{
  "packId": "spanish-verbs-2",
  "packName": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past",
  "packVersion": "1.0.5",
  "description": "Talk about the past in Latin American Spanish: the preterite for what happened, with its spelling changes and irregular verbs, the imperfect for how things were and what you used to do, and how to choose between them. Part of the Spanish collection, after Spanish Verbs 1.",
  "language": "es",
  "tagsVocabulary": [
    "preterite",
    "imperfect",
    "ar-verbs",
    "er-verbs",
    "ir-verbs",
    "accents",
    "spelling-change",
    "stem-change",
    "ser",
    "ir",
    "dar",
    "ver",
    "hacer",
    "irregular-stem",
    "j-stem",
    "time-words",
    "past-uses",
    "interruptions",
    "meaning-change",
    "regional"
  ],
  "icon": "🕰️",
  "shortName": "Spanish Verbs 2",
  "lessons": [
    {
      "id": "l1-preterite-regular",
      "title": "Lesson 1: The Preterite of Regular Verbs",
      "order": 0,
      "studyGuidePath": "/packs/spanish-verbs-2/guides/l1-preterite-regular.md",
      "parts": [
        {
          "id": "p1-what-the-preterite-does",
          "title": "Part 1: What the Preterite Does",
          "blurb": "The preterite tells what happened: finished actions, one event after another, and time words like ayer and anoche.",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "what-the-preterite-does",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-preterite-finished-actions",
            "fact-preterite-events-in-a-row",
            "fact-preterite-time-words",
            "pair-anteayer-day-before-yesterday",
            "pair-lunes-pasado-last-monday",
            "cloze-hace-dos-dias-mensaje",
            "cloze-semana-pasada-libro",
            "mcq-trabaje-ocho-horas-finished",
            "mcq-saturday-studied-then-ate",
            "tf-three-names-same-tense",
            "ot-anoche-abuela-last-night",
            "ot-last-year-compre-libro",
            "ot-ayer-hable-definite-day"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "p2-regular-ar-preterite",
          "title": "Part 2: Regular -ar Verbs in the Preterite",
          "blurb": "Hablar, trabajar, estudiar and comprar in the preterite, the written accents on -é and -ó, and the nosotros form.",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "regular-ar-verbs-in-the-preterite",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-hablar-regular-preterite",
            "fact-trabajar-estudiar-comprar-forms",
            "fact-hablar-accents-nosotros",
            "pair-tu-hablar-hablaste",
            "pair-ustedes-trabajar-trabajaron",
            "cloze-ella-hablar-ayer-mama",
            "cloze-estudiar-ellos-guadalajara",
            "mcq-tamales-mercado-compre",
            "mcq-hablo-con-mama-reading",
            "tf-hablamos-nosotros-both-tenses",
            "ot-compraste-pan-dulce-bakery",
            "ot-trabajamos-oaxaca-time-word",
            "ot-estudio-accent-stress-syllable"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "p3-regular-er-ir-preterite",
          "title": "Part 3: Regular -er and -ir Verbs in the Preterite",
          "blurb": "Comer, vivir, beber, aprender, escribir and abrir in the preterite, the accents on -í and -ió, and the nosotros form.",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "regular-er-and-ir-verbs-in-the-preterite",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-comer-vivir-regular-preterite",
            "fact-beber-aprender-escribir-abrir-forms",
            "fact-comer-accents-nosotros",
            "pair-ellos-vivir-vivieron",
            "pair-abri-la-puerta-opened",
            "cloze-nosotros-comer-anoche",
            "cloze-ella-beber-cafe",
            "mcq-clase-aprendiste-mucho",
            "mcq-comi-tamales-reading",
            "tf-vivimos-comemos-families",
            "ot-abrir-ellos-puerta-opened",
            "ot-ella-escribio-mensaje-reading",
            "ot-vivir-yo-same-endings-comi",
            "cmp-anoche-comi-abuela"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "objectives": [
        {
          "id": "obj-preterite-finished-time-words",
          "statement": "Recognize that the preterite tells finished past actions and events in a row, and use time words like anteayer, el lunes pasado and hace dos días.",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-preterite-finished-time-words"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "obj-regular-ar-preterite",
          "statement": "Conjugate hablar, trabajar, estudiar and comprar in the preterite, use the accents on -é and -ó, and recognize that the nosotros form matches the present.",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-regular-ar-preterite"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "obj-regular-er-ir-preterite",
          "statement": "Conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in the preterite, use the accents on -í and -ió, and recognize when the nosotros form matches the present.",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-regular-er-ir-preterite"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "demonstrations": [
        {
          "id": "d-preterite-finished-time-words",
          "label": "Finished actions, events in a row, time words",
          "itemIds": [
            "mcq-trabaje-ocho-horas-finished",
            "mcq-saturday-studied-then-ate",
            "pair-anteayer-day-before-yesterday",
            "pair-lunes-pasado-last-monday",
            "cloze-hace-dos-dias-mensaje",
            "cloze-semana-pasada-libro"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        },
        {
          "id": "d-regular-ar-preterite",
          "label": "Conjugating -ar verbs, accents, nosotros",
          "itemIds": [
            "pair-ustedes-trabajar-trabajaron",
            "cloze-ella-hablar-ayer-mama",
            "cloze-estudiar-ellos-guadalajara",
            "mcq-tamales-mercado-compre",
            "mcq-hablo-con-mama-reading",
            "tf-hablamos-nosotros-both-tenses"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        },
        {
          "id": "d-regular-er-ir-preterite",
          "label": "Conjugating -er and -ir verbs, accents, nosotros",
          "itemIds": [
            "pair-ellos-vivir-vivieron",
            "pair-abri-la-puerta-opened",
            "cloze-nosotros-comer-anoche",
            "cloze-ella-beber-cafe",
            "mcq-comi-tamales-reading",
            "tf-vivimos-comemos-families"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        }
      ],
      "objectiveTests": [
        {
          "id": "test-preterite-finished-time-words",
          "objectiveId": "obj-preterite-finished-time-words",
          "title": "Finished actions and time words",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-trabaje-ocho-horas-finished",
            "mcq-saturday-studied-then-ate",
            "ot-anoche-abuela-last-night",
            "ot-last-year-compre-libro",
            "ot-ayer-hable-definite-day"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "test-regular-ar-preterite",
          "objectiveId": "obj-regular-ar-preterite",
          "title": "Regular -ar verbs in the preterite",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-tamales-mercado-compre",
            "mcq-hablo-con-mama-reading",
            "ot-compraste-pan-dulce-bakery",
            "ot-trabajamos-oaxaca-time-word",
            "ot-estudio-accent-stress-syllable"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "test-regular-er-ir-preterite",
          "objectiveId": "obj-regular-er-ir-preterite",
          "title": "Regular -er and -ir verbs in the preterite",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-clase-aprendiste-mucho",
            "mcq-comi-tamales-reading",
            "ot-abrir-ellos-puerta-opened",
            "ot-ella-escribio-mensaje-reading",
            "ot-vivir-yo-same-endings-comi"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "l2-preterite-changes",
      "title": "Lesson 2: Spelling and Stem Changes in the Preterite",
      "order": 1,
      "studyGuidePath": "/packs/spanish-verbs-2/guides/l2-preterite-changes.md",
      "parts": [
        {
          "id": "p1-car-gar-zar",
          "title": "Part 1: Verbs in -car, -gar and -zar",
          "blurb": "Buscar, llegar, pagar, empezar, jugar: only the yo form changes spelling (busqué, llegué, empecé).",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "verbs-in-car-gar-and-zar",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-car-gar-zar-yo-change",
            "fact-buscar-llegar-pagar-table",
            "fact-empezar-jugar-same-stem",
            "pair-yo-pagar-ayer",
            "pair-ellos-empezar-anoche",
            "cloze-yo-buscar-regalo",
            "cloze-yo-empezar-estudiar",
            "mcq-llegar-guadalajara",
            "mcq-jugar-domino-abuelo",
            "tf-car-gar-zar-every-form",
            "ot-mama-buscar-regalo",
            "ot-pagar-cuenta-anoche",
            "ot-empezar-tu-ayer"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "p2-leer-creer",
          "title": "Part 2: Leer, Creer and the Y Forms",
          "blurb": "Leer and creer: the i of -ió and -ieron becomes y (leyó, creyeron); the other forms keep an accented í (leí, creímos).",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "leer-creer-and-the-y-forms",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-leer-creer-y-rule",
            "fact-leer-preterite-table",
            "fact-creer-preterite-table",
            "pair-ellos-leer-ayer",
            "pair-tu-creer-ayer",
            "cloze-abuela-leer-carta",
            "cloze-nosotros-leer-menu",
            "mcq-amigos-creer-historia",
            "mcq-oaxaca-leer-libro",
            "tf-leer-accent-leyo-leyeron",
            "ot-leer-tu-menu",
            "ot-abuela-creer-noticia",
            "ot-creer-nosotros-historia"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "p3-ir-stem-changes",
          "title": "Part 3: Stem Changes in -ir Verbs Only",
          "blurb": "Pedir, servir, repetir and dormir change e to i or o to u in two forms only; pensar and volver keep their stem.",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "stem-changes-in-ir-verbs-only",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-pensar-volver-keep-stem",
            "fact-pedir-preterite-table",
            "fact-servir-repetir-dormir-table",
            "pair-ellos-repetir-anoche",
            "pair-nosotros-repetir-anoche",
            "cloze-hijo-dormir-ocho-horas",
            "cloze-mama-pensar-abuela",
            "mcq-ana-pedir-tacos",
            "mcq-oaxaca-volver-viernes",
            "tf-dormir-ue-preterite",
            "ot-mama-servir-cafe",
            "ot-amigos-volver-casa",
            "ot-dormir-nosotros-oaxaca",
            "cmp-yo-pedi-cafe"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "objectives": [
        {
          "id": "obj-car-gar-zar",
          "statement": "Conjugate -car, -gar and -zar verbs in the yo form (busqué, llegué, empecé), use regular forms for everyone else, and keep the stem of empezar and jugar.",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-car-gar-zar"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "obj-leer-creer",
          "statement": "Conjugate leer and creer: y in usted/él/ella and ustedes/ellos/ellas (leyó, creyeron), accented í in the other forms (leí, leímos), and place the accents.",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-leer-creer"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "obj-ir-stem-changes",
          "statement": "Conjugate -ir stem changers with e to i or o to u in usted/él/ella and ustedes/ellos/ellas only (pidió, durmió), and keep the stem of pensar and volver.",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-ir-stem-changes"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "demonstrations": [
        {
          "id": "d-car-gar-zar",
          "label": "Spell the yo forms; keep every other form regular",
          "itemIds": [
            "cloze-yo-buscar-regalo",
            "cloze-yo-empezar-estudiar",
            "mcq-llegar-guadalajara",
            "mcq-jugar-domino-abuelo",
            "tf-car-gar-zar-every-form",
            "pair-ellos-empezar-anoche"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        },
        {
          "id": "d-leer-creer",
          "label": "Use y in third persons and accents in the rest",
          "itemIds": [
            "cloze-abuela-leer-carta",
            "cloze-nosotros-leer-menu",
            "mcq-amigos-creer-historia",
            "mcq-oaxaca-leer-libro",
            "pair-tu-creer-ayer",
            "tf-leer-accent-leyo-leyeron"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        },
        {
          "id": "d-ir-stem-changes",
          "label": "Change e to i and o to u in two forms; keep -ar/-er stems",
          "itemIds": [
            "mcq-ana-pedir-tacos",
            "cloze-hijo-dormir-ocho-horas",
            "pair-ellos-repetir-anoche",
            "pair-nosotros-repetir-anoche",
            "cloze-mama-pensar-abuela",
            "mcq-oaxaca-volver-viernes"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        }
      ],
      "objectiveTests": [
        {
          "id": "test-car-gar-zar",
          "objectiveId": "obj-car-gar-zar",
          "title": "Spelling changes in -car, -gar and -zar",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-llegar-guadalajara",
            "mcq-jugar-domino-abuelo",
            "ot-mama-buscar-regalo",
            "ot-pagar-cuenta-anoche",
            "ot-empezar-tu-ayer"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "test-leer-creer",
          "objectiveId": "obj-leer-creer",
          "title": "Leer and creer: y forms and accents",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-amigos-creer-historia",
            "mcq-oaxaca-leer-libro",
            "ot-leer-tu-menu",
            "ot-abuela-creer-noticia",
            "ot-creer-nosotros-historia"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "test-ir-stem-changes",
          "objectiveId": "obj-ir-stem-changes",
          "title": "Stem changes in -ir verbs only",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-ana-pedir-tacos",
            "mcq-oaxaca-volver-viernes",
            "ot-mama-servir-cafe",
            "ot-amigos-volver-casa",
            "ot-dormir-nosotros-oaxaca"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "l3-big-irregulars",
      "title": "Lesson 3: Ser, Ir, Dar, Ver and Hacer",
      "order": 2,
      "studyGuidePath": "/packs/spanish-verbs-2/guides/l3-big-irregulars.md",
      "parts": [
        {
          "id": "p1-ser-ir-preterite",
          "title": "Part 1: Ser and Ir: The Same Forms",
          "blurb": "Ser and ir share fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron; the whole sentence tells you which verb it is.",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "ser-and-ir-the-same-forms",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-ser-ir-preterite-forms",
            "fact-ser-ir-preterite-context",
            "fact-ser-ir-preterite-accents",
            "pair-ser-tu-fuiste",
            "pair-ir-ella-fue",
            "cloze-ir-yo-fui-mercado",
            "cloze-ser-ustedes-fueron-amables",
            "mcq-ir-oaxaca-fuimos",
            "mcq-ser-ir-which-message",
            "tf-ser-ir-fui-fue-accent",
            "ot-ir-tu-mercado-fuiste",
            "ot-ser-fue-buen-dia",
            "ot-ir-fueron-guadalajara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "p2-dar-ver-preterite",
          "title": "Part 2: Dar and Ver",
          "blurb": "Dar and ver take -er/-ir endings: di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron and vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron.",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "dar-and-ver",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-dar-ver-preterite-forms",
            "fact-dar-ver-preterite-accents",
            "fact-dar-ver-preterite-nosotros",
            "pair-dar-nosotros-dimos",
            "pair-ver-ella-vio",
            "cloze-dar-yo-di-pesos",
            "cloze-dar-mama-dio-pesos",
            "mcq-ver-cine-vimos",
            "mcq-dar-papas-dieron",
            "tf-dar-nosotros-hablamos",
            "ot-ver-viste-pelicula",
            "ot-ver-vi-pelicula",
            "ot-dar-diste-pesos"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "p3-hacer-preterite",
          "title": "Part 3: Hacer",
          "blurb": "Hacer: hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron, with z in hizo, no written accents, and past questions.",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "hacer",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-hacer-preterite-forms",
            "fact-hacer-preterite-hizo-z",
            "fact-hacer-preterite-uses",
            "pair-hacer-tu-hiciste",
            "pair-hacer-ellos-hicieron",
            "cloze-hacer-yo-hice-tarea",
            "cloze-hacer-nosotros-hicimos-tacos",
            "mcq-hacer-fin-de-semana-hicieron",
            "mcq-hacer-marta-hizo",
            "tf-hacer-hizo-only-z",
            "ot-hacer-hiciste-ayer",
            "ot-hacer-usted-hizo",
            "ot-hacer-nosotros-hicimos",
            "cmp-anoche-hicimos-tacos"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "objectives": [
        {
          "id": "obj-ser-ir-preterite",
          "statement": "Conjugate ser and ir in the preterite, use the whole sentence to tell which verb a form is, and recognize that these forms take no written accent.",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-ser-ir-preterite"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "obj-dar-ver-preterite",
          "statement": "Conjugate dar and ver in the preterite, recognize that di, dio, vi and vio take no accent, and recognize dimos (we gave) as different from damos (we give).",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-dar-ver-preterite"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "obj-hacer-preterite",
          "statement": "Conjugate hacer in the preterite, recognize that hizo is spelled with z, and use hacer to ask and say what someone did or made.",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-hacer-preterite"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "demonstrations": [
        {
          "id": "d-ser-ir-preterite",
          "label": "Ser and ir: forms, which verb, no accents",
          "itemIds": [
            "pair-ser-tu-fuiste",
            "cloze-ir-yo-fui-mercado",
            "cloze-ser-ustedes-fueron-amables",
            "mcq-ir-oaxaca-fuimos",
            "mcq-ser-ir-which-message",
            "tf-ser-ir-fui-fue-accent"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        },
        {
          "id": "d-dar-ver-preterite",
          "label": "Dar and ver: forms, no accents, dimos vs damos",
          "itemIds": [
            "pair-ver-ella-vio",
            "cloze-dar-yo-di-pesos",
            "cloze-dar-mama-dio-pesos",
            "mcq-ver-cine-vimos",
            "mcq-dar-papas-dieron",
            "tf-dar-nosotros-hablamos"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        },
        {
          "id": "d-hacer-preterite",
          "label": "Hacer: forms, hizo with z, doing and making",
          "itemIds": [
            "pair-hacer-tu-hiciste",
            "cloze-hacer-yo-hice-tarea",
            "cloze-hacer-nosotros-hicimos-tacos",
            "mcq-hacer-fin-de-semana-hicieron",
            "mcq-hacer-marta-hizo",
            "tf-hacer-hizo-only-z"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        }
      ],
      "objectiveTests": [
        {
          "id": "test-ser-ir-preterite",
          "objectiveId": "obj-ser-ir-preterite",
          "title": "Ser and ir in the preterite",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-ir-oaxaca-fuimos",
            "mcq-ser-ir-which-message",
            "ot-ir-tu-mercado-fuiste",
            "ot-ser-fue-buen-dia",
            "ot-ir-fueron-guadalajara"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "test-dar-ver-preterite",
          "objectiveId": "obj-dar-ver-preterite",
          "title": "Dar and ver in the preterite",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-ver-cine-vimos",
            "mcq-dar-papas-dieron",
            "ot-ver-viste-pelicula",
            "ot-ver-vi-pelicula",
            "ot-dar-diste-pesos"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "test-hacer-preterite",
          "objectiveId": "obj-hacer-preterite",
          "title": "Hacer in the preterite",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-hacer-fin-de-semana-hicieron",
            "mcq-hacer-marta-hizo",
            "ot-hacer-hiciste-ayer",
            "ot-hacer-usted-hizo",
            "ot-hacer-nosotros-hicimos"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "l4-irregular-stems",
      "title": "Lesson 4: Irregular Preterite Stems",
      "order": 3,
      "studyGuidePath": "/packs/spanish-verbs-2/guides/l4-irregular-stems.md",
      "parts": [
        {
          "id": "p1-tener-estar-poder",
          "title": "Part 1: Tener, Estar and Poder",
          "blurb": "Tener, estar and poder: the stems tuv-, estuv-, pud-, the endings -e, -iste, -o, -imos, -ieron, no accents.",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "tener-estar-and-poder",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-irregular-stems-endings",
            "fact-estar-poder-preterite",
            "fact-tuve-pudo-no-accent",
            "pair-poder-ella-pudo",
            "pair-estuvimos-we-were",
            "cloze-tener-yo-tuve",
            "cloze-estar-primos-estuvieron",
            "mcq-tuvimos-salir-temprano",
            "mcq-pude-llegar-tiempo",
            "tf-pudo-no-accent",
            "ot-estar-tu-estuviste",
            "ot-tener-hermana-tuvo",
            "ot-poder-primos-pudieron"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "p2-poner-querer-venir-saber",
          "title": "Part 2: Poner, Querer, Venir and Saber",
          "blurb": "Poner, querer, venir and saber: the stems pus-, quis-, vin-, sup- with the same endings; saber as to find out.",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "poner-querer-venir-and-saber",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-poner-preterite-pus",
            "fact-querer-venir-preterite",
            "fact-saber-preterite-find-out",
            "pair-venir-ellos-vinieron",
            "pair-querer-nosotros-quisimos",
            "cloze-poner-yo-puse",
            "cloze-saber-nosotros-supimos",
            "mcq-venir-tu-viniste",
            "mcq-querer-mama-quise",
            "tf-saber-find-out",
            "ot-poner-tu-pusiste",
            "ot-saber-yo-supe",
            "ot-querer-hermana-quiso",
            "cmp-primos-vinieron-casa"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "p3-decir-traer",
          "title": "Part 3: Decir and Traer",
          "blurb": "Decir and traer: the j stems dij- and traj-, dijeron and trajeron (not -ieron), and the nine yo forms.",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "decir-and-traer",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-decir-dij-stem",
            "fact-traer-traj-stem",
            "fact-dijieron-trajieron-mistake",
            "pair-decir-yo-dije",
            "pair-trajimos-we-brought",
            "cloze-decir-mama-dijo",
            "cloze-traer-primos-trajeron",
            "mcq-decir-verdad-dijeron",
            "mcq-traer-pan-dulce-traje",
            "tf-trajieron-nonstandard",
            "ot-decir-tu-dijiste",
            "ot-traer-mama-trajo",
            "ot-decir-nosotros-dijimos"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "objectives": [
        {
          "id": "obj-tener-estar-poder",
          "statement": "Conjugate tener, estar and poder in the preterite with their irregular stems, and recognize that forms like tuve and pudo carry no written accent.",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-tener-estar-poder"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "obj-poner-querer-venir-saber",
          "statement": "Conjugate poner, querer, venir and saber in the preterite with their irregular stems, and recognize that saber usually means to find out.",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-poner-querer-venir-saber"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "obj-decir-traer",
          "statement": "Conjugate decir and traer in the preterite with their j stems, and say dijeron and trajeron, not the nonstandard dijieron and trajieron.",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-decir-traer"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "demonstrations": [
        {
          "id": "d-tener-estar-poder",
          "label": "Conjugate tener, estar, poder; no written accent",
          "itemIds": [
            "pair-poder-ella-pudo",
            "pair-estuvimos-we-were",
            "cloze-tener-yo-tuve",
            "cloze-estar-primos-estuvieron",
            "mcq-pude-llegar-tiempo",
            "tf-pudo-no-accent"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        },
        {
          "id": "d-poner-querer-venir-saber",
          "label": "Conjugate poner, querer, venir, saber; find out",
          "itemIds": [
            "pair-venir-ellos-vinieron",
            "pair-querer-nosotros-quisimos",
            "cloze-poner-yo-puse",
            "cloze-saber-nosotros-supimos",
            "mcq-querer-mama-quise",
            "tf-saber-find-out"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        },
        {
          "id": "d-decir-traer",
          "label": "Conjugate decir and traer; dijeron, trajeron",
          "itemIds": [
            "pair-decir-yo-dije",
            "pair-trajimos-we-brought",
            "cloze-decir-mama-dijo",
            "cloze-traer-primos-trajeron",
            "mcq-decir-verdad-dijeron",
            "tf-trajieron-nonstandard"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        }
      ],
      "objectiveTests": [
        {
          "id": "test-tener-estar-poder",
          "objectiveId": "obj-tener-estar-poder",
          "title": "Test: tener, estar and poder",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-tuvimos-salir-temprano",
            "mcq-pude-llegar-tiempo",
            "ot-estar-tu-estuviste",
            "ot-tener-hermana-tuvo",
            "ot-poder-primos-pudieron"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "test-poner-querer-venir-saber",
          "objectiveId": "obj-poner-querer-venir-saber",
          "title": "Test: poner, querer, venir and saber",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-venir-tu-viniste",
            "mcq-querer-mama-quise",
            "ot-poner-tu-pusiste",
            "ot-saber-yo-supe",
            "ot-querer-hermana-quiso"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "test-decir-traer",
          "objectiveId": "obj-decir-traer",
          "title": "Test: decir and traer",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-decir-verdad-dijeron",
            "mcq-traer-pan-dulce-traje",
            "ot-decir-tu-dijiste",
            "ot-traer-mama-trajo",
            "ot-decir-nosotros-dijimos"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "l5-imperfect",
      "title": "Lesson 5: The Imperfect",
      "order": 4,
      "studyGuidePath": "/packs/spanish-verbs-2/guides/l5-imperfect.md",
      "parts": [
        {
          "id": "p1-imperfect-forms",
          "title": "Part 1: Regular Imperfect Forms",
          "blurb": "The -aba and -ía endings, the identical yo and él forms, and verbs odd in the present but regular here.",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "regular-imperfect-forms",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-hablar-imperfect",
            "fact-comer-vivir-imperfect",
            "fact-odd-present-regular-imperfect",
            "pair-nosotros-hablabamos",
            "pair-ellos-querer-querian",
            "cloze-ana-tenia-hermana",
            "cloze-yo-vivia-guadalajara",
            "mcq-comias-tamales",
            "mcq-podiamos-espanol",
            "tf-comer-yo-ella-same",
            "ot-padres-hablaban-abuela",
            "ot-tenias-casa-grande",
            "ot-nino-queria-oaxaca"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "p2-ser-ir-ver-imperfect",
          "title": "Part 2: Ser, Ir and Ver",
          "blurb": "Ser, ir and ver, the only three irregular verbs in the imperfect, and how era (ser) differs from iba (ir).",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "ser-ir-and-ver",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-ser-ir-imperfect",
            "fact-ver-imperfect",
            "fact-ser-ir-different-examples",
            "pair-nosotros-ser-eramos",
            "pair-tu-ver-veias",
            "cloze-nosotros-ibamos-oaxaca",
            "cloze-abuela-era-maestra",
            "mcq-iba-mercado-mama",
            "mcq-three-irregular-imperfect",
            "tf-ser-ir-share-imperfect",
            "ot-hermana-veian-peliculas",
            "ot-tu-ibas-parque",
            "ot-abuela-eras-maestra"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "p3-imperfect-uses",
          "title": "Part 3: What the Imperfect Describes",
          "blurb": "Habits, descriptions, age and clock time, actions in progress, and the clue words that often go with the imperfect.",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "what-the-imperfect-describes",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-imperfect-habits-description",
            "fact-imperfect-age-clock",
            "fact-imperfect-progress-clue-words",
            "pair-tenia-diez-anos",
            "pair-leia-sala",
            "cloze-eran-las-tres",
            "cloze-abuela-hacia-tamales",
            "mcq-cada-verano-meaning",
            "mcq-describe-house-sentence",
            "tf-siempre-always-imperfect",
            "ot-era-la-una-clock",
            "ot-trabajaba-mientras-estudiaba",
            "ot-antes-vivimos-monterrey",
            "cmp-yo-tenia-diez-anos"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "objectives": [
        {
          "id": "obj-imperfect-forms",
          "statement": "Conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the imperfect, including verbs irregular in the present, and use the subject to tell yo from usted, él or ella.",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-imperfect-forms"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "obj-ser-ir-ver-imperfect",
          "statement": "Conjugate ser, ir and ver in the imperfect with their accents, recognize them as the only three irregular verbs, and tell ser from ir (era, iba).",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-ser-ir-ver-imperfect"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "obj-imperfect-uses",
          "statement": "Use the imperfect for habits, descriptions, age and clock time, and actions in progress, and recognize clue words like siempre as hints, not rules.",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-imperfect-uses"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "demonstrations": [
        {
          "id": "d-imperfect-forms",
          "label": "Imperfect endings, odd-present verbs, yo vs él",
          "itemIds": [
            "pair-nosotros-hablabamos",
            "pair-ellos-querer-querian",
            "cloze-ana-tenia-hermana",
            "cloze-yo-vivia-guadalajara",
            "mcq-comias-tamales",
            "tf-comer-yo-ella-same"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        },
        {
          "id": "d-ser-ir-ver-imperfect",
          "label": "Ser, ir and ver: forms, accents and ser vs ir",
          "itemIds": [
            "pair-nosotros-ser-eramos",
            "pair-tu-ver-veias",
            "cloze-nosotros-ibamos-oaxaca",
            "mcq-iba-mercado-mama",
            "mcq-three-irregular-imperfect",
            "tf-ser-ir-share-imperfect"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        },
        {
          "id": "d-imperfect-uses",
          "label": "Habits, descriptions, age, clock, progress, clue words",
          "itemIds": [
            "pair-tenia-diez-anos",
            "pair-leia-sala",
            "cloze-eran-las-tres",
            "mcq-cada-verano-meaning",
            "mcq-describe-house-sentence",
            "tf-siempre-always-imperfect"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        }
      ],
      "objectiveTests": [
        {
          "id": "test-imperfect-forms",
          "objectiveId": "obj-imperfect-forms",
          "title": "Regular imperfect forms",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-comias-tamales",
            "mcq-podiamos-espanol",
            "ot-padres-hablaban-abuela",
            "ot-tenias-casa-grande",
            "ot-nino-queria-oaxaca"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "test-ser-ir-ver-imperfect",
          "objectiveId": "obj-ser-ir-ver-imperfect",
          "title": "Ser, ir and ver in the imperfect",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-iba-mercado-mama",
            "mcq-three-irregular-imperfect",
            "ot-hermana-veian-peliculas",
            "ot-tu-ibas-parque",
            "ot-abuela-eras-maestra"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "test-imperfect-uses",
          "objectiveId": "obj-imperfect-uses",
          "title": "What the imperfect describes",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-cada-verano-meaning",
            "mcq-describe-house-sentence",
            "ot-era-la-una-clock",
            "ot-trabajaba-mientras-estudiaba",
            "ot-antes-vivimos-monterrey"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "l6-preterite-or-imperfect",
      "title": "Lesson 6: Preterite or Imperfect?",
      "order": 5,
      "studyGuidePath": "/packs/spanish-verbs-2/guides/l6-preterite-or-imperfect.md",
      "parts": [
        {
          "id": "p1-event-or-background",
          "title": "Part 1: Event or Background",
          "blurb": "The preterite tells events and the imperfect sets the scene; one verb can take either tense, as in estuve and estaba.",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "event-or-background",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-event-vs-background",
            "fact-events-in-a-row",
            "fact-same-verb-two-views",
            "pair-ir-fuimos-seis",
            "pair-estar-estaba-llamaste",
            "cloze-ver-vimos-anoche",
            "cloze-jugar-jugaba-nino",
            "mcq-saturday-scene-estabamos",
            "mcq-monterrey-estuve-tres-dias",
            "tf-casa-era-grande",
            "ot-used-to-imperfect",
            "ot-sabado-era-fuimos",
            "ot-llegamos-comimos-order",
            "cmp-estaba-monterrey-llamaste"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "p2-signal-words",
          "title": "Part 2: Signal Words and Interruptions",
          "blurb": "Signal words only lean, so the meaning decides; an interruption takes the imperfect plus the preterite.",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "signal-words-and-interruptions",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-signal-words-lean",
            "fact-meaning-decides",
            "fact-interruptions-mientras",
            "pair-compre-pan-dulce-ayer",
            "pair-leia-llamo-mama",
            "cloze-estudiar-estudiaba-anoche",
            "cloze-llegar-llego-comiamos",
            "mcq-abuela-comiamos-siempre",
            "mcq-semana-estudie-todos-dias",
            "tf-mientras-both-imperfect",
            "ot-oaxaca-una-vez-fui",
            "ot-hermano-abrio-puerta",
            "ot-leia-llego-hermano"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "p3-meaning-and-region",
          "title": "Part 3: Verbs That Shift Meaning, and the Recent Past",
          "blurb": "Conocer, saber, querer and poder shift meaning in the preterite; Mexico uses the preterite for the recent past.",
          "studyGuideAnchor": "verbs-that-shift-meaning-and-the-recent-past",
          "itemIds": [
            "fact-meaning-shift-four-verbs",
            "fact-meaning-shift-preterite-forms",
            "fact-recent-past-regions",
            "pair-saber-supe-verdad",
            "pair-querer-no-quise-fiesta",
            "cloze-conocer-conoci-escuela",
            "cloze-querer-quisieron-puerta",
            "mcq-puerta-pude-por-fin",
            "mcq-ya-comiste-mexico",
            "tf-hoy-trabaje-preterite",
            "ot-puerta-no-pude",
            "ot-fiesta-no-queria",
            "ot-verdad-sabia"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "objectives": [
        {
          "id": "obj-event-or-background",
          "statement": "Choose the preterite for events and the imperfect for the scene, including one verb in both tenses (estuve, estaba).",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-event-or-background"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "obj-signal-words-interruptions",
          "statement": "Use signal words as hints, choose the tense by meaning when they disagree, and use the imperfect with the preterite for interruptions and mientras.",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-signal-words-interruptions"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "obj-meaning-and-region",
          "statement": "Use conocer, saber, querer and poder in the preterite (met, found out, tried or refused, managed) and recognize the preterite for the recent past.",
          "demonstrationIds": [
            "d-meaning-and-region"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "demonstrations": [
        {
          "id": "d-event-or-background",
          "label": "Events, scenes and one verb in two tenses",
          "itemIds": [
            "pair-ir-fuimos-seis",
            "cloze-ver-vimos-anoche",
            "mcq-saturday-scene-estabamos",
            "cloze-jugar-jugaba-nino",
            "mcq-monterrey-estuve-tres-dias",
            "pair-estar-estaba-llamaste"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        },
        {
          "id": "d-signal-words-interruptions",
          "label": "Hints, meaning, interruptions and mientras",
          "itemIds": [
            "pair-compre-pan-dulce-ayer",
            "cloze-estudiar-estudiaba-anoche",
            "mcq-semana-estudie-todos-dias",
            "cloze-llegar-llego-comiamos",
            "mcq-abuela-comiamos-siempre",
            "tf-mientras-both-imperfect"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        },
        {
          "id": "d-meaning-and-region",
          "label": "Meaning shifts and the recent past",
          "itemIds": [
            "cloze-conocer-conoci-escuela",
            "pair-saber-supe-verdad",
            "pair-querer-no-quise-fiesta",
            "cloze-querer-quisieron-puerta",
            "mcq-puerta-pude-por-fin",
            "mcq-ya-comiste-mexico"
          ],
          "requiredCorrect": 6
        }
      ],
      "objectiveTests": [
        {
          "id": "test-event-or-background",
          "objectiveId": "obj-event-or-background",
          "title": "Test: event or background",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-saturday-scene-estabamos",
            "mcq-monterrey-estuve-tres-dias",
            "ot-used-to-imperfect",
            "ot-sabado-era-fuimos",
            "ot-llegamos-comimos-order"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "test-signal-words-interruptions",
          "objectiveId": "obj-signal-words-interruptions",
          "title": "Test: signal words and interruptions",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-abuela-comiamos-siempre",
            "mcq-semana-estudie-todos-dias",
            "ot-oaxaca-una-vez-fui",
            "ot-hermano-abrio-puerta",
            "ot-leia-llego-hermano"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "test-meaning-and-region",
          "objectiveId": "obj-meaning-and-region",
          "title": "Test: meaning shifts and the recent past",
          "mcqIds": [
            "mcq-puerta-pude-por-fin",
            "mcq-ya-comiste-mexico",
            "ot-puerta-no-pude",
            "ot-fiesta-no-queria",
            "ot-verdad-sabia"
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "items": [
    {
      "id": "fact-preterite-finished-actions",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "title": "The preterite tells what happened as a finished action",
      "body": "The **preterite** (**el pretérito**) tells what happened. It presents a past action as finished: it took place at a definite time, or it filled a stretch of time with a clear beginning and end. **Ayer hablé con mi mamá.** (*Yesterday I talked with my mom.*) **Trabajé ocho horas.** (*I worked eight hours.*) The names **pretérito perfecto simple** and **pretérito indefinido** mean the same tense.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer hablé con mi mamá.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "A flat illustration of a monthly calendar page with the earlier days crossed out and one day circled. No text, no logos.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "wall calendar crossed-off days",
        "alt": "A monthly calendar page with red pins on several dates.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Unsplash · Towfiqu barbhuiya · Unsplash License",
        "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/a-calendar-with-red-push-buttons-pinned-to-it-bwOAixLG0uc",
        "subject": "Top-down close-up of a monthly calendar page (English Sun-Fri headers, dates 1-30) with four red push pins along the dates and a red hand-drawn circle around 30; no days crossed off.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-preterite-finished-actions.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "mcq-trabaje-ocho-horas-finished",
        "ot-ayer-hable-definite-day",
        "tf-three-names-same-tense"
      ],
      "uid": "zku74xflpboj"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-preterite-events-in-a-row",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "title": "The preterite tells single events and one event after another",
      "body": "The preterite is the usual tense for telling single events, and also for telling one event after another. Each verb in a series is a new event that follows the one before it: **Estudié dos horas y después comí tacos.** (*I studied for two hours and then I ate tacos.*)",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Estudié dos horas y después comí tacos.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "mcq-saturday-studied-then-ate"
      ],
      "uid": "1gukg7z14agwxx"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-preterite-time-words",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "time-words"
      ],
      "title": "Time words that often go with the preterite",
      "body": "Time words that name a finished moment or period often go with the preterite: **ayer** (*yesterday*), **anoche** (*last night*), **anteayer** (*the day before yesterday*), **el lunes pasado** (*last Monday*), **la semana pasada** (*last week*), **el año pasado** (*last year*), **hace dos días** (*two days ago*). **Pasado** means *last* and usually comes after the noun. With a past-tense verb, **hace** plus a stretch of time means *ago*. **La semana pasada compré un libro.** (*Last week I bought a book.*) **Hace dos días recibí un mensaje.** (*Two days ago I received a message.*)",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Hace dos días recibí un mensaje.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "Flat clean illustration of a person looking at a message on a smartphone screen, no readable text, no logos, no real people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "person reading text message phone",
        "alt": "A young woman looking down at her phone.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Pexels · https://kaboompics.com/ · Pexels License",
        "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/woman-in-turtleneck-shirt-using-a-cellphone-7283496/",
        "subject": "A young woman with curly hair in a white turtleneck gazing down at a gold smartphone she holds, bright window light and white brick wall; screen not visible.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-preterite-time-words.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-hace-dos-dias-mensaje",
        "cloze-semana-pasada-libro",
        "ot-last-year-compre-libro",
        "pair-anteayer-day-before-yesterday",
        "pair-lunes-pasado-last-monday"
      ],
      "uid": "17nmz7s1lx98ns"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-anteayer-day-before-yesterday",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "time-words",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "anteayer"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "the day before yesterday"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "anteayer",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1blx12k3s1pvg"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-lunes-pasado-last-monday",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "time-words",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "el lunes pasado"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "last Monday"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "el lunes pasado",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "pgq7sb1i4krxd"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-hace-dos-dias-mensaje",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "time-words",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "template": "___ recibí un mensaje. (two days ago)",
      "answer": "Hace dos días",
      "distractors": [
        "Hace dos semanas",
        "Hace dos años",
        "Hace dos horas"
      ],
      "explanation": "Hace plus a stretch of time means ago, so Hace dos días recibí un mensaje is Two days ago I received a message. Hace dos semanas is two weeks ago, hace dos años is two years ago, and hace dos horas is two hours ago.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Hace dos días recibí un mensaje.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "7n7477v6knmh"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-semana-pasada-libro",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "time-words",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "template": "___ compré un libro. (last week)",
      "answer": "La semana pasada",
      "distractors": [
        "El año pasado",
        "Anoche",
        "Hace dos días"
      ],
      "explanation": "La semana pasada means last week. El año pasado is last year, anoche is last night, and hace dos días is two days ago. Pasado means last and usually comes after the noun.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "La semana pasada compré un libro.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1wil31wahz5gk"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-trabaje-ocho-horas-finished",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your coworker tells you: \"Trabajé ocho horas.\" What does the preterite show about those eight hours?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "They are still going on now"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "They are a finished stretch of time",
          "short": "A finished stretch of time"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "They are planned for tomorrow"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "They have a vague start and end"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "The preterite presents a past action as finished. The eight hours filled a stretch of time with a clear beginning and end, so the work is not still going on now.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Trabajé ocho horas.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1fppqn31ih9if9"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-saturday-studied-then-ate",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tell a friend about your Saturday: \"Estudié dos horas y después comí tacos.\" In what order did you do those two things?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "You ate tacos, then you studied"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "You studied while you ate tacos"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "You studied but skipped tacos"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "You studied, then you ate tacos"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "In a series, each preterite verb is a new event that follows the one before it, so estudié came first and comí tacos came after. Eating first and studying second would reverse the order.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Estudié dos horas y después comí tacos.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1deoop0adnvjo"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-three-names-same-tense",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "preterite"
      ],
      "statement": "The pretérito perfecto simple is a different tense from the pretérito.",
      "isTrue": false,
      "why": "All three names, pretérito, pretérito perfecto simple and pretérito indefinido, mean the same tense.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "pretérito perfecto simple",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "nxmd591ty6npb"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-hablar-regular-preterite",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "Hablar is the preterite model for regular -ar verbs",
      "body": "To build the preterite of a regular **-ar** verb, drop **-ar** to get the stem, then add one of five endings. **Hablar** (*to speak*), stem **habl-**: **yo hablé** (*I spoke*), **tú hablaste** (*you spoke, informal*), **usted / él / ella habló** (*you spoke, formal / he, she spoke*), **nosotros / nosotras hablamos** (*we spoke*), **ustedes / ellos / ellas hablaron** (*you all spoke / they spoke*). The endings are **-é**, **-aste**, **-ó**, **-amos** and **-aron**.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "hablé, hablaste, habló, hablamos, hablaron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-ella-hablar-ayer-mama",
        "pair-tu-hablar-hablaste"
      ],
      "uid": "1iicnyh12xr017"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-trabajar-estudiar-comprar-forms",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "Trabajar, estudiar and comprar take the same -ar endings",
      "body": "Three more verbs take the same endings, in the same order. **Trabajar** (*to work*), stem **trabaj-**: **trabajé**, **trabajaste**, **trabajó**, **trabajamos**, **trabajaron**. **Estudiar** (*to study*), stem **estudi-**: **estudié**, **estudiaste**, **estudió**, **estudiamos**, **estudiaron**. **Comprar** (*to buy*), stem **compr-**: **compré**, **compraste**, **compró**, **compramos**, **compraron**. **Compré tamales en el mercado.** (*I bought tamales at the market.*)",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Compré tamales en el mercado.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "A flat illustration of an open-air market stall with steaming tamales in a basket. No text, no logos, no people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "market stall tamales",
        "alt": "Vendors at a tamale stall in a Mexico City market, at night.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "ProtoplasmaKid (Openverse) · by-sa 4.0",
        "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=145289522",
        "subject": "Night-time Mexico City street-food stall (Commons title: tamale stall, Mercado de Jamaica): a steel cart with big pots under a yellow tarp, a young vendor ladling a hot drink into a foam cup for a customer, an older vendor bagging food, stacked foam cups; tamales not clearly visible.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-trabajar-estudiar-comprar-forms.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "mcq-tamales-mercado-compre"
      ],
      "uid": "1wrvtuo129ssq8"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-hablar-accents-nosotros",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "accents",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "Written accents change meaning, and hablamos fits both tenses",
      "body": "The **yo** form ends in **-é** and the **usted / él / ella** form (**habló**) ends in **-ó**; both carry a written accent, which shows the stress falls on the last syllable (**ha-BLÓ**, not **HA-blo**) and changes the meaning: **hablo**, with no accent, is the present, *I speak*, but **habló** is the preterite, *he, she spoke*. **Hablo con mi mamá.** (*I talk with my mom.*) **Ella habló con mi mamá.** (*She talked with my mom.*) The **nosotros** form is the same in the present and the preterite, so **hablamos** can mean *we speak* or *we spoke*. A time word or the context tells you which.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ella habló con mi mamá.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "Flat clean illustration of two women chatting on a sofa at home, no text, no logos, no real people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "mother and daughter talking sofa",
        "alt": "An older woman and a younger woman talking on a sofa.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Pexels · Gustavo Fring · Pexels License",
        "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/two-women-in-white-clothes-sitting-on-couch-and-talking-7446785/",
        "subject": "An older woman with glasses and a younger woman with long auburn hair sitting facing each other on a light sofa in a bright room, mid-conversation and gesturing with their hands.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-hablar-accents-nosotros.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-ella-hablar-ayer-mama",
        "mcq-hablo-con-mama-reading",
        "ot-estudio-accent-stress-syllable",
        "ot-trabajamos-oaxaca-time-word",
        "tf-hablamos-nosotros-both-tenses"
      ],
      "uid": "1k9hau9ecl04j"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-tu-hablar-hablaste",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "tú + hablar, ayer"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "hablaste"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "hablaste",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "iwt1u1m5tzsb"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-ustedes-trabajar-trabajaron",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "ustedes + trabajar, ayer"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "trabajaron"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "trabajaron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "x2vq6b1cfixl"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-ella-hablar-ayer-mama",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "accents"
      ],
      "template": "Ayer ella ___ con mi mamá. (hablar)",
      "answer": "habló",
      "distractors": [
        "hablo",
        "hablé",
        "hablamos"
      ],
      "explanation": "The usted / él / ella form of a regular -ar verb ends in -ó with a written accent: habló. Hablo, with no accent, is the present, I speak. Hablé is the yo form and hablamos is nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer ella habló con mi mamá.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "15hxx861mmvami"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-estudiar-ellos-guadalajara",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "template": "El año pasado ellos ___ en Guadalajara. (estudiar)",
      "answer": "estudiaron",
      "distractors": [
        "estudié",
        "estudió",
        "estudiamos"
      ],
      "explanation": "The ellos form of a regular -ar verb ends in -aron: estudiaron. Estudié is the yo form, estudió is he or she, and estudiamos is nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "El año pasado ellos estudiaron en Guadalajara.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "bviom3139f05t"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-tamales-mercado-compre",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "After a day at the market in Oaxaca, you text a friend: \"I bought tamales at the market.\" Which sentence do you send?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Compré tamales en el mercado."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Compró tamales en el mercado."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Compramos tamales en el mercado."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Compraron tamales en el mercado."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "The yo form of a regular -ar verb ends in -é with a written accent: compré. Compró is he or she, compramos is we, and compraron is they.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Compré tamales en el mercado.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1d6cd1gzdbn3"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-hablo-con-mama-reading",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "accents"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your friend texts you: \"Hablo con mi mamá.\" What does the message say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "I talked with my mom."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "She talked with my mom."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "I talk with my mom."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "She talks with my mom."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Hablo, with no accent, is the present: I talk. The preterite forms for yo and usted / él / ella carry a written accent, hablé and habló. Dropping the accent turns he, she spoke into I speak.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Hablo con mi mamá.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "y7jpcf1ho5rn9"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-hablamos-nosotros-both-tenses",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "statement": "For a regular -ar verb, the nosotros form of the preterite differs from the nosotros form of the present.",
      "isTrue": false,
      "why": "The nosotros form is the same in both tenses: hablamos can mean we speak or we spoke, and a time word or the context tells you which.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "hablamos",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1ofwivrm5wq1p"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-comer-vivir-regular-preterite",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "er-verbs",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "Regular -er and -ir verbs share one set of preterite endings",
      "body": "Regular **-er** and **-ir** verbs share one set of preterite endings: **-í**, **-iste**, **-ió**, **-imos** and **-ieron**. **Comer** (*to eat*), stem **com-**: **yo comí** (*I ate*), **tú comiste** (*you ate, informal*), **usted / él / ella comió** (*you ate, formal / he, she ate*), **nosotros comimos** (*we ate*), **ustedes / ellos / ellas comieron** (*you all ate / they ate*). **Vivir** (*to live*), stem **viv-**: **viví**, **viviste**, **vivió**, **vivimos**, **vivieron**, in the same order.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "comí, comiste, comió, comimos, comieron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-nosotros-comer-anoche",
        "cmp-anoche-comi-abuela",
        "mcq-comi-tamales-reading",
        "ot-vivir-yo-same-endings-comi",
        "pair-ellos-vivir-vivieron"
      ],
      "uid": "34nxb81scvn10"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-beber-aprender-escribir-abrir-forms",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "er-verbs",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "Beber, aprender, escribir and abrir take the same endings",
      "body": "More verbs take the same endings. **Beber** (*to drink*), stem **beb-**: **bebí**, **bebiste**, **bebió**, **bebimos**, **bebieron**. **Aprender** (*to learn*), stem **aprend-**: **aprendí**, **aprendiste**, **aprendió**, **aprendimos**, **aprendieron**. **Escribir** (*to write*), stem **escrib-**: **escribí**, **escribiste**, **escribió**, **escribimos**, **escribieron**. **Abrir** (*to open*), stem **abr-**: **abrí**, **abriste**, **abrió**, **abrimos**, **abrieron**. **Aprendí mucho en la clase.** (*I learned a lot in class.*) **Abrí la puerta.** (*I opened the door.*)",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Abrí la puerta.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "A flat illustration of an open notebook with a pen and a glass of water beside it. No text, no logos, no people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "hand writing in notebook",
        "alt": "A hand writing in an open notebook at a desk.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Unsplash · lilartsy · Unsplash License",
        "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/person-holding-on-red-pen-while-writing-on-book-333oj7zFsdg",
        "subject": "Warm close-up of a hand in a grey knit sleeve writing with an orange pen in an open grid notebook on a desk, blurred cup and book beside it.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-beber-aprender-escribir-abrir-forms.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "pair-abri-la-puerta-opened"
      ],
      "uid": "1nulltd1oz7ufn"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-comer-accents-nosotros",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "accents",
        "er-verbs",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "Accents mark -í and -ió, and nosotros depends on the family",
      "body": "The **yo** form (**comí**) ends in **-í** and the **usted / él / ella** form (**comió**) ends in **-ió**, and both carry a written accent that marks a stressed last syllable. Compare **como** (*I eat*) and **comí** (*I ate*), or **come** (*he, she eats*) and **comió** (*he, she ate*). The **nosotros** form depends on the family. For **-ir** verbs it is the same in the present and the preterite, so **vivimos** can mean *we live* or *we lived*. For **-er** verbs the tenses differ: **comemos** is *we eat* and **comimos** is *we ate*.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "como, comí, come, comió",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-nosotros-comer-anoche",
        "cmp-anoche-comi-abuela",
        "mcq-comi-tamales-reading",
        "tf-vivimos-comemos-families"
      ],
      "uid": "v92u9y7i0n22"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-ellos-vivir-vivieron",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "ellos + vivir, el año pasado"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "vivieron"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "vivieron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "z2eosz1ljvs2x"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-abri-la-puerta-opened",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Abrí la puerta."
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "I opened the door."
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Abrí la puerta.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1f2sm0a19l2c4e"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-nosotros-comer-anoche",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "template": "Anoche nosotros ___ tamales. (comer)",
      "answer": "comimos",
      "distractors": [
        "comemos",
        "comí",
        "comió"
      ],
      "explanation": "For -er verbs the nosotros form differs between the tenses: comimos is we ate and comemos is we eat. Anoche puts the meal in the past. Comí is yo, and comió is he or she.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche nosotros comimos tamales.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "gtyekm124gjsq"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-ella-beber-cafe",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "template": "Ayer ella ___ café. (beber)",
      "answer": "bebió",
      "distractors": [
        "bebí",
        "bebimos",
        "bebieron"
      ],
      "explanation": "The usted / él / ella form of a regular -er verb ends in -ió with a written accent: bebió. Bebí is the yo form, bebimos is nosotros and bebieron is ellos.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer ella bebió café.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "9szlos1uz9w64"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-clase-aprendiste-mucho",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your classmate just finished her first Spanish class. You ask her, informally, whether she learned a lot. Which question do you ask?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Aprendí mucho en la clase?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Aprendimos mucho en la clase?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Aprendieron mucho en la clase?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Aprendiste mucho en la clase?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "Talking informally to one classmate, you use the tú form, which ends in -iste: aprendiste. Aprendí is yo, aprendimos is nosotros, and aprendieron is ellos or ustedes.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Aprendiste mucho en la clase?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "rublh91fycvwv"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-comi-tamales-reading",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "accents"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your friend texts you: \"Comí tamales.\" What does the message say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "I ate tamales."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "I eat tamales."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "He ate tamales."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "We ate tamales."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "Comí, with its written accent, is the yo form of the preterite: I ate. Como is the present, I eat. Comió is he or she, and comimos is we.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Comí tamales.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "3ee3vwz9qaqk"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-vivimos-comemos-families",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "er-verbs",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "statement": "Vivimos can mean we live or we lived, but comemos means we eat, not we ate.",
      "isTrue": true,
      "why": "For -ir verbs the nosotros form is the same in the present and the preterite. For -er verbs the two tenses differ: comemos is we eat and comimos is we ate.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "vivimos, comemos",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1w3jy8x1286nwj"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-anoche-abuela-last-night",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "time-words",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tell a friend that last night you ate at your grandmother's house. Which sentence says it?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Anteayer comí en casa de mi abuela."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "El año pasado comí en casa de mi abuela."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Anoche comí en casa de mi abuela."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "La semana pasada comí en casa de mi abuela."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Anoche means last night, so Anoche comí en casa de mi abuela is Last night I ate at my grandmother's house. Anteayer is the day before yesterday, and el año pasado and la semana pasada name much longer periods.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche comí en casa de mi abuela.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "ohec7qhkt4lm"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-last-year-compre-libro",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "time-words",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A friend texts you: \"El año pasado compré un libro.\" What does the message tell you?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Last year I bought a book."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Last week I bought a book."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Last night I bought a book."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Two days ago I bought a book."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "El año pasado means last year, and compré means I bought. La semana pasada would be last week, anoche last night, and hace dos días two days ago.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "El año pasado compré un libro.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "hp3zox1nh3yxf"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-ayer-hable-definite-day",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your friend texts you: \"Ayer hablé con mi mamá.\" Why is the preterite the right tense for this sentence?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "The talk is happening right now"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "The talk is something you plan for next week"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "The talk happened at some unspecified time"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "The talk is a finished action on one definite day"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "Ayer points to one definite day, so hablé presents the talk as a finished action. It is not happening now, and it is not a plan for next week.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer hablé con mi mamá.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1ce0ofjytt4d1"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-compraste-pan-dulce-bakery",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "At a bakery in Oaxaca, you ask your friend, informally, whether she bought sweet bread. Which question do you ask?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Compré pan dulce?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Compramos pan dulce?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Compraron pan dulce?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Compraste pan dulce?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "Talking informally to one friend, you use the tú form, which ends in -aste: compraste. Compré is yo, compramos is nosotros, and compraron is ellos or ustedes.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Compraste pan dulce?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "16q7g4x10wxonn"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-trabajamos-oaxaca-time-word",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "time-words"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A friend writes: \"El año pasado trabajamos en Oaxaca.\" Trabajamos is also a present form. What tells you the meaning here?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "The accent on trabajamos shows it is the past"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "The time words put it in the past: we worked"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "The ending -amos is used only in the past"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "The stem trabaj- changes to show the past"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "The nosotros form of a regular -ar verb is the same in the present and the preterite, so a time word or the context tells you which. Here el año pasado puts trabajamos in the past: we worked.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "El año pasado trabajamos en Oaxaca.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1o3ymp6hppd5q"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-estudio-accent-stress-syllable",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "accents",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Look at \"Ella estudió en Guadalajara.\" What does the written accent on estudió tell you about the word?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "The stress falls on the last syllable"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "The verb is in the present tense"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "The stress falls on the first syllable"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "The verb is the nosotros form"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "The accent shows that the stress falls on the last syllable, as in ha-BLÓ, not HA-blo. Without it, a form like hablo is the present, so the accent also changes the meaning.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ella estudió en Guadalajara.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1hoj4mywspeq6"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-abrir-ellos-puerta-opened",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your two cousins got home first. You tell a friend: \"They opened the door.\" Which sentence do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Abrí la puerta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Abrieron la puerta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Abrió la puerta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Abrimos la puerta."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "The ellos form of a regular -ir verb ends in -ieron: abrieron. Abrí is yo, abrió is he or she, and abrimos is nosotros.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Abrieron la puerta.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1pyhj8b4wtaj5"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-ella-escribio-mensaje-reading",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "accents",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A note from your coworker says: \"Ella escribió un mensaje.\" What does the note say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "She writes a message."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "I wrote a message."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "She wrote a message."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "They wrote a message."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Escribió, with a written accent, is the usted / él / ella form of the preterite: she wrote. I wrote would be escribí, and they wrote would be escribieron.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ella escribió un mensaje.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1yuqeg710gj8gd"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-vivir-yo-same-endings-comi",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You know that comí means I ate. Using the same endings, how do you say \"I lived\" with vivir?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "vivió"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "vivimos"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "viví"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "vivieron"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Regular -er and -ir verbs share one set of endings, so the yo form of vivir ends in -í, like comí: viví. Vivió is he or she, vivimos is we, and vivieron is they.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "viví",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "3q0dghoy9a4j"
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-anoche-comi-abuela",
      "shape": "comparison",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": "You tell a friend where you ate last night: 'Last night I ate at my grandmother's house.' Which sentence is right?",
      "correct": {
        "caption": "Anoche comí en casa de mi abuela."
      },
      "incorrect": {
        "caption": "Anoche comé en casa de mi abuela."
      },
      "explanation": "Comer is an -er verb, and -er and -ir verbs share one set of preterite endings, so yo takes -í: comí. The -é ending belongs to -ar verbs, as in hablé.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche comí en casa de mi abuela.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "qbrynymfeowi"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-car-gar-zar-yo-change",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change"
      ],
      "title": "-car, -gar and -zar verbs change spelling in the yo form only",
      "body": "**-car** becomes **-qué**, **-gar** becomes **-gué** and **-zar** becomes **-cé**, in the **yo** form of the preterite and only there: **buscar** (*to look for*) gives **busqué**, **llegar** (*to arrive*) gives **llegué**, **pagar** (*to pay*) gives **pagué**, and **empezar** (*to start*) gives **empecé**. In Latin American Spanish, **c** before **e** sounds like *s* and **g** like a strong English *h*, so Spanish writes **qu** and **gu** to keep the *k* and hard *g* sounds. It does not usually write **z** before **e**, so it writes **c**.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "busqué, llegué, pagué, empecé",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-yo-buscar-regalo",
        "cloze-yo-empezar-estudiar",
        "mcq-llegar-guadalajara",
        "ot-pagar-cuenta-anoche",
        "pair-yo-pagar-ayer",
        "tf-car-gar-zar-every-form"
      ],
      "uid": "1u1iy0d4sj6vz"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-buscar-llegar-pagar-table",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "Buscar, llegar and pagar: busqué, llegué, pagué, then regular endings",
      "body": "Only the **yo** form changes; every other form uses the regular endings from Lesson 1, which begin with **a** or **o** and need no change. In the order **yo, tú, usted / él / ella, nosotros, ustedes / ellos / ellas**: **buscar** (*to look for*): **busqué, buscaste, buscó, buscamos, buscaron**; **llegar** (*to arrive*): **llegué, llegaste, llegó, llegamos, llegaron**; **pagar** (*to pay*): **pagué, pagaste, pagó, pagamos, pagaron**.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "busqué, buscaste, buscó, buscamos, buscaron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-yo-buscar-regalo",
        "mcq-llegar-guadalajara",
        "ot-mama-buscar-regalo",
        "ot-pagar-cuenta-anoche",
        "pair-yo-pagar-ayer",
        "tf-car-gar-zar-every-form"
      ],
      "uid": "5f0j491jhhiq3"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-empezar-jugar-same-stem",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "Empezar and jugar keep their stem in the preterite",
      "body": "**Empezar** (*to start*) changes **e** to **ie** in the present (**empiezo**), and **jugar** (*to play*) changes **u** to **ue** (**juego**), but neither one changes its stem in the preterite. In the order **yo, tú, usted / él / ella, nosotros, ustedes / ellos / ellas**: **empecé, empezaste, empezó, empezamos, empezaron** and **jugué, jugaste, jugó, jugamos, jugaron**. **Jugué dominó con mi abuelo.** (*I played dominoes with my grandfather.*)",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Jugué dominó con mi abuelo.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "A flat illustration of a few domino tiles arranged in a line on a table. No text, no logos, no people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "dominoes on wooden table",
        "alt": "Wooden dominoes on a wooden table.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Pexels · Arturo A · Pexels License",
        "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-of-wooden-dominoes-on-table-surface-39006179/",
        "subject": "Close-up of handcrafted wooden dominoes with black pips and silver centre pins scattered on a wooden table.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-empezar-jugar-same-stem.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-yo-empezar-estudiar",
        "mcq-jugar-domino-abuelo",
        "ot-empezar-tu-ayer",
        "pair-ellos-empezar-anoche"
      ],
      "uid": "o9eftqibw3qq"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-yo-pagar-ayer",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "yo + pagar, ayer"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "pagué"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "pagué",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "g3t6zwzi2jx8"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-ellos-empezar-anoche",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "ellos + empezar, anoche"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "empezaron"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "empezaron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1bniemgs2gmig"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-yo-buscar-regalo",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "template": "Ayer yo ___ un regalo para mi mamá. (buscar)",
      "answer": "busqué",
      "distractors": [
        "buscé",
        "buscó",
        "buscamos"
      ],
      "explanation": "The yo form of a -car verb ends in -qué: busqué. The qu keeps the k sound before é, while buscé would be read with an s sound and is not a real form. Buscó goes with él or ella, and buscamos with nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer yo busqué un regalo para mi mamá.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1kyrr8a1sbqjm6"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-yo-empezar-estudiar",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "template": "El lunes pasado yo ___ a estudiar español. (empezar)",
      "answer": "empecé",
      "distractors": [
        "empezé",
        "empiecé",
        "empezó"
      ],
      "explanation": "The yo form of a -zar verb ends in -cé: empecé. Empezé keeps the z before é, and empiecé adds a stem change that empezar does not have in the preterite. Empezó goes with él or ella.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "El lunes pasado yo empecé a estudiar español.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "12skx9kxhffj"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-llegar-guadalajara",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You are telling a friend about your trip. You say, about yourself, that you arrived in Guadalajara yesterday. Which sentence do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Llegé a Guadalajara ayer."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Llegamos a Guadalajara ayer."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Llegué a Guadalajara ayer."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Llegaste a Guadalajara ayer."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Llegar ends in -gar, so the yo form is spelled -gué: llegué. The gu keeps the hard g sound before é; llegé would be read with a strong h and is not a real form. Llegamos goes with nosotros and llegaste with tú.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Llegué a Guadalajara ayer.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1rsxa014ngo08"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-jugar-domino-abuelo",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change",
        "stem-change"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A friend asks what you did with your grandfather. You answer, about yourself, that you played dominoes with him. Which sentence do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Jugué dominó con mi abuelo."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Juegué dominó con mi abuelo."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Jugaste dominó con mi abuelo."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Jugamos dominó con mi abuelo."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "Jugar changes u to ue in the present (juego), but not in the preterite. Its yo form is jugué, with gu before é. Juegué adds a stem change that jugar does not have in the preterite. Jugaste goes with tú and jugamos with nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Jugué dominó con mi abuelo.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1ooti271fq2v9x"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-car-gar-zar-every-form",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change"
      ],
      "statement": "-car, -gar and -zar verbs change their spelling in every form of the preterite.",
      "isTrue": false,
      "why": "Only the yo form changes its spelling: busqué, llegué, pagué, empecé. In every other form the regular endings stay as they are.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "busqué, llegué, pagué, empecé",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "v5qkip1gboc83"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-leer-creer-y-rule",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "In leer and creer, the i of -ió and -ieron becomes y",
      "body": "In verb forms, when an unstressed **i** would land between two vowels, Spanish writes it as **y**. So in most **-er** and **-ir** verbs whose stem ends in a vowel, the **i** of **-ió** and **-ieron** becomes **y**. **Leer** (*to read*) and **creer** (*to believe*) are the models, with stems **le-** and **cre-**: **leyó**, **leyeron** and **creyó**, **creyeron**. Only two forms take the **y**: **usted / él / ella** and **ustedes / ellos / ellas**.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "leyó, leyeron, creyó, creyeron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-abuela-leer-carta",
        "mcq-amigos-creer-historia",
        "ot-abuela-creer-noticia",
        "pair-ellos-leer-ayer"
      ],
      "uid": "ror4vi1s6xq76"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-leer-preterite-table",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "accents",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "Leer: leí, leíste, leyó, leímos, leyeron",
      "body": "**Leer** (*to read*), in the order **yo, tú, usted / él / ella, nosotros, ustedes / ellos / ellas**: **leí, leíste, leyó, leímos, leyeron**. Only **leyó** and **leyeron** take the **y**. The other forms keep the **i**, and because the stressed **í** follows an **e**, it carries a written accent: **leí**, **leíste**, **leímos**. **Leyó** has its written accent on the **ó**, and **leyeron** has none.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "leí, leíste, leyó, leímos, leyeron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "A flat illustration of an open book with a bookmark on a simple table. No text, no logos, no people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "open book on table",
        "alt": "An open book on a sunny table beside a coffee cup.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "freestocks.org (Openverse) · cc0 1.0",
        "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/135396164@N05/29183443693",
        "subject": "Sunlit white table with an open book lying in front of a coffee cup, a vase of dried flowers and a tall stack of books, leaf shadows across the pages; no readable text (CC0).",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-leer-preterite-table.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-abuela-leer-carta",
        "cloze-nosotros-leer-menu",
        "mcq-oaxaca-leer-libro",
        "ot-leer-tu-menu",
        "pair-ellos-leer-ayer",
        "tf-leer-accent-leyo-leyeron"
      ],
      "uid": "mkdi6kve2wws"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-creer-preterite-table",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "accents",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "Creer: creí, creíste, creyó, creímos, creyeron",
      "body": "**Creer** (*to believe*) is the second model, in the order **yo, tú, usted / él / ella, nosotros, ustedes / ellos / ellas**: **creí** (*I believed*), **creíste** (*you believed, informal*), **creyó** (*you believed, formal; he, she believed*), **creímos** (*we believed*), **creyeron** (*you all believed; they believed*).",
      "speak": {
        "text": "creí, creíste, creyó, creímos, creyeron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "mcq-amigos-creer-historia",
        "ot-abuela-creer-noticia",
        "ot-creer-nosotros-historia",
        "pair-tu-creer-ayer"
      ],
      "uid": "24hsyd1l54ypz"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-ellos-leer-ayer",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "ellos + leer, ayer"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "leyeron"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "leyeron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "159yzzs1ru41rc"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-tu-creer-ayer",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "accents",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "tú + creer, ayer"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "creíste"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "creíste",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1auq5yfzi9mct"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-abuela-leer-carta",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "template": "Ayer mi abuela ___ la carta. (leer)",
      "answer": "leyó",
      "distractors": [
        "leió",
        "leí",
        "leyeron"
      ],
      "explanation": "Mi abuela is singular, so leer takes the usted / él / ella form, and the i of -ió becomes y between vowels: leyó. Leió keeps the i and is not a real form. Leí is the yo form, and leyeron is plural.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer mi abuela leyó la carta.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "i1t48p1qdpw0r"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-nosotros-leer-menu",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "accents",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "template": "Anoche nosotros ___ el menú. (leer)",
      "answer": "leímos",
      "distractors": [
        "leimos",
        "leyimos",
        "leyeron"
      ],
      "explanation": "Nosotros keeps the i, and the stressed í after the e carries a written accent: leímos. Leimos leaves out the accent, and leyimos is not a real form: only usted / él / ella and ustedes / ellos / ellas take the y. Leyeron is plural.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche nosotros leímos el menú.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "109mgveprbase"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-amigos-creer-historia",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A coworker asks whether your friends believed the story from your trip. You answer that they did. Which sentence do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mis amigos creieron la historia."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mis amigos creyó la historia."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mis amigos creímos la historia."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mis amigos creyeron la historia."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "Mis amigos is plural, so creer takes the ustedes / ellos / ellas form, and the i of -ieron becomes y: creyeron. Creieron keeps the i and is not a real form. Creyó is singular, and creímos is nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mis amigos creyeron la historia.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1khgs97s50vgh"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-oaxaca-leer-libro",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "accents",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A friend asks if you learned anything about Oaxaca. You say, about yourself, that you read a book about it last week. Which sentence do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Leyí un libro sobre Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Leí un libro sobre Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Leyó un libro sobre Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Leímos un libro sobre Oaxaca."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "The yo form keeps the i, with a written accent on the í: leí. Leyí wrongly puts the y into the yo form; only usted / él / ella (leyó) and ustedes / ellos / ellas take it. Leímos is nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Leí un libro sobre Oaxaca.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "89or0ze0vy15"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-leer-accent-leyo-leyeron",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "accents",
        "spelling-change"
      ],
      "statement": "In the preterite of leer, leyó has its written accent on the ó, and leyeron has no written accent.",
      "isTrue": true,
      "why": "Leyó carries its written accent on the ó, and leyeron has none. In leí, leíste and leímos, the written accent sits on the í instead.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "leyó, leyeron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "bmyj9q14h69nm"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-pensar-volver-keep-stem",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change"
      ],
      "title": "Most -ar and -er stem-changers keep a regular stem in the preterite",
      "body": "In the preterite, most **-ar** and **-er** verbs that change their stem vowel in the present keep the stem regular: **pienso** (*I think*) has the change, but **pensé** (*I thought*) does not. In the order **yo, tú, usted / él / ella, nosotros, ustedes / ellos / ellas**: **pensar** (*to think*): **pensé, pensaste, pensó, pensamos, pensaron**; **volver** (*to return, to come back*): **volví, volviste, volvió, volvimos, volvieron**. **Empezar** does the same: **empecé**, **empezó**.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "pensé, pensaste, pensó, pensamos, pensaron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-mama-pensar-abuela",
        "mcq-oaxaca-volver-viernes",
        "ot-amigos-volver-casa"
      ],
      "uid": "1y6tcg61tqpnui"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-pedir-preterite-table",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "Pedir: e changes to i in pidió and pidieron only",
      "body": "**-ir** verbs are different. Most that change their stem in the present change it in the preterite too, but only in the **usted / él / ella** and **ustedes / ellos / ellas** forms, and only **e** to **i** or **o** to **u**, whatever the present-tense change is. **Pedir** (*to ask for, to order*), in the order **yo, tú, usted / él / ella, nosotros, ustedes / ellos / ellas**: **pedí, pediste, pidió, pedimos, pidieron**.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "pedí, pediste, pidió, pedimos, pidieron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "A flat illustration of a closed menu and a glass on a restaurant table. No text, no logos, no people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "restaurant menu on table",
        "alt": "A restaurant table set with glasses and menus.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Unsplash · Ronan · Unsplash License",
        "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/clear-wine-glasses-on-top-of-dining-table-PCE0T5i4pDI",
        "subject": "A long white-clothed restaurant table set for service, with wine glasses, tumblers, cutlery and white printed menu sheets lying at the place settings; menu text too small to read, no logos.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-pedir-preterite-table.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cmp-yo-pedi-cafe",
        "mcq-ana-pedir-tacos"
      ],
      "uid": "1yj8eaz9qddup"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-servir-repetir-dormir-table",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "Servir, repetir and dormir follow pedir; dormir goes o to u",
      "body": "Three more follow **pedir**, in the order **yo, tú, usted / él / ella, nosotros, ustedes / ellos / ellas**. **Servir** (*to serve*): **serví, serviste, sirvió, servimos, sirvieron**. **Repetir** (*to repeat*): **repetí, repetiste, repitió, repetimos, repitieron**. **Dormir** (*to sleep*): **dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, durmieron**. **Dormir** changes **o** to **ue** in the present (**duermo**), but only **o** to **u** in the preterite (**durmió**). The other forms are regular.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "sirvió, repitió, durmió",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-hijo-dormir-ocho-horas",
        "ot-dormir-nosotros-oaxaca",
        "ot-mama-servir-cafe",
        "pair-ellos-repetir-anoche",
        "pair-nosotros-repetir-anoche",
        "tf-dormir-ue-preterite"
      ],
      "uid": "yj7lz11tvc8f"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-ellos-repetir-anoche",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "ellos + repetir, anoche"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "repitieron"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "repitieron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1lvsdyzuvox01"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-nosotros-repetir-anoche",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "nosotros + repetir, anoche"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "repetimos"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "repetimos",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "12zi4hofu8g3w"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-hijo-dormir-ocho-horas",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "template": "Anoche mi hijo ___ ocho horas. (dormir)",
      "answer": "durmió",
      "distractors": [
        "dormió",
        "dormimos",
        "durmieron"
      ],
      "explanation": "Mi hijo is singular, so dormir takes the usted / él / ella form, and the o changes to u: durmió. Dormió keeps the o and is not a real form. Dormimos goes with nosotros, and durmieron with ustedes, ellos or ellas.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche mi hijo durmió ocho horas.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "12s0a0i3grjeu"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-mama-pensar-abuela",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "template": "Ayer mi mamá ___ en mi abuela. (pensar)",
      "answer": "pensó",
      "distractors": [
        "piensó",
        "pensé",
        "pensaron"
      ],
      "explanation": "Mi mamá is singular, so pensar takes the usted / él / ella form: pensó. Pensar keeps its stem in the preterite, so piensó is not a real form. Pensé is the yo form, and pensaron is plural.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer mi mamá pensó en mi abuela.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "ihs9els60tpr"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-ana-pedir-tacos",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "At a restaurant, a friend asks what Ana ordered. You tell your friend that she ordered tacos. Which sentence do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana pedió tacos."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana pedí tacos."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana pidió tacos."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana pidieron tacos."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Ana is one person, so pedir takes the usted / él / ella form, and the e changes to i: pidió. Pedió keeps the e and is not a real form. Pedí is the yo form, and pidieron is plural.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ana pidió tacos.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "f4ogxlqv4kcb"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-oaxaca-volver-viernes",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A friend asks when you got back to Oaxaca. You say, about yourself, that you came back last Friday. Which sentence do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Volví a Oaxaca el viernes pasado.",
          "short": "Volví a Oaxaca el viernes."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Vuelví a Oaxaca el viernes pasado.",
          "short": "Vuelví a Oaxaca el viernes."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Volvió a Oaxaca el viernes pasado.",
          "short": "Volvió a Oaxaca el viernes."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Volvimos a Oaxaca el viernes pasado.",
          "short": "Volvimos a Oaxaca el viernes."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "Volver keeps its stem in the preterite: volví. Vuelví carries a stem change into the preterite and is not a real form. Volvió is the usted / él / ella form, and volvimos is nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Volví a Oaxaca el viernes pasado.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1kcehch1dtzacz"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-dormir-ue-preterite",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "statement": "Dormir changes o to ue in the usted / él / ella form of the preterite, as it does in the present.",
      "isTrue": false,
      "why": "In the preterite the change is only o to u: durmió, durmieron. The ue belongs to the present (duermo), not to the preterite.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "durmió, durmieron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1j14x916em6an"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-mama-buscar-regalo",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tell a friend what your mom did yesterday: she looked for a gift. Which sentence do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi mamá busqué un regalo."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi mamá buscó un regalo."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi mamá buscamos un regalo."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi mamá buscaron un regalo."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "Mi mamá is singular, so buscar takes the usted / él / ella form: buscó, with the regular ending. The spelling change busqué belongs to the yo form only. Buscamos is nosotros, and buscaron is plural.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mi mamá buscó un regalo.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1bgyc7b174ww25"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-pagar-cuenta-anoche",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A friend asks who paid the check at dinner last night. You answer, about yourself, that you did. Which sentence do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Anoche pagaste la cuenta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Anoche pagaron la cuenta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Anoche pagé la cuenta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Anoche pagué la cuenta."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "Pagar ends in -gar, so the yo form is pagué, with gu before é. Pagé keeps the g and is not a real form. Pagaste goes with tú, and pagaron with ustedes, ellos or ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche pagué la cuenta.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1csfd3dshtnxn"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-empezar-tu-ayer",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You ask a classmate, using the informal tú, whether she started studying yesterday. Which question do you ask?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Empezaste a estudiar ayer?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Empecé a estudiar ayer?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Empezamos a estudiar ayer?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Empezaron a estudiar ayer?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "Tú takes the regular ending: empezaste. The spelling change to c belongs to the yo form only (empecé). Empezamos is nosotros, and empezaron is ustedes, ellos or ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Empezaste a estudiar ayer?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "11dcyu51erfzsf"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-leer-tu-menu",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "accents",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You ask your friend, using the informal tú, whether she read the menu last night. Which question do you ask?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Leyiste el menú anoche?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Leímos el menú anoche?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Leíste el menú anoche?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Leyeron el menú anoche?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Tú takes leíste: the i stays, and the stressed í carries a written accent. Leyiste wrongly adds the y. Leímos goes with nosotros, and leyeron with ustedes, ellos or ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Leíste el menú anoche?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1yazfrpoqzqcn"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-abuela-creer-noticia",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "spelling-change",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tell a friend that your grandmother did not believe the news. Which sentence do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi abuela no creió la noticia."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi abuela no creyó la noticia."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi abuela no creí la noticia."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi abuela no creímos la noticia."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "Mi abuela is singular, so creer takes the usted / él / ella form: creyó, with y between vowels. Creió is not a real form, creí is the yo form, and creímos is nosotros.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mi abuela no creyó la noticia.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1aih8q71ypxqxh"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-creer-nosotros-historia",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "accents",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You and your sister heard a wild story. You tell a friend, speaking for both of you, that you believed it. Which sentence do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Creyimos la historia."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Creí la historia."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Creyeron la historia."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Creímos la historia."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "Nosotros keeps the i, with a written accent on the í: creímos. Creyimos is not a real form, creí is the yo form, and creyeron is plural.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Creímos la historia.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "eg30so1aojcyg"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-mama-servir-cafe",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "After a family breakfast, you tell a friend that your mom served the coffee. Which sentence do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi mamá servió el café."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi mamá serví el café."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi mamá sirvieron el café."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi mamá sirvió el café."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "Mi mamá is singular, so servir takes the usted / él / ella form, with e changed to i: sirvió. Servió keeps the e and is not a real form. Serví is the yo form, and sirvieron is plural.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mi mamá sirvió el café.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "8vxnpq1itsmo2"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-amigos-volver-casa",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tell a neighbor that your friends came back home last night. Which sentence do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mis amigos vuelvieron a casa."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mis amigos volvió a casa."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mis amigos volvieron a casa."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mis amigos volvimos a casa."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Mis amigos is plural, so volver takes the ustedes / ellos / ellas form, and the stem stays regular: volvieron. Vuelvieron is not a real form. Volvió is singular, and volvimos is nosotros.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mis amigos volvieron a casa.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "y61ws214v70li"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-dormir-nosotros-oaxaca",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You and your family stayed in Oaxaca. You tell a friend, speaking for all of you, that you slept there last night. Which sentence do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Anoche durmieron en Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Anoche dormimos en Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Anoche durmimos en Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Anoche dormí en Oaxaca."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "Nosotros is one of the regular forms: dormimos, with no change to u. Durmimos is not a real form. Dormí is the yo form, and durmieron is plural.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche dormimos en Oaxaca.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1glk4vu1ovg5f2"
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-yo-pedi-cafe",
      "shape": "comparison",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "stem-change",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": "You tell a friend what you ordered at breakfast: 'I ordered a coffee.' Which sentence is right?",
      "correct": {
        "caption": "Pedí un café."
      },
      "incorrect": {
        "caption": "Pidí un café."
      },
      "explanation": "Pedir changes e to i in only two preterite forms, pidió and pidieron. The yo form keeps the regular stem, so I ordered is pedí. Pidí puts the change in a form that does not take it.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Pedí un café.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1xqdk34y254ps"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-ser-ir-preterite-forms",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "ser",
        "ir",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "title": "Ser and ir share one preterite: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron",
      "body": "In the present, **ser** and **ir** differ (**soy** and **voy**). In the preterite they share one set of forms, so you learn it once and have both verbs.\n**yo fui** — *I was / I went*\n**tú fuiste** — *you were / you went (informal)*\n**usted / él / ella fue** — *you were / you went (formal); he, she was / went*\n**nosotros / nosotras fuimos** — *we were / we went*\n**ustedes / ellos / ellas fueron** — *you all were / went; they were / went*",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-ir-yo-fui-mercado",
        "cloze-ser-ustedes-fueron-amables",
        "mcq-ir-oaxaca-fuimos",
        "ot-ir-fueron-guadalajara",
        "ot-ir-tu-mercado-fuiste",
        "pair-ir-ella-fue",
        "pair-ser-tu-fuiste"
      ],
      "uid": "xcbh00ar68ps"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-ser-ir-preterite-context",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "ser",
        "ir",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "title": "The whole sentence tells you whether fue is ser or ir",
      "body": "A form like **fue** does not say which verb it is; the meaning of the whole sentence does. Two tendencies, not rules: a place introduced by **a** or **al** usually signals **ir** (**Fui al mercado.** — *I went to the market.*), and a noun or an adjective usually signals **ser** (**Fue un buen día.** — *It was a good day.*). The same form can begin both: **Mis primos fueron a Guadalajara.** — *My cousins went to Guadalajara.* **Mis primos fueron muy amables.** — *My cousins were very kind.* Careful: **a** also introduces times, as in **a las tres** (*at three*), and a time is not a place.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Fui al mercado.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-ir-yo-fui-mercado",
        "mcq-ser-ir-which-message",
        "ot-ser-fue-buen-dia"
      ],
      "uid": "pjmp111vvyaxz"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-ser-ir-preterite-accents",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "ser",
        "ir",
        "accents"
      ],
      "title": "None of fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron has a written accent",
      "body": "None of these forms has a written accent. **Fui** and **fue** have one syllable, and Spanish normally puts no written accent on a one-syllable word. **Fuiste**, **fuimos** and **fueron** are stressed on the next-to-last syllable, so they need no accent either. Compare **hablé** and **habló** from Lesson 1: they are stressed on the last syllable, so they do carry one.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Fui, fue, fuiste, fuimos, fueron.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "tf-ser-ir-fui-fue-accent"
      ],
      "uid": "1ui2vxk1q61rso"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-ser-tu-fuiste",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "ser",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "tú + ser, anoche"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "fuiste"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "fuiste",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "zq9z8818qi58o"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-ir-ella-fue",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "ir",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "ella + ir, ayer"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "fue"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "fue",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "11kjjh4tsvl60"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-ir-yo-fui-mercado",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "ir",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "template": "Ayer yo ___ al mercado. (ir)",
      "answer": "fui",
      "distractors": [
        "fuiste",
        "fue",
        "fuimos"
      ],
      "explanation": "Yo takes fui, and the hint ir tells you the verb is to go: Ayer yo fui al mercado. Fuiste is the tú form, fue is for usted, él and ella, and fuimos is for nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer yo fui al mercado.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "sb2lixyvzbff"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-ser-ustedes-fueron-amables",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "ser",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "template": "Ayer ustedes ___ muy amables. (ser)",
      "answer": "fueron",
      "distractors": [
        "fue",
        "fuimos",
        "fui"
      ],
      "explanation": "Ustedes takes fueron, and the hint ser tells you the sentence says what they were like: Ayer ustedes fueron muy amables. Fue is for one person, fuimos is for nosotros, and fui is for yo.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer ustedes fueron muy amables.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1q0q1kaif9wpq"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-ir-oaxaca-fuimos",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "ir",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You and your sister spent last weekend in Oaxaca. You tell a friend where the two of you went. Which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Fui a Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Fuimos a Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Fueron a Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Fue a Oaxaca."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "You are speaking for yourself and your sister, so use the nosotros form of ir, fuimos: Fuimos a Oaxaca. Fui would mean I went, fueron would mean they went, and fue would mean he or she went.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Fuimos a Oaxaca.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1by30mmh01d8i"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-ser-ir-which-message",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "ser",
        "ir"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your friend Luis sends four short messages. Which one tells you how some people were, rather than where someone went?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mis primos fueron muy amables."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ella fue a Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mis primos fueron a Guadalajara."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Fui al mercado."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "The whole sentence decides. Mis primos fueron muy amables means My cousins were very kind: an adjective follows, which usually means ser. In the other three a place follows (a or al), which usually means ir.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mis primos fueron muy amables.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1huhddoshcfn"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-ser-ir-fui-fue-accent",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "accents",
        "ser",
        "ir"
      ],
      "statement": "Fui and fue are written with an accent, like hablé and habló.",
      "isTrue": false,
      "why": "Fui and fue have one syllable, and Spanish normally puts no written accent on a one-syllable word. Hablé and habló are stressed on the last syllable, so they carry one.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Fui, fue, hablé, habló.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "fvgaa318xap0h"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-dar-ver-preterite-forms",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "dar",
        "ver",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "title": "Dar and ver: di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron and vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron",
      "body": "In the preterite, **dar** (*to give*) and **ver** (*to see, to watch*) both take the endings of **-er** and **-ir** verbs: **-í, -iste, -ió, -imos, -ieron**. Two of those endings lose their written accent here. **Dar** is an **-ar** verb, which is what makes it unusual. Each line gives **dar**, then **ver**.\n**yo di / vi** — *I gave / I saw*\n**tú diste / viste** — *you gave / you saw (informal)*\n**usted / él / ella dio / vio** — *you (formal), he, she gave / saw*\n**nosotros / nosotras dimos / vimos** — *we gave / we saw*\n**ustedes / ellos / ellas dieron / vieron** — *you all, they gave / saw*",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-dar-mama-dio-pesos",
        "cloze-dar-yo-di-pesos",
        "mcq-dar-papas-dieron",
        "mcq-ver-cine-vimos",
        "ot-dar-diste-pesos",
        "ot-ver-vi-pelicula",
        "ot-ver-viste-pelicula",
        "pair-dar-nosotros-dimos",
        "pair-ver-ella-vio"
      ],
      "uid": "qrdbzn17nx24p"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-dar-ver-preterite-accents",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "dar",
        "ver",
        "accents"
      ],
      "title": "Di, dio, vi and vio have no written accent",
      "body": "The one-syllable forms **di**, **dio**, **vi** and **vio** have no written accent, unlike **comí** and **comió** from Lesson 1. A one-syllable word normally takes no accent, so write **dio** and **vio**: the older spellings **dió** and **vió** now count as mistakes. The longer forms (**diste**, **dimos**, **dieron**, **viste**, **vimos**, **vieron**) are stressed on the next-to-last syllable, so they need no accent either.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Di, dio, vi, vio.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "oxbst83spop8"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-dar-ver-preterite-nosotros",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "dar",
        "ver",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "title": "Compare tenses: damos but dimos, vemos but vimos",
      "body": "Watch the vowel when you compare tenses: **damos** (*we give*) but **dimos** (*we gave*), and **vemos** (*we see*) but **vimos** (*we saw*). Because **dar** takes **-er/-ir** endings, its **nosotros** form, unlike **hablamos**, is not the same in the present and the preterite.\n**Ayer di veinte pesos.** — *Yesterday I gave twenty pesos.*\n**Mis papás dieron cien pesos.** — *My parents gave a hundred pesos.*\n**Fuimos al cine y vimos una película.** — *We went to the movies and saw a movie.*\n**¿Viste la película?** — *Did you see the movie?*",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer di veinte pesos.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "A flat illustration of rows of red cinema seats facing a blank screen. No text, no logos, no people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "empty cinema seats",
        "alt": "An empty movie theater facing a blank screen.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Unsplash · Geoffrey Moffett · Unsplash License",
        "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/red-and-black-theater-chairs-TFRezw7pQwI",
        "subject": "An empty cinema auditorium facing a large blank screen, with rows of black seats with red trim, red cup holders down the central aisle, blue side walls and pictogram-only exit signs; no readable text.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-dar-ver-preterite-nosotros.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-dar-yo-di-pesos",
        "mcq-dar-papas-dieron",
        "mcq-ver-cine-vimos",
        "ot-ver-viste-pelicula",
        "pair-dar-nosotros-dimos",
        "tf-dar-nosotros-hablamos",
        "cloze-ver-vimos-anoche"
      ],
      "uid": "96wn01188l7xv"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-dar-nosotros-dimos",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "dar",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "nosotros + dar, ayer"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "dimos"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "dimos",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1hza6pn1khnb3l"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-ver-ella-vio",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "ver",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "ella + ver, anoche"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "vio"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "vio",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "16oik0nottufx"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-dar-yo-di-pesos",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "dar",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "template": "Ayer yo ___ veinte pesos. (dar)",
      "answer": "di",
      "distractors": [
        "diste",
        "dimos",
        "dieron"
      ],
      "explanation": "Yo takes di, the preterite of dar: Ayer yo di veinte pesos. Diste is the tú form, dimos is for nosotros, and dieron is for ustedes, ellos and ellas.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer yo di veinte pesos.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1m4lsedyp5f07"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-dar-mama-dio-pesos",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "dar",
        "accents"
      ],
      "template": "Ayer mi mamá ___ cien pesos. (dar)",
      "answer": "dio",
      "distractors": [
        "dió",
        "di",
        "dieron"
      ],
      "explanation": "Mi mamá is one person, so dar takes dio: Ayer mi mamá dio cien pesos. Dio has one syllable, so it takes no written accent; dió is an older spelling that now counts as a mistake. Di is for yo and dieron is for ustedes, ellos and ellas.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer mi mamá dio cien pesos.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1vbvzmiykb9im"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-ver-cine-vimos",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "ver",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Last night you and two friends went to the movies. You tell a coworker what the three of you saw. Which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Vi una película."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Vio una película."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Vimos una película."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Vieron una película."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "You are speaking for yourself and two friends, so use the nosotros form of ver, vimos: Vimos una película. Vi would mean I saw, vio would mean he or she saw, and vieron would mean they saw.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Vimos una película.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1m67afzwbvqrp"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-dar-papas-dieron",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "dar",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your parents gave your cousin some money for her trip. You tell a friend it was a hundred pesos. Which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mis papás di cien pesos."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mis papás dio cien pesos."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mis papás dimos cien pesos."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mis papás dieron cien pesos."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "Mis papás is a plural subject (they), so dar takes dieron: Mis papás dieron cien pesos. Dio is for one person, di is for yo, and dimos is for nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mis papás dieron cien pesos.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1od7npp1bqzv5r"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-dar-nosotros-hablamos",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "dar",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "statement": "Like hablamos, the nosotros form of dar is the same in the present and the preterite.",
      "isTrue": false,
      "why": "Dar takes -er/-ir endings in the preterite, so its nosotros form is not the same in both tenses: damos (we give) but dimos (we gave). Unlike hablamos, it changes.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Damos, dimos, hablamos.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1oy84i2l2xfwe"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-hacer-preterite-forms",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "hacer",
        "irregular-stem",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "title": "Hacer has its own preterite stem: hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron",
      "body": "**Hacer** (*to do, to make*) has its own preterite stem: **hic-** replaces **hac-**. The endings are **-e, -iste, -o, -imos, -ieron**, and none of them carries a written accent.\n**yo hice** — *I did or made*\n**tú hiciste** — *you did or made (informal)*\n**usted / él / ella hizo** — *you did or made (formal); he, she did or made*\n**nosotros / nosotras hicimos** — *we did or made*\n**ustedes / ellos / ellas hicieron** — *you all did or made; they did or made*",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-hacer-nosotros-hicimos-tacos",
        "cloze-hacer-yo-hice-tarea",
        "cmp-anoche-hicimos-tacos",
        "mcq-hacer-fin-de-semana-hicieron",
        "mcq-hacer-marta-hizo",
        "ot-hacer-hiciste-ayer",
        "ot-hacer-nosotros-hicimos",
        "ot-hacer-usted-hizo",
        "pair-hacer-ellos-hicieron",
        "pair-hacer-tu-hiciste"
      ],
      "uid": "63gvh716t5fv5"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-hacer-preterite-hizo-z",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "hacer",
        "spelling-change",
        "accents"
      ],
      "title": "Hizo is spelled with z; hice and hizo take no written accent",
      "body": "The **usted / él / ella** form is **hizo**, spelled with **z** to keep the s sound. In Mexico and most of Latin America, **c** before **e** or **i** sounds like s (**hice**, **hiciste**, **hicimos**, **hicieron**), but **c** before **o** would sound like k, so the spelling changes to **z**. **Hizo** is the only preterite form of **hacer** spelled with z.\n**Hice** and **hizo** need no accent because they are stressed on the next-to-last syllable. Compare **hablé** and **habló** from Lesson 1, which are stressed on the last syllable.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Hice, hizo.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "mcq-hacer-marta-hizo",
        "ot-hacer-usted-hizo",
        "tf-hacer-hizo-only-z"
      ],
      "uid": "1fzi68v17k5akl"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-hacer-preterite-uses",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "hacer",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "title": "Hacer in use: past questions, names, and to do versus to make",
      "body": "Compare the present: **hago** (*I do*) but **hice** (*I did*), and **hace** (*he, she does*) but **hizo** (*he, she did*).\n**¿Qué hiciste ayer?** — *What did you do yesterday?*\n**¿Qué hicieron el fin de semana?** — *What did you all do over the weekend?*\nWith a person's name, use the **él / ella** form: **¿Qué hizo Marta anoche?** — *What did Marta do last night?*\n**Hacer** usually means *to do* for an activity and *to make* for something you create: **Hice la tarea.** — *I did my homework.* **Anoche hicimos tacos.** — *Last night we made tacos.*",
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Qué hiciste ayer?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "A flat illustration of hands filling tortillas with ingredients on a kitchen counter. No text, no logos, no real people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "hands preparing tacos kitchen",
        "alt": "Hands holding a soft taco over a plate.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Pexels · ROMAN ODINTSOV · Pexels License",
        "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-of-a-breakfast-taco-with-eggs-5840314/",
        "subject": "A close-up of two hands holding a soft taco filled with egg, crumbled white cheese, cilantro and meat, over a patterned ceramic plate; no text or logos.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-hacer-preterite-uses.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-hacer-nosotros-hicimos-tacos",
        "cloze-hacer-yo-hice-tarea",
        "cmp-anoche-hicimos-tacos",
        "mcq-hacer-fin-de-semana-hicieron",
        "mcq-hacer-marta-hizo",
        "ot-hacer-hiciste-ayer",
        "ot-hacer-nosotros-hicimos",
        "pair-hacer-tu-hiciste"
      ],
      "uid": "oahv3aeq4fx6"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-hacer-tu-hiciste",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "hacer",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "tú + hacer, ayer"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "hiciste"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "hiciste",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "kbokzbzwlj3x"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-hacer-ellos-hicieron",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "hacer",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "ellos + hacer, anoche"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "hicieron"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "hicieron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1flchbz18xpi91"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-hacer-yo-hice-tarea",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "hacer",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "template": "Ayer yo ___ la tarea. (hacer)",
      "answer": "hice",
      "distractors": [
        "hiciste",
        "hicimos",
        "hicieron"
      ],
      "explanation": "Yo takes hice: Ayer yo hice la tarea. Hiciste is the tú form, hicimos is for nosotros, and hicieron is for ustedes, ellos and ellas.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer yo hice la tarea.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "16yx64c8ntugc"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-hacer-nosotros-hicimos-tacos",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "hacer",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "template": "Anoche nosotros ___ tacos. (hacer)",
      "answer": "hicimos",
      "distractors": [
        "hice",
        "hizo",
        "hicieron"
      ],
      "explanation": "Nosotros takes hicimos: Anoche nosotros hicimos tacos. Hice is for yo, hizo is for usted, él and ella, and hicieron is for ustedes, ellos and ellas.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche nosotros hicimos tacos.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "qfz2k7qlalbx"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-hacer-fin-de-semana-hicieron",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "hacer",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your cousins just got back from a weekend trip. Speaking to all of them (ustedes), you ask what they did over the weekend. Which question fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hice el fin de semana?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hizo el fin de semana?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hicimos el fin de semana?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hicieron el fin de semana?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "You are speaking to a group, so use the ustedes form, hicieron: ¿Qué hicieron el fin de semana? Hizo is for one person (usted, él, ella), hice is for yo, and hicimos is for nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Qué hicieron el fin de semana?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "mvdl8j1q9tupl"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-hacer-marta-hizo",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "hacer",
        "spelling-change"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A friend was at a party with Marta last night, and you were not. You ask your friend what Marta did. Which question fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hice Marta anoche?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hizo Marta anoche?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hico Marta anoche?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hicieron Marta anoche?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "A person's name takes the él / ella form, so hacer is hizo, spelled with z: ¿Qué hizo Marta anoche? Hico is a spelling mistake (c before o would sound like k), hice is for yo, and hicieron is for ustedes, ellos and ellas.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Qué hizo Marta anoche?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "fziisxyjafjn"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-hacer-hizo-only-z",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "hacer",
        "spelling-change"
      ],
      "statement": "Hizo is the only preterite form of hacer that is spelled with z.",
      "isTrue": true,
      "why": "The usted / él / ella form is hizo, with z to keep the s sound, because c before o would sound like k. The other forms keep the c: hice, hiciste, hicimos, hicieron.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "v6ztwm1v1k8nu"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-ir-tu-mercado-fuiste",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "ir",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your friend Ana was out all day yesterday. You ask her, informally, whether she went to the market. Which question fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Fuimos al mercado ayer?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Fueron al mercado ayer?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Fuiste al mercado ayer?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Fui al mercado ayer?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "You speak to one friend, informally, so ir takes the tú form: ¿Fuiste al mercado ayer? Fui is for yo, fuimos for nosotros, and fueron for ustedes, ellos and ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Fuiste al mercado ayer?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "x4umrh1jtnf5b"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-ser-fue-buen-dia",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "ser",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "At the end of a great Saturday, you tell your mom that it was a good day. Which sentence says that?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Fui un buen día."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Fuimos un buen día."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Fueron un buen día."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Fue un buen día."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "It was a good day says what the day was like, so the verb is ser, and it takes the same form as usted, él and ella: Fue un buen día. Fui is for yo, fuimos for nosotros, and fueron for ustedes, ellos and ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Fue un buen día.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1dvwwcmkh4522"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-ir-fueron-guadalajara",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "ir",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your two cousins were away last week. Speaking to both of them (ustedes), you ask whether they went to Guadalajara. Which question fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Fueron a Guadalajara la semana pasada?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Fui a Guadalajara la semana pasada?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Fue a Guadalajara la semana pasada?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Fuimos a Guadalajara la semana pasada?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "You speak to a group, so ir takes the ustedes form, fueron, and a place follows: ¿Fueron a Guadalajara la semana pasada? Fui is for yo, fue is for usted, él and ella, and fuimos is for nosotros.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Fueron a Guadalajara la semana pasada?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1qb74ph1e0wngn"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-ver-viste-pelicula",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "ver",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "After the weekend, you ask a friend, informally, whether he saw the movie everyone is talking about. Which question fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Vi la película?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Viste la película?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Vimos la película?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Vieron la película?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "You ask one friend, informally, so ver takes the tú form: ¿Viste la película? Vi is for yo, vimos for nosotros, and vieron for ustedes, ellos and ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Viste la película?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "cy3pkb12mxkdd"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-ver-vi-pelicula",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "ver",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your mom asks how your evening was. You tell her that last night you watched a movie at home, alone. Which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Anoche vi una película."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Anoche vieron una película."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Anoche vimos una película."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Anoche viste una película."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "You watched it alone, so use the yo form: Anoche vi una película. Viste is for tú, vimos for nosotros, and vieron for ustedes, ellos and ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche vi una película.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "awkca2n4pz26"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-dar-diste-pesos",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "dar",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your friend Luis says he gave some money to a boy outside the school yesterday. You ask him, informally, whether it was twenty pesos. Which question fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Di veinte pesos?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Dimos veinte pesos?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Diste veinte pesos?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Dieron veinte pesos?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "You ask Luis, informally, so dar takes the tú form: ¿Diste veinte pesos? Di is for yo, dimos for nosotros, and dieron for ustedes, ellos and ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Diste veinte pesos?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "b0n7izry9qy9"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-hacer-hiciste-ayer",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "hacer",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A friend you have not seen all week is back. You ask him, informally, what he did yesterday. Which question fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hiciste ayer?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hicimos ayer?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hice ayer?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hicieron ayer?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "You ask one friend, informally, so hacer takes the tú form: ¿Qué hiciste ayer? Hice is for yo, hicimos for nosotros, and hicieron for ustedes, ellos and ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Qué hiciste ayer?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "61ed1313req71"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-hacer-usted-hizo",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "hacer",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You meet your friend's mother and speak to her formally, with usted. You ask her what she did last week. Which question fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hicimos la semana pasada?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hicieron la semana pasada?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hizo la semana pasada?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hice la semana pasada?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Usted takes the same form as él and ella, so hacer is hizo: ¿Qué hizo la semana pasada? Hice is for yo, hicimos is for nosotros, and hicieron is for ustedes, ellos and ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Qué hizo la semana pasada?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1ddanpna62map"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-hacer-nosotros-hicimos",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "hacer",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You and your friend Luis went out the day before yesterday, and now you are trying to remember it. You ask him what the two of you did. Which question fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hice anteayer?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hicimos anteayer?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hicieron anteayer?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué hizo anteayer?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "You mean the two of you, so hacer takes the nosotros form, hicimos: ¿Qué hicimos anteayer? Hice is for yo, hizo is for usted, él and ella, and hicieron is for ustedes, ellos and ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Qué hicimos anteayer?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1gc2ovq7t8nyi"
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-anoche-hicimos-tacos",
      "shape": "comparison",
      "tags": [
        "hacer",
        "irregular-stem",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": "You tell a friend what your family made last night: 'Last night we made tacos.' Which sentence is right?",
      "correct": {
        "caption": "Anoche hicimos tacos."
      },
      "incorrect": {
        "caption": "Anoche hacimos tacos."
      },
      "explanation": "Hacer has its own preterite stem: hic- replaces hac-, so we made is hicimos. Hacimos keeps the hac- of the infinitive, which the preterite does not use.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche hicimos tacos.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "dgiz681x4imgw"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-irregular-stems-endings",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "title": "Irregular stems take -e, -iste, -o, -imos, -ieron",
      "body": "A group of common verbs takes an **irregular stem** in the preterite and its own unaccented endings: **-e, -iste, -o, -imos, -ieron**. The stem is irregular in all five forms, and the endings are the same for -ar, -er and -ir verbs. Only the **yo** (**-e**) and **usted / él / ella** (**-o**) endings differ from the regular -er and -ir endings: **comí** (*I ate*), **comió** (*he, she ate*).\n**tener** (stem **tuv-**, *to have*), for **yo, tú, usted / él / ella, nosotros, ustedes / ellos / ellas**: **tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvieron**.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvieron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-tener-yo-tuve",
        "mcq-tuvimos-salir-temprano",
        "ot-tener-hermana-tuvo"
      ],
      "uid": "1czmj2k243qa"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-estar-poder-preterite",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "Estar and poder: the stems estuv- and pud-",
      "body": "**estar** (stem **estuv-**, *to be*): **estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvieron**. **poder** (stem **pud-**, *to be able to*): **pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudieron**. The forms run **yo**, **tú**, **usted / él / ella**, **nosotros**, **ustedes / ellos / ellas**. **Estar** ends in -ar, but in the preterite it takes these endings, not the -ar endings of Lesson 1. **Poder** changes its stem in the present (**puedo**, *I can*), but its preterite stem is **pud-**. **No pude llegar a tiempo.** — *I wasn't able to arrive on time.*",
      "speak": {
        "text": "No pude llegar a tiempo.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "Flat clean illustration of a person hurrying along a street while looking at a wristwatch, no text, no logos, no real people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "man hurrying checking wristwatch late",
        "alt": "A man on the phone frowning at his watch, running late.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Pexels · Andrea Piacquadio · Pexels License",
        "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/photo-of-man-in-blue-blazer-and-striped-shirt-standing-by-stairs-while-on-the-phone-and-looking-at-his-watch-3760606/",
        "subject": "A man in a navy blazer and striped shirt on a street by yellow railings, phone at his ear, frowning at the wristwatch on his raised wrist, backlit by low sun; reads as running late.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-estar-poder-preterite.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-estar-primos-estuvieron",
        "mcq-pude-llegar-tiempo",
        "ot-estar-tu-estuviste",
        "ot-poder-primos-pudieron",
        "pair-estuvimos-we-were",
        "pair-poder-ella-pudo"
      ],
      "uid": "oxetqr16at7d5"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-tuve-pudo-no-accent",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "accents",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "title": "Tuve and pudo: no written accent",
      "body": "None of the preterite forms in this group of irregular verbs, such as **tuve** and **pudo**, has a written accent. Regular **hablé** (*I spoke*) and **habló** (*he, she spoke*) carry one because they are stressed on the last syllable. **Tuve** and **pudo** are stressed on the first syllable (**TU**-ve, **PU**-do). As a general rule, Spanish writes no accent on a word that ends in a vowel, n or s and is stressed on the next-to-last syllable.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "tuve, pudo",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "tf-pudo-no-accent"
      ],
      "uid": "1vq8o95zhgdvv"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-poder-ella-pudo",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "ella + poder, ayer"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "pudo"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "pudo",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "13gw9v3q0fkyd"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-estuvimos-we-were",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "estuvimos"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "we were"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "estuvimos",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "ldpik91smh28r"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-tener-yo-tuve",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "template": "Ayer yo ___ mucho trabajo. (tener)",
      "answer": "tuve",
      "distractors": [
        "tuvo",
        "tuviste",
        "tuvimos"
      ],
      "explanation": "Yo needs the yo form of tener: tuve, from the stem tuv- and the ending -e. Tuvo is for usted / él / ella, tuviste for tú, and tuvimos for nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer yo tuve mucho trabajo.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "fb7ae7en1vd1"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-estar-primos-estuvieron",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "template": "Anoche mis primos ___ en mi casa. (estar)",
      "answer": "estuvieron",
      "distractors": [
        "estuve",
        "estuviste",
        "estuvimos"
      ],
      "explanation": "Mis primos is plural (they), so estar takes the ustedes / ellos / ellas form: estuvieron. Estar ends in -ar but takes the irregular-stem endings here. Estuve is for yo, estuviste for tú, and estuvimos for nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche mis primos estuvieron en mi casa.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1mpd3ay1uw6b1q"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-tuvimos-salir-temprano",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Last night you and your friends had to leave a party early. Telling a coworker about it, as one of the group, which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Tuve que salir temprano."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Tuviste que salir temprano."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Tuvimos que salir temprano."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Tuvieron que salir temprano."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "You are one of the group, so use the nosotros form of tener: tuvimos. Tuve is for yo, tuviste for tú, and tuvieron for ustedes / ellos / ellas.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Tuvimos que salir temprano.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1dga9gd1o1ij5b"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-pude-llegar-tiempo",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A coworker asks why you were late yesterday. You answer, about yourself, that you weren't able to arrive on time. Which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "No pudiste llegar a tiempo."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "No pudo llegar a tiempo."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "No pudimos llegar a tiempo."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "No pude llegar a tiempo."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "You speak about yourself, so use the yo form of poder: pude, from the stem pud-. Pudo is for usted / él / ella, pudiste for tú, and pudimos for nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "No pude llegar a tiempo.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "asnsuc1f31cac"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-pudo-no-accent",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "accents",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "statement": "Like habló, the form pudo carries a written accent.",
      "isTrue": false,
      "why": "Pudo has no written accent: it is stressed on the first syllable (PU-do). Habló carries one because it is stressed on the last syllable.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "pudo",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1rb0cp71mrdcv5"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-poner-preterite-pus",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "title": "Poner: the stem pus- with the same endings",
      "body": "The same endings, **-e, -iste, -o, -imos, -ieron**, go on four more irregular stems, and none of these forms has a written accent either. **poner** (stem **pus-**, *to put*), for **yo, tú, usted / él / ella, nosotros, ustedes / ellos / ellas**: **puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusieron**. **Puse los platos en la mesa.** — *I put the plates on the table.* **¿Dónde pusiste las llaves?** — *Where did you put the keys?*",
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Dónde pusiste las llaves?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "Flat clean illustration of a stack of plates and a set of keys resting on a wooden table, simple shapes, no text, no logos, no people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "plates set on dining table",
        "alt": "A long table set with plates, forks and knives.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Unsplash · Blake Wisz · Unsplash License",
        "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/a-table-with-plates-and-glasses-on-it-Xi-I2rWO77g",
        "subject": "A long pine table with a row of pale-blue ceramic plates, forks and knives on white napkins and empty glasses at each place, chairs alongside; plates sharp, no text or logos.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-poner-preterite-pus.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-poner-yo-puse",
        "ot-poner-tu-pusiste"
      ],
      "uid": "gqut5xpmiqpj"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-querer-venir-preterite",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem",
        "meaning-change"
      ],
      "title": "Querer and venir: the stems quis- and vin-",
      "body": "**querer** (*to want*) has the preterite stem **quis-**, not the **quier-** of the present (**quiero**, *I want*): **quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisieron**. **venir** (stem **vin-**, *to come*): **vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinieron**. The forms run **yo**, **tú**, **usted / él / ella**, **nosotros**, **ustedes / ellos / ellas**. With an infinitive, **querer** usually means you tried, not just that you wanted to: **Quise hablar con mi mamá, pero no pude.** — *I tried to talk to my mom, but I wasn't able to.* **¿Cuándo viniste a México?** — *When did you come to Mexico?*",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Quise hablar con mi mamá, pero no pude.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cmp-primos-vinieron-casa",
        "mcq-querer-mama-quise",
        "mcq-venir-tu-viniste",
        "ot-querer-hermana-quiso",
        "pair-querer-nosotros-quisimos",
        "pair-venir-ellos-vinieron",
        "cloze-querer-quisieron-puerta"
      ],
      "uid": "cg0u0vk2ye3p"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-saber-preterite-find-out",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem",
        "meaning-change"
      ],
      "title": "Saber in the preterite usually means to find out",
      "body": "**saber** (stem **sup-**): **supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supieron**, for **yo, tú, usted / él / ella, nosotros, ustedes / ellos / ellas**. In the preterite, **saber** usually means *to find out*, which is how these forms are translated: **supe** is *I found out*, **supimos** is *we found out*. **Mi mamá supo la noticia anoche.** — *My mom found out the news last night.*",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mi mamá supo la noticia anoche.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-saber-nosotros-supimos",
        "ot-saber-yo-supe",
        "tf-saber-find-out",
        "pair-saber-supe-verdad"
      ],
      "uid": "fjjcdn5k811d"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-venir-ellos-vinieron",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "ellos + venir, ayer"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "vinieron"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "vinieron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "89l52y5kuqfi"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-querer-nosotros-quisimos",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "nosotros + querer, ayer"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "quisimos"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "quisimos",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "u7t1mmy0te0i"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-poner-yo-puse",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "template": "Anoche yo ___ los platos en la mesa. (poner)",
      "answer": "puse",
      "distractors": [
        "puso",
        "pusimos",
        "pusieron"
      ],
      "explanation": "Yo needs the yo form of poner: puse, from the stem pus- and the ending -e. Puso is for usted / él / ella, pusimos for nosotros, and pusieron for ustedes / ellos / ellas.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche yo puse los platos en la mesa.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "35skxn6w779t"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-saber-nosotros-supimos",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem",
        "meaning-change"
      ],
      "template": "Anoche nosotros ___ la noticia. (saber)",
      "answer": "supimos",
      "distractors": [
        "supe",
        "supo",
        "supieron"
      ],
      "explanation": "Nosotros needs the nosotros form of saber: supimos, from the stem sup-. In the preterite saber usually means to find out, so this says we found out the news. Supe is for yo, supo for usted / él / ella, supieron for ustedes / ellos / ellas.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche nosotros supimos la noticia.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "11huuzl1rhex7n"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-venir-tu-viniste",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A classmate is visiting from abroad. In the informal way, you ask her when she came to Mexico. Which question fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Cuándo vine a México?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Cuándo viniste a México?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Cuándo vinimos a México?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Cuándo vinieron a México?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "You ask your classmate directly in the informal way, so use the tú form of venir: viniste, from the stem vin-. Vine is for yo, vinimos for nosotros, and vinieron for ustedes / ellos / ellas.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Cuándo viniste a México?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "h4tff118a88v3"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-querer-mama-quise",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Yesterday you tried to talk to your mom. Telling a friend, about yourself, which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Quise hablar con mi mamá."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Quiso hablar con mi mamá."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Quisimos hablar con mi mamá."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Quisieron hablar con mi mamá."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "You speak about yourself, so use the yo form of querer: quise, from the stem quis-, not the quier- of the present. With an infinitive it usually means you tried, as here. Quiso is for usted / él / ella, quisimos for nosotros, quisieron for ustedes / ellos / ellas.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Quise hablar con mi mamá.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1ibq5b01k57cq4"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-saber-find-out",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem",
        "meaning-change"
      ],
      "statement": "In the preterite, saber usually means to find out, so Mi mamá supo la noticia anoche means \"My mom found out the news last night.\"",
      "isTrue": true,
      "why": "Saber's preterite forms are translated as found out: supe is I found out and supo is he, she found out. So supo here means she found out the news.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mi mamá supo la noticia anoche.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "60aljbtva5v1"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-decir-dij-stem",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "j-stem"
      ],
      "title": "Decir: the j stem dij- and the ending -eron",
      "body": "**Decir** and **traer** have stems that end in **j**: **dij-** and **traj-**. The ustedes / ellos / ellas form ends in **-eron**, not -ieron: the i drops out after the j. The other four forms keep their usual endings (**-e, -iste, -o, -imos**). **decir** (*to say, to tell*), for **yo, tú, usted / él / ella, nosotros, ustedes / ellos / ellas**: **dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijeron**. **Mi mamá dijo que sí.** — *My mom said yes.* **¿Qué dijiste?** — *What did you say?*",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mi mamá dijo que sí.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-decir-mama-dijo",
        "mcq-decir-verdad-dijeron",
        "ot-decir-nosotros-dijimos",
        "ot-decir-tu-dijiste",
        "pair-decir-yo-dije",
        "tf-trajieron-nonstandard"
      ],
      "uid": "11xcmd5nkolqz"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-traer-traj-stem",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "j-stem"
      ],
      "title": "Traer: the j stem traj- and the form trajeron",
      "body": "**traer** (stem **traj-**, *to bring*), for **yo, tú, usted / él / ella, nosotros, ustedes / ellos / ellas**: **traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajeron**. **Traje pan dulce.** — *I brought pan dulce (sweet bread).* **Mis primos trajeron tamales.** — *My cousins brought tamales.*",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mis primos trajeron tamales.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "Flat clean illustration of a tray of colorful round sweet breads with shell-pattern tops beside a plate of tamales, no text, no logos, no people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "pan dulce sweet bread tray",
        "alt": "Conchas and other Mexican sweet breads on bakery trays.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Pexels · Blue Arauz · Pexels License",
        "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-of-mexican-bread-on-a-food-shelf-12097596/",
        "subject": "Several conchas on a metal tray in the foreground with other sweet breads (cuernos, rolls) on trays behind them in a bakery display; no readable text.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-traer-traj-stem.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-traer-primos-trajeron",
        "mcq-traer-pan-dulce-traje",
        "ot-traer-mama-trajo",
        "pair-trajimos-we-brought",
        "tf-trajieron-nonstandard"
      ],
      "uid": "1f0mek2zm17pi"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-dijieron-trajieron-mistake",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "j-stem"
      ],
      "title": "Say dijeron and trajeron, not the nonstandard dijieron or trajieron",
      "body": "Watch for this mistake with the nine verbs whose **yo** forms are **tuve, estuve, pude, puse, quise, vine, supe, dije** and **traje**: it is easy to add the i by habit and say **dijieron** or **trajieron**, because all the other verbs among them have **-ieron**. Those forms are nonstandard. Say **dijeron** (*they said*) and **trajeron** (*they brought*). None of those **yo** forms has a written accent.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "dijeron, trajeron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-traer-primos-trajeron",
        "mcq-decir-verdad-dijeron",
        "tf-trajieron-nonstandard"
      ],
      "uid": "1d3mslc1giqfk"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-decir-yo-dije",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "j-stem"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "yo + decir, ayer"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "dije"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "dije",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1dhdmckrakk8k"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-trajimos-we-brought",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "j-stem"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "trajimos"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "we brought"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "trajimos",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1470yxssxz57"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-decir-mama-dijo",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "j-stem"
      ],
      "template": "Ayer mi mamá ___ que sí. (decir)",
      "answer": "dijo",
      "distractors": [
        "dije",
        "dijimos",
        "dijeron"
      ],
      "explanation": "Mi mamá is one person (she), so decir takes the usted / él / ella form: dijo, from the stem dij-. Dije is for yo, dijimos for nosotros, and dijeron for ustedes / ellos / ellas.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer mi mamá dijo que sí.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1t11bbs1kqdsqw"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-traer-primos-trajeron",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "j-stem"
      ],
      "template": "Anoche mis primos ___ tamales a la fiesta. (traer)",
      "answer": "trajeron",
      "distractors": [
        "traje",
        "trajiste",
        "trajimos"
      ],
      "explanation": "Mis primos is plural (they), so traer takes the ustedes / ellos / ellas form: trajeron, with -eron, not -ieron. Traje is for yo, trajiste for tú, and trajimos for nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche mis primos trajeron tamales a la fiesta.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "j4q82w1k4rdk"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-decir-verdad-dijeron",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "j-stem"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Yesterday your neighbors were asked what happened, and they told the truth. Telling a friend, which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Dije la verdad."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Dijimos la verdad."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Dijieron la verdad."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Dijeron la verdad."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "Your neighbors are they, the ustedes / ellos / ellas form, and decir ends in -eron there: dijeron. Dijieron adds an i by habit and is nonstandard. Dije is for yo and dijimos is for nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Dijeron la verdad.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "h1y8z18joupr"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-traer-pan-dulce-traje",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "j-stem"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Last night you arrived at a family dinner with pan dulce. A cousin asks what you brought, and you answer about yourself. Which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Traje pan dulce."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Trajiste pan dulce."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Trajo pan dulce."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Trajimos pan dulce."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "You speak about yourself, so use the yo form of traer: traje, from the stem traj-. Trajiste is for tú, trajo for usted / él / ella, and trajimos for nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Traje pan dulce.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "l5u8ht12cgobn"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-trajieron-nonstandard",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "j-stem"
      ],
      "statement": "Because other irregular verbs end in -ieron, the standard ustedes / ellos / ellas form of traer is trajieron.",
      "isTrue": false,
      "why": "The standard form is trajeron: after the j, the i drops out. Trajieron, like dijieron, is nonstandard.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "trajeron",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "3h5nmeycr5"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-estar-tu-estuviste",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You ask a close friend, in the informal way, where she was yesterday. Which question fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Dónde estuve ayer?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Dónde estuviste ayer?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Dónde estuvimos ayer?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Dónde estuvieron ayer?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "You ask your friend directly in the informal way, so use the tú form of estar: estuviste. Estuve is for yo, estuvimos for nosotros, and estuvieron for ustedes / ellos / ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Dónde estuviste ayer?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "f01j71nbpqu7"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-tener-hermana-tuvo",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tell a friend that your sister had a lot of work yesterday. Which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Tuvo mucho trabajo ayer."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Tuve mucho trabajo ayer."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Tuvimos mucho trabajo ayer."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Tuvieron mucho trabajo ayer."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "Your sister is one person (she), so use the usted / él / ella form of tener: tuvo. Tuve is for yo, tuvimos for nosotros, and tuvieron for ustedes / ellos / ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Tuvo mucho trabajo ayer.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "9t8in711ux69l"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-poder-primos-pudieron",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your cousins were able to come to the party last night. Telling a friend, which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Pude venir a la fiesta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Pudimos venir a la fiesta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Pudieron venir a la fiesta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Pudiste venir a la fiesta."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Your cousins are plural (they), so use the ustedes / ellos / ellas form of poder: pudieron. Pude is for yo, pudimos for nosotros, and pudiste for tú.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Pudieron venir a la fiesta.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "zdb6zq1jc9cka"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-poner-tu-pusiste",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You can't find your keys. In the informal way, you ask your roommate where she put them last night. Which question fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Dónde puse las llaves?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Dónde pusimos las llaves?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Dónde pusieron las llaves?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Dónde pusiste las llaves?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "You ask your roommate directly in the informal way, so use the tú form of poner: pusiste. Puse is for yo, pusimos for nosotros, and pusieron for ustedes / ellos / ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Dónde pusiste las llaves?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "qswh33rwkrad"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-saber-yo-supe",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem",
        "meaning-change"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You found out some news last night. Telling your mom, about yourself, which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Supiste la noticia anoche."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Supieron la noticia anoche."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Supe la noticia anoche."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Supo la noticia anoche."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "You speak about yourself, so use the yo form of saber: supe. In the preterite saber usually means to find out. Supiste is for tú, supieron for ustedes / ellos / ellas, and supo for usted / él / ella.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Supe la noticia anoche.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "i594tp1nnnjz3"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-querer-hermana-quiso",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Last night your sister tried to come to the party. Telling a friend, which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Quise venir a la fiesta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Quiso venir a la fiesta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Quisimos venir a la fiesta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Quisieron venir a la fiesta."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "Your sister is one person (she), so use the usted / él / ella form of querer: quiso, from the stem quis-, and here it means she tried. Quise is for yo, quisimos for nosotros, and quisieron for ustedes / ellos / ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Quiso venir a la fiesta.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1l3bs28vixozk"
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-primos-vinieron-casa",
      "shape": "comparison",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "irregular-stem"
      ],
      "prompt": "Your cousins came over to your house, and you tell a friend about it. Which sentence is right?",
      "correct": {
        "caption": "Mis primos vinieron a mi casa."
      },
      "incorrect": {
        "caption": "Mis primos venieron a mi casa."
      },
      "explanation": "Venir takes the irregular stem vin- in all five preterite forms, so they came is vinieron. Venieron keeps the ven- of the infinitive, which the preterite does not use.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mis primos vinieron a mi casa.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "a2o1c31begrkp"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-decir-tu-dijiste",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "j-stem"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A friend mumbled and you missed it. In the informal way, you ask her what she said. Which question fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué dije?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué dijiste?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué dijimos?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Qué dijeron?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "You ask your friend directly in the informal way, so use the tú form of decir: dijiste. Dije is for yo, dijimos for nosotros, and dijeron for ustedes / ellos / ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Qué dijiste?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1lg4g3i1tl7qky"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-traer-mama-trajo",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "j-stem"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your mom brought tamales to the party last night. Telling a friend, which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Traje tamales a la fiesta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Trajimos tamales a la fiesta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Trajo tamales a la fiesta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Trajeron tamales a la fiesta."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Your mom is one person (she), so use the usted / él / ella form of traer: trajo. Traje is for yo, trajimos for nosotros, and trajeron for ustedes / ellos / ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Trajo tamales a la fiesta.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1hgu13i1221k3m"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-decir-nosotros-dijimos",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "j-stem"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Last night your mom asked you and your cousins to help, and the group said yes. Telling a friend, as one of the group, which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Dijimos que sí."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Dije que sí."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Dijo que sí."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Dijeron que sí."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "You are one of the group, so use the nosotros form of decir: dijimos. Dije is for yo, dijo for usted / él / ella, and dijeron for ustedes / ellos / ellas.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Dijimos que sí.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "nna1h92hmnm7"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-hablar-imperfect",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "Hablar takes the imperfect endings -aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -aban",
      "body": "To form the imperfect, drop **-ar** and add **-aba, -abas, -aba, -ábamos, -aban**. **Hablar** (*to speak*): **yo hablaba** (*I used to speak*), **tú hablabas** (*you used to speak, informal*), **usted / él / ella hablaba** (*you used to speak, formal / he, she used to speak*), **nosotros hablábamos** (*we used to speak*), **ustedes / ellos / ellas hablaban** (*you all used to speak / they used to speak*). In -ar verbs, only the **nosotros** form has a written accent: **Hablábamos español.** (*We used to speak Spanish.*)",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Hablaba, hablabas, hablaba, hablábamos, hablaban.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "ot-padres-hablaban-abuela",
        "pair-nosotros-hablabamos"
      ],
      "uid": "18fvmjl18klbgj"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-comer-vivir-imperfect",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "er-verbs",
        "ir-verbs"
      ],
      "title": "Comer and vivir share the endings -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -ían",
      "body": "Both -er and -ir verbs use **-ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, -ían**, with a written accent on every **í**. **Comer** (*to eat*): **comía, comías, comía, comíamos, comían**. **Vivir** (*to live*): **vivía, vivías, vivía, vivíamos, vivían**. The forms run **yo, tú, usted / él / ella, nosotros, ustedes / ellos / ellas**. The **yo** and **usted / él / ella** forms are the same, so a pronoun, a name or the context shows who: **Yo vivía en Guadalajara. Ana vivía en Monterrey.**",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Yo vivía en Guadalajara. Ana vivía en Monterrey.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "A photograph of Guadalajara Cathedral in the center of Guadalajara, Mexico (a named place: sourced, never generated).",
        "imageSearchTerm": "Guadalajara Cathedral",
        "alt": "Guadalajara Cathedral and its two tiled spires, seen from above.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "ProtoplasmaKid (Wikimedia Commons) · CC BY-SA 4.0",
        "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Catedral_metropolitana_de_Guadalajara_01.jpg",
        "subject": "Clean daytime aerial (drone) photograph of the Guadalajara Cathedral: both yellow-and-blue tiled spires with crosses, the facade, dome and surrounding plaza under a clear blue sky; no text or logos.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-comer-vivir-imperfect.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-yo-vivia-guadalajara",
        "mcq-comias-tamales",
        "tf-comer-yo-ella-same"
      ],
      "uid": "hz1u2oi98f2"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-odd-present-regular-imperfect",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "stem-change"
      ],
      "title": "Verbs with a stem change or odd present form are regular in the imperfect",
      "body": "Apart from **ser**, **ir** and **ver**, which come next, verbs with a stem change or an odd form in the present are regular in the imperfect. **Quiero, puedo, tengo, hago, digo** and **estoy** become **quería, podía, tenía, hacía, decía** and **estaba**. **Querer** (*to want*): **quería, querías, quería, queríamos, querían**. **Poder** (*can*): **podía, podías, podía, podíamos, podían**. **Tener** (*to have*): **tenía, tenías, tenía, teníamos, tenían**. **Hacer** (*to do, make*): **hacía, hacías, hacía, hacíamos, hacían**.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Quería, podía, tenía, hacía, decía.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "mcq-three-irregular-imperfect"
      ],
      "uid": "p9gwrk11jclv4"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-nosotros-hablabamos",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ar-verbs",
        "accents"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "nosotros + hablar, antes (before)"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "hablábamos"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "nosotros hablábamos",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1wo01lqb5rhiq"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-ellos-querer-querian",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "stem-change"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "ellos + querer, antes (before)"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "querían"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "ellos querían",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "p3mywh18tea0j"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-ana-tenia-hermana",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "stem-change"
      ],
      "template": "Antes, Ana ___ una hermana en Oaxaca. (tener)",
      "answer": "tenía",
      "distractors": [
        "teníamos",
        "tenían",
        "tengía"
      ],
      "explanation": "Antes means before, in the past. Ana is one person, so tener takes the form shared by usted, él and ella: tenía. Teníamos is for nosotros and tenían for ustedes, ellos and ellas. Tengía is not a form: tener is regular in the imperfect, so tengo becomes tenía.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Antes, Ana tenía una hermana en Oaxaca.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1rrl8z11183rtr"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-yo-vivia-guadalajara",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ir-verbs",
        "accents"
      ],
      "template": "De niño, yo ___ en Guadalajara. (vivir)",
      "answer": "vivía",
      "distractors": [
        "vivia",
        "vivaba",
        "vivíamos"
      ],
      "explanation": "De niño means as a child. Yo takes the same form as usted, él and ella: vivía. Every -er and -ir ending has a written accent on the í, so vivia is misspelled. Vivaba borrows the -ar ending, and vivíamos is for nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "De niño, yo vivía en Guadalajara.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1wz7p5oma4mrw"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-comias-tamales",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You ask a friend, using tú, whether she used to eat tamales every summer. Which question works?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Comíamos tamales cada verano?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Comían tamales cada verano?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Comías tamales cada verano?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Comabas tamales cada verano?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Tú takes -ías for an -er verb: comías. Comíamos is for nosotros and comían for ustedes, ellos and ellas. Comabas borrows the -ar ending, which comer does not take.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Comías tamales cada verano?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "16twbvtcwn2a3"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-podiamos-espanol",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "stem-change"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tell a coworker that, growing up, you and your sister could speak Spanish at home. Which sentence says it?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Podíamos hablar español."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Podían hablar español."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Podía hablar español."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Puedíamos hablar español."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "Nosotros takes -íamos on the stem pod-: podíamos. Podían is for ustedes, ellos and ellas, and podía for one person. Puedíamos is not a form: poder is regular in the imperfect, so puedo does not keep its stem change.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Podíamos hablar español.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1hc8q6uo4bk6i"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-comer-yo-ella-same",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "er-verbs"
      ],
      "statement": "In the imperfect, the yo form and the usted / él / ella form are the same, so comía can mean \"I used to eat\" or \"she used to eat\".",
      "isTrue": true,
      "why": "A pronoun, a name or the context shows who is meant: Yo vivía en Guadalajara, and Ana vivía en Monterrey.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Yo vivía en Guadalajara. Ana vivía en Monterrey.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1twbta2d3ky7i"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-ser-ir-imperfect",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ser",
        "ir"
      ],
      "title": "Ser is era, eras, era, éramos, eran; ir is iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, iban",
      "body": "Only three verbs are irregular in the imperfect: **ser**, **ir** and **ver**. Every other verb takes the regular endings. **Ser** (*to be*): **era, eras, era, éramos, eran**, as in *I was* and *we were*. **Ir** (*to go*): **iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, iban**, as in *I used to go* and *we used to go*. The forms run **yo, tú, usted / él / ella, nosotros, ustedes / ellos / ellas**.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Era, eras, era, éramos, eran. Iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, iban.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-abuela-era-maestra",
        "cloze-nosotros-ibamos-oaxaca",
        "mcq-iba-mercado-mama",
        "mcq-three-irregular-imperfect",
        "ot-abuela-eras-maestra",
        "ot-tu-ibas-parque",
        "pair-nosotros-ser-eramos",
        "tf-ser-ir-share-imperfect"
      ],
      "uid": "65uzza1fer37e"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-ver-imperfect",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ver",
        "accents"
      ],
      "title": "Ver adds the -ía endings to ve-: veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veían",
      "body": "**Ver** (*to see*) takes the same endings as **comer** and **vivir**, added to the stem **ve-**: **veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veían**, for **yo, tú, usted / él / ella, nosotros, ustedes / ellos / ellas**. Ver has a written accent on the **í** in every form. **Ser** and **ir** have one only on the **nosotros** form, **éramos** and **íbamos**, as in **hablábamos**. In all three verbs the **yo** and **usted / él / ella** forms are the same: **era**, **iba**, **veía**.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veían.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "ot-hermana-veian-peliculas",
        "pair-tu-ver-veias"
      ],
      "uid": "2ks39nnbf929"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-ser-ir-different-examples",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ser",
        "ir"
      ],
      "title": "In the imperfect ser and ir differ: era is ser, iba is ir",
      "body": "In the preterite, **ser** and **ir** share one set of forms (**fui**, **fue**). In the imperfect they are different: **era** belongs to **ser** and **iba** belongs to **ir**, so you can tell them apart. **Mi abuela era maestra.** (*My grandmother was a teacher.*) **Íbamos a Oaxaca en verano.** (*We used to go to Oaxaca in the summer.*) **Iba al mercado con mi mamá.** (*I used to go to the market with my mom.*) **Veíamos películas los sábados.** (*We used to watch movies on Saturdays.*)",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mi abuela era maestra. Iba al mercado con mi mamá.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "Flat clean illustration of a group of friends on a sofa watching a screen at home, no text, no logos, no real people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "friends watching movie at home",
        "alt": "Friends on a sofa watching a movie, with popcorn on the table.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Pexels · Vitaly Gariev · Pexels License",
        "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/friends-sitting-on-couch-and-watching-movie-23495574/",
        "subject": "Five friends on a sofa and floor in a living room watching a TV just off-frame at left, with bowls of popcorn and chips, drinks and a remote on the coffee table; wide-eyed expressions.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-ser-ir-different-examples.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-abuela-era-maestra",
        "cloze-nosotros-ibamos-oaxaca",
        "mcq-iba-mercado-mama",
        "tf-ser-ir-share-imperfect"
      ],
      "uid": "1i9y5231aal70x"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-nosotros-ser-eramos",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ser",
        "accents"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "nosotros + ser, antes (before)"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "éramos"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "nosotros éramos",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1jdn8wd1myh6bj"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-tu-ver-veias",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ver"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "tú + ver, antes (before)"
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "veías"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "tú veías",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1ghuscu1mi868y"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-nosotros-ibamos-oaxaca",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ir",
        "accents"
      ],
      "template": "Antes, en verano, nosotros ___ a Oaxaca. (ir)",
      "answer": "íbamos",
      "distractors": [
        "iba",
        "ibamos",
        "éramos"
      ],
      "explanation": "Nosotros takes íbamos, with a written accent because the stress falls on the third syllable from the end. Ibamos has no accent, iba is for yo, usted, él and ella, and éramos belongs to ser, not to ir.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Antes, en verano, nosotros íbamos a Oaxaca.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1hsqmsb1lwc5qp"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-abuela-era-maestra",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ser"
      ],
      "template": "Antes, mi abuela ___ maestra. (ser)",
      "answer": "era",
      "distractors": [
        "eran",
        "éramos",
        "iba"
      ],
      "explanation": "Mi abuela is one person, so ser takes the form shared by usted, él and ella: era. Eran is for ustedes, ellos and ellas, and éramos for nosotros. Iba is not a form of ser: it belongs to ir.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Antes, mi abuela era maestra.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "7m765b1ij5t1h"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-iba-mercado-mama",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ir"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tell a coworker about your childhood. Which sentence says, \"I used to go to the market with my mom\"?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Íbamos al mercado con mi mamá."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Iba al mercado con mi mamá."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Iban al mercado con mi mamá."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Era al mercado con mi mamá."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "Yo takes iba, the form of ir shared with usted, él and ella. Íbamos is for nosotros and iban for ustedes, ellos and ellas. Era belongs to ser, not to ir, so it cannot mean going.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Iba al mercado con mi mamá.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1soibsvcv1s11"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-three-irregular-imperfect",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ver"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A classmate says tener must be irregular in the imperfect because tengo is irregular in the present. Which of these verbs really is irregular in the imperfect?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "tener"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "hacer"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "ver"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "querer"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Only ser, ir and ver are irregular in the imperfect (veía). Tener, hacer and querer are odd in the present but take the regular endings: tenía, hacía, quería.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ver, veía.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1u9gyw9t6ljfv"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-ser-ir-share-imperfect",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ser",
        "ir"
      ],
      "statement": "In the imperfect, ser and ir share one set of forms, as they do in the preterite (fui, fue).",
      "isTrue": false,
      "why": "In the preterite ser and ir share fui and fue, but in the imperfect they differ: era belongs to ser and iba belongs to ir.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Era, iba.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "ehwo88hq412w"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-imperfect-habits-description",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "title": "The imperfect gives habits and descriptions, not finished events",
      "body": "The imperfect describes the past as ongoing or repeated, not as a finished event. Use it for habits and repeated actions, in English *used to* or *would* (not the *would* of *I would go if I could*): **De niño, jugaba en el parque todos los días.** (*As a child, I used to play in the park every day.*) **Cada verano íbamos a Oaxaca.** (*Every summer we would go to Oaxaca.*) **Mi abuela siempre hacía tamales.** (*My grandmother always made tamales.*) For descriptions and background: **La casa era grande.** (*The house was big.*) **En verano hacía mucho calor.** (*In summer it was very hot.*)",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Cada verano íbamos a Oaxaca.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "Flat clean illustration of children playing in a sunny park, no text, no logos, no real people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "children playing in park",
        "alt": "Small children playing in a circle on the grass in a park.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Unsplash · Jay Chen · Unsplash License",
        "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/children-holding-hands-in-park-mKbZ3zAdiB4",
        "subject": "Five small children holding hands in a circle and playing on sunlit park grass, with trees behind; clear, well composed.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-imperfect-habits-description.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-abuela-hacia-tamales",
        "mcq-cada-verano-meaning",
        "mcq-describe-house-sentence",
        "ot-used-to-imperfect",
        "tf-casa-era-grande"
      ],
      "uid": "2l4v2t19qvpjb"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-imperfect-age-clock",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses",
        "time-words"
      ],
      "title": "The imperfect gives age and clock time in the past: tenía, era, eran",
      "body": "The imperfect gives age and clock time in the past. Age uses **tener** (*to have*) and **años** (*years*), and the imperfect usually gives someone's age at that time: **Yo tenía diez años.** (*I was ten years old.*) For the clock, **es la una** and **son las dos** become **era la una** and **eran las dos**: **era** goes with one o'clock, and the other hours take **eran**. **Era la una.** (*It was one o'clock.*) **Eran las tres.** (*It was three o'clock.*)",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Era la una. Eran las tres.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "Flat clean illustration of a round analog wall clock with simple hands, plain background, no numerals styled as text, no logos, no people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "analog wall clock face",
        "alt": "A white wall clock with black hands.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Unsplash · Ocean Ng · Unsplash License",
        "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/round-analog-wall-clock-pointing-at-1009-L0xOtAnv94Y",
        "subject": "A clean white analog wall clock with black rim and Arabic numerals 1-12, hands at about 10:09 and an orange second hand, centred on a plain white wall; tiny 'GEEKCOOK' mark on the dial.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-imperfect-age-clock.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-eran-las-tres",
        "cmp-yo-tenia-diez-anos",
        "ot-era-la-una-clock",
        "pair-tenia-diez-anos"
      ],
      "uid": "vkv36piv9nk3"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-imperfect-progress-clue-words",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses",
        "time-words"
      ],
      "title": "The imperfect gives an action in progress; clue words only lean",
      "body": "The imperfect also gives an action in progress, in English *was* or *were* plus an -ing word: **Yo leía en la sala.** (*I was reading in the living room.*) Two actions at the same time can both be in the imperfect, joined by **mientras** (*while*): **Mi papá trabajaba mientras yo estudiaba.** (*My dad was working while I was studying.*) Words that often go with it are **siempre**, **todos los días**, **cada verano**, **de niño**, **antes** and **mientras**, as in **Antes vivíamos en Monterrey.** (*We used to live in Monterrey.*) They are clues, not guarantees: the meaning decides.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mi papá trabajaba mientras yo estudiaba.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "Flat clean illustration of a person reading on a sofa in a living room, no text, no logos, no real people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "person reading on sofa living room",
        "alt": "A drawing of a person reading a book on a sofa in a living room.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "AI-generated (gpt-image-1.5)",
        "subject": "A young person with short dark hair, yellow tee, jeans and white socks, reclined on an orange sofa with knees up, reading an open navy book; living room with coffee table, floor lamp, bookshelf, plants, window and a cropped TV corner.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-imperfect-progress-clue-words.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "ot-antes-vivimos-monterrey",
        "ot-trabajaba-mientras-estudiaba",
        "pair-leia-sala",
        "tf-siempre-always-imperfect"
      ],
      "uid": "nzue5igvua3e"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-tenia-diez-anos",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Yo tenía diez años."
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "I was ten years old."
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Yo tenía diez años.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "f13ggmtj0kzu"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-leia-sala",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Yo leía en la sala."
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "I was reading in the living room."
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Yo leía en la sala.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1f6di771w6j95"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-eran-las-tres",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses",
        "time-words"
      ],
      "template": "___ las tres. (ser; it was three o'clock)",
      "answer": "Eran",
      "distractors": [
        "Era",
        "Son",
        "Es"
      ],
      "explanation": "The other hours (las dos, las tres) take eran; only la una takes era. Son and es are the present, but the hint says it was three o'clock.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Eran las tres.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "9wqwp0171tmwk"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-abuela-hacia-tamales",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "template": "Mi abuela siempre ___ tamales. (hacer)",
      "answer": "hacía",
      "distractors": [
        "hacíamos",
        "hacían",
        "hagía"
      ],
      "explanation": "Mi abuela is one person, so hacer takes the form shared by usted, él and ella: hacía. Siempre (always) often goes with a habit. Hacíamos is for nosotros, hacían for ustedes, ellos and ellas, and hagía is not a form.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mi abuela siempre hacía tamales.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "urolrq1052lsa"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-cada-verano-meaning",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A friend from Monterrey tells you, \"Cada verano íbamos a Oaxaca.\" What does she mean?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "We would go if we could."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "We are going next summer."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "We went there just once."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "We used to go every summer."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "Cada verano (every summer) shows a repeated action, so íbamos means we used to go, or we would go. Here would means used to, not the would of \"we would go if we could\".",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Cada verano íbamos a Oaxaca.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1xjrgrdwzhinv"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-describe-house-sentence",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Which sentence uses the imperfect to describe how a place was, not to say what someone used to do?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Cada verano íbamos a Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "La casa era grande."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi abuela siempre hacía tamales."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "De niño, jugaba en el parque todos los días.",
          "short": "De niño, jugaba en el parque"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "La casa era grande describes how a place was. The others tell what people used to do: going to Oaxaca every summer, always making tamales and playing in the park every day are habits.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "La casa era grande.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "dc3jot11s56wv"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-siempre-always-imperfect",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "time-words"
      ],
      "statement": "A sentence with siempre or todos los días must use the imperfect.",
      "isTrue": false,
      "why": "Words like siempre and todos los días often go with the imperfect, but they are clues, not guarantees: the meaning of the sentence decides.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Siempre, todos los días.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "5cvouy121ma9a"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-padres-hablaban-abuela",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ar-verbs"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tell a friend that when you were small, your mom and dad used to talk with your grandmother every day. Which sentence says it?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi mamá y mi papá hablábamos con mi abuela todos los días."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi mamá y mi papá hablaban con mi abuela todos los días."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi mamá y mi papá hablaba con mi abuela todos los días."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mi mamá y mi papá hablían con mi abuela todos los días."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "Mi mamá y mi papá is two people, so the verb takes the form of ustedes, ellos and ellas: hablaban. Hablábamos is for nosotros and hablaba for one person. Hablían puts the -er and -ir ending on an -ar verb.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mi mamá y mi papá hablaban con mi abuela todos los días.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "enoumf6u54b1"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-tenias-casa-grande",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "stem-change"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You ask Ana, using tú, whether she had a big house in Oaxaca when she was little. Which question do you ask?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana, ¿teníamos una casa grande en Oaxaca?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana, ¿tengías una casa grande en Oaxaca?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana, ¿tenían una casa grande en Oaxaca?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana, ¿tenías una casa grande en Oaxaca?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "Tú takes -ías: tenías. Teníamos is for nosotros and tenían for ustedes, ellos and ellas. Tengías is not a form: tener is regular in the imperfect, so the g of tengo does not carry over.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ana, ¿tenías una casa grande en Oaxaca?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1xzx7fj1xy4gyt"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-nino-queria-oaxaca",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "stem-change"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tell a coworker that, as a child, you wanted to live in Oaxaca. Which sentence says it?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "De niño, querían vivir en Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "De niño, queríamos vivir en Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "De niño, quería vivir en Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "De niño, quiería vivir en Oaxaca."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "For yo the imperfect of querer is quería. Querían is for ustedes, ellos and ellas, and queríamos for nosotros. Quiería keeps the stem change of quiero, but querer is regular in the imperfect.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "De niño, quería vivir en Oaxaca.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "kr9y5x19fu1t3"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-hermana-veian-peliculas",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ver"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tell a friend that on Saturdays Ana and your sister used to watch movies. Which sentence says it?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana y mi hermana veíamos películas los sábados."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana y mi hermana veía películas los sábados."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana y mi hermana víamos películas los sábados."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana y mi hermana veían películas los sábados."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "Ana y mi hermana is two people, so ver takes the form of ustedes, ellos and ellas: veían. Veíamos is for nosotros and veía for one person. Víamos drops the e of the stem ve-.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ana y mi hermana veían películas los sábados.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1kxxlgyz03j7q"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-tu-ibas-parque",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ir"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You ask Ana, using tú, whether she went to the park every day when she was little. Which question do you ask?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana, ¿ibas al parque todos los días?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana, ¿íbamos al parque todos los días?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana, ¿iban al parque todos los días?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Ana, ¿eras al parque todos los días?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "Tú takes ibas. Íbamos is for nosotros and iban for ustedes, ellos and ellas. Eras belongs to ser, not to ir, so it cannot mean going.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ana, ¿ibas al parque todos los días?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "b3amou1fsh9w2"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-abuela-eras-maestra",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "ser"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tell your grandmother, using tú, \"You were a teacher.\" Which sentence do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Abuela, tú éramos maestra."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Abuela, tú eras maestra."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Abuela, tú eran maestra."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Abuela, tú ibas maestra."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "Tú takes eras, the tú form of ser. Éramos is for nosotros and eran for ustedes, ellos and ellas. Ibas is the tú form of ir, so it cannot mean you were.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Abuela, tú eras maestra.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "13z918m5oevne"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-era-la-una-clock",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "time-words"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Telling a story about the past, which sentence says, \"It was one o'clock\"?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Eran la una."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Es la una."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Era la una."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Éramos la una."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Era goes with one o'clock (la una). Eran is for the other hours, such as las dos and las tres, éramos is for nosotros, and es la una is the present.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Era la una.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "cheh1618sre9a"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-trabajaba-mientras-estudiaba",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Your friend says, \"Mi papá trabajaba mientras yo estudiaba.\" What does that tell you?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Both were happening at the same time."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "One ended, then the other began."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Both will happen later."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Dad works and I study right now."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "Mientras (while) joins two actions that go on at the same time, and both can be in the imperfect: my dad was working while I was studying. It is not a sequence, the future or the present.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mi papá trabajaba mientras yo estudiaba.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "ohefsr1bxsqwh"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-antes-vivimos-monterrey",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "time-words"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A new neighbor tells you, \"Antes vivíamos en Monterrey.\" What does she mean?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "We live in Monterrey now."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "We will live in Monterrey."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "We never lived in Monterrey."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "We used to live in Monterrey."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "Antes (before, in the past) often goes with the imperfect, and here vivíamos means we used to live there. It is not the present, the future or something that never happened.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Antes vivíamos en Monterrey.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "bxwojo53je9g"
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-yo-tenia-diez-anos",
      "shape": "comparison",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "prompt": "You tell a friend how old you were back then: 'I was ten years old.' Which sentence is right?",
      "correct": {
        "caption": "Yo tenía diez años."
      },
      "incorrect": {
        "caption": "Yo tuve diez años."
      },
      "explanation": "In the past, the imperfect usually gives someone's age at that time: tenía. Tuve is the preterite of tener, which tells a finished event rather than how old you were.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Yo tenía diez años.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "qpnmxw189rh1w"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-event-vs-background",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "title": "The preterite tells events; the imperfect sets the scene",
      "body": "The preterite tells the events: what happened, one after another. It answers *What happened?* The imperfect sets the scene: the background, the description, what was going on and what used to happen. It answers *What was going on?*\n**Era sábado.** — *It was Saturday.*\n**Mis amigos y yo estábamos en casa.** — *My friends and I were at home.*\n**A las seis fuimos al cine.** — *At six we went to the movies.*\nThe first two set the scene, so they use the imperfect (**era**, **estábamos**). The third tells an event, so it uses the preterite (**fuimos**).",
      "speak": {
        "text": "A las seis fuimos al cine.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "mcq-saturday-scene-estabamos",
        "ot-sabado-era-fuimos",
        "pair-ir-fuimos-seis",
        "tf-casa-era-grande"
      ],
      "uid": "1pveaeoo9m8v4"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-events-in-a-row",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "title": "Events in a row take the preterite; the imperfect describes",
      "body": "Events that follow one another each take the preterite: **Anoche llegamos a casa, comimos y vimos una película.** — *Last night we got home, ate and watched a movie.*\nThe imperfect can describe, and it can say what used to happen: **La casa era grande.** — *The house was big.* **De niño, jugaba en la calle todos los días.** — *As a child, I used to play in the street every day.*",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche llegamos a casa, comimos y vimos una película.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "mcq-describe-house-sentence",
        "cloze-jugar-jugaba-nino",
        "cloze-ver-vimos-anoche",
        "ot-llegamos-comimos-order",
        "ot-used-to-imperfect",
        "tf-casa-era-grande"
      ],
      "uid": "15faw5m1q1ctfi"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-same-verb-two-views",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "title": "The same verb can take either tense",
      "body": "The same verb can take either tense, because each tense shows the action from a different view.\n**Estuve en Monterrey tres días.** — *I was in Monterrey for three days.* This is a closed stay, with a beginning and an end.\n**Estaba en Monterrey cuando me llamaste.** — *I was in Monterrey when you called me.* This tells where you were at that moment: the background to the call.\nA handy check: if English could say *used to* or *was/were* plus *-ing*, Spanish usually needs the imperfect.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Estaba en Monterrey cuando me llamaste.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "A photograph of Cerro de la Silla above Monterrey, Mexico (a named place: sourced, never generated).",
        "imageSearchTerm": "Cerro de la Silla Monterrey",
        "alt": "Cerro de la Silla, the saddle-shaped mountain above Monterrey.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Hafid (HDavilaMedia) Davila hafiddavila · CC0",
        "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cerro_de_La_Silla_on_a_warm_day_(Unsplash).jpg",
        "subject": "The same photograph as candidate 2 at 1280 px (CC0 Commons file): Cerro de la Silla's saddle profile with antenna peak and twin horns, blue sky, white clouds, a strip of houses at the foot.",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-same-verb-two-views.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cmp-estaba-monterrey-llamaste",
        "mcq-monterrey-estuve-tres-dias",
        "ot-used-to-imperfect",
        "pair-estar-estaba-llamaste"
      ],
      "uid": "d2owp31t9t2od"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-ir-fuimos-seis",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "ir"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A las seis fuimos al cine."
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "At six we went to the movies."
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "A las seis fuimos al cine.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1q7q63lsrrv4z"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-estar-estaba-llamaste",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Estaba en Monterrey cuando me llamaste."
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "I was in Monterrey when you called me."
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Estaba en Monterrey cuando me llamaste.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "kwv0wm18i01nu"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-ver-vimos-anoche",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "template": "Anoche nosotros llegamos a casa, comimos y ___ una película. (ver: we watched)",
      "answer": "vimos",
      "distractors": [
        "veíamos",
        "vi",
        "vieron"
      ],
      "explanation": "Events that follow one another each take the preterite, and the verbs around the blank are nosotros forms, so we watched is vimos. Veíamos would mean we were watching, an imperfect that sets a scene; vi is for yo and vieron for ellos.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche nosotros llegamos a casa, comimos y vimos una película.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "13e4ul51xh5c7v"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-jugar-jugaba-nino",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "template": "De niño, yo ___ en la calle todos los días. (jugar)",
      "answer": "jugaba",
      "distractors": [
        "jugué",
        "jugó",
        "jugaban"
      ],
      "explanation": "A habit, what you used to do, takes the imperfect: de niño and todos los días mark repeated play, so jugaba. Jugué and jugó are preterites, which tell finished events (jugó is also for él or ella); jugaban is for ellos.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "De niño, yo jugaba en la calle todos los días.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1btd1pn1radqch"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-saturday-scene-estabamos",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You are telling a friend about last night. Which sentence sets the scene instead of telling what happened?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "A las seis fuimos al cine."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Mis amigos y yo estábamos en casa.",
          "short": "Mis amigos y yo estábamos"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Anoche llegamos a casa."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Comimos y vimos una película."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "Estábamos is the imperfect: it sets the scene, what was going on. Fuimos, llegamos, comimos and vimos are preterites that tell events, what happened.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mis amigos y yo estábamos en casa.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "j3tads10g7lr4"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-monterrey-estuve-tres-dias",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A coworker asks how long you were in Monterrey. You stayed three days, then came home. What do you answer?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Estuve en Monterrey tres días."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Estaba en Monterrey tres días."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Estuve en Monterrey cuando me llamaste.",
          "short": "Estuve en Monterrey cuando"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Estaba en Monterrey cuando me llamaste.",
          "short": "Estaba en Monterrey cuando"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "A stay of three days has a beginning and an end, so it takes the preterite: estuve. Estaba gives the background to a moment, and neither sentence with cuando me llamaste says how long.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Estuve en Monterrey tres días.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "ml7xfb143r8xp"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-casa-era-grande",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "statement": "In La casa era grande, era is in the imperfect because the sentence describes the house; it does not tell an event.",
      "isTrue": true,
      "why": "The imperfect can describe, so a description of the house takes era. A preterite would tell an event, what happened.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "La casa era grande.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "gp5duek3grmy"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-signal-words-lean",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "time-words",
        "preterite",
        "imperfect"
      ],
      "title": "Signal words lean toward a tense, but they do not decide",
      "body": "Some words are clues to the tense. They lean one way, but they do not decide. Often with the preterite: **ayer** (*yesterday*), **anoche** (*last night*), **una vez** (*once*), **de repente** (*suddenly*), **el año pasado** (*last year*). Often with the imperfect: **siempre** (*always*), **todos los días** (*every day*), **de niño** (*as a child*), **mientras** (*while*).\n**Ayer compré pan dulce.** — *Yesterday I bought sweet bread.*\n**Una vez fui a Oaxaca.** — *Once I went to Oaxaca.*\n**De repente, mi hermano abrió la puerta.** — *Suddenly, my brother opened the door.*",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer compré pan dulce.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "Flat clean illustration of a young man opening the front door of a house, seen from outside, no text, no logos, no real people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "person opening front door",
        "alt": "A young man opening a front door.",
        "depictable": true
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "tf-siempre-always-imperfect",
        "ot-hermano-abrio-puerta",
        "ot-oaxaca-una-vez-fui",
        "pair-compre-pan-dulce-ayer"
      ],
      "uid": "aqatshmp2wmr"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-meaning-decides",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "time-words",
        "imperfect",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "title": "The meaning decides, not the signal word",
      "body": "**Siempre comíamos en casa de mi abuela.** — *We always ate at my grandmother's house.*\nThe meaning decides, not the word. A hint can point the wrong way:\n**Anoche estudiaba cuando me llamó Ana.** — *Last night I was studying when Ana called me.* **Anoche** leans preterite, but **estudiaba** names an action in progress, so it takes the imperfect.\n**Estudié todos los días durante una semana.** — *I studied every day for a week.* **Todos los días** leans imperfect, but a stretch of time with a clear start and end, such as *for a week*, usually takes the preterite.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche estudiaba cuando me llamó Ana.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "illustration": {
        "imagePrompt": "Flat clean illustration of a family sharing a meal around a table at home, no text, no logos, no real people.",
        "imageSearchTerm": "family eating together at home",
        "alt": "A family of three generations eating together at home.",
        "depictable": true,
        "credit": "Unsplash · National Cancer Institute · Unsplash License",
        "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/group-of-person-eating-indoors-cfGG0niafjc",
        "subject": "A posed, well-lit photograph of a five-person multigenerational family (grandmother, father, mother, girl and boy) sharing a meal at a dining table in a home. The table holds rice, a clay pot of beans, a pot of vegetable stew, salad and a basket of what look like tortillas. Credited to the National",
        "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/images/fact-meaning-decides.webp"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "tf-siempre-always-imperfect",
        "cloze-estudiar-estudiaba-anoche",
        "mcq-semana-estudie-todos-dias"
      ],
      "uid": "1hmezcy1oe3fti"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-interruptions-mientras",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "interruptions",
        "imperfect",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "title": "An interruption mixes the imperfect and the preterite",
      "body": "Use the imperfect for what was going on and the preterite for what interrupted it. The interruption often comes after **cuando** (*when*):\n**Comíamos cuando llegó mi hermano.** — *We were eating when my brother arrived.*\n**Leía cuando me llamó mi mamá.** — *I was reading when my mom called me.*\nIn each sentence the first verb was in progress and the second cut in. When **mientras** joins two actions that were both in progress, both verbs take the imperfect:\n**Yo leía mientras mi hermano veía la televisión.** — *I was reading while my brother was watching television.*",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Comíamos cuando llegó mi hermano.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-llegar-llego-comiamos",
        "ot-leia-llego-hermano",
        "pair-leia-llamo-mama",
        "tf-mientras-both-imperfect"
      ],
      "uid": "19rmp481dy2a48"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-compre-pan-dulce-ayer",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "time-words"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Ayer compré pan dulce."
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Yesterday I bought sweet bread."
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Ayer compré pan dulce.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "o0c17szj5n3s"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-leia-llamo-mama",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "interruptions"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Leía cuando me llamó mi mamá."
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "I was reading when my mom called me."
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Leía cuando me llamó mi mamá.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1n0e4kv1rrqdg5"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-estudiar-estudiaba-anoche",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "time-words"
      ],
      "template": "Anoche yo ___ cuando me llamó Ana. (estudiar: was studying)",
      "answer": "estudiaba",
      "distractors": [
        "estudié",
        "estudió",
        "estudiaban"
      ],
      "explanation": "Estudiaba names an action in progress when Ana called (was studying), so it takes the imperfect even though anoche leans preterite. Estudié and estudió are preterites; estudiaban is for ellos.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche yo estudiaba cuando me llamó Ana.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "b3o1cz16prgzd"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-llegar-llego-comiamos",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "interruptions"
      ],
      "template": "Comíamos cuando ___ mi hermano. (llegar)",
      "answer": "llegó",
      "distractors": [
        "llegué",
        "llegamos",
        "llegaron"
      ],
      "explanation": "Comíamos was in progress, and the preterite gives what cut in: llegó, because mi hermano is one person. Llegué is for yo, llegamos for nosotros and llegaron for ellos.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Comíamos cuando llegó mi hermano.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "vjktsj10iw9ft"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-abuela-comiamos-siempre",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "time-words"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Telling a friend what life was like when you were a child, you say: “We always used to eat at my grandmother's house.” Which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Siempre comimos en casa de mi abuela.",
          "short": "Siempre comimos en casa"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Siempre comía en casa de mi abuela.",
          "short": "Siempre comía en casa"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Siempre comíamos en casa de mi abuela.",
          "short": "Siempre comíamos en casa"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Siempre comían en casa de mi abuela.",
          "short": "Siempre comían en casa"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Describing what life was like, and used to, point to the imperfect, which says what happened over and over: comíamos. Comimos would sum up a finished event, and comía and comían name other people.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Siempre comíamos en casa de mi abuela.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1ro4neck59l0k"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-semana-estudie-todos-dias",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "time-words"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tell a friend that before the exam you studied every day for one week: a stretch with a clear start and end. Which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Estudiaba todos los días durante una semana.",
          "short": "Estudiaba todos los días"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Estudiaste todos los días durante una semana.",
          "short": "Estudiaste todos los días"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Estudiaron todos los días durante una semana.",
          "short": "Estudiaron todos los días"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Estudié todos los días durante una semana.",
          "short": "Estudié todos los días"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "A week has a clear start and end, so the preterite fits even with todos los días: estudié. Estudiaba treats it as an open habit, and estudiaste and estudiaron name other people.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Estudié todos los días durante una semana.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "6273kj1qrd3xl"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-mientras-both-imperfect",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "interruptions"
      ],
      "statement": "When mientras joins two actions that were both in progress, the second verb takes the preterite: Yo leía mientras mi hermano vio la televisión.",
      "isTrue": false,
      "why": "Both actions were in progress, so both verbs take the imperfect: Yo leía mientras mi hermano veía la televisión.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Yo leía mientras mi hermano veía la televisión.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1cz93vmex2uba"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-meaning-shift-four-verbs",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "meaning-change",
        "preterite",
        "imperfect"
      ],
      "title": "Four verbs shift meaning between the imperfect and the preterite",
      "body": "Four verbs describe states: knowing, wanting and being able. They tend to appear in the imperfect. In the preterite they usually name one event instead: the start of knowing, a try, a refusal or a success.\n**Conocer:** **conocía** is *I knew*; **conocí** is *I met*.\n**Saber:** **sabía** is *I knew*; **supe** is *I found out*.\n**Querer:** **quería** is *I wanted*; **quise** is *I tried*; **no quise** is *I refused*.\n**Poder:** **podía** is *I could*; **pude** is *I managed*; **no pude** is *I couldn't (I tried and failed)*.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "quería, quise, no quise",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "cloze-conocer-conoci-escuela",
        "mcq-puerta-pude-por-fin",
        "ot-fiesta-no-queria",
        "ot-puerta-no-pude",
        "ot-verdad-sabia",
        "pair-querer-no-quise-fiesta",
        "pair-saber-supe-verdad"
      ],
      "uid": "1vbvclihdbx8a"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-meaning-shift-preterite-forms",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "meaning-change",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "title": "The preterite of conocer, saber, querer and poder",
      "body": "The preterite of the four verbs, with the meanings they usually take:\n**yo conocí, supe, quise, pude** — *I met, found out, tried, managed*\n**tú conociste, supiste, quisiste, pudiste** — *you met, found out, tried, managed (informal)*\n**usted / él / ella conoció, supo, quiso, pudo** — *you (formal) / he, she met, found out, tried, managed*\n**nosotros / nosotras conocimos, supimos, quisimos, pudimos** — *we met, found out, tried, managed*\n**ustedes / ellos / ellas conocieron, supieron, quisieron, pudieron** — *you all / they met, found out, tried, managed*",
      "speak": {
        "text": "conocí, supe, quise, pude",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "ot-saber-yo-supe",
        "pair-poder-ella-pudo",
        "pair-querer-nosotros-quisimos",
        "tf-saber-find-out",
        "cloze-conocer-conoci-escuela",
        "cloze-querer-quisieron-puerta",
        "mcq-puerta-pude-por-fin",
        "pair-saber-supe-verdad"
      ],
      "uid": "1n4xwbocg6ez8"
    },
    {
      "id": "fact-recent-past-regions",
      "shape": "fact",
      "tags": [
        "regional",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "title": "In Mexico, the preterite is the more common choice for the recent past",
      "body": "In Mexico and much of Latin America, the preterite is the more common choice for the recent past too, with words like **hoy** (*today*) and **ya** (*already*): **¿Ya comiste?** — *Have you eaten yet?* **Hoy trabajé mucho.** — *I worked a lot today.*\nIn Spain, especially in the center and south, speakers often use the present perfect here: a present form of **haber** plus a participle such as **comido**, as in **¿Ya has comido?** — *Have you eaten yet?* In many places the two are interchangeable. This pack teaches the preterite; the present perfect is named only so you recognize it.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Ya comiste?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "linkedItemIds": [
        "mcq-ya-comiste-mexico",
        "tf-hoy-trabaje-preterite"
      ],
      "uid": "1thgi2h1rvf24b"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-saber-supe-verdad",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "meaning-change",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Anoche supe la verdad."
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Last night I found out the truth."
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Anoche supe la verdad.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "hpmrti1gb5zvu"
    },
    {
      "id": "pair-querer-no-quise-fiesta",
      "shape": "pair",
      "tags": [
        "meaning-change",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "sideA": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "No quise ir a la fiesta."
      },
      "sideB": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "I refused to go to the party."
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "No quise ir a la fiesta.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "ieiwki61i9rq"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-conocer-conoci-escuela",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "meaning-change",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "template": "Yo ___ a Ana en la escuela. (conocer: to meet)",
      "answer": "conocí",
      "distractors": [
        "conocía",
        "conociste",
        "conocimos"
      ],
      "explanation": "To meet someone is the start of knowing, one event, so conocer usually takes the preterite: conocí is I met. Conocía would mean I knew her. Conociste is for tú and conocimos for nosotros.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Yo conocí a Ana en la escuela.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1h45xhs1dzjx7k"
    },
    {
      "id": "cloze-querer-quisieron-puerta",
      "shape": "cloze",
      "tags": [
        "meaning-change",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "template": "Mis amigos ___ abrir la puerta, pero no pudieron. (querer: they tried)",
      "answer": "quisieron",
      "distractors": [
        "quise",
        "quisimos",
        "quiso"
      ],
      "explanation": "In the preterite, querer usually means a try (they tried), and mis amigos takes the ustedes / ellos / ellas form: quisieron. Quise is for yo, quisimos for nosotros, and quiso for usted, él or ella.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Mis amigos quisieron abrir la puerta, pero no pudieron.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "5sn6eq19g7izq"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-puerta-pude-por-fin",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "meaning-change",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You struggled with a stuck door at home, and on the fourth try you finally got it open. Telling a friend what you did, which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Por fin podía abrir la puerta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Por fin pudiste abrir la puerta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Por fin pudieron abrir la puerta.",
          "short": "Por fin pudieron abrir"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Por fin pude abrir la puerta."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "Pude means I managed: a success after trying, one event, like opening the door on the fourth try. Podía is I could, a state of being able. Pudiste and pudieron name other people.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Por fin pude abrir la puerta.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1sjjpq4be666k"
    },
    {
      "id": "mcq-ya-comiste-mexico",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "regional",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A friend visiting from Spain asks you, “¿Ya has comido?” Now you ask your own friend the same thing, using the more common choice in Mexico. What do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Ya comiste?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Ya comías?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Ya comí?"
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "¿Ya comieron?"
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "In Mexico and much of Latin America the preterite is the more common choice for the recent past, with ya: ¿Ya comiste? Comías is the imperfect, and comí and comieron name other people.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "¿Ya comiste?",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "19a9dvz1gmn2mt"
    },
    {
      "id": "tf-hoy-trabaje-preterite",
      "shape": "trueFalse",
      "tags": [
        "regional",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "statement": "In Mexico and much of Latin America, the present perfect is the more common choice for the recent past, so Hoy trabajé mucho is a mistake.",
      "isTrue": false,
      "why": "In Mexico and much of Latin America the preterite is the more common choice for the recent past too, with hoy and ya: Hoy trabajé mucho. The present perfect is named only so you recognize it.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Hoy trabajé mucho.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "xky8utikpfjb"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-used-to-imperfect",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You are translating a story into Spanish. Which English sentence would usually need the imperfect?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "As a child, I used to play in the street."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Last night we got home, ate and watched a movie."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "At six we went to the movies."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "I was in Monterrey for three days."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "English used to usually points to the imperfect, which says what used to happen. The other three tell finished events, so they take the preterite; I was in Monterrey for three days is a closed stay.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "uid": "zvuo3y1nh6ade"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-sabado-era-fuimos",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "preterite",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tell a friend about one Saturday: first the scene (it was Saturday), then one event (at six, you and your friends went to the movies, a single outing). Which pair fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Fue sábado. A las seis fuimos al cine."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Era sábado. A las seis fuimos al cine."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Era sábado. A las seis íbamos al cine."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Fue sábado. A las seis íbamos al cine."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "Era sets the scene, so it takes the imperfect, and the outing at six is one event, so it takes the preterite: fuimos. The other pairs swap one or both tenses.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Era sábado. A las seis fuimos al cine.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1f6ympbk1n7qt"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-llegamos-comimos-order",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "Telling your mom about last night, you say that you and your roommates first got home and then ate. Which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Llegamos a casa y comíamos."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Llegué a casa y comimos."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Llegamos a casa y comimos."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Llegaron a casa y comimos."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "Two events that follow one another each take the preterite, and nosotros needs llegamos and comimos. Comíamos is the imperfect, while llegué and llegaron name other people.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Llegamos a casa y comimos.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1rg1b851b8rt7r"
    },
    {
      "id": "cmp-estaba-monterrey-llamaste",
      "shape": "comparison",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "imperfect",
        "past-uses"
      ],
      "prompt": "Last week a friend called you while you were in Monterrey. You tell your friend where you were at that moment. Which sentence is right?",
      "correct": {
        "caption": "Estaba en Monterrey cuando me llamaste."
      },
      "incorrect": {
        "caption": "Estuve en Monterrey cuando me llamaste."
      },
      "explanation": "Estaba gives the background: where you were at the moment of the call. Estuve tells a closed stay with a beginning and an end, as in estuve en Monterrey tres días.",
      "speak": {
        "text": "Estaba en Monterrey cuando me llamaste.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1c5h0h81savwgs"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-oaxaca-una-vez-fui",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "time-words"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tell a friend that you went to Oaxaca by yourself, one single time, and that trip is over. Which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Una vez fuimos a Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Una vez iba a Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Una vez fui a Oaxaca."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Una vez fueron a Oaxaca."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "One finished trip is an event, and you went alone, so use the yo preterite: fui. Iba is the imperfect, which does not fit a single closed trip, and fuimos and fueron name other people.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Una vez fui a Oaxaca.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1d8thk71wujmh9"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-hermano-abrio-puerta",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "preterite",
        "time-words"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You are telling a story. All was quiet, and then, in one sudden moment, your brother opened the door. Which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "De repente, abría la puerta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "De repente, abrí la puerta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "De repente, abrieron la puerta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "De repente, abrió la puerta."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 3,
      "explanation": "A sudden single event takes the preterite, and your brother is one person (él): abrió. Abría is the imperfect, which does not fit a sudden event. Abrí is for yo and abrieron for ellos.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "De repente, abrió la puerta.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "10shke163qhxe"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-leia-llego-hermano",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "imperfect",
        "interruptions"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "One evening you were in the middle of reading when your brother arrived and cut in. Which sentence tells it?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Leí cuando llegaba mi hermano."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Leía cuando llegó mi hermano."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Leí cuando llegó mi hermano."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Leía cuando llegaba mi hermano."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "The imperfect gives what was going on (leía) and the preterite gives what cut in (llegó). Llegaba would make the arrival ongoing or repeated, and leí would make the reading a finished event.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Leía cuando llegó mi hermano.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "8s1hrgcho5wc"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-puerta-no-pude",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "meaning-change",
        "preterite"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "You tried once to open a stuck door, but it stayed shut. Which sentence tells a friend that you tried and failed?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "No quise abrir la puerta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "No pude abrir la puerta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "No quería abrir la puerta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "No pudieron abrir la puerta."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 1,
      "explanation": "No pude means I couldn't: I tried and failed. No quise is I refused, no quería is I didn't want to, and no pudieron names other people.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "No pude abrir la puerta.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "9frzd2ar8j8a"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-fiesta-no-queria",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "meaning-change",
        "imperfect"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A friend asks why you looked bored at the party. You went, but you had not felt like going; it was how you felt, not a refusal. Which sentence fits?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "No pude ir a la fiesta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "No quise ir a la fiesta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "No quería ir a la fiesta."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "No podía ir a la fiesta."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 2,
      "explanation": "No quería is I didn't want to: a state of mind, even though you went. No quise is I refused, which the stem rules out, and no pude and no podía say you were unable, not unwilling.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "No quería ir a la fiesta.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1aiip771wsw43t"
    },
    {
      "id": "ot-verdad-sabia",
      "shape": "mcq",
      "tags": [
        "meaning-change",
        "imperfect"
      ],
      "prompt": {
        "modality": "text",
        "value": "A friend tells you a secret, but it is no surprise: you already knew the truth. What do you say?"
      },
      "options": [
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Sabía la verdad."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Supe la verdad."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Supiste la verdad."
        },
        {
          "modality": "text",
          "value": "Supieron la verdad."
        }
      ],
      "correctIndex": 0,
      "explanation": "Sabía is I knew: a state you were already in. Supe is I found out, a single moment, and supiste and supieron name other people.",
      "source": {
        "label": "Spanish Verbs 2: The Past — Objective Test"
      },
      "speak": {
        "text": "Sabía la verdad.",
        "lang": "es-419"
      },
      "uid": "1spsgf7i7882h"
    }
  ],
  "videos": [
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l1-preterite-regular_c1",
      "lessonId": "l1-preterite-regular",
      "title": "Three Names, One Tense",
      "caption": "One Spanish past tense has 3 names: the preterite, the pretérito perfecto simple and the pretérito indefinido.",
      "durationSec": 29.74,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l1-preterite-regular_c1.c2771255.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l1-preterite-regular_c1.c2771255.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l1-preterite-regular_c1.c2771255.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l1-preterite-regular_c2",
      "lessonId": "l1-preterite-regular",
      "title": "Hablo or Habló",
      "caption": "Hablo means I speak. Habló, with an accent, means he or she spoke. Drop the accent, and the past becomes the present.",
      "durationSec": 31.02,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l1-preterite-regular_c2.19224898.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l1-preterite-regular_c2.19224898.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l1-preterite-regular_c2.19224898.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l1-preterite-regular_c3",
      "lessonId": "l1-preterite-regular",
      "title": "Comimos or Vivimos",
      "caption": "Spanish -er and -ir verbs share one set of preterite endings: comí, comiste, comió, comimos, comieron.",
      "durationSec": 30.61,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l1-preterite-regular_c3.9068067b.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l1-preterite-regular_c3.9068067b.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l1-preterite-regular_c3.9068067b.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l2-preterite-changes_c1",
      "lessonId": "l2-preterite-changes",
      "title": "Busqué, Llegué, Empecé",
      "caption": "Busqué, llegué, empecé. Verbs that end in -car, -gar and -zar change their spelling in the preterite, but only in the yo form.",
      "durationSec": 31.02,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l2-preterite-changes_c1.8b528df7.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l2-preterite-changes_c1.8b528df7.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l2-preterite-changes_c1.8b528df7.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l2-preterite-changes_c2",
      "lessonId": "l2-preterite-changes",
      "title": "Leyó, With a Y",
      "caption": "In the past, leer becomes leyó, with a y. When an unstressed i would land between two vowels, Spanish writes it as y.",
      "durationSec": 28.82,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l2-preterite-changes_c2.1930e98a.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l2-preterite-changes_c2.1930e98a.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l2-preterite-changes_c2.1930e98a.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l2-preterite-changes_c3",
      "lessonId": "l2-preterite-changes",
      "title": "Pidió and Durmió",
      "caption": "In the preterite, most -ar and -er verbs drop their present stem changes. Pienso, I think, but pensé, I thought.",
      "durationSec": 32.49,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l2-preterite-changes_c3.8bfe4b46.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l2-preterite-changes_c3.8bfe4b46.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l2-preterite-changes_c3.8bfe4b46.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l3-big-irregulars_c1",
      "lessonId": "l3-big-irregulars",
      "title": "Fui and Fui",
      "caption": "In the past, ser and ir share one set of forms. Fui means I was, and also I went.",
      "durationSec": 31.91,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l3-big-irregulars_c1.2825c1ca.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l3-big-irregulars_c1.2825c1ca.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l3-big-irregulars_c1.2825c1ca.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l3-big-irregulars_c2",
      "lessonId": "l3-big-irregulars",
      "title": "Dio, Not Dió",
      "caption": "Dar is an -ar verb. But in the past, it takes -er and -ir endings: di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron.",
      "durationSec": 30.61,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l3-big-irregulars_c2.d9da9a37.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l3-big-irregulars_c2.d9da9a37.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l3-big-irregulars_c2.d9da9a37.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l3-big-irregulars_c3",
      "lessonId": "l3-big-irregulars",
      "title": "Hice, but Hizo",
      "caption": "Hacer has its own past stem: hic. Hice, I did. Hiciste, you did.",
      "durationSec": 29.01,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l3-big-irregulars_c3.958f0df7.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l3-big-irregulars_c3.958f0df7.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l3-big-irregulars_c3.958f0df7.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l4-irregular-stems_c1",
      "lessonId": "l4-irregular-stems",
      "title": "Tuve, Estuve, Pude",
      "caption": "Some common verbs get a new stem in the past. Tener becomes tuv: tuve, I had.",
      "durationSec": 31.89,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l4-irregular-stems_c1.653f6d89.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l4-irregular-stems_c1.653f6d89.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l4-irregular-stems_c1.653f6d89.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l4-irregular-stems_c2",
      "lessonId": "l4-irregular-stems",
      "title": "Quise Means I Tried",
      "caption": "In the past, querer with an infinitive usually means you tried.",
      "durationSec": 31.02,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l4-irregular-stems_c2.28fc6e52.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l4-irregular-stems_c2.28fc6e52.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l4-irregular-stems_c2.28fc6e52.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l4-irregular-stems_c3",
      "lessonId": "l4-irregular-stems",
      "title": "Dijeron, Not Dijieron",
      "caption": "Decir and traer have past stems that end in j. Dije, I said. Traje, I brought.",
      "durationSec": 29.74,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l4-irregular-stems_c3.06924473.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l4-irregular-stems_c3.06924473.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l4-irregular-stems_c3.06924473.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l5-imperfect_c1",
      "lessonId": "l5-imperfect",
      "title": "Almost All Regular",
      "caption": "Nearly every Spanish verb is regular in the imperfect. Only 3 are not.",
      "durationSec": 30.61,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l5-imperfect_c1.11ceece0.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l5-imperfect_c1.11ceece0.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l5-imperfect_c1.11ceece0.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l5-imperfect_c2",
      "lessonId": "l5-imperfect",
      "title": "Era, Iba, Veía",
      "caption": "Only 3 Spanish verbs are irregular in the imperfect: ser, ir and ver.",
      "durationSec": 31.02,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l5-imperfect_c2.9df5dd89.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l5-imperfect_c2.9df5dd89.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l5-imperfect_c2.9df5dd89.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l5-imperfect_c3",
      "lessonId": "l5-imperfect",
      "title": "Used To",
      "caption": "The Spanish imperfect has no single English match. It can mean used to, would, or was and an -ing word.",
      "durationSec": 29.25,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l5-imperfect_c3.ff94bac3.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l5-imperfect_c3.ff94bac3.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l5-imperfect_c3.ff94bac3.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l6-preterite-or-imperfect_c1",
      "lessonId": "l6-preterite-or-imperfect",
      "title": "Event or Scene",
      "caption": "In a Spanish story, two past tenses share the work.",
      "durationSec": 31.02,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l6-preterite-or-imperfect_c1.e56e8c2a.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l6-preterite-or-imperfect_c1.e56e8c2a.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l6-preterite-or-imperfect_c1.e56e8c2a.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l6-preterite-or-imperfect_c2",
      "lessonId": "l6-preterite-or-imperfect",
      "title": "Cut In",
      "caption": "We were eating when my brother arrived. Spanish uses both past tenses: Comíamos cuando llegó mi hermano.",
      "durationSec": 30.4,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l6-preterite-or-imperfect_c2.e7c8f130.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l6-preterite-or-imperfect_c2.e7c8f130.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l6-preterite-or-imperfect_c2.e7c8f130.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kp-spanish-verbs-2_l6-preterite-or-imperfect_c3",
      "lessonId": "l6-preterite-or-imperfect",
      "title": "Conocí Means I Met",
      "caption": "Conocía means I knew. Conocí means I met. Conocí a Ana en la escuela.",
      "durationSec": 30.61,
      "poster": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l6-preterite-or-imperfect_c3.0fc473cc.jpg",
      "sources": {
        "720": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l6-preterite-or-imperfect_c3.0fc473cc.720.mp4",
        "1080": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/spanish-verbs-2/videos/kp-spanish-verbs-2_l6-preterite-or-imperfect_c3.0fc473cc.1080.mp4"
      },
      "youtubeId": null,
      "captionsBurnedIn": true
    }
  ]
}