the source-supported account of the passions. That account works through judgments and includes good feelings discussed in relation to the sage. Correcting the caricature does not", "alt": "Where “Never Feeling Anything” Goes Wrong.", "credit": "w_lemay (Openverse) · by-sa 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/59081381@N03/53457956484", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l04-006.webp" }, "uid": "1q7fajrbvb1s3" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-012", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In Stoic psychology, what does the distinction between impression and assent separate?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "What the senses report from what reason alone can prove", "short": "Senses vs proof" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Perceiving an object from forming a mental image of it afterwards", "short": "Perceiving vs recalling" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Receiving an appearance from accepting what it presents", "short": "Receiving vs accepting" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A judgment made in haste from one made after deliberation", "short": "Hasty vs deliberate" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "An impression is received; assent is the further act of accepting what it presents. Keeping them apart is the whole point of the pair of terms.", "uid": "1s1mvfi1q2po04" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-013", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement overreaches the impression–assent distinction as the sources support it?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "That receiving an impression and assenting to it are separable", "short": "Two separable events" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That a person can prevent every initial appearance or sensation", "short": "Every sensation preventable" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That the two terms should not be treated as plain synonyms", "short": "Not plain synonyms" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That accepting what an appearance presents is a further step", "short": "Acceptance is a further step" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The distinction separates receiving from accepting. It carries no claim that the initial appearance or sensation itself can be headed off.", "uid": "1n6he115vfopl" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-014", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In the account summarized by the overview, what is assigned to the commanding faculty?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The forming of impressions", "short": "Forming impressions" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The generation of impulses", "short": "Generating impulses" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Assent to what an impression presents", "short": "Assent" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The sensations arriving through the body", "short": "Bodily sensation" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The soul is described as forming impressions and impulses; assent is the element assigned to the commanding faculty. It is a technical allocation, not a promise of emotional control.", "uid": "b8toughkdow" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-015", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, Book VII (Sphaerus)", "url": "https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/7/Sphaerus%2A.html" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In the wax-pomegranate story, which two acts of assent does Sphaerus distinguish?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Assenting that they are pomegranates, and assenting that there are good grounds to think so", "short": "Are fruit vs good grounds" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Assenting to a claim about the fruit, and assenting to a claim about who had offered it", "short": "About fruit vs about giver" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Assenting while the objects were in view, and assenting once they had been taken away", "short": "In view vs removed" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Assenting to what he could see, and assenting to what the others present had told him", "short": "Seen vs heard from others" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The anecdote turns on the gap between accepting that the objects are pomegranates and accepting that there are good grounds to think they are: appearance, evidence, and what is asserted.", "uid": "146orfs1lf7xdg" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-016", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, Book VII (Sphaerus)", "url": "https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/7/Sphaerus%2A.html" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How does the wax-pomegranate episode reach modern readers?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "As a summary of a doctrine agreed across the whole Stoic school", "short": "School-wide doctrine" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As a modern reconstruction assembled from scattered fragments", "short": "Modern reconstruction" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As a surviving stretch of Sphaerus's own philosophical prose", "short": "His own surviving prose" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As a later translated anecdote used as a narrow illustration", "short": "Later translated anecdote" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "It survives as a later translated anecdote. That is why it can illustrate one distinction about grounds for assent without carrying a whole philosophy or biography.", "uid": "potqwvi2ymj1" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-017", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How does the overview present the Stoic passions?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "As disturbances the body produces before reason can intervene", "short": "Pre-rational bodily surges" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As sensations that vary only in intensity, never in kind", "short": "Differing only in degree" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As habits built up by repeated action over a lifetime", "short": "Habits from repetition" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As states that involve judgments on the person's part", "short": "Involving judgments" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The overview presents the passions as involving judgments, and discusses good feelings, eupatheiai, in relation to the sage. Terminology varies by author and period, and none of this makes the analysis a clinical method.", "uid": "1yjytfix41j4w" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-018", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Why is “Stoicism means never feeling anything” a poor summary of the account the sources support?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Because the account treats every emotion as worth cultivating once understood", "short": "Every emotion cultivated" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Because the account works through judgments and admits good feelings too", "short": "Judgments plus good feelings" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Because the sources record no discussion of the emotions in the early period", "short": "No early discussion" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Because feeling is described as wholly outside a person's own control", "short": "Feeling uncontrollable" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The passions are presented as involving judgments, and good feelings are discussed in relation to the sage, so the slogan discards distinctions the account keeps. The correction does not flip into endorsing every emotion.", "uid": "1nv6p03j3743n" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-019", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "template": "Stoic psychology separates receiving an impression from ___ to it.", "answer": "assenting", "distractors": [ "reacting", "attending", "withholding" ], "explanation": "Receiving and assenting are distinct elements; the distinction does not claim every initial appearance can be prevented.", "uid": "188zt9s1agif4y" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-020", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "template": "The soul is described as forming impressions and impulses, while assent is assigned to the ___ faculty.", "answer": "commanding", "distractors": [ "sensory", "appetitive", "perceptive" ], "explanation": "The allocation of assent to the commanding faculty is part of a technical psychological account, not a promise of emotional control.", "uid": "ek70ez1jg86lx" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-021", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "template": "The overview discusses good feelings, or ___, in relation to the sage.", "answer": "eupatheiai", "distractors": [ "impulses", "impressions", "prohairesis" ], "explanation": "Good feelings are named eupatheiai and discussed in relation to the sage; terminology varies by author and period.", "uid": "cypqgujnifyu" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-022", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Commanding faculty", "display": "Commanding faculty" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The part of the Stoic psychological account to which assent is assigned, as distinct from the soul's forming of impressions and impulses." }, "uid": "6osrev1exwde5" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-023", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Impulse", "display": "Impulse" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "One of the movements the soul is described as forming alongside impressions, in an account that places assent elsewhere." }, "uid": "172yo2o5qiv0" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-024", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Passion", "display": "Passion" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "In the overview's presentation, an affective state that involves judgments; accounts of it vary by author and by period." }, "uid": "2dhrtv1p1himl" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-025", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, Book VII (Sphaerus)", "url": "https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/7/Sphaerus%2A.html" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Sphaerus" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Sphaerus" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Figure in the reported wax-fruit anecdote about grounds for belief" }, "uid": "16g8frjwvoydf" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-026", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "“Stoicism means never feeling anything”" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "“Stoicism means never feeling anything”" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "A modern caricature the source-supported account of the passions does not bear out" }, "uid": "pv83kh8hgqcb" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-027", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "statement": "Stoic psychology treats receiving an impression and assenting to it as the same event.", "isTrue": false, "why": "The account separates them: an impression is received, and assent is a further act of acceptance.", "uid": "1rq6iod17mnf1n" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-028", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "an-impression-is-not-yet-an-assent", "statement": "The overview's account of the passions runs through judgments rather than through the absence of all feeling.", "isTrue": true, "why": "Passions are presented as involving judgments, and good feelings are discussed in relation to the sage, which is why “never feeling anything” is a poor summary.", "uid": "1vmv6dj1prb8ix" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-031", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "title": "Determinism With Responsibility Attached", "body": "The overview describes the Stoics as determinists about causation who also attempted a compatibilist account of responsibility. Both halves stand together: the causal order is not dropped, and responsibility is not set aside. This reports an ancient philosophical project; it does not show that the project settles the modern free-will debate.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "line of dominoes toppling one into the next", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A line of standing dominoes toppling one into the next. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A line of standing dominoes toppling one into the next.", "credit": "Pexels · Atlantic Ambience · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/hand-holding-domino-blocks-12969405/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l04-031.webp" }, "uid": "7bj9dt1qj48rv" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-032", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "title": "The Co-Fated Doctor", "body": "The co-fated doctor example is aimed at fatalistic inaction, the inference that if events are causally ordered then acting is pointless. It answers by treating the action itself as part of the causal order rather than as an exception standing outside it. The doctor is a figure in a philosophical illustration, and the example carries no medical guidance.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "ancient Roman surgical instruments Pompeii", "imagePrompt": "The Co-Fated Doctor: The co-fated doctor example is aimed at fatalistic inaction, the inference that if events are causally ordered then acting is pointless. It answers by treating the action itself as part of the causal order rather than as an exception standing outside it. The doctor is a figure i", "alt": "The Co-Fated Doctor.", "credit": "mharrsch (Openverse) · by 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/44124324682@N01/17615937641", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l04-032.webp" }, "uid": "12bpom51hxzei5" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-033", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — \"Epictetus\"", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/epictetus/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "title": "Six Words That Are Not Synonyms", "body": "Impression, assent, impulse, prohairesis, fate and cause are not interchangeable in a source-aware account of Stoicism. Some belong to the reconstruction of early Stoic doctrine, prohairesis is prominent in Epictetus, and some English labels remain attached to disputed interpretations. A compressed vocabulary sounds tidy, but it erases distinctions the sources preserve.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "ancient Greek inscription carved in marble, close-up of the letters", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A close-up of ancient Greek letters carved into weathered marble. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A close-up of ancient Greek letters carved into weathered marble.", "credit": "Unsplash · Andy Kennedy · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/ancient-stone-tablet-with-greek-inscriptions-IU37SzWsgnc", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l04-033.webp" }, "uid": "147ipv81jntrze" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-034", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "title": "Two Routes Into the Record", "body": "Early Stoic doctrine is reconstructed from fragmentary evidence, while Epictetus's later teaching reaches readers through works associated with Arrian. The contrast concerns evidential and transmission status rather than who was right. It is why an early doctrine, an Epictetan term, and a modern translation each need their own evidential label.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "archivist wearing white cotton gloves handling a fragile scrap of old parchment", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: An archivist in white cotton gloves handling a fragile scrap of old parchment. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "An archivist in white cotton gloves handling a fragile scrap of old parchment.", "credit": "Pexels · Dan Cristian Pădureț · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/brown-crumpled-paper-5102219/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l04-034.webp" }, "uid": "mhdx751xq0471" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-035", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "title": "Arrian's Part in the Transmission", "body": "Epictetus's later teaching reaches modern readers through works associated with Arrian. That is a statement about transmission, not a claim that one unified ancient technical vocabulary was preserved. Set beside early doctrine, which has to be reconstructed from fragments, it shows two different evidential routes running into the same topic.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "student writing notes by hand in a notebook during a lecture", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A student writing notes by hand in a notebook during a lecture. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A student writing notes by hand in a notebook during a lecture.", "credit": "Unsplash · The Climate Reality Project · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/selective-focus-photography-of-people-sitting-on-chairs-while-writing-on-notebooks-Hb6uWq0i4MI", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l04-035.webp" }, "uid": "1r6zhe1l6rqiu" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-039", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How does the overview describe the Stoic position on causation and responsibility?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Determinists about causation who also attempted a compatibilist account", "short": "Determinist and compatibilist" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Determinists about causation who denied that anyone could be held responsible", "short": "Determinist, no responsibility" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Opponents of causal determinism who defended responsibility on that footing", "short": "Anti-determinist defence" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Undecided on causation, treating responsibility as a wholly separate matter", "short": "Undecided on causation" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The overview describes determinists about causation who also attempted a compatibilist account of responsibility. Both commitments are reported together.", "uid": "2odc2p60xgcf" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-040", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What follows from the overview's report about Stoic determinism and responsibility?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "That the modern free-will debate was settled in antiquity on compatibilist lines", "short": "Modern debate settled" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That determinism and responsibility were held incompatible by every Stoic", "short": "Held incompatible" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That responsibility was the only half of the pair the sources actually report", "short": "Only responsibility reported" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That an ancient project joined the two without settling the modern debate", "short": "Ancient project, no verdict" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The report identifies an ancient philosophical project that joined causal determinism to responsibility. It is not a proof that the modern free-will debate is thereby resolved.", "uid": "1tb79hfeb2dr" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-041", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the co-fated doctor example intended to reject?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The idea that a person's character has no bearing on what that person does", "short": "Character irrelevant" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The idea that causes arrive all at once rather than running in a sequence", "short": "Causes arrive at once" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The idea that acting is pointless if events are causally ordered anyway", "short": "Action is pointless" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The idea that some events happen with no cause standing behind them at all", "short": "Uncaused events" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The example rejects fatalistic inaction by treating the action as part of the causal order rather than as an exception to it. It is a philosophical illustration, not medical advice.", "uid": "nodwh6oaj5ke" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-042", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — \"Epictetus\"", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/epictetus/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Why should impression, assent, impulse, prohairesis, fate and cause be kept apart?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "They are technical only in translation; in the original they are ordinary words", "short": "Technical only in translation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They sit in different strands: early doctrine, Epictetan usage, disputed labels", "short": "Different strands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They come from one author and one period, so their differences are stylistic", "short": "One author, one period" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They name stages of a single process, so only their order needs remembering", "short": "Stages of one process" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Some of these terms belong to the reconstruction of early Stoic doctrine, prohairesis is prominent in Epictetus, and some English labels remain attached to disputed interpretations.", "uid": "5b1jy419d3drg" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-043", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How does the evidential route for early Stoic doctrine differ from Epictetus's?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Early doctrine survives in complete treatises, while the later teaching is fragmentary", "short": "Treatises vs fragments" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Both reach readers complete, so no transmission question arises for either of them", "short": "Both complete" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Early doctrine is reconstructed from fragments; the later teaching comes via Arrian", "short": "Fragments vs Arrian" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Early doctrine reaches readers only in translation; the later teaching in the original", "short": "Translation vs original" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Early Stoic doctrine is reconstructed from fragmentary evidence, whereas Epictetus's later teaching reaches readers through works associated with Arrian. The contrast is about transmission, not about one unified vocabulary.", "uid": "1e2sl3y1kpajn8" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-044", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — \"Epictetus\"", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/epictetus/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In a source-aware account of Stoicism, what does “prohairesis” mark?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A term prominent in the later Roman-period teaching rather than in the reconstructed early doctrine", "short": "Prominent in the later teaching" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A synonym the sources allow for impulse whenever the context is practical", "short": "Synonym for impulse" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A word confined to the early doctrine and dropped by later Stoic teachers", "short": "Early doctrine only" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An English label that translators agree renders one settled ancient sense", "short": "Settled translation" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Of the terms held apart here, prohairesis is the one identified as prominent in Epictetus rather than as part of the reconstructed early doctrine.", "uid": "5k0szjy353ch" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-045", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "template": "The overview describes the Stoics as determinists about causation who also attempted a ___ account of responsibility.", "answer": "compatibilist", "distractors": [ "fatalist", "incompatibilist", "libertarian" ], "explanation": "The reported project holds responsibility together with causal determinism; that is what makes the account compatibilist.", "uid": "bunjq0l6peb8" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-046", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "template": "The co-fated doctor example rejects fatalistic ___ by treating the action as part of the causal order.", "answer": "inaction", "distractors": [ "indifference", "ignorance", "passivity" ], "explanation": "The target is the inference that acting is pointless in a causally ordered world; the example folds the action into that order.", "uid": "1ykg01b1b8g4r7" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-047", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "template": "Epictetus's later teaching reaches readers through works associated with ___.", "answer": "Arrian", "distractors": [ "Chrysippus", "Sphaerus", "a later anonymous compiler" ], "explanation": "The transmission runs through works associated with Arrian, in contrast to early doctrine reconstructed from fragmentary evidence.", "uid": "p66vo51u3xjl3" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-048", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Compatibilist account of responsibility", "display": "Compatibilist account of responsibility" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The attempt the overview attributes to the Stoics: holding people responsible while remaining determinists about causation." }, "uid": "1thupd0avuaz8" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-049", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Fragmentary evidence", "display": "Fragmentary evidence" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The state of the surviving record from which early Stoic doctrine has to be reconstructed rather than read continuously." }, "uid": "h3r50jbtr4r3" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-050", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — \"Epictetus\"", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2026/entries/epictetus/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Prohairesis" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Prohairesis" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "A term prominent in the later teaching, not a synonym for impulse or assent" }, "uid": "1p2id9n1adu83f" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-051", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Early Stoic doctrine" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Early Stoic doctrine" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Known through fragmentary evidence that has to be reconstructed" }, "uid": "1bwyuom1sfhzg8" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-052", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "statement": "The co-fated doctor example is offered as practical medical advice.", "isTrue": false, "why": "It is a philosophical illustration aimed at fatalistic inaction; the sources report its argumentative purpose, not guidance about medicine.", "uid": "1snzj17mak1lf" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l04-053", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "agency-within-a-causal-world", "statement": "Early Stoic doctrine is reconstructed from fragmentary evidence, while Epictetus's later teaching reaches readers through works associated with Arrian.", "isTrue": true, "why": "That is the transmission contrast the sources support; it concerns evidential status and does not supply one unified ancient vocabulary.", "uid": "1nzun9qw8uwgo" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-001", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "title": "Oikeiosis and Cosmopolitanism", "body": "The Stoicism overview treats oikeiosis and cosmopolitanism as central topics within Stoic ethics. It connects them with social concern, human nature, and appropriate action, so relations between people sit inside the ethical material rather than beside it. That framing is the overview's own, and it is offered as a way into the topics rather than a fixed definition of them.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Stoa Poikile Athens ruins", "imagePrompt": "Oikeiosis and Cosmopolitanism: The Stoicism overview treats oikeiosis and cosmopolitanism as central topics within Stoic ethics. It connects them with social concern, human nature, and appropriate action, so relations between people sit inside the ethical material rather than beside it. That framing", "alt": "Oikeiosis and Cosmopolitanism.", "credit": "Pexels · Jeremy Wong · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/ancient-greek-stoa-in-sunlit-perspective-30554126/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l05-001.webp" }, "uid": "1n9gdg41pvuyr0" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-002", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "title": "One Framing, Not Every Stoic", "body": "Placing oikeiosis and cosmopolitanism at the centre of Stoic ethics is how the overview presents the material, and the claim is held at medium confidence. Later figures and modern interpreters may develop the same two topics in different directions. A source-aware reading therefore keeps the terms historical instead of projecting a single interpretation unchanged across the whole school.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Ancient Agora of Athens ruins", "imagePrompt": "One Framing, Not Every Stoic: Placing oikeiosis and cosmopolitanism at the centre of Stoic ethics is how the overview presents the material, and the claim is held at medium confidence. Later figures and modern interpreters may develop the same two topics in different directions. A source-aware readi", "alt": "One Framing, Not Every Stoic.", "credit": "Pexels · A captivating aerial view of Athens showcasing the city and ancient Agora surrounded by lush greenery.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/view-on-town-in-mountains-landscape-13898478/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l05-002.webp" }, "uid": "6786fvo20clr" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-003", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "title": "Hierocles and a Half-Surviving Book", "body": "Hierocles is identified as a second-century Stoic. His Elements of Ethics is only partially extant, and that survival condition matters before any detail is attributed to him. Partial survival permits limited discussion, but it does not hand over a complete treatise from which an exact theory could be reconstructed.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "ancient Greek papyrus fragment", "imagePrompt": "Hierocles and a Half-Surviving Book: Hierocles is identified as a second-century Stoic. His Elements of Ethics is only partially extant, and that survival condition matters before any detail is attributed to him. Partial survival permits limited discussion, but it does not hand over a complete treat", "alt": "Hierocles and a Half-Surviving Book." }, "uid": "9ktx7pduozul" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-004", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "title": "The Concentric Circles Image", "body": "An opened Oxford chapter abstract describes Hierocles as using an image of concentric circles in relation to social concern. Because the accessible evidence is the abstract rather than the full chapter, it identifies the image and its subject and nothing further. It cannot supply an exact diagram, the lost wording, or a settled interpretation of what the image was doing.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "concentric ripples on water surface", "imagePrompt": "The Concentric Circles Image: An opened Oxford chapter abstract describes Hierocles as using an image of concentric circles in relation to social concern. Because the accessible evidence is the abstract rather than the full chapter, it identifies the image and its subject and nothing further. It can", "alt": "The Concentric Circles Image.", "credit": "Pexels · Serene image of gentle water ripples creating smooth concentric rings on a tranquil surface.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/ripples-on-the-water-surface-9302825/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l05-004.webp" }, "uid": "a3awrdj63jab" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-005", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "title": "Not Absolute Impartiality", "body": "The same abstract warns against reading Hierocles' circles as a claim of absolute impartiality. It describes mutual aid alongside duties that weigh more heavily toward people who are socially closer. This is a cautious statement about how the abstract presents the image, not an uncontested reconstruction of all Stoic social theory.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Roman mosaic with concentric circles", "imagePrompt": "Not Absolute Impartiality: The same abstract warns against reading Hierocles' circles as a claim of absolute impartiality. It describes mutual aid alongside duties that weigh more heavily toward people who are socially closer. This is a cautious statement about how the abstract presents the image, n", "alt": "Not Absolute Impartiality.", "credit": "Pexels · Detailed ancient Roman mosaic from Gaziantep, Türkiye, illustrating historical art.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-of-an-ancient-mosaic-17716954/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l05-005.webp" }, "uid": "82q8n26kl2qu" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-006", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "title": "Two Levels of Evidence", "body": "The evidence behind Hierocles sits at two different levels. A general Stoicism overview identifies him, the partial survival of his treatise, and the larger ethical topics; an opened chapter abstract supplies the circles image and its caution about proximity. Neither level delivers a recovered text, so the account that follows stays deliberately modest.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "concentric ripples spreading on the surface of still water", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: Concentric ripples spreading across the surface of still water. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "Concentric ripples spreading across the surface of still water.", "credit": "Pexels · sevvalerol · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/calm-water-with-circular-ripples-in-nature-29216637/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l05-006.webp" }, "uid": "10hfn4g1jg1u3q" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-011", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Partially extant", "display": "Partially extant" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Said of a text that survives only in part rather than whole. Hierocles' Elements of Ethics is described this way, which permits limited discussion but rules out reconstructing an exact theory from it." }, "uid": "pk90iu1olubtm" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-012", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Oikeiosis", "display": "Oikeiosis" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A term the Stoicism overview places at the centre of Stoic ethics alongside cosmopolitanism, tying it to social concern, human nature, and appropriate action. The overview does not fix one settled meaning for it across every early Stoic." }, "uid": "ercdn61skq6om" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-013", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hierocles" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hierocles" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Second-century Stoic whose Elements of Ethics survives only in part" }, "uid": "36twmuqh8lxq" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-014", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Concentric circles" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Concentric circles" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The image an opened Oxford chapter abstract connects with social concern" }, "uid": "180u0g61qmatb2" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-015", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "template": "Hierocles is identified as a ___ Stoic whose Elements of Ethics is only partially extant.", "answer": "second-century", "distractors": [ "first-century", "second-century", "third-century" ], "explanation": "The overview places Hierocles in the second century and notes in the same breath that his treatise survives only in part.", "uid": "1qrwfle2twq68" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-016", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "template": "An opened Oxford abstract describes Hierocles as using an image of ___ in relation to social concern.", "answer": "concentric circles", "distractors": [ "interlocking chains", "concentric circles", "ascending steps" ], "explanation": "The abstract names the image and the subject it addresses; it does not supply a diagram or the original wording.", "uid": "fi4n9o1iu50ky" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-017", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "statement": "The Oxford abstract presents Hierocles' concentric circles as a case for treating everyone with absolutely equal concern.", "isTrue": false, "why": "The abstract warns against exactly that reading, describing mutual aid alongside weightier duties toward people who are socially closer.", "uid": "1778nsjnio5rn" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-018", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "statement": "Hierocles is identified as a second-century Stoic whose Elements of Ethics survives only in part.", "isTrue": true, "why": "Partial survival is stated up front, and it limits what can safely be attributed to him without closer evidence.", "uid": "68525s151yb1a" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-021", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which pair of topics does the Stoicism overview treat as central to Stoic ethics, tied to social concern, human nature, and appropriate action?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Grammar and literary criticism", "short": "Grammar and criticism" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jurisprudence and public rhetoric", "short": "Law and rhetoric" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Oikeiosis and cosmopolitanism", "short": "Oikeiosis and cosmopolitanism" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Divination and ritual practice", "short": "Divination and ritual" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The overview puts oikeiosis and cosmopolitanism among the central Stoic ethical topics, connecting them with social concern, human nature, and appropriate action.", "uid": "bhtt0g12kqesg" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-022", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Why should the overview's treatment of oikeiosis and cosmopolitanism not be projected unchanged onto every early Stoic?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The overview files both topics under physics rather than ethics", "short": "They belong to physics" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The overview treats both topics as marginal rather than central concerns", "short": "Marginal, not central" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Each of the two topics is attested for only a single named Stoic", "short": "Only one Stoic attests each" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Later figures and modern readers may develop them differently", "short": "Others develop them differently" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The claim sits at medium confidence precisely because later figures and modern scholars may develop these topics in different ways, so the overview's framing should not be read back onto the whole school.", "uid": "1mv4dzd19tap4t" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-023", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How is Hierocles identified in the Stoicism overview?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A Roman senator remembered for translating Stoic treatises into Latin", "short": "Senator and translator" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A second-century Stoic whose treatise on ethics survives only in part", "short": "2nd-century Stoic, part-extant" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A doxographer whose summaries preserve the definitions of early Stoics", "short": "Doxographer of early Stoics" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A first-century critic whose objections to Stoic ethics still survive", "short": "1st-century critic of Stoics" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The overview names him as a second-century Stoic and records that his Elements of Ethics survives only in part.", "uid": "1sguy3lkieylf" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-024", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What follows from Elements of Ethics being only partially extant?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The gaps are recoverable from the overview's own brief summary of the work", "short": "Overview's summary fills gaps" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The surviving portion can be read as a complete statement of his ethics", "short": "The part stands for the whole" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Attributions to Hierocles stay limited until closer evidence is available", "short": "Attributions stay limited" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Its missing sections can be reconstructed from other surviving treatises", "short": "Gaps filled from other texts" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Partial survival permits limited discussion but does not hand over a complete treatise, so what is attributed to Hierocles must stay modest without closer evidence.", "uid": "5dqmf41vqkpro" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-025", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What does the opened Oxford abstract establish about Hierocles' concentric circles?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A complete interpretation of the image agreed by modern scholars", "short": "A settled full interpretation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The lost wording in which the image was originally introduced", "short": "The original lost wording" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That the image is put to work in connection with social concern", "short": "Its subject is social concern" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The exact number and labelling of the circles in the original text", "short": "The circles' exact layout" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The abstract is enough to identify the image and its subject, social concern, but not to supply a diagram, the lost wording, or a full interpretation.", "uid": "1pu0uca19zgnbq" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-026", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What does the Oxford abstract caution against when reading Hierocles' circles?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Treating the image as evidence of Stoic political theory", "short": "Reading it as political theory" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Treating the image as a claim of absolute impartiality", "short": "Reading it as full impartiality" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Treating the image as a metaphor rather than a doctrine", "short": "Reading it as mere metaphor" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Treating the image as the work of a later Roman author", "short": "Crediting it to a Roman" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Instead of absolute impartiality, the abstract describes mutual aid together with weightier duties toward people who are socially closer.", "uid": "kgv1f9c2lb4h" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-027", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "oikeiosis-cosmopolitanism-and-proximity", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How does the Oxford abstract describe the weighting of duties in Hierocles' circles?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Duties fall away entirely beyond the innermost circle of kin", "short": "Nothing owed beyond kin" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mutual aid holds, with weightier duties toward closer people", "short": "Aid, weighted toward the close" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Duties grow heavier the further out from the self one moves", "short": "Heavier the further out" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Duties are owed identically to all people regardless of relation", "short": "Identical duties to everyone" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The abstract pairs mutual aid with duties that weigh more heavily toward those who stand socially closer, which is why it resists an absolute-impartiality reading.", "uid": "171qui313zew3v" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-028", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "title": "Cicero, Engaged but Not Enrolled", "body": "Cicero did not identify as a Stoic, though he engaged extensively with Stoic theory. That distinction is the heart of Roman mediation: a Latin author can be an important conduit for Stoic material without becoming a Stoic by label. It also stops a reader from treating every Cicero passage as a transparent statement of an early Greek source.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Cicero marble portrait bust", "imagePrompt": "Cicero, Engaged but Not Enrolled: Cicero did not identify as a Stoic, though he engaged extensively with Stoic theory. That distinction is the heart of Roman mediation: a Latin author can be an important conduit for Stoic material without becoming a Stoic by label. It also stops a reader from treati", "alt": "Cicero, Engaged but Not Enrolled.", "credit": "antmoose (Openverse) · by 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/93226994@N00/84543977", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l05-028.webp" }, "uid": "hkx0fy10x7kx2" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-029", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "title": "De Officiis and Its Model", "body": "The overview says that Cicero modeled De Officiis on a work by Panaetius. Modeling is a meaningful relationship, yet it does not make Cicero's surviving Latin work identical to the fragmentary material associated with Panaetius. A surviving Roman work, a lost earlier work, and a reported relation between them each give access of a different kind.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Cicero De Officiis early printed edition", "imagePrompt": "De Officiis and Its Model: The overview says that Cicero modeled De Officiis on a work by Panaetius. Modeling is a meaningful relationship, yet it does not make Cicero's surviving Latin work identical to the fragmentary material associated with Panaetius. A surviving Roman work, a lost earlier work,", "alt": "De Officiis and Its Model.", "credit": "Provenance Online Project (Openverse) · by 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/58558794@N07/7822390954", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l05-029.webp" }, "uid": "1alc5566rdagw" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-030", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "title": "Different Routes to Survival", "body": "The Stoicism overview separates complete later works from early evidence preserved through later doxographies, hostile witnesses, fragments, and translations. These are different survival routes, not interchangeable windows onto one corpus. They help explain why an early doctrine may need reconstruction while a later work can be read in a more continuous form.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "old rolled paper scrolls tied with string on a wooden table", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: Several old rolled paper scrolls tied with string, lying on a wooden table. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "Several old rolled paper scrolls tied with string, lying on a wooden table.", "credit": "Pexels · GÜL · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-photo-of-old-rolled-paper-9801352/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l05-030.webp" }, "uid": "zwwlck1odh8p0" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-031", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "title": "A Bounded Historical Claim", "body": "The research supports a limited historical claim: Stoic ethics contains accounts of social relation, appropriate action, and cosmopolitan concern. It does not endorse every ancient social practice, and it does not show that Roman texts map cleanly onto modern equality. Keeping the claim bounded is what makes it usable as history.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Roman Forum ruins Rome", "imagePrompt": "A Bounded Historical Claim: The research supports a limited historical claim: Stoic ethics contains accounts of social relation, appropriate action, and cosmopolitan concern. It does not endorse every ancient social practice, and it does not show that Roman texts map cleanly onto modern equality. Ke", "alt": "A Bounded Historical Claim.", "credit": "Pexels · Explore the ancient ruins of the Roman Forum with iconic landmarks in Rome, Italy.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/scenic-view-of-roman-forum-with-historical-landmarks-36427529/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l05-031.webp" }, "uid": "1iwutc114cidbj" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-032", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "title": "Why the Phrase Roman Mediation", "body": "Calling Cicero a Roman mediator of Stoic thought is more exact than adding him to the roster of Stoic authors. The phrase holds three supported points together: he did not identify as a Stoic, he engaged Stoic theory extensively, and De Officiis is reported to be modeled on a work by Panaetius. It also leaves the differing survival conditions of the materials visible rather than assuming a direct replacement for a lost source.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Latin manuscript page of Cicero", "imagePrompt": "Why the Phrase Roman Mediation: Calling Cicero a Roman mediator of Stoic thought is more exact than adding him to the roster of Stoic authors. The phrase holds three supported points together: he did not identify as a Stoic, he engaged Stoic theory extensively, and De Officiis is reported to be mode", "alt": "Why the Phrase Roman Mediation.", "credit": "Special Collections at Johns Hopkins University (Openverse) · by 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/41637252@N04/10800762014", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l05-032.webp" }, "uid": "2uaz0im78016" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-036", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roman mediation", "display": "Roman mediation" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The passage of Stoic material to later readers through a Latin writer who engaged it extensively without belonging to the school, so that questions of identity, source role, and historical distance stay visible." }, "uid": "5373b4a2zp1g" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-037", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Survival route", "display": "Survival route" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The particular path by which ancient material reaches us: as a complete later work, or as early evidence carried in doxographies, hostile witnesses, fragments, and translations. These paths are not interchangeable." }, "uid": "1jt1rfb36qvaj" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-038", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cicero" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cicero" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Latin author who engaged Stoic theory extensively without joining the school" }, "uid": "wsl8q7fm45tv" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-039", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "De Officiis" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "De Officiis" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Latin work reported to be modeled on a treatise by Panaetius" }, "uid": "186oj0k1pvbuka" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-040", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "template": "Cicero did not identify as a Stoic, although he engaged ___ with Stoic theory.", "answer": "extensively", "distractors": [ "cautiously", "extensively", "selectively" ], "explanation": "Both halves of the claim hold together: the engagement was extensive, and the Stoic label was one he did not take.", "uid": "1t5i308a7djt6" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-041", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "template": "The Stoicism overview distinguishes complete later works from early evidence preserved through doxographies, hostile witnesses, fragments, and ___.", "answer": "translations", "distractors": [ "inscriptions", "commentaries", "translations" ], "explanation": "Translations sit alongside doxographies, hostile witnesses, and fragments as one of the indirect routes by which early material survives.", "uid": "1arohdj1rzbvl9" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-042", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "template": "The research supports a limited historical claim that Stoic ethics contains accounts of social relation, appropriate action, and ___ concern.", "answer": "cosmopolitan", "distractors": [ "household", "cosmopolitan", "ceremonial" ], "explanation": "The bounded claim names three things together: social relation, appropriate action, and cosmopolitan concern.", "uid": "m2zyxk4hmfem" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-043", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "statement": "Cicero engaged extensively with Stoic theory without identifying as a Stoic himself.", "isTrue": true, "why": "Both halves are supported: the engagement was extensive, and the school's label is one he did not claim.", "uid": "iqjlpkju7vik" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-044", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "statement": "Because De Officiis was modeled on a work by Panaetius, the surviving Latin text can stand in for the lost Panaetian material.", "isTrue": false, "why": "Modeling is a real relation, but it does not make Cicero's extant Latin work a transparent replacement for the fragmentary material associated with Panaetius.", "uid": "g6tlw9miq00f" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-047", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about Cicero's relation to Stoicism does the evidence support?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "He rejected Stoic theory and engaged with it only to refute it", "short": "Engaged only to refute it" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He engaged Stoic theory closely without identifying as a Stoic", "short": "Close engagement, not a Stoic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He translated Stoic works without commenting on their doctrines", "short": "Translator, not commentator" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He identified as a Stoic and wrote from inside the school's tradition", "short": "A Stoic writing from inside" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "His extensive engagement with Stoic theory is well supported, and so is the fact that he did not take the Stoic label; the two have to be held together.", "uid": "504um1z7zczr" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-048", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Why does it matter that Cicero is not counted as a Stoic?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It removes his works from the evidence available for Stoic ethics", "short": "His works drop out as evidence" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It stops his Latin pages reading as direct Greek Stoic doctrine", "short": "Latin is not Greek doctrine" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It shows that Latin was unsuited to expressing Stoic technical terms", "short": "Latin could not carry the terms" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It means his engagement with Stoic theory was slight rather than deep", "short": "His engagement was slight" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "A Latin author can be an important conduit for Stoic material without becoming a Stoic by label, so his passages should not be read as transparent statements of an early Greek source.", "uid": "19ea6qvmediep" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-049", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What does the Stoicism overview report about the composition of De Officiis?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Cicero shaped it after an earlier work by Panaetius", "short": "Modeled on Panaetius" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cicero built it out of Hierocles' surviving chapters", "short": "Assembled from Hierocles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cicero wrote it as a reply to earlier Stoic critics", "short": "A reply to Stoic critics" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cicero translated it straight from a Greek original", "short": "A direct Greek translation" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The overview reports that Cicero modeled De Officiis on a work by Panaetius, a real relation of dependence that still leaves the Latin text distinct from the lost Panaetian material.", "uid": "vurad0wnphik" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-050", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How does the Stoicism overview describe the shape of the surviving evidence?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Early complete treatises alongside later works surviving in fragments", "short": "Early whole, later fragments" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A body of texts preserved chiefly in inscriptions and public records", "short": "Mostly inscriptions" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Complete later works alongside early material known only indirectly", "short": "Later whole, early indirect" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A continuous corpus running from the earliest Stoics to the Romans", "short": "One continuous corpus" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The overview separates complete later works from early evidence that reaches us through later doxographies, hostile witnesses, fragments, and translations.", "uid": "1hbu3qkmdzlsa" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-051", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which reading of the overview's evidence categories overstates what they claim?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "They form a fixed four-part scheme every Stoic text must be sorted into", "short": "A fixed four-part scheme" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They explain why early doctrine may need reconstruction from witnesses", "short": "Why early doctrine needs work" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They separate later readable works from indirectly preserved material", "short": "Readable vs indirect material" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They mark the differing conditions under which material happens to survive", "short": "They mark survival conditions" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The categories identify source conditions; turning them into a rigid four-role framework that every text must fit goes beyond what the overview actually claims.", "uid": "9875983tf4ks" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l05-052", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "roman-transmission-duty-language-and-source-roles", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What does the research support about Stoic ethics and social life?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A limited account of social relation, appropriate action, and cosmopolitan concern", "short": "A limited historical account" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A complete practical code for ordering relations within the Roman household", "short": "A full household conduct code" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A demonstration that Roman Stoic texts already anticipate modern equality doctrine", "short": "Roman texts anticipate equality" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An endorsement of the social arrangements that prevailed in the ancient world", "short": "Endorses ancient practice" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The supported claim is historical and bounded: Stoic ethics contains accounts of social relation, appropriate action, and cosmopolitan concern. It neither endorses ancient practice nor maps onto modern equality.", "uid": "9aomsp1921l63" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-001", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "title": "Later Works, Earlier Fragments", "body": "A Stanford overview of Stoicism sets later Stoic works by Seneca against the fragmentary evidence available for early Stoicism. The contrast is one of survival status rather than of authority. A shelf of readable later prose does not stand in for the early Stoa's lost books, and fragments do not become whole works because later authors are easier to read.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Seneca bust Antikensammlung Berlin", "imagePrompt": "Later Works, Earlier Fragments: A Stanford overview of Stoicism sets later Stoic works by Seneca against the fragmentary evidence available for early Stoicism. The contrast is one of survival status rather than of authority. A shelf of readable later prose does not stand in for the early Stoa's lost", "alt": "Later Works, Earlier Fragments.", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons · Marcus Cyron · CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Duble_herma_of_Socrates_and_Seneca_Antikensammlung_Berlin_01.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l06-001.webp" }, "uid": "1jz3y7j1eh9hoh" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-002", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Stanford overview sets Seneca's works against early Stoicism's fragments. What is that contrast about?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Which authors the Roman state chose to endorse", "short": "State endorsement" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Whether each period wrote in Greek or in Latin", "short": "Greek or Latin" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "How much of each period's writing came down to us", "short": "How much survives" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Which period argued its ethics more rigorously", "short": "Rigour of the ethics" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The overview distinguishes later Stoic works by Seneca from the fragmentary evidence available for early Stoicism. That is a statement about survival, and a fuller surviving body of work does not make Seneca a substitute for the early sources.", "uid": "1l1t3rv11zpk0r" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-003", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "statement": "The overview's contrast between Seneca's works and early Stoicism concerns how much evidence survives, not which writer holds more authority.", "isTrue": true, "why": "The Stanford overview distinguishes later Stoic works by Seneca from the fragmentary evidence available for early Stoicism. That is a claim about survival status; a fuller surviving body of writing does not make Seneca a substitute for the early sources.", "uid": "1blbuwv66ixft" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-004", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "title": "Numbered Letters, Named Topics", "body": "The opened index to Seneca's Moral Letters to Lucilius presents the collection as numbered letters, each carrying a heading. Those headings cover subjects including philosophy, virtue, friendship, and wealth. Read this way, the index gives a reliable picture of the collection's form and of the range it covers.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Seneca Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium early printed edition", "imagePrompt": "Numbered Letters, Named Topics: The opened index to Seneca's Moral Letters to Lucilius presents the collection as numbered letters, each carrying a heading. Those headings cover subjects including philosophy, virtue, friendship, and wealth. Read this way, the index gives a reliable picture of the co", "alt": "Numbered Letters, Named Topics.", "credit": "Wikipedia — Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistulae_Morales_ad_Lucilium", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l06-004.webp" }, "uid": "wpc56hshi2bv" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-005", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "title": "How Far a Contents Page Reaches", "body": "An index establishes what a collection looks like: how its letters are numbered and what subjects the headings name. It does not carry a detailed claim about the argument inside any one of those letters. Supporting that would take a locator pointing into the letter itself rather than an unlocated reference to the table of contents.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "thick book with many coloured sticky tabs sticking out from its page edges", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: The page edges of a thick book bristling with coloured sticky tabs. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "The page edges of a thick book bristling with coloured sticky tabs.", "credit": "Unsplash · Brian Huynh · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/a-stack-of-books-sitting-on-top-of-a-wooden-table-e4jTvQxoPaI", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l06-005.webp" }, "uid": "1tpilu925cyql" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-007", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Locator", "display": "Locator" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A pointer precise enough to identify where inside a work a claim sits — the number of a letter and the passage within it, rather than the collection's contents page." }, "uid": "1f6bztuw9vsde" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-009", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What can the opened index to the Moral Letters be used to establish on its own?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Latin wording standing behind each of the headings", "short": "The Latin behind headings" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The argument a particular numbered letter makes about its topic", "short": "One letter's argument" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The collection's form: numbered letters carrying topic headings", "short": "Numbered letters with headings" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The order in which Seneca actually composed the letters", "short": "Order of composition" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The index shows numbered letters with headings on subjects including philosophy, virtue, friendship, and wealth. A claim about what one letter argues would need a locator inside that letter, not the contents page.", "uid": "j3j7ka1j3s6w0" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-010", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "title": "Musonius Rufus in Translation", "body": "Yale University Press describes Musonius Rufus as a first-century Roman Stoic philosopher. Its volume presents his lectures and sayings in Cora Lutz's translation. A publisher description of this kind supports cautious placement of the figure and gives edition information; it does not certify the authorship of every saying that circulates under his name.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "That One Should Disdain Hardships Yale University Press book cover", "imagePrompt": "Musonius Rufus in Translation: Yale University Press describes Musonius Rufus as a first-century Roman Stoic philosopher. Its volume presents his lectures and sayings in Cora Lutz's translation. A publisher description of this kind supports cautious placement of the figure and gives edition informat", "alt": "Musonius Rufus in Translation." }, "uid": "1m9k9jj1xatg31" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-012", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cora Lutz" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cora Lutz" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The translator whose English version of the Musonius lectures and sayings Yale University Press presents." }, "uid": "137c4mg5awau0" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-013", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How does Yale University Press describe Musonius Rufus?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A third-century compiler of Stoic handbooks", "short": "Third-century compiler" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A second-century Greek grammarian and critic", "short": "Second-century grammarian" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A first-century Roman senator and orator", "short": "First-century senator" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A first-century Roman Stoic philosopher", "short": "First-century Roman Stoic" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The press describes him as a first-century Roman Stoic philosopher and presents his lectures and sayings in Cora Lutz's translation. That is placement and edition information, not a guarantee about every saying attributed to him.", "uid": "10q4a0fmdk733" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-014", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is Cora Lutz's role in the Yale volume of Musonius?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "She edited the Greek text from the manuscripts", "short": "Edited the Greek text" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "She wrote the historical introduction to it", "short": "Wrote the introduction" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "She selected which of the sayings to include", "short": "Selected the sayings" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "She translated the lectures and sayings in it", "short": "Translated the volume" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Yale University Press presents the lectures and sayings in Cora Lutz's translation. The description supports her as translator and identifies the edition; it does not extend to the authenticity of every saying.", "uid": "1m9mch8jotpgy" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-015", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "statement": "Yale University Press's description of Musonius Rufus is enough to establish that every saying circulating under his name is genuinely his.", "isTrue": false, "why": "The description places him as a first-century Roman Stoic philosopher and identifies Cora Lutz's translation of the lectures and sayings. It supports cautious placement and edition metadata, not the secure authorship of every saying found in circulation.", "uid": "q19ysj1dbaqrb" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-016", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "title": "A Teacher of Two Named Students", "body": "A Cambridge historical overview identifies Musonius Rufus as a teacher of Dio Chrysostom and of Epictetus. What was opened for this claim is an abstract or summary rather than the full chapter. It supports the teaching relation itself, and stops short of a biography or a reconstruction of what he taught them.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought volume", "imagePrompt": "A Teacher of Two Named Students: A Cambridge historical overview identifies Musonius Rufus as a teacher of Dio Chrysostom and of Epictetus. What was opened for this claim is an abstract or summary rather than the full chapter. It supports the teaching relation itself, and stops short of a biography ", "alt": "A Teacher of Two Named Students." }, "uid": "ez6rsl1ozn3ff" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-019", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A Cambridge historical overview, available only as an abstract, supports which claim about Musonius?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "That he wrote the lectures Cora Lutz later translated", "short": "Wrote his own lectures" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That he taught Dio Chrysostom and taught Epictetus", "short": "Taught Dio and Epictetus" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That he was exiled and later recalled by an emperor", "short": "Exiled, then recalled" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That he kept a school in Rome for several decades", "short": "Ran a school in Rome" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The opened material is an abstract or summary, and what it supports is the teaching relation: Musonius as a teacher of Dio Chrysostom and of Epictetus. Anything fuller would need more than a summary.", "uid": "xtxto1mpci2c" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-020", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "title": "Cornutus's Greek Compendium", "body": "A 2018 critical-edition description identifies Lucius Annaeus Cornutus as a Roman philosopher who wrote a Greek compendium on the Greek gods. The compendium uses etymology and allegory to teach Stoic basics. This is bibliographical and genre evidence: it fixes the work's language, subject and method without supplying a full life of its author or a general ancient-Stoic theology.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Cornutus Compendium of Greek Theology critical edition", "imagePrompt": "Cornutus's Greek Compendium: A 2018 critical-edition description identifies Lucius Annaeus Cornutus as a Roman philosopher who wrote a Greek compendium on the Greek gods. The compendium uses etymology and allegory to teach Stoic basics. This is bibliographical and genre evidence: it fixes the work's", "alt": "Cornutus's Greek Compendium." }, "uid": "1wj3mxup3b8z2" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-022", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Compendium", "display": "Compendium" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A single volume that gathers and condenses the basics of a subject; the one credited to Cornutus is written in Greek and covers the Greek gods." }, "uid": "eudz1d1gayr5f" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-023", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Etymology and allegory" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Etymology and allegory" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The two methods a 2018 edition credits Cornutus with using to teach Stoic basics in his Greek book on the gods." }, "uid": "wh9wot3524g3" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-025", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "According to the 2018 critical-edition description, what is Cornutus's compendium about, and how does it proceed?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Greek gods, treated through etymology and allegory", "short": "Greek gods by etymology" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Roman religious festivals, arranged as a yearly calendar", "short": "Festivals by calendar" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Greek grammar and style, arranged as classified rules", "short": "Grammar by rule" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Stoic fate and providence, treated through worked cases", "short": "Fate by worked cases" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The description identifies a Greek compendium on the Greek gods that uses etymology and allegory to teach Stoic basics. It fixes the work's subject, language and method.", "uid": "10h2ulbs9lmgj" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-026", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "seneca-musonius-and-cornutus", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What does the Cornutus edition description settle, and what does it leave open?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It settles the author's teachers, but not the conclusions he drew", "short": "Teachers yes, views no" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It settles the author's life story, but leaves the book's method open", "short": "Life yes, method no" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It settles the book's date and place, but not its language or genre", "short": "Date yes, language no" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It settles the book's subject and method, not the author's life story", "short": "Subject yes, life no" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The source is bibliographical and generic: it establishes a Greek compendium on the Greek gods using etymology and allegory. It does not license a complete Cornutus biography or a general ancient-Stoic theology.", "uid": "1p6ulnoan90bs" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-027", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "title": "Arrian's Record of Epictetus", "body": "The Discourses are traditionally presented as Arrian's record of Epictetus's teaching. The relation between that record and the teaching behind it remains a scholarly question. Saying \"Epictetus says\" is workable introductory shorthand only while the recording and the genre stay in view; the text is not a plain authorial manuscript.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "person taking handwritten notes while another person speaks across a table", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A person taking handwritten notes while another person speaks across a table. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A person taking handwritten notes while another person speaks across a table.", "credit": "Unsplash · sarah b · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/a-woman-writing-on-a-piece-of-paper-OfY1kmIlMC0", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l06-027.webp" }, "uid": "xnfjnm1oe8vw2" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-029", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Transmission", "display": "Transmission" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The route by which a teaching reaches the page a reader holds; for the Discourses that route runs through Arrian's record, and how faithfully it does so is still debated." }, "uid": "16qne7l1ewhgil" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-031", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What does the traditional account of the Discourses attribute to Arrian?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The choice of topics Epictetus decided to address", "short": "The choice of topics" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The section numbers by which the text is now cited", "short": "The section numbers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Greek prose style in which Epictetus lectured", "short": "The prose style" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The record of Epictetus's teaching that it preserves", "short": "The record of the teaching" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Discourses are traditionally presented as Arrian's record of Epictetus's teaching. How closely that record tracks the teaching remains a scholarly question.", "uid": "167ilhh9798m7" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-032", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Why does the shorthand \"Epictetus says\" call for care?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The text survives only in summaries by later Roman officials", "short": "Later official summaries" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The words reach us through a record whose accuracy is debated", "short": "A debated record" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The manuscript behind the text has no known author or date", "short": "An anonymous manuscript" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The teaching was set down long after his students had died", "short": "Written down much later" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Discourses are traditionally Arrian's record, and the relation between record and teaching remains a scholarly question. The shorthand works as an introduction only when that background stays in view.", "uid": "1onw8761324zdi" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-033", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "title": "A Text You Can Cite by Section", "body": "The opened Encheiridion translation names Epictetus and lays the work out in numbered sections. That numbering makes section-based citation possible in that translation, which is useful for locating a claim. The numbered English is the translator's, so a feature of the rendering should not be promoted into the ancient Greek.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Epictetus Enchiridion printed edition", "imagePrompt": "A Text You Can Cite by Section: The opened Encheiridion translation names Epictetus and lays the work out in numbered sections. That numbering makes section-based citation possible in that translation, which is useful for locating a claim. The numbered English is the translator's, so a feature of th", "alt": "A Text You Can Cite by Section.", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epictetus_Enchiridion_1683_page1-2.png", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l06-033.webp" }, "uid": "vinied18cm699" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-035", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Section-based citation", "display": "Section-based citation" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Pointing to a claim by the numbered section that contains it, which the opened Encheiridion translation makes possible." }, "uid": "1kz0j1n1e3n36l" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-036", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What does the opened Encheiridion translation make possible for a reader?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Tracing the manuscripts behind this printed version", "short": "Trace the manuscripts" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Dating each part of the text to a year of teaching", "short": "Date each part" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Citing a passage by the numbered section holding it", "short": "Cite by section" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Setting Epictetus's Greek beside Arrian's own Greek", "short": "Compare the Greek" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The page identifies Epictetus and presents numbered sections, which makes section-based citation possible in that translation.", "uid": "1ekv1bsiyadum" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-037", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A claim about Epictetus's Greek wording needs what, beyond this translation?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Greek text itself, since this page carries a translator's English", "short": "The Greek text" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The numbering of sections, which this translation does not provide", "short": "Section numbering" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A named editor, since anonymous translations cannot support claims", "short": "A named editor" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A second translation, since a single rendering settles no wording", "short": "A second translation" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The translation supports identification and numbered sections. Its wording is the translator's English, so it cannot be elevated into the ancient Greek or into a final reading of a technical term.", "uid": "43hsux9dpmvj" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-038", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "statement": "Because the opened Encheiridion translation divides the work into numbered sections, its English wording can be treated as Epictetus's own Greek.", "isTrue": false, "why": "The numbered sections make section-based citation possible in that translation. The wording is the translator's English, and a feature of a translation cannot be elevated into the ancient Greek itself.", "uid": "1b8drzxc5h4jp" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-039", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "title": "Writings to Himself", "body": "An overview of Marcus Aurelius reports a scholarly consensus that he wrote the Meditations for his own moral improvement. The work is commonly called writings to himself. That places it as self-addressed reflective writing rather than a systematic public textbook or a straightforward memoir of a reign.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Marcus Aurelius equestrian statue Capitoline Museums Rome", "imagePrompt": "Writings to Himself: An overview of Marcus Aurelius reports a scholarly consensus that he wrote the Meditations for his own moral improvement. The work is commonly called writings to himself. That places it as self-addressed reflective writing rather than a systematic public textbook or a straightfo", "alt": "Writings to Himself.", "credit": "Xuan Che (Openverse) · by 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/69275268@N00/5384049308", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l06-039.webp" }, "uid": "8e7r1p1xh4yf1" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-041", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Self-address", "display": "Self-address" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Writing aimed at its own author: the Meditations is commonly called writings to himself, made for Marcus's moral improvement rather than for a readership." }, "uid": "1gzjtv4v38k8w" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-043", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How does the Marcus Aurelius overview characterise the Meditations?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "As a public handbook of Stoic doctrine for Roman officials", "short": "A public handbook" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As a memoir written to record the events of his reign", "short": "A memoir of the reign" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As writing made for the sake of his own moral improvement", "short": "For his own improvement" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As lecture notes taken down by members of his household", "short": "Household lecture notes" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The overview reports a scholarly consensus that Marcus wrote the Meditations for his own moral improvement, and that the work is commonly called writings to himself. That is a self-addressed reflective genre, not a public textbook or a straightforward memoir.", "uid": "1m61g8e1xeqmks" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-044", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "statement": "The Marcus Aurelius overview reports a scholarly consensus that the Meditations was written for Marcus's own moral improvement.", "isTrue": true, "why": "The overview reports that consensus and notes that the work is commonly called writings to himself. That supports a self-addressed, reflective genre rather than a public textbook.", "uid": "ssf3nvyvjxsx" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-045", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "title": "Book One Opens with Debts", "body": "Book 1 of the opened George Long translation of the Meditations begins with acknowledgments of what Marcus learned from other people. The book starts, in other words, by naming what he owed rather than by stating doctrine. This is a feature of that named translation and book; Long's English is not the original text.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "older person and younger person in conversation on a park bench", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: An older person and a younger person sitting together on a park bench, talking. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "An older person and a younger person sitting together on a park bench, talking.", "credit": "Pexels · Kampus Production · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/children-and-an-elderly-man-sitting-on-a-bench-7854123/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l06-045.webp" }, "uid": "bsij7ohv2rdw" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-047", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Book 1 of the Long Meditations" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Book 1 of the Long Meditations" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The opening stretch where Marcus sets down what he learned from particular people." }, "uid": "zpj45k12thfg" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-048", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How does Book 1 open in the George Long translation of the Meditations?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "With acknowledgments of what Marcus learned from others", "short": "Debts to other people" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "With an account of the campaign he was on while writing", "short": "The campaign setting" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "With an address to readers explaining the book's purpose", "short": "An address to readers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "With a statement of the doctrines the book will defend", "short": "Doctrines to be defended" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Book 1 in that translation begins with acknowledgments of what Marcus learned from other people. That is a feature of the named translation and book, not evidence that Long's English is the original text.", "uid": "vna5mjr1xsy7" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-049", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "title": "Teacher, Student, and Reader", "body": "A Cambridge overview connects Musonius Rufus, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius: Musonius is identified as Epictetus's teacher, and Marcus's notebook as influenced by Epictetus's Discourses. The connection is historical and real. It does not flatten the three into one kind of source, since language, audience, genre, and transmission still differ across them.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "Marcus Aurelius", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A sculpted portrait of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A sculpted portrait of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius.", "subjectType": "person", "credit": "Wikipedia · Daniel Martin · CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l06-049.webp" }, "uid": "1ah97fu10n3h4k" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-050", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Musonius Rufus" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Musonius Rufus" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The teacher a Cambridge overview places behind Epictetus, the first link in a chain it draws toward Marcus's notebook." }, "uid": "1aw7rbq1uw3j7e" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l06-052", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "epictetus-and-marcus-aurelius-transmission-and-self-address", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Cambridge overview links Musonius, Epictetus, and Marcus. What does that link leave standing?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Real differences in genre and audience", "short": "Their real differences" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An agreed order in which the three works are meant to be read", "short": "A set reading order" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "One continuous school curriculum taught in a single classroom", "short": "One shared curriculum" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A single shared Greek original behind all three bodies of work", "short": "One shared original" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The overview identifies Musonius as Epictetus's teacher and Marcus's notebook as influenced by Epictetus's Discourses. The relation is historical; it does not erase differences of language, audience, genre, or transmission.", "uid": "d3wa50ukeq4o" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-001", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/ws/files/55923958/The_Early_Modern_Legacy_of_the_Stoics.pdf" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "title": "The Roman Routes Into Stoicism", "body": "Sellars's article reports that medieval and Renaissance readers often encountered Stoicism through Seneca and Cicero. Those two authors were the routes by which much Stoic material reached later audiences. Naming a route tells us how readers arrived; it does not show that the image they met was identical with the Hellenistic school.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "Cicero", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A sculpted portrait bust of the Roman orator Cicero. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A sculpted portrait bust of the Roman orator Cicero.", "subjectType": "person", "credit": "Wikipedia — Cicero · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l07-001.webp" }, "uid": "16qt1ym65nati" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-002", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "title": "The Encheiridion in Latin", "body": "Alongside Seneca and Cicero, the Encheiridion also circulated in Latin translation for medieval and Renaissance readers. A translated text is still a route of access, and Sellars presents it as one of the ways Stoic material became available. What such a route establishes is availability, not equivalence with the original school.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Encheiridion Latin translation printed title page", "imagePrompt": "The Encheiridion in Latin: Alongside Seneca and Cicero, the Encheiridion also circulated in Latin translation for medieval and Renaissance readers. A translated text is still a route of access, and Sellars presents it as one of the ways Stoic material became available. What such a route establishes ", "alt": "The Encheiridion in Latin." }, "uid": "dw1dqk135oz20" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-003", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "title": "What Survives Shapes What Is Read", "body": "The survival, translation, printing, and popularity of selected texts help shape the Stoicism that later readers encounter. These are source-history mechanisms rather than judgements about accuracy. A text that survives, is translated and is printed often becomes unusually available, without becoming a complete substitute for material that was lost or transmitted differently.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "wooden case of metal letterpress type sorts, close-up", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A wooden type case filled with metal letterpress type, seen close up. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A wooden type case filled with metal letterpress type, seen close up.", "credit": "Unsplash · Olivier Giboulot · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/brown-wooden-cube-blocks-on-brown-wooden-shelf-31ZaaX6dHvM", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l07-003.webp" }, "uid": "10s9o6q1oieq8c" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-004", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "title": "Availability Is Not Accuracy", "body": "Reception evidence identifies routes, not verdicts. The survival, translation, printing, and popularity of chosen texts explain how material reached readers; they do not declare that later reception is inaccurate. A reader's Stoicism may be shaped by a particular author, language, or publication history without that shaping being an error.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "sixteenth century printed book with Latin text and margin notes", "imagePrompt": "Availability Is Not Accuracy: Reception evidence identifies routes, not verdicts. The survival, translation, printing, and popularity of chosen texts explain how material reached readers; they do not declare that later reception is inaccurate. A reader's Stoicism may be shaped by a particular author", "alt": "Availability Is Not Accuracy.", "credit": "Unsplash · Mark Rasmuson · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/photo-of-open-book-yri82tuk2TQ", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l07-004.webp" }, "uid": "1j160ki11640ww" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-005", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "title": "Four Early-Modern Activities", "body": "Historians of reception describe early-modern writers engaging with Stoic materials in varied ways: some criticized them, others translated, appropriated, or selectively reframed them for new purposes. Together these resist a single story of either faithful recovery or wholesale distortion. The supported conclusion is limited: later engagement may alter emphasis, vocabulary, or the materials placed in front of readers.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Renaissance printing workshop engraving", "imagePrompt": "Four Early-Modern Activities: Sellars describes early-modern writers as criticizing, appropriating, translating, and selectively reframing Stoic materials. These are four distinct activities, and together they resist a single story of either faithful recovery or wholesale distortion. The supported c", "alt": "Four Early-Modern Activities.", "credit": "Unsplash · frank van der leer · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/man-in-black-jacket-holding-black-smartphone-Yx9lWACrpew", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l07-005.webp" }, "uid": "w5ekgvomqf7b" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-006", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "title": "Stoicism Today at Exeter", "body": "The University of Exeter's Stoicism Today page says the project began with a 2012 workshop and later organized public events and online programs. That is a first-party description of what a project did. It documents activities, not clinical effectiveness, broad influence, or the accuracy of modern adaptations.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "University of Exeter Streatham Campus", "imagePrompt": "Stoicism Today at Exeter: The University of Exeter's Stoicism Today page says the project began with a 2012 workshop and later organized public events and online programs. That is a first-party description of what a project did. It documents activities, not clinical effectiveness, broad influence, o", "alt": "Stoicism Today at Exeter.", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Exeter,_Streatham_Campus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_148770.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l07-006.webp" }, "uid": "dowvum133idyc" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-012", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Reception pathway", "display": "Reception pathway" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The route by which a body of thought reaches later readers: the particular authors, texts, and translations through which it becomes available. Seneca, Cicero, and a Latin Encheiridion form one such route into Stoicism." }, "uid": "1ld3v7c8hr2fk" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-013", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Encheiridion", "display": "Encheiridion" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A Stoic text that Sellars reports circulated in Latin translation for medieval and Renaissance readers, alongside the works of Seneca and Cicero." }, "uid": "ydqxz3uneo79" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-014", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Source-history mechanism", "display": "Source-history mechanism" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A feature of how texts are transmitted — survival, translation, printing, popularity — that helps determine which material later readers actually meet. It explains availability rather than certifying accuracy." }, "uid": "1tvlbexk3021v" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-015", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Appropriation", "display": "Appropriation" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Taking material over from another body of work and putting it to one's own use. It is one of several ways early-modern writers engaged with Stoic materials, alongside criticism, translation, and selective reframing." }, "uid": "1a258mr10v4vqb" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-016", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "First-party description", "display": "First-party description" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "An account a person or organization gives of its own activity. The University of Exeter's Stoicism Today page is one: it records what the project did, which is a different thing from establishing what the activity achieved." }, "uid": "16il42gcaa50" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-017", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Sellars's article reports that medieval and Renaissance readers often encountered Stoicism through which two authors?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Zeno and Chrysippus", "short": "Zeno & Chrysippus" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Seneca and Cicero", "short": "Seneca & Cicero" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Plutarch and Diogenes Laertius", "short": "Plutarch & Diogenes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Marcus Aurelius and Epictetus", "short": "Marcus & Epictetus" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The article names Seneca and Cicero as the authors through whom medieval and Renaissance readers often met Stoicism, with the Encheiridion also circulating in Latin translation.", "uid": "du0yykumn3nq" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-018", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "According to Sellars's article, in what form did the Encheiridion reach medieval and Renaissance readers?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It survived only in fragments quoted by hostile critics", "short": "Only in fragments" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It reached most of those readers in the original Greek", "short": "In the original Greek" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was known through vernacular paraphrases of it", "short": "Via vernacular paraphrase" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It circulated among those readers in Latin translation", "short": "In Latin translation" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Sellars reports that, alongside Seneca and Cicero, the Encheiridion also circulated in Latin translation.", "uid": "10iq8gt18x45vx" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-019", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which set of factors helps shape the Stoicism that later readers encounter?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The survival, translation, printing, and popularity of selected texts", "short": "Survival and printing" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The number of teaching schools operating in each later century", "short": "Number of schools" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The degree of agreement among competing ancient commentators", "short": "Commentator agreement" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The order in which the school's founders first composed their treatises", "short": "Order of composition" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Survival, translation, printing, and popularity are source-history mechanisms: they govern which texts are available, and so shape what later readers actually meet.", "uid": "1ag37lrexwmij" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-020", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A Stoic text survives, is translated, is printed repeatedly, and becomes popular. What does that history establish?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "That other texts on the subject were judged inferior to it", "short": "Others judged inferior" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That the text became unusually available to later readers", "short": "It is highly available" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That its author regarded it as his most important work", "short": "Author valued it most" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That the text is the most accurate statement of the doctrine", "short": "It is the most accurate" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "These are mechanisms of availability. They explain what readers can reach; they do not show that the available text is the most accurate, the most valued, or better than what was lost.", "uid": "1pkgmtv1a49uld" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-022", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Historians describe early-modern writers engaging with Stoic material in varied ways — some critical, some translating, appropriating, or selectively reframing it. What conclusion does that support?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Later engagement may alter emphasis, vocabulary, or the material readers see", "short": "Emphasis may shift" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Stoic material was received in much the same way across the period", "short": "Reception was uniform" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Early-modern writing recovered the Hellenistic school essentially unchanged", "short": "Recovery was faithful" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Every early-modern author distorted the doctrine he claimed to report", "short": "All of them distorted it" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The four activities are distinct, and they resist both a simple recovery story and a blanket charge of distortion. The supported conclusion is the limited one: later engagement may change emphasis, vocabulary, or the materials presented.", "uid": "qfhy4g1nk4aeq" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-023", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The University of Exeter's Stoicism Today page describes a 2012 workshop and later public events and online programs. What does that page establish?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "That the project carried out the activities its own page describes", "short": "It did those activities" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That the project's methods have been shown to work clinically", "short": "Methods work clinically" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That the workshop was the first academic event of its kind", "short": "First event of its kind" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That the project has broadly influenced how Stoicism is read", "short": "It has broad influence" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "It is a first-party description of activities. It documents what the project did, not clinical effectiveness, broad influence, or the accuracy of modern adaptations.", "uid": "5oeyaj1uol3kv" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-028", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Seneca and Cicero" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Seneca and Cicero" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The two writers through whom medieval and Renaissance readers often met the school" }, "uid": "18wa6yrt9wgjh" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-029", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Stoicism Today" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Stoicism Today" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "A University of Exeter project whose page reports a 2012 workshop, public events, and online programs" }, "uid": "1lmzeu212p8lkk" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-030", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "statement": "Because a Stoic text survived, was printed often, and became popular, it is the most accurate account of the school's doctrine.", "isTrue": false, "why": "False. Survival, translation, printing, and popularity are mechanisms of availability. They shape what readers meet; they do not certify accuracy.", "uid": "mo9mwj4wu4u3" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-031", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "reception-changes-the-stoicism-that-readers-meet", "statement": "The University of Exeter's Stoicism Today page reports that the project began with a workshop and later organized public events and online programs.", "isTrue": true, "why": "True. That is what the project's own page says. It is a first-party record of activities, and it settles nothing about effectiveness or influence.", "uid": "14ncoyqtj0ity" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-034", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "title": "A Page Describing a Site and a Book", "body": "Ryan Holiday's official Books and Courses page calls Daily Stoic his site about Stoicism and philosophy. The same page identifies The Obstacle Is the Way as his first book on Stoicism. This is a self-description: it records how a page presents a site and a work, not whether that work's account of ancient texts is correct.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "The Obstacle Is the Way book cover", "imagePrompt": "A Page Describing a Site and a Book: Ryan Holiday's official Books and Courses page calls Daily Stoic his site about Stoicism and philosophy. The same page identifies The Obstacle Is the Way as his first book on Stoicism. This is a self-description: it records how a page presents a site and a work, ", "alt": "A Page Describing a Site and a Book." }, "uid": "bbwoog1dkyqco" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-035", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "title": "How the Page Lists the Book", "body": "On Holiday's own Books and Courses page, The Obstacle Is the Way is identified as his first book on Stoicism. That tells us where the page places the title among his Stoicism books. It establishes nothing about the book's sales, its readership, or its fidelity to ancient sources.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "stack of Ryan Holiday books on a shelf", "imagePrompt": "How the Page Lists the Book: On Holiday's own Books and Courses page, The Obstacle Is the Way is identified as his first book on Stoicism. That tells us where the page places the title among his Stoicism books. It establishes nothing about the book's sales, its readership, or its fidelity to ancient", "alt": "How the Page Lists the Book." }, "uid": "w95gnz1s1ccml" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-036", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "title": "The Podcast Page Names Its Host", "body": "The official Daily Stoic podcast page says that the podcast is hosted by Ryan Holiday. That is a separate artifact from the Books and Courses page: one describes a site and lists a book, the other identifies a host. Naming a host documents a publication role, and nothing more.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "podcast microphone and headphones on a desk in a recording studio", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: A podcast microphone and a pair of headphones on a desk in a recording studio. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "A podcast microphone and a pair of headphones on a desk in a recording studio.", "credit": "Pexels · Jakub Zerdzicki · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/professional-podcast-setup-with-microphone-and-headphones-38125420/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l07-036.webp" }, "uid": "y3c8idd2hh39" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-037", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "title": "Who Owns the Page?", "body": "Each of these artifacts is owned by the party it describes: Holiday's site describes Holiday's work, the Daily Stoic podcast page names its own host, and Ferriss's blog publishes his own show's transcript. Keeping page ownership, document type, and the exact statement in view keeps a claim the right size. It stops a self-description from being read as an outcome or an authority.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "podcast microphone and laptop on a desk", "imagePrompt": "Who Owns the Page?: Each of these artifacts is owned by the party it describes: Holiday's site describes Holiday's work, the Daily Stoic podcast page names its own host, and Ferriss's blog publishes his own show's transcript. Keeping page ownership, document type, and the exact statement in view kee", "alt": "Who Owns the Page?.", "credit": "Pexels · Illuminated modern podcast setup with a microphone and laptop on a wooden desk.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/macbook-27375627/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l07-037.webp" }, "uid": "alfc2qyy8rbs" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-038", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "title": "A Transcript on Ferriss's Blog", "body": "Tim Ferriss's official blog publishes a Tim Ferriss Show transcript titled \"Ryan Holiday — How to Use Stoicism to Choose Alive Time Over Dead Time (#419).\" The page establishes that this titled transcript appears there and identifies its host-and-guest interview context. It does not supply an ancient source or a scholarly assessment of Stoic doctrine.", "illustration": { "kind": "photo", "imageSearchTerm": "two microphones facing each other across a table in a podcast studio", "imagePrompt": "Documentary-style photograph: Two microphones set up facing each other across a table in a podcast studio. Natural light, no readable text, no logos, no watermarks.", "alt": "Two microphones set up facing each other across a table in a podcast studio.", "credit": "Unsplash · Luther Yonel · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/a-table-with-a-lamp-and-a-chair-in-a-room-with-windows-zMC6LPgK8u4", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/stoicism/images/item-stoic-l07-038.webp" }, "uid": "a8ljho1wqmqhu" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-042", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Ryan Holiday's official Books and Courses page describes Daily Stoic as what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A site of his own about Stoicism and philosophy", "short": "His Stoicism site" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An online course platform run with academic partners", "short": "A course platform" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A publisher's imprint for translations of ancient texts", "short": "A translation imprint" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A newsletter he writes for a classics department", "short": "A department newsletter" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The page is a self-description: it calls Daily Stoic his site about Stoicism and philosophy.", "uid": "a8papp14kprll" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-043", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "On Holiday's official Books and Courses page, how is The Obstacle Is the Way identified?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "As his best-selling book to date", "short": "His best seller" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As his translation of a Stoic handbook", "short": "A translation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As the first of his books on Stoicism", "short": "First of his Stoicism books" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "As his only book for general readers", "short": "His only general book" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The page identifies it as his first book on Stoicism. It says nothing there about sales, audience, or translation.", "uid": "nncu4u80mo2i" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-044", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What does the official Daily Stoic podcast page establish about Ryan Holiday?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "That he holds academic credentials in ancient philosophy", "short": "He has credentials" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That he has interviewed classical scholars on the show", "short": "He hosted scholars" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That the podcast's own page names Ryan Holiday as its host", "short": "The page names him host" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That the show is the most widely heard Stoicism podcast", "short": "It is the biggest show" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The page states that the podcast is hosted by Ryan Holiday. That is a publication role; guests, reach, and credentials are not part of what the page documents.", "uid": "7n0hr273rt9" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-045", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Where is the transcript titled \"Ryan Holiday — How to Use Stoicism to Choose Alive Time Over Dead Time (#419)\" published?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "On Tim Ferriss's official blog", "short": "Ferriss's blog" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "On the Daily Stoic podcast page", "short": "The Daily Stoic page" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "On Holiday's Books and Courses page", "short": "Holiday's books page" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "On Exeter's Stoicism Today page", "short": "Exeter's project page" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Ferriss's official blog publishes the Tim Ferriss Show transcript under that title.", "uid": "1kqenoz37yzdd" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-046", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What does the published #419 transcript establish about Tim Ferriss?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "That he publishes transcripts for every episode of his show", "short": "Every episode transcribed" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That his blog carries a Stoicism-titled Holiday interview", "short": "His blog has the interview" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That he recorded the interview at Holiday's own studio", "short": "Recorded at Holiday's studio" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That he founded the modern revival of interest in Stoicism", "short": "He founded the revival" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The page establishes that Ferriss's blog publishes a Stoicism-titled Tim Ferriss Show transcript of a Holiday interview. Where it was recorded, whether every episode is transcribed, and any founding role are not documented there.", "uid": "1igvkgu9g8wo" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-047", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Someone cites Holiday's Books and Courses page to support a claim about what the Hellenistic Stoics taught. What is wrong with that?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It documents a writer's own description of a site and a book, not ancient doctrine", "short": "Self-description, not doctrine" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was published far too recently to be placed beside sources from earlier centuries", "short": "Too recent a source" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is a commercial page, so no statement made anywhere on it can be relied upon", "short": "Commercial, so unreliable" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It names a book but never quotes the ancient passage the claim would depend on", "short": "No passage quoted" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The page is a self-description of a site and a listed book. Questions about ancient doctrine need ancient texts or scholarly reconstruction, so the objection is about document type rather than commerce or recency.", "uid": "14x4c941737k3g" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-050", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Ryan Holiday" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Ryan Holiday" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Named on the podcast's official page as its host" }, "uid": "uz1xrzmx7ei3" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-051", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Tim Ferriss" }, "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Tim Ferriss" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Publishes on his official blog the transcript of interview #419" }, "uid": "1ure1736e7a7r" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-052", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "statement": "Holiday's official Books and Courses page identifies The Obstacle Is the Way as his first book on Stoicism.", "isTrue": true, "why": "True. That is the page's own wording. It records how the page places the book, and nothing about the book's accuracy or reach.", "uid": "sl7c9814u3usu" }, { "id": "item-stoic-l07-053", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "stoicism" ], "source": { "label": "Stoicism — audited source register", "url": "https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stoicism/" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "documented-contemporary-materials-holiday-site-and-podcast-ferriss-interview", "statement": "Because the Daily Stoic podcast page names Ryan Holiday as its host, it also establishes that he is a credentialed classical scholar.", "isTrue": false, "why": "False. The page documents a publication role only. Hosting a podcast is not a credential in classical scholarship, and the page makes no such claim.", "uid": "100mkd1s2orp9" }, { "id": "ot-stoic-fields-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism", "ethics", "system" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Beyond everyday rules of conduct, what does Stoic 'ethics' cover in its wider ancient scope?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The end of life, value, action, and social relations" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Natural philosophy and the bodies that exist" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rhetoric, dialectic, grammar, and theory of language" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The measurement of motion, force, and matter" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "In Stoic usage, ethics concerns the end of life, value, action, and social relations, a wider scope than modern rules of conduct alone.", "source": { "label": "Stoicism: A School and Its Sources — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ho7qu11o63h1z" }, { "id": "ot-stoic-cofated-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stoicism", "co-fated", "causal-order" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the co-fated doctor example explicitly said NOT to do?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Settle a modern debate about free will" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Reject the conclusion that action is pointless" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Place an action inside the causal sequence" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Illustrate the Stoic account of causal order" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The guide states the example does not settle a modern free-will debate; it only rejects fatalistic inaction by placing action within the causal sequence.", "source": { "label": "Stoicism: A School and Its Sources — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1l25a231d1duh9" }, { "id": "ot-l03-pref-dispref", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "indifferents", "stoic-ethics", "preferred-dispreferred" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What distinction do Stoic sources draw among indifferents to keep the term from meaning careless or unobservant?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Preferred and dispreferred indifferents" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Good and bad indifferents" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Natural and unnatural indifferents" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Necessary and unnecessary indifferents" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Stoic sources distinguish preferred from dispreferred indifferents, which stops 'indifferent' from meaning a careless or unobservant attitude toward externals. The other labels are not the sources' terminology.", "source": { "label": "Stoicism: A School and Its Sources — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1nemhd314ovywl" }, { "id": "ot-impulse-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "impression", "impulse", "assent" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "According to the overview, what does the Stoic soul form alongside impressions?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Impulse" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Assent" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Passion" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Eupatheiai" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The soul is described as forming impressions and impulses; assent belongs to the commanding faculty, and passion/eupatheiai are separate elements of the account.", "source": { "label": "Stoicism: A School and Its Sources — Objective Test" }, "uid": "gfj5lii0qe1y" }, { "id": "ot-l06-textforms-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "seneca", "musonius", "cornutus" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Seneca's letter index, the Musonius edition notice, and the Cornutus edition description share what limitation?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Bibliographical orientation, not full biography or doctrine" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Anonymous authorship with no author ever named" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Survival only as fragments, like early Stoic texts" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Contradiction by newer manuscript discoveries" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Each gives bounded, bibliographical or genre evidence about form, edition, or subject. None of them licenses a full biography, doctrine, or standing in for the whole school.", "source": { "label": "Stoicism: A School and Its Sources — Objective Test" }, "uid": "55ulyj17lldd3" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "first-party-sources", "holiday" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which first-party page is the source for calling Daily Stoic 'his site about Stoicism and philosophy'?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Daily Stoic podcast page" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "University of Exeter's Stoicism Today page" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ryan Holiday's Books and Courses page" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Tim Ferriss's official blog" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "That description of Daily Stoic appears on Holiday's own Books and Courses page, the first-party artifact documenting the site.", "source": { "label": "Stoicism: A School and Its Sources — Objective Test" }, "uid": "163zv8s1qw69s6" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "first-party-sources", "holiday" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Holiday's Books and Courses page describing Daily Stoic as his site establishes which of the following?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A self-description of the site rather than proof of accuracy" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An endorsement of Daily Stoic by classics departments" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A ranking of Daily Stoic among Stoicism resources" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Scholarly verification of the site's Stoic doctrine" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The page is a self-description of the site; it does not certify the accuracy, endorsement, or reach of what the site says.", "source": { "label": "Stoicism: A School and Its Sources — Objective Test" }, "uid": "v0iltm1bw4jl0" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "first-party-sources", "podcast" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The official Daily Stoic podcast page is the first-party source for which statement?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The podcast is hosted by Ryan Holiday" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The podcast interviews only classical scholars" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The podcast is the most widely heard Stoicism show" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ryan Holiday holds a classics degree" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The podcast's own page states that it is hosted by Ryan Holiday, a publication-role claim distinct from credentials or reach.", "source": { "label": "Stoicism: A School and Its Sources — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1dt81go1j7rbhk" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l07-2-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "first-party-sources", "podcast" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What kind of claim does the Daily Stoic podcast page's naming of Ryan Holiday support?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A guest list of classical scholars featured on the show" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An academic credential in ancient philosophy" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A ranking among Stoicism podcasts" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A publication role documented by the podcast's own page" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Naming a host documents a publication role on that page, not credentials, guest content, or ranking.", "source": { "label": "Stoicism: A School and Its Sources — Objective Test" }, "uid": "2p025k1bc356o" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-stoic-l03-1-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "objective-coverage" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How does the overview characterize reports about Posidonius's views on the passions?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Contested and interpretively mediated" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Confirmed by his own surviving writings" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rejected as a later scholarly fabrication" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Accepted without any recorded dispute" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The overview treats reports about Posidonius's views on the passions as contested and interpretively mediated, unlike the more settled point that Panaetius rejected periodic conflagration.", "source": { "label": "Stoicism: A School and Its Sources — Objective Test" }, "uid": "4mru3w9dk34i" } ] }