{ "packId": "national-parks", "packName": "U.S. National Parks", "packVersion": "1.0.5", "description": "All 63 U.S. national parks β€” the people who saved them, how the landscapes formed, the wildlife and records, and a vivid profile of every park from Acadia to Zion. America's best idea, one card at a time.", "author": "Flash Feed Knowledge Packs", "language": "en", "icon": "🏞️", "shortName": "Parks", "tagsVocabulary": [ "western", "southwest", "pacific", "alaska", "east", "park", "person", "conservation", "history", "timeline", "geology", "wildlife", "flora", "ecosystem", "record", "recreation", "glossary", "geothermal", "desert", "mountain", "canyon", "glacier", "volcano", "intro", "numbers" ], "items": [ { "id": "intro-fact-best-idea", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "intro", "history" ], "title": "America's best idea", "body": "When Yellowstone was set aside in 1872, no nation had ever done such a thing β€” protected a vast tract of wild land not for a king or an army, but for everyone, forever. The writer Wallace Stegner called the national parks \"the best idea we ever had… absolutely democratic, they reflect us at our best.\"", "studyGuideAnchor": "americas-best-idea", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The first nation to save its wild places for everyone β€” forever.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Yosemite Valley Tunnel View", "imagePrompt": "A sweeping golden-hour view down a glacial valley: a sheer granite monolith on the left, a tall waterfall on the right, a rounded granite dome in the distance, forested valley floor below, dramatic clouds, photorealistic.", "alt": "A grand granite valley at golden hour with a waterfall and distant dome.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Diliff Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tunnel_View,_Yosemite_Valley,_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg", "subject": "The canonical Tunnel View overlook photograph: El Capitan on the left, Half Dome visible in the distant notch, Bridalveil Fall flowing on the right, forested valley floor, midday light with a mostly overcast sky.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/intro-fact-best-idea.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Quotes" }, "uid": "hn4fyca5tqy6" }, { "id": "intro-fact-yellowstone-first", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "intro", "history" ], "title": "The first national park", "body": "On March 1, 1872, President Ulysses S. Grant signed Yellowstone into being β€” the world's first national park. The idea spread across the globe; today more than 100 nations have national parks of their own, all tracing back to that one signature.", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-first-national-park", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "President Abraham Lincoln", "President Theodore Roosevelt", "President Rutherford B. Hayes" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Yellowstone National Park landscape", "imagePrompt": "A sweeping view of Yellowstone's geothermal landscape with steam rising from hot springs under an open sky.", "alt": "The first national park", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Yellowstone National Park Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park", "subject": "The Lower Falls of the Yellowstone River plunging into the golden-walled Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, forested slopes on both sides, an overlook boardwalk barely visible at the base β€” Wikipedia's lead image for the 'Yellowstone National Park' article.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/intro-fact-yellowstone-first.webp" }, "uid": "xcuq841669vha" }, { "id": "intro-num-yellowstone-year", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "intro", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Yellowstone β€” the world's first national park β€” established?" }, "value": 1872, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "uid": "rg6atay9644g" }, { "id": "intro-fact-organic-act", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "intro", "history" ], "title": "The National Park Service is born", "body": "For 44 years the parks had no agency to run them β€” the U.S. Cavalry even guarded Yellowstone. That changed on August 25, 1916, when the Organic Act, signed by President Woodrow Wilson, created the National Park Service to conserve the parks \"unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.\"", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-national-park-service-is-born", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "U.S. Cavalry Yellowstone patrol", "imagePrompt": "U.S. Cavalry soldiers on horseback patrolling the forested landscape of early Yellowstone National Park.", "alt": "The National Park Service is born", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Fort Yellowstone Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Yellowstone", "subject": "A circa-1910 panoramic photo of Fort Yellowstone's stone and wood barracks/officers' quarters complex below a hillside, no people or horses visible β€” Wikipedia's confirmed lead image for the 'Fort Yellowstone' article.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/intro-fact-organic-act.webp" }, "uid": "t8v95j1gf08kd" }, { "id": "intro-num-nps-founded", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "intro", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was the National Park Service created by the Organic Act?" }, "value": 1916, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "uid": "1o19ol41nz6prm" }, { "id": "intro-fact-63", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "intro", "numbers" ], "title": "Sixty-three and counting", "body": "There are 63 national parks in the United States β€” the most protected tier in the park system. The newest is New River Gorge in West Virginia, redesignated the 63rd national park in December 2020. (The Park Service manages 400-plus units in all, but only 63 carry the full \"national park\" title.)", "studyGuideAnchor": "sixty-three-and-counting", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "illustration": { "kind": "diagram", "imagePrompt": "A clean field-guide-style bar chart: Bar chart of national parks by region: East 16, Southwest 15, Pacific 14, West 10, Alaska 8.", "imageSearchTerm": "national parks by region chart", "alt": "Bar chart of national parks by region: East 16, Southwest 15, Pacific 14, West 10, Alaska 8.", "credit": "AI-generated (gpt-image-1.5)", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/intro-fact-63.webp" }, "uid": "1fztm8y1uzfhw4" }, { "id": "intro-num-count", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "intro", "numbers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many national parks are there in the United States?" }, "value": 63, "unit": "parks", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "uid": "4916trg2f96t" }, { "id": "intro-fact-antiquities", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "intro", "history" ], "title": "The Antiquities Act", "body": "In 1906, the Antiquities Act gave presidents the power to protect special places instantly by proclaiming them national monuments. Theodore Roosevelt used it first on Devils Tower, then on the Grand Canyon β€” many of today's national parks began life as monuments saved this way.", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-antiquities-act", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Wilderness Act", "Endangered Species Act", "Lacey Act" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Devils Tower national monument", "imagePrompt": "The dramatic volcanic rock formation of Devils Tower rising above the surrounding plains.", "alt": "The Antiquities Act", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Devils Tower Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devils_Tower", "subject": "Wikipedia's lead photo of Devils Tower, WY: full clean frontal view of the flat-topped columnar-jointed igneous butte against blue sky, forest at its base", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/intro-fact-antiquities.webp" }, "uid": "170jdg5e5po97" }, { "id": "intro-fact-superlatives", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "numbers", "record" ], "title": "From the tiniest to the titanic", "body": "The parks span almost unimaginable extremes. The smallest, Gateway Arch in St. Louis, covers just 193 acres; the largest, Wrangell–St. Elias in Alaska, sprawls across 13.2 million acres β€” bigger than Switzerland, and larger than the nine smallest parks combined many times over.", "studyGuideAnchor": "from-the-tiniest-to-the-titanic", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "From 193 acres to 13.2 million β€” the parks span a continent of extremes.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Wrangell St Elias National Park mountains", "imagePrompt": "A vast Alaskan wilderness panorama: glaciated peaks and a braided river valley stretching to the horizon under a wide sky, immense scale, cold clear light, photorealistic.", "alt": "An enormous glaciated mountain wilderness stretching to the horizon.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrangell%E2%80%93St._Elias_National_Park_and_Preserve", "subject": "A massive snow- and ice-covered peak (Mount Saint Elias) with cloud wrapped around the summit, rising above a dark foreground ridge; this is the actual lead/infobox photo Wikipedia displays on the 'Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve' article.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/intro-fact-superlatives.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Hot Springs", "Indiana Dunes", "Congaree" ], "uid": "lcw0en2blgs5" }, { "id": "intro-num-largest-acres", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "record", "numbers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many acres does the largest national park, Wrangell–St. Elias, cover?" }, "value": 13175799, "unit": "acres", "tolerance": 50000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "1tds23seubuf6" }, { "id": "intro-num-highest-point", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "record", "numbers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Denali, the highest peak in any U.S. national park (and in North America)?" }, "value": 20310, "unit": "ft", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "109yw1w12qn2e6" }, { "id": "intro-fact-most-visited", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "record", "numbers" ], "title": "The most visited park", "body": "Great Smoky Mountains, straddling Tennessee and North Carolina, is by far the most-visited national park β€” about 12.2 million visits in 2024, more than double its nearest rival. It charges no entrance fee, a condition of the land's donation, which helps explain the crowds.", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-most-visited-park", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "illustration": { "kind": "diagram", "imagePrompt": "A clean field-guide-style bar chart: Bar chart of the eight most-visited national parks in 2024, led by Great Smoky Mountains at 12.2 million.", "imageSearchTerm": "most visited national parks chart", "alt": "Bar chart of the eight most-visited national parks in 2024, led by Great Smoky Mountains at 12.2 million.", "credit": "AI-generated (gpt-image-1.5)", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/intro-fact-most-visited.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Grand Canyon", "Zion", "Yellowstone" ], "uid": "juxcrw17r0wo6" }, { "id": "intro-pair-largest", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "record", "numbers" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Largest national park" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Wrangell–St. Elias, Alaska (13.2 million acres)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "nwhtil17amx5v" }, { "id": "intro-pair-smallest", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "record", "numbers" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Smallest national park" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Gateway Arch, Missouri (193 acres)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "4a03hp18gfho3" }, { "id": "intro-pair-most-visited", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "record", "numbers" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Most-visited national park" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Smoky Mountains (12.2 million in 2024)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "12whz141yelgtu" }, { "id": "story-concept-muir", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "person", "history", "preservation" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "John Muir", "clues": [ "A Scottish-born naturalist and writer often called the Father of the National Parks", "He founded the Sierra Club in 1892 and served as its first president until his death", "He camped with President Theodore Roosevelt at Yosemite in 1903, a trip that shaped federal conservation policy" ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” People of Conservation" }, "uid": "d9gdxgvt3pke" }, { "id": "story-concept-roosevelt", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "person", "history", "presidents" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "Theodore Roosevelt", "clues": [ "The 26th U.S. President, remembered as the Conservation President", "He signed the Antiquities Act of 1906 and used it to proclaim 18 national monuments, including Devils Tower", "During his presidency he protected roughly 230 million acres of public land through parks, forests, monuments, and bird reserves" ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” People of Conservation" }, "uid": "18j8ad5ycj1b3" }, { "id": "story-concept-mather", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "person", "history", "nps" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "Stephen Mather", "clues": [ "A wealthy borax businessman who turned his fortune toward the parks", "He became the first Director of the National Park Service, serving from 1917 to 1929", "He professionalized the parks and even funded ranger salaries from his own pocket; plaques honor him with the words, There will never come an end to the good that he has done" ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” People of Conservation" }, "uid": "13ny22s5a5qpa" }, { "id": "story-concept-grinnell", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "person", "history", "wildlife" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "George Bird Grinnell", "clues": [ "A naturalist and editor of the magazine Forest and Stream", "He founded the first Audubon Society in 1886 and was an early voice against the slaughter of the Plains bison", "He championed Glacier National Park, where a famous glacier is named in his honor" ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” People of Conservation" }, "uid": "vd13rtt3rmb3" }, { "id": "story-concept-hayden", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "person", "history", "science" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "Ferdinand Hayden", "clues": [ "A geologist who led a famous 1871 government survey of a thermal wonderland", "His report was illustrated by painter Thomas Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson", "Their images persuaded Congress to establish the world's first national park in 1872" ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” People of Conservation" }, "uid": "155753kkgrbq2" }, { "id": "story-concept-carson", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "person", "history", "wildlife" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "Rachel Carson", "clues": [ "A marine biologist and nature writer of the mid-20th century", "Her 1962 book Silent Spring catalyzed the modern environmental movement and the banning of DDT", "Her work is tied to the recovery of bald eagles, brown pelicans, and peregrine falcons now seen in many parks" ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” People of Conservation" }, "uid": "iz59uv1c7m1fh" }, { "id": "story-concept-leopold", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "person", "history", "ecology" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "Aldo Leopold", "clues": [ "A forester and ecologist who originated the idea of a land ethic", "He wrote A Sand County Almanac, published in 1949", "He recanted his early support for wolf eradication after watching the green fire die in a dying wolf's eyes" ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” People of Conservation" }, "uid": "g6r5cf1o946th" }, { "id": "story-concept-douglas", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "person", "history", "everglades" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "Marjory Stoneman Douglas", "clues": [ "A journalist and activist who campaigned for a vast subtropical wetland into her 100s", "Her 1947 book River of Grass reframed a so-called worthless swamp as a vital flowing ecosystem", "The national park she defended, Everglades, was dedicated the very same year her book appeared" ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” People of Conservation" }, "uid": "o7an12se80t4" }, { "id": "story-concept-adams", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "person", "history", "art" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "Ansel Adams", "clues": [ "A 20th-century photographer whose work became synonymous with the national park ideal", "His black-and-white images of Yosemite and the Sierra bolstered the conservation movement", "A Sierra wilderness area now bears his name" ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” People of Conservation" }, "uid": "10rrq1m1prar6k" }, { "id": "story-concept-rockefeller", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "person", "history", "philanthropy" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "John D. Rockefeller Jr.", "clues": [ "A philanthropist who quietly bought and donated land for many national parks", "His gifts shaped Grand Teton, Acadia, Great Smoky Mountains, Shenandoah, and Virgin Islands", "He funded the carriage roads of Acadia and donated land that doubled Grand Teton" ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” People of Conservation" }, "uid": "1bvhfvhuxbl0j" }, { "id": "story-concept-carter", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "person", "history", "presidents" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "Jimmy Carter", "clues": [ "A U.S. president from the late 1970s", "He signed the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980", "That single act created or expanded vast Alaskan parklands and more than doubled the size of the entire National Park System" ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” People of Conservation" }, "uid": "1vmhe2s1ccgg66" }, { "id": "story-concept-young", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "person", "history", "rangers" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "Captain Charles Young", "clues": [ "A U.S. Army officer who led troops patrolling parks before the Park Service existed", "He served with the Buffalo Soldiers, African American regiments among the first park rangers", "In 1903 he became the first Black acting superintendent of a national park, at Sequoia" ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” People of Conservation" }, "uid": "z0y5pol832g6" }, { "id": "story-fact-buffalo-soldiers", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "person", "history", "rangers" ], "title": "The First Rangers", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-first-rangers", "body": "Long before the National Park Service existed, the Buffalo Soldiers β€” African American U.S. Army regiments β€” served as some of the first park rangers in Yosemite and Sequoia in the early 1900s. They patrolled against poachers and illegal grazing, built trails and roads, and even constructed an arboretum. Captain Charles Young led them at Sequoia in 1903, becoming the first Black acting superintendent of a national park.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” People of Conservation" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Buffalo Soldiers Yosemite rangers", "imagePrompt": "African American Buffalo Soldiers on horseback patrolling a forested Yosemite trail in the early 1900s.", "alt": "The First Rangers", "depictable": true }, "uid": "1ddpy3f1fmvs5d" }, { "id": "story-fact-rooseveltmuir", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "person", "history", "preservation" ], "title": "Three Nights in Yosemite", "studyGuideAnchor": "three-nights-in-yosemite", "body": "In May 1903, John Muir guided President Theodore Roosevelt away from his official tour to camp three nights in the Yosemite backcountry β€” just the two of them and a few packers. They slept under the sequoias and woke beneath snow at Glacier Point. The trip helped convince Roosevelt to expand federal protection of Yosemite, and it became the most famous camping trip in American conservation history.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” People of Conservation" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Three Nights in Yosemite", "imagePrompt": "Three Nights in Yosemite. In May 1903, John Muir guided President Theodore Roosevelt away from his official tour to camp three nights in the Yosemite backcountry β€” just the two of them and a few packers. Th", "alt": "Three Nights in Yosemite" }, "uid": "1q2f35c112dhq2" }, { "id": "story-numeric-hotsprings", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "timeline", "history", "milestone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Congress first set aside Hot Springs, Arkansas as a federal reservation to protect its thermal waters?" }, "value": 1832, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "uid": "1vwgy9ilgmyt4" }, { "id": "story-numeric-yosemitegrant", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "timeline", "history", "milestone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did President Lincoln sign the Yosemite Grant Act, protecting scenic land for the people for the first time?" }, "value": 1864, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "uid": "1qawhrgcem2u" }, { "id": "story-numeric-antiquities", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "timeline", "history", "milestone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was the Antiquities Act passed, giving presidents the power to proclaim national monuments?" }, "value": 1906, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "uid": "46rvh2mi6xc8" }, { "id": "story-numeric-wilderness", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "timeline", "history", "milestone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did the Wilderness Act create the National Wilderness Preservation System?" }, "value": 1964, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "uid": "xqzl6r1pqmh6x" }, { "id": "story-numeric-esa", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "timeline", "history", "milestone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did the Endangered Species Act become law, the legal backbone for restoring wolves, grizzlies, and condors?" }, "value": 1973, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "uid": "w7lcl41m3om0y" }, { "id": "story-numeric-anilca", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "timeline", "history", "milestone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was ANILCA signed, doubling the National Park System's acreage with vast Alaskan parklands?" }, "value": 1980, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "uid": "df3grl1buom93" }, { "id": "story-numeric-wolves", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "timeline", "history", "milestone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did gray wolves return to Yellowstone after a roughly 70-year absence?" }, "value": 1995, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "uid": "1n2n23onyxosu" }, { "id": "story-numeric-newriver", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "timeline", "history", "milestone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did New River Gorge become the 63rd national park, West Virginia's first?" }, "value": 2020, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "uid": "d0asj1hj9jah" }, { "id": "story-fact-anilca", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "timeline", "history", "alaska" ], "title": "The Day the Parks Doubled", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-day-the-parks-doubled", "body": "On December 2, 1980, President Jimmy Carter signed the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act β€” ANILCA. In a single stroke it created or expanded a constellation of Alaskan parks: Gates of the Arctic, Kobuk Valley, Lake Clark, Wrangell–St. Elias, Kenai Fjords, plus huge additions to Katmai, Glacier Bay, and Denali. The act more than doubled the acreage of the entire National Park System β€” the largest expansion of protected land in American history.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "One signature in 1980 more than doubled the entire National Park System.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Wrangell St Elias National Park", "imagePrompt": "Sweeping aerial photograph of a vast Alaskan wilderness β€” jagged glaciated peaks, braided rivers, and an ice field stretching to the horizon under crisp blue light, utterly unbroken by roads, photorealistic, grand scale.", "alt": "A vast roadless Alaskan landscape of glaciated peaks and ice fields.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrangell%E2%80%93St._Elias_National_Park_and_Preserve", "subject": "A massive snow-and-glacier-covered peak (Mount Saint Elias) with a cloud cap, viewed under blue sky with wispy high clouds -- this is the actual lead photo on Wikipedia's 'Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve' article.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/story-fact-anilca.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "uid": "1bdm0wn1brdrz1" }, { "id": "story-fact-wolves", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "timeline", "history", "wildlife" ], "title": "The Wolves Come Home", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-wolves-come-home", "body": "In 1995 and 1996, gray wolves were trucked from Canada and released into Yellowstone after roughly 70 years of absence. What followed became a textbook case of a trophic cascade: wolves thinned and moved the elk herds, willows and aspen recovered along streams, beavers and songbirds returned, and even riverbanks stabilized. The return of a single predator rippled through an entire ecosystem.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Wolves Come Home", "imagePrompt": "The Wolves Come Home. In 1995 and 1996, gray wolves were trucked from Canada and released into Yellowstone after roughly 70 years of absence. What followed became a textbook case of a trophic cascade: w", "alt": "The Wolves Come Home", "credit": "Unsplash Β· Eva Blue Β· Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/seven-pack-of-wolves-on-forest-snow-e9hbo4NtKJ0", "subject": "A pack of six gray wolves moving together through a snowy pine forest in clear daylight β€” a clean, well-lit, genuinely wild-looking photograph of a wolf pack in motion.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/story-fact-wolves.webp" }, "uid": "or6wilgcwmcz" }, { "id": "story-procedure-timeline", "shape": "procedure", "tags": [ "timeline", "history", "milestone" ], "goal": "Place the great milestones of American park protection in chronological order, from the first reservation to the 63rd park", "steps": [ "1832 β€” Congress reserves Hot Springs, Arkansas to protect its thermal waters, an early act of federal land protection", "1864 β€” Lincoln signs the Yosemite Grant Act, protecting scenic land for the people for the first time", "1872 β€” Yellowstone is established as the world's first national park", "1906 β€” The Antiquities Act lets presidents proclaim national monuments", "1916 β€” The Organic Act creates the National Park Service to manage the growing system", "1964 β€” The Wilderness Act creates the National Wilderness Preservation System", "1973 β€” The Endangered Species Act becomes the legal backbone for restoring park wildlife", "1980 β€” ANILCA doubles the park system with vast Alaskan parklands", "1995 β€” Gray wolves are reintroduced to Yellowstone after a 70-year absence", "2020 β€” New River Gorge becomes the 63rd national park" ], "notes": "The 44-year gap between Yellowstone (1872) and the Park Service (1916) meant the U.S. Army administered the early parks.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "uid": "6dj4lqc9e4bk" }, { "id": "geo-fact-hotspot", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "geology", "volcanism", "park" ], "title": "The Yellowstone Hotspot", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-yellowstone-hotspot", "body": "Picture a blowtorch fixed in the mantle while the continent slides over it. The Yellowstone hotspot is a plume of hot mantle rock anchored in place; as North America drifts southwest, it leaves a track of ever-older volcanic centers. The plume has fueled three cataclysmic caldera eruptions β€” 2.1 million, 1.3 million, and 640,000 years ago β€” the last carving the Yellowstone Caldera, roughly 30 by 45 miles across.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "A blowtorch in the mantle: the continent drifts, the hotspot stays put.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Prismatic Spring Yellowstone aerial", "imagePrompt": "Aerial photograph of a vast steaming hot spring ringed in rainbow bands of orange, yellow and blue microbial mats, set in a pale geothermal basin, drifting steam, golden afternoon light, photorealistic.", "alt": "The rainbow-ringed Grand Prismatic Spring seen from above.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Carsten Steger Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_(view_from_the_south).jpg", "subject": "Identical image to index 2 β€” the same straight-down aerial photo of Grand Prismatic Spring's rainbow ring with boardwalk visitors, sourced on Wikimedia Commons with explicit CC BY-SA 4.0 credit to Carsten Steger.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/geo-fact-hotspot.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "1q40gsv1s2t579" }, { "id": "geo-fact-caldera-craterlake", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "geology", "volcanism", "park" ], "title": "How a Caldera Is Born", "studyGuideAnchor": "how-a-caldera-is-born", "body": "When a magma chamber empties in one violent eruption, the ground above caves into the hollow it leaves behind. That collapse made Crater Lake: Mount Mazama fell in on itself about 7,700 years ago, and the bowl slowly filled with rain and snowmelt. At 1,943 feet deep, it is the deepest lake in the United States β€” and one of the bluest.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "A mountain that fell into itself, then filled with the bluest water in America.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Crater Lake Oregon Wizard Island", "imagePrompt": "A deep circular caldera lake of intense sapphire blue ringed by steep forested cliffs, a small volcanic cinder-cone island near one shore, clear sky, crisp daylight, photorealistic landscape.", "alt": "The deep blue circular caldera of Crater Lake with a small cinder-cone island.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Crater Lake National Park Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater_Lake_National_Park", "subject": "Wikipedia lead photo for 'Crater Lake National Park' β€” wide panorama from the rim showing the full circular caldera, deep-blue lake, and the cinder-cone Wizard Island centered in it, clear blue sky, parking area and pines along the rim edge", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/geo-fact-caldera-craterlake.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "1ellmwpa8g3rz" }, { "id": "geo-fact-glaciation", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "geology", "glaciation", "park" ], "title": "Rivers of Ice", "studyGuideAnchor": "rivers-of-ice", "body": "Glaciers are rivers of ice that grind valleys from V-shaped to U-shaped, scoop bowl-like cirques from mountainsides, and sharpen ridges into knife-edged arΓͺtes and horns. Yosemite Valley is the textbook example β€” Half Dome and El Capitan are granite scoured and polished by Ice Age ice. In Glacier National Park, those same forces carved horns and hanging valleys, though the ice that made them is now nearly gone.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Yosemite Valley Half Dome glacial U-shaped", "imagePrompt": "A broad U-shaped granite valley with sheer polished cliffs and a domed peak at its head, meadow and river on the flat valley floor, soft morning light, photorealistic.", "alt": "The U-shaped glacial valley of Yosemite with sheer granite cliffs.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Diliff Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tunnel_View,_Yosemite_Valley,_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg", "subject": "Modern color 'Tunnel View, Yosemite Valley, Yosemite NP - Diliff': El Capitan's sheer granite cliff on the left, Half Dome in the distant notch, Bridalveil Fall on the right, forested U-shaped valley floor running between the walls β€” the same iconic photograph as index 7 at a more practical file siz", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/geo-fact-glaciation.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "u8axn91e5tz63" }, { "id": "geo-fact-grandcanyon-downcutting", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "geology", "erosion", "park" ], "title": "The River That Cut Through Time", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-river-that-cut-through-time", "body": "A canyon forms when a river slices downward faster than its walls can crumble back β€” a process that runs deepest through uplifted rock in dry country. The Colorado River has carved the Grand Canyon over the past 5–6 million years, peeling back layers that span nearly 2 billion years of Earth history, all the way down to the 1.8-billion-year-old Vishnu Schist at the bottom.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Canyon layered cliffs Colorado River", "imagePrompt": "A vast canyon of stacked horizontal rock layers in red, ochre and grey receding to the horizon, a thin green river winding far below, hazy depth, warm late-day light, photorealistic.", "alt": "The layered cliffs of the Grand Canyon with the Colorado River far below.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Grand Canyon Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon", "subject": "Wide overlook photo of the actual Grand Canyon: red-and-tan layered cliffs with the turquoise-brown Colorado River clearly winding through the canyon floor, a dead pine bough in the right foreground, blue sky with clouds. Wikipedia's lead image for 'Grand Canyon.'", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/geo-fact-grandcanyon-downcutting.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "vvrmabv8dqqx" }, { "id": "geo-pair-subduction", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "geology", "process", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Subduction (one plate diving under another)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cascade Range β€” Rainier, Lassen, North Cascades" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "cc8gc51xs8v5n" }, { "id": "geo-pair-faultblock", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "geology", "process", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Fault-block uplift (crust breaks and tilts up)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Teton Range β€” Grand Teton NP" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "mm2js8o33mjm" }, { "id": "geo-pair-karst", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "geology", "process", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Karst (acidic water dissolving limestone)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Cave β€” longest cave on Earth" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "1do3oplgig01b" }, { "id": "geo-pair-dunes", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "geology", "process", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind piling sand trapped by a barrier" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Sand Dunes β€” tallest dunes in North America" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Great Sand Dunes National Park Colorado", "imagePrompt": "Enormous golden sand dunes rising in smooth ridges against a backdrop of snow-dusted mountains, tiny human figures for scale on a distant crest, clear light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Towering golden sand dunes backed by snowcapped peaks.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Library of Congress Β· The distant dunes of the Great Sand Dunes National Park and Β· No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2017687506/", "subject": "LOC photo: a golden sand dune field stretching along the base of the snow-capped Sangre de Cristo mountains under a dramatic sunset/storm sky, with grassland in the foreground β€” title confirms Great Sand Dunes NP, Alamosa County, CO", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/geo-pair-dunes.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "k2p3c5tamh23" }, { "id": "geo-def-shieldvolcano", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "geology", "volcanism", "glossary" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Shield volcano" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A broad, gently sloping dome built from fluid basaltic lava that spreads far before cooling; Mauna Loa, the world's largest active example by volume, rises in Hawaii Volcanoes NP." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "5j43x5l4bcin" }, { "id": "geo-def-geothermal", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "geology", "volcanism", "glossary" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Geothermal feature" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A geyser, hot spring, mudpot, or fumarole produced where groundwater is heated by shallow magma; Yellowstone holds about half of Earth's active geysers, roughly 500 of them." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "1n3w8x11anhuln" }, { "id": "geo-num-craterlake-depth", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "geology", "record", "park" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How deep is Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States?" }, "value": 1943, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "1x9wxsyguhb2s" }, { "id": "geo-def-caldera", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Caldera" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A large basin-shaped depression that forms when a magma chamber empties in a huge eruption and the overlying ground collapses into the void; Crater Lake fills one left by Mount Mazama." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Batholith", "Hoodoo", "Fault-block mountain" ], "uid": "ujzskw1d6zflm" }, { "id": "geo-def-hoodoo", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hoodoo" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A tall, thin spire of rock left standing as frost-wedging and rain dissolve softer limestone around it; Bryce Canyon has the densest concentration of them on Earth." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "14kddbrbb059p" }, { "id": "geo-def-arch", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arch" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "An opening formed where water and ice widen cracks in a sandstone fin until a hole breaks clean through; over 2,000 dot a single Utah park, including the 290-foot Landscape span." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Caldera", "Hoodoo", "Butte" ], "uid": "1pxog9k1aeq7pe" }, { "id": "geo-def-faultblock", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Fault-block mountain" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A range raised when stretching crust breaks and tilts upward along a fracture; the Tetons rose this way over 10 million years, leaping 7,000 feet from the valley with no foothills." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "nf83fu1l7wljg" }, { "id": "geo-def-batholith", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Batholith" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A vast mass of granite that cooled slowly deep underground before being uplifted and exposed; the tilted Sierra Nevada is one, carrying Yosemite and Sequoia on its back." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "brbj91yj5fvf" }, { "id": "geo-def-naturalbridge", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Natural bridge" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A rock span carved by a flowing stream that cuts through the base of a fin β€” the key difference from a seepage-and-frost arch; Rainbow Bridge was sculpted this way by running water." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Hoodoo", "Butte", "Mesa" ], "uid": "1yuwmls4cfssa" }, { "id": "geo-fact-zion-navajo", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "park" ], "title": "Petrified Dunes of Zion", "studyGuideAnchor": "petrified-dunes-of-zion", "body": "Zion's soaring walls are ancient sand dunes turned to stone. The Navajo Sandstone β€” hardened from a sea of prehistoric desert dunes β€” forms sheer cliffs up to about 2,000 feet tall. The Virgin River is still at work, slicing ever deeper into Zion Canyon and squeezing through the slot-canyon corridor known as The Narrows.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Zion Canyon Navajo Sandstone cliffs", "imagePrompt": "Towering cream-and-rust sandstone cliffs rising sheer from a green canyon floor with a winding river, warm sunlight catching the upper walls, deep shadow below, photorealistic.", "alt": "Sheer red-and-cream sandstone cliffs rising above the Zion Canyon floor.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "\nChristian David Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cross-bedded_Navajo_Sandstone,_Canyon_Overlook_Trail,_Zion_National_Park,_Utah.jpg", "subject": "Sheer, cross-bedded red-to-cream Navajo Sandstone canyon walls with sparse pinyon-juniper greenery, shot on the Canyon Overlook Trail in Zion National Park; a white sandstone peak is visible in the distance. Title confirms exact location and rock unit.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/geo-fact-zion-navajo.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "14gbqat1xe8akb" }, { "id": "geo-fact-boxwork", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "park" ], "title": "The Honeycomb of Wind Cave", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-honeycomb-of-wind-cave", "body": "Some of the rarest cave decoration on Earth hangs from the ceilings of Wind Cave in South Dakota. Boxwork β€” a delicate honeycomb of thin calcite fins left behind after the surrounding rock dissolved away β€” is so unusual that Wind Cave contains an estimated 95% of all the boxwork known in the world.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Wind Cave boxwork formation", "imagePrompt": "A close-up of delicate honeycomb-like calcite boxwork formations hanging from a cave ceiling.", "alt": "A honeycomb lattice of thin calcite fins on a cave ceiling.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons β€” Boxwork in Elks Room Sf34.jpg Β· See Wikimedia Commons (per-file)", "creditUrl": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334313", "subject": "A dense honeycomb-like lattice of thin calcite fins enclosing small dark cells across a cave ceiling β€” titled \"Boxwork in Elks Room,\" the actual boxwork formation the card describes", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/geo-fact-boxwork.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "16jm99a1lrbg74" }, { "id": "geo-concept-delicate-arch", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "park" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "Delicate Arch", "clues": [ "It is a freestanding sandstone formation in a Utah park that catalogs more than 2,000 such openings.", "Frost and seepage widened cracks in a sandstone fin until this graceful, leg-like span was left standing alone.", "It is the most photographed feature in its park and appears on Utah's license plate." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "1301pvlzqbylj" }, { "id": "geo-concept-half-dome", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "park" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "Half Dome", "clues": [ "It is a granite landmark rising above a glacially carved U-shaped valley in California's Sierra Nevada.", "Ice Age glaciers scoured and steepened its rounded back, while its sheer face drops nearly vertically.", "Its distinctive sliced-off profile towers over Yosemite Valley and draws cable-route hikers to its summit." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "ajkdpi1o7kpa0" }, { "id": "geo-concept-old-faithful", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "geology", "volcanism", "park" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "Old Faithful", "clues": [ "It is a geothermal feature in the world's first national park, which holds about half of Earth's active geysers.", "Groundwater heated by shallow magma drives it to erupt on a famously regular schedule, roughly every 60 to 90 minutes.", "Crowds gather on a boardwalk to watch its predictable column of boiling water and steam burst skyward." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "plfd4b9ork2p" }, { "id": "geo-concept-mammoth-cave", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "park" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "Mammoth Cave", "clues": [ "It is a karst landscape in Kentucky where slightly acidic water dissolved soluble limestone over eons.", "With over 426 miles mapped, it is the longest known cave system on Earth β€” more than twice any other.", "Its name reflects the sheer scale of its passages, not any connection to the Ice Age animal." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "1mwqo921l6r7q0" }, { "id": "geo-concept-petrified-forest", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "park" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "Petrified Forest", "clues": [ "It is an Arizona park preserving one of the world's largest concentrations of fossilized logs.", "Buried wood here had its organic matter replaced molecule-by-molecule with silica, turning trees to stone about 225 million years ago.", "Its rainbow-banded ancient logs lie scattered across the Late Triassic badlands of the Painted Desert." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "pou7lvxvdtqh" }, { "id": "geo-num-mammoth-length", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "geology", "record", "park" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many miles of passage have been mapped in Mammoth Cave, the world's longest cave system?" }, "value": 426, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 10, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "qv1es54duct7" }, { "id": "wild-fact-bison", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "wildlife", "megafauna", "park" ], "title": "American Bison", "studyGuideAnchor": "american-bison", "body": "Yellowstone holds the largest wild, free-ranging bison herd on Earth β€” roughly 4,000 to 6,000 animals β€” and is the only place in the U.S. where bison have lived continuously since prehistoric times. Once 30 to 60 million strong across the continent, they were hunted down to fewer than 1,000 by the 1880s. Wind Cave and Theodore Roosevelt protect genetically important herds too.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "From 60 million to fewer than 1,000 β€” and back from the brink in Yellowstone.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "American bison Yellowstone", "imagePrompt": "A massive shaggy American bison standing in a frosted Yellowstone meadow at dawn, breath steaming in the cold air, golden grass and distant geyser steam behind it, photorealistic wildlife photography, low warm light.", "alt": "A large bison standing in a frosty Yellowstone meadow at sunrise.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Frank Schulenburg Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:American_bison_in_Yellowstone_National_Park.jpg", "subject": "A single large bison grazing head-down in a grassy Yellowstone hillside meadow, backlit in warm golden-hour light with distant mountains and forest β€” matches the card well.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/wild-fact-bison.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "a5elad1y82qgr" }, { "id": "wild-fact-grizzly", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "wildlife", "predator", "park" ], "title": "Grizzly Bear", "studyGuideAnchor": "grizzly-bear", "body": "The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem holds about 1,000 grizzlies β€” up from roughly 136 in 1975, when the bear was listed as threatened. Glacier's Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem holds about 1,000 more. Tell a grizzly from a black bear by its shoulder hump, dished face, and long front claws.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "From 136 bears in 1975 to about 1,000 today around Yellowstone.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "grizzly bear", "imagePrompt": "A powerful grizzly bear with a prominent shoulder hump walking across an alpine meadow, brown fur catching low golden light, snow-streaked mountains behind, photorealistic wildlife photography, shallow depth of field.", "alt": "A grizzly bear with a visible shoulder hump walking through a mountain meadow.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Jean Beaufort Β· CC0", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_bear", "subject": "A live wild grizzly bear standing in dry golden grass/scrub, clean side profile with the shoulder hump clearly visible; CC0, Wikipedia's lead image for 'Grizzly bear'.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/wild-fact-grizzly.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "1sabe2k7u1yye" }, { "id": "wild-fact-wolf", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "wildlife", "predator", "park" ], "title": "Gray Wolf & the Trophic Cascade", "studyGuideAnchor": "gray-wolf-and-the-trophic-cascade", "body": "Wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone in 1995–96; today about 100–125 live in 8–10 packs. Their return is a textbook trophic cascade: by thinning and moving elk herds, wolves let willows and aspen recover, which brought back beavers, songbirds, and even reshaped streambanks. One predator rippled through an entire ecosystem.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Bring back one predator, and willows, beavers, and songbirds follow.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "gray wolf Yellowstone", "imagePrompt": "A lone gray wolf trotting across a snowy Yellowstone valley at first light, breath visible, alert eyes, dark conifers and pale fog behind, photorealistic wildlife photography, cold blue-gold light.", "alt": "A gray wolf crossing a snowy valley in early morning light.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Campbell William, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Radio_collared_gray_wolf_on_snow.jpg", "subject": "A gray wolf sitting in snow among bare branches, looking directly at the camera in cool, dawn-like light, with a radio collar barely visible under its fur; no humans or equipment in frame.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/wild-fact-wolf.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "676dvn320hop" }, { "id": "wild-fact-elk-moose", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "wildlife", "ungulate", "park" ], "title": "Elk and Moose", "studyGuideAnchor": "elk-and-moose", "body": "Each autumn, Rocky Mountain National Park's elk rut draws crowds to hear bull elk bugling across the meadows. The moose is the largest deer of all β€” and on Isle Royale, the moose–wolf predator-prey system has been studied continuously since 1958, the longest-running study of its kind in the world.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "bull elk bugling Rocky Mountain", "imagePrompt": "A large bull elk with broad antlers bugling in a golden autumn meadow, head tilted back and breath steaming, aspens turning yellow behind, photorealistic wildlife photography, warm morning light.", "alt": "A bull elk bugling in a golden autumn meadow.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Los Paseos from Earth Β· CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bugle_(23072423525).jpg", "subject": "A bull elk with head thrown back and mouth open in a bugling posture, standing in a golden autumn meadow with yellow aspen foliage and pine forest behind it β€” matches the card exactly.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/wild-fact-elk-moose.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "99q3g71l62b65" }, { "id": "wild-fact-goat-sheep", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "wildlife", "ungulate", "park" ], "title": "Mountain Goat vs. Bighorn Sheep", "studyGuideAnchor": "mountain-goat-vs-bighorn-sheep", "body": "These high-country look-alikes are easy to tell apart. Mountain goats are all white with short black horns β€” and despite the name, they aren't true goats. Bighorn sheep are brown with massive curling horns. Both roam Glacier and Rocky Mountain; the mountain goats in the Tetons and Olympic are partly introduced.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "mountain goat Glacier National Park", "imagePrompt": "A pure white mountain goat with short black horns standing on a rocky alpine ledge with a dramatic mountain valley far below, shaggy winter coat, photorealistic wildlife photography, crisp daylight.", "alt": "A white mountain goat with black horns on a rocky alpine ledge.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Glacier National Park (U.S.) Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)", "subject": "A single white mountain goat with visible black horns standing on a rocky outcrop/ledge overlooking Hidden Lake, with snow-streaked mountains and conifers in the background -- Glacier National Park.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/wild-fact-goat-sheep.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "7brvrz1k5tkbp" }, { "id": "wild-fact-pronghorn", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "wildlife", "ungulate", "record" ], "title": "Pronghorn", "studyGuideAnchor": "pronghorn", "body": "The pronghorn is the fastest land animal in the Western Hemisphere, clocking around 55 mph across the sagebrush of Yellowstone and Grand Teton. Why so fast, with no predator that can keep up? It evolved its speed to outrun the American cheetah β€” a predator that went extinct thousands of years ago.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "pronghorn antelope", "imagePrompt": "A pronghorn sprinting across open sagebrush flats with dust kicking up behind it, tan-and-white markings sharp in the light, distant mountains hazy on the horizon, photorealistic wildlife photography, sense of motion.", "alt": "A pronghorn running across open sagebrush plains.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Mr. Satterly Β· CC0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antilocapra_americana_400471915.jpg", "subject": "A pronghorn caught mid-trot/run, front leg raised and hindquarters extended, crossing an open mowed grass field β€” captures motion, matching the alt text's 'running' description.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/wild-fact-pronghorn.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "3at9o41ddbuzi" }, { "id": "wild-pair-bison-yellowstone", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "wildlife", "park", "megafauna" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "American bison" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone (largest wild herd)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "179az3xu8jds3" }, { "id": "wild-pair-moose-isleroyale", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "wildlife", "park", "ungulate" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Moose (and wolves)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Isle Royale" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "chq3ur1ifquzd" }, { "id": "wild-pair-elk-rocky", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "wildlife", "park", "ungulate" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Bugling elk rut" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Rocky Mountain" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "15dn7x71ta425d" }, { "id": "wild-pair-goat-glacier", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "wildlife", "park", "ungulate" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mountain goat & bighorn sheep" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "91gxcapv9bf0" }, { "id": "wild-fact-keystone-concept", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "wildlife", "keystone", "ecology" ], "title": "What Is a Keystone Species?", "studyGuideAnchor": "what-is-a-keystone-species", "body": "A keystone species holds an ecosystem together far out of proportion to its numbers β€” remove it, and the whole system unravels. The Yellowstone wolf is the famous example, but so are the beaver, whose dams create wetlands for countless other species, and the prairie dog, whose burrows and grazing shape entire grasslands. Lose the keystone and the arch collapses.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "beaver dam wetland", "imagePrompt": "A beaver swimming across a still pond at golden hour, V-shaped wake trailing behind, a stick dam and lush green wetland in the background, photorealistic wildlife photography, warm reflective light.", "alt": "A beaver swimming across a pond near its dam.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Midwest Region Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Beaver_dam_(53718655489).jpg", "subject": "USFWS public-domain photo titled 'Beaver dam' β€” a stick-and-mud dam across a stream holding back a broad, calm pond, with forest and blue sky behind. Directly shows a dam creating a wetland/pond.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/wild-fact-keystone-concept.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "rzl54d1cl1co3" }, { "id": "wild-fact-condor", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "wildlife", "comeback", "bird" ], "title": "California Condor", "studyGuideAnchor": "california-condor", "body": "North America's largest land bird spans an astonishing 9.5 feet wingtip to wingtip. By 1982 just 22 condors remained alive, and biologists took every wild bird into captivity to save the species. The gamble worked: wild flocks now soar over Pinnacles, the Grand Canyon and Zion country, and Big Sur, and the total population tops 560.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Down to 22 birds in 1982 β€” now soaring on a 9.5-foot wingspan again.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "California condor", "imagePrompt": "A California condor soaring on enormous outstretched wings against a deep blue sky, numbered wing tag visible, red bald head, rocky canyon rim far below, photorealistic wildlife photography, bright daylight.", "alt": "A California condor soaring with its huge wings fully spread.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” California condor Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_condor", "subject": "A California condor in level flight against blue sky, wings fully outstretched horizontally, numbered wing tag '34', bald red-orange head and white underwing patches visible β€” Wikipedia's lead photo for the California condor article.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/wild-fact-condor.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "1xl5pmpxav5qf" }, { "id": "wild-fact-baldeagle", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "wildlife", "comeback", "bird" ], "title": "Bald Eagle", "studyGuideAnchor": "bald-eagle", "body": "America's national bird nearly vanished in the mid-20th century, its eggshells thinned to breaking by the pesticide DDT. After DDT was banned and the eagle was protected, it roared back β€” and is now a common sight fishing the waters of Voyageurs, Olympic, Katmai, and dozens of other parks.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "bald eagle", "imagePrompt": "A bald eagle with a bright white head and yellow beak perched on a weathered snag above a misty lake, wings half-spread, dark pines behind, photorealistic wildlife photography, soft morning light.", "alt": "A bald eagle perched above a misty lake.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Bald eagle Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eagle", "subject": "An adult bald eagle (white head, yellow beak/talons, dark brown body) perched on a weathered tree stump with wings raised, snow-capped mountains blurred in the background β€” Wikipedia's lead image for the 'Bald eagle' article, apparently Alaska.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/wild-fact-baldeagle.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "qje2wv1bnh7ph" }, { "id": "wild-fact-alligator", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "wildlife", "park", "reptile" ], "title": "Where Alligators Meet Crocodiles", "studyGuideAnchor": "where-alligators-meet-crocodiles", "body": "The Everglades is the only place on Earth where American alligators and American crocodiles live side by side. Tell them apart by color and snout: alligators are dark with broad, rounded snouts, while crocodiles are grayish with narrow, tapered ones. The same wetlands shelter wintering West Indian manatees.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The only place on Earth where alligators and crocodiles share the water.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "American alligator Everglades", "imagePrompt": "A large American alligator resting half-submerged in dark Everglades water among sawgrass and lily pads, broad snout and armored back glistening, warm subtropical light, photorealistic wildlife photography.", "alt": "An American alligator resting in dark Everglades water.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "judygva (back in town and trying to catch up) Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:American_Alligator_-_Alligator_mississippiensis,_Everglades_National_Park,_Homestead,_Florida_-_25217802189.jpg", "subject": "An American alligator's eyes and snout resting just above calm, dark/muted water, ridged back trailing behind β€” Wikimedia title confirms Everglades National Park, Homestead, Florida; matches the alt text almost exactly.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/wild-fact-alligator.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "1yaxsit10i53qz" }, { "id": "wild-fact-roosevelt-elk", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "wildlife", "ungulate", "park" ], "title": "Roosevelt Elk", "studyGuideAnchor": "roosevelt-elk", "body": "The Roosevelt elk is the largest elk subspecies, at home in the rainforests of Olympic and Redwood. Olympic's elk were so central to its creation that the park was originally proposed under the name 'Elk National Park' to protect the herds.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Roosevelt elk Olympic", "imagePrompt": "A massive Roosevelt elk bull standing in a moss-draped temperate rainforest clearing, towering antlers, shafts of green light through tall conifers, ferns underfoot, photorealistic wildlife photography.", "alt": "A large Roosevelt elk bull in a mossy rainforest clearing.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "USFWS Pacific Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grazing_bull_elk,_Olympic_National_Park_(52094128946).jpg", "subject": "A bull Roosevelt elk with a large multi-point rack grazing head-down in a small ferny clearing, with moss-draped hemlock branches hanging in the background; Wikimedia title 'Grazing bull elk, Olympic National Park' confirms subject and location.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/wild-fact-roosevelt-elk.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "1fwougfpqzcfp" }, { "id": "wild-pair-condor-pinnacles", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "wildlife", "park", "bird" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "California condor" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Pinnacles" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "12a35r132esnn" }, { "id": "wild-pair-gators-everglades", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "wildlife", "park", "reptile" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Alligators and crocodiles together" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Everglades" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "u5fe2l1fbr6pf" }, { "id": "wild-pair-roosevelt-olympic", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "wildlife", "park", "ungulate" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roosevelt elk" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic & Redwood" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "1pumennck3idl" }, { "id": "wild-concept-bison", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "wildlife", "megafauna" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "American bison", "clues": [ "This shaggy, humped mammal once roamed the continent in herds tens of millions strong.", "Hunting crashed its numbers to fewer than 1,000 by the 1880s before it was saved.", "Yellowstone holds its largest wild, free-ranging herd." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "1dlh3x51xtrngf" }, { "id": "wild-concept-wolf", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "wildlife", "predator" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "gray wolf", "clues": [ "This pack-hunting predator was absent from Yellowstone for decades before its 1995–96 return.", "Its comeback triggered a famous trophic cascade, reviving willows, beavers, and songbirds.", "About 100–125 of them now live in 8–10 packs in the park." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "11rjzn1143pq5f" }, { "id": "wild-concept-condor", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "wildlife", "bird" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "California condor", "clues": [ "This is North America's largest land bird, with a wingspan near 9.5 feet.", "By 1982 only 22 of them remained alive anywhere on Earth.", "Recovering flocks now soar over Pinnacles, the Grand Canyon, and Big Sur." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "1htli6lo7ngj7" }, { "id": "wild-concept-pronghorn", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "wildlife", "ungulate" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "pronghorn", "clues": [ "This tan-and-white grazer is the fastest land animal in the Western Hemisphere.", "It can run about 55 mph across the sagebrush of Yellowstone and Grand Teton.", "It evolved that speed to escape a cheetah that went extinct long ago." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "1p726ud1dgltu3" }, { "id": "wild-concept-grizzly", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "wildlife", "predator" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "grizzly bear", "clues": [ "You can recognize this large bear by its shoulder hump, dished face, and long claws.", "It rebounded from about 136 animals in 1975 to roughly 1,000 around Yellowstone.", "Glacier's Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem holds about 1,000 more." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "1s6wjrii7vyu8" }, { "id": "wild-concept-alligator", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "wildlife", "reptile" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "American alligator", "clues": [ "This dark reptile has a broad, rounded snout, unlike its narrow-snouted relative.", "The Everglades is the only place it shares waters with the American crocodile.", "It is itself a keystone species, its gator holes sheltering wildlife through the dry season." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wildlife" }, "uid": "wosa1d15i5ulz" }, { "id": "flora-fact-general-sherman", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "flora", "record", "tree" ], "title": "General Sherman, the Giant Sequoia", "studyGuideAnchor": "general-sherman-the-giant-sequoia", "body": "Giant sequoias are the largest trees on Earth by volume, and General Sherman in Sequoia NP is the largest single-stem tree alive β€” about 52,500 cubic feet of wood, roughly 275 feet tall, with a base some 36 feet across. It is estimated to be 2,200–2,700 years old. Giant sequoias grow only on the Sierra Nevada's western slope and actually depend on fire, whose heat opens their cones and clears competing growth.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The largest living single-stem tree on Earth β€” older than the Roman Empire.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "giant sequoia tree huge trunk", "imagePrompt": "Photograph looking up the massive reddish-brown trunk of a giant sequoia in a forest, the base wider than a car, sunlight filtering through high green branches, tiny human for scale at the base, photorealistic, cathedral-like grandeur.", "alt": "The enormous trunk of a giant sequoia rising into a sunlit forest canopy.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Unsplash Β· Taisia Karaseva Β· Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/the-sun-shines-through-the-tall-trees-in-the-forest-hGQ9BL4pnKg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/flora-fact-general-sherman.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "yd5r221925ngs" }, { "id": "flora-fact-coast-redwood", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "flora", "record", "tree" ], "title": "The Tallest Trees on Earth", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-tallest-trees-on-earth", "body": "Coast redwoods are the tallest living things on the planet. Hyperion, a redwood in Redwood NP, reaches about 380 feet β€” taller than a 35-story building and the Statue of Liberty stacked nearly twice. Unlike their bulkier sequoia cousins, redwoods grow tall and slender, and they drink from coastal fog, combing moisture straight out of the air along California's foggy north coast.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "coast redwood forest Redwood", "imagePrompt": "Photograph inside a coast redwood grove, impossibly tall straight trunks vanishing upward into fog, shafts of soft light, ferny green understory, cool damp atmosphere, photorealistic, sense of immense scale.", "alt": "Towering coast redwood trunks disappearing into fog above a fern understory.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Michael Schweppe Β· CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Redwood_National_Park,_fog_in_the_forest.jpg", "subject": "Wikimedia Commons file 'Redwood National Park, fog in the forest.jpg' by Michael Schweppe β€” tall redwood trunks disappearing into fog with light rays, fern/shrub understory at the base; title directly confirms the fog claim", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/flora-fact-coast-redwood.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "43wedq1p7mg2o" }, { "id": "flora-fact-bristlecone-pine", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "flora", "record", "tree" ], "title": "Bristlecone Pine, the Ancient One", "studyGuideAnchor": "bristlecone-pine-the-ancient-one", "body": "Great Basin bristlecone pines are the oldest known non-clonal living organisms on Earth. One tree named Methuselah is about 4,850 years old, and an even older bristlecone in the Great Basin / White Mountains region has been dated near 5,070 years β€” alive before the pyramids were finished. They survive by growing slowly in harsh, windswept high country, their gnarled wood dense and weather-hardened. Great Basin NP protects ancient groves of them.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "bristlecone pine ancient", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a gnarled, twisted bristlecone pine on a windswept rocky alpine slope at golden hour, weathered silver-and-amber wood, sparse green needles, dramatic mountain backdrop, photorealistic, ancient and resilient mood.", "alt": "A gnarled, weathered bristlecone pine on a rocky high-mountain slope.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Z3lvs Β· CC0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_Bristlecone_Pine_Forest_04_30_2022_30.jpg", "subject": "A large, prominently gnarled and sun-bleached bristlecone pine trunk in the foreground of a barren, rocky high-mountain slope dotted with more bristlecone pines under clear blue sky.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/flora-fact-bristlecone-pine.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "1ov86u21fgjnzg" }, { "id": "flora-fact-saguaro", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "flora", "record", "desert" ], "title": "The Saguaro Cactus", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-saguaro-cactus", "body": "The giant columnar saguaro, emblem of Saguaro NP in Arizona, grows only in the Sonoran Desert. A saguaro can live 150–200 years and stand over 40 feet tall, but it grows agonizingly slowly β€” it may not sprout its first arm until it is 50–75 years old. Those arms, and the cactus itself, become high-rise homes for desert birds like the gila woodpecker and elf owl.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "saguaro cactus Sonoran Desert sunset", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of towering multi-armed saguaro cacti silhouetted against a glowing orange Sonoran Desert sunset, scrubby desert floor, distant mountains, warm light, photorealistic, iconic Southwest atmosphere.", "alt": "Tall multi-armed saguaro cacti against a glowing desert sunset.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Library of Congress Β· Sunset silhouettes a saguaro cactus in the Sonoran Desert, n Β· No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2018703803/", "subject": "A tall, clearly multi-armed saguaro cactus silhouetted against a vivid magenta/orange sunset sky, with a sandy desert road and scrub in the foreground (LOC, titled as a saguaro sunset near Marana, AZ).", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/flora-fact-saguaro.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "2umqrnk5hnih" }, { "id": "flora-fact-joshua-tree", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "flora", "desert", "park" ], "title": "The Joshua Tree", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-joshua-tree", "body": "The Joshua tree is a giant yucca and the spiky emblem of the Mojave Desert. Joshua Tree NP sits exactly where two deserts meet β€” the higher, cooler Mojave and the lower, hotter Colorado. The tree has one indispensable partner: the yucca moth, the only creature that pollinates it, deliberately packing pollen into its flowers and laying eggs inside. No moth, no Joshua trees.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Joshua tree Joshua Tree National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of spiky silhouetted Joshua trees on a high desert plain at dusk, scattered boulders, purple-and-orange twilight sky with first stars, photorealistic, surreal Mojave atmosphere.", "alt": "Spiky Joshua trees silhouetted on a desert plain at twilight.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Joshua Tree National Park Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Tree_National_Park", "subject": "Twilight desert scene in Joshua Tree NP: large tan granite boulder formations flanking a Joshua tree silhouetted in the gap between them, with smaller Joshua trees and scrub in the foreground under a pink-to-blue dusk sky.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/flora-fact-joshua-tree.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "1ld7yx211kbcco" }, { "id": "flora-num-sherman-height", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "flora", "record", "tree" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how tall is General Sherman, the giant sequoia, in feet?" }, "value": 275, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 15, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "1ccj6nukp5630" }, { "id": "flora-num-hyperion-height", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "flora", "record", "tree" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how tall is Hyperion, the tallest coast redwood, in feet?" }, "value": 380, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 5, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "1n2mdd67hyi24" }, { "id": "flora-num-methuselah-age", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "flora", "record", "tree" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how old is Methuselah, the famous bristlecone pine, in years?" }, "value": 4850, "unit": "years", "tolerance": 100, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "v22wx21f19d6g" }, { "id": "flora-num-saguaro-height", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "flora", "desert", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A mature saguaro cactus can grow to over how many feet tall?" }, "value": 40, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 5, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "6uph4vyhqtu" }, { "id": "flora-pair-sequoia-park", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "flora", "tree", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Giant sequoia (General Sherman)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Sequoia NP" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "1r2nmcta0bu37" }, { "id": "flora-pair-redwood-park", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "flora", "tree", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Coast redwood (Hyperion)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Redwood NP" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "1plm01u6c3yj8" }, { "id": "flora-pair-bristlecone-park", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "flora", "tree", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Ancient bristlecone pine" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Basin NP" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "ryd7gv1n6bzrp" }, { "id": "flora-pair-saguaro-park", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "flora", "desert", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Saguaro cactus" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Saguaro NP" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "7cqvtw1qdj03i" }, { "id": "flora-pair-joshua-park", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "flora", "desert", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Joshua tree (giant yucca)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Joshua Tree NP" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "1c9i0gomxgz9e" }, { "id": "flora-fact-life-zones", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "ecosystem", "life-zone", "elevation" ], "title": "Climbing Through Climate Zones", "studyGuideAnchor": "climbing-through-climate-zones", "body": "As you climb a mountain, the temperature drops about 3–5Β°F for every 1,000 feet of elevation. The old rule of thumb: climbing 1,000 feet up is roughly like traveling 600 miles north. So a single tall park can stack whole ecosystems on top of one another β€” desert at the base, then montane forest, then subalpine, then alpine tundra at the summit. Grand Canyon, Rocky Mountain, and Sequoia all show this dramatic zonation.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "One mountain can hold desert, forest, and arctic tundra β€” stacked by elevation.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "mountain elevation vegetation bands", "imagePrompt": "A tall mountain slope showing distinct bands of vegetation from desert scrub at the base to alpine tundra near the summit.", "alt": "A mountain with distinct bands of forest, sparse trees, and bare tundra by elevation.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kilimanjaro_from_space_2016.jpg", "subject": "A true-color NASA satellite photo of Mount Kilimanjaro labeled with its real elevation zones β€” dark montane forest ring at the base, lighter moorland band, bare alpine desert at the Uhuru Peak summit β€” a clear, accurate depiction of vegetation banding by elevation", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/flora-fact-life-zones.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "s4kruo1x5oku2" }, { "id": "flora-fact-everglades", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "ecosystem", "wetland", "park" ], "title": "The River of Grass", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-river-of-grass", "body": "The Everglades is not a swamp but a river β€” a sheet of water up to 60 miles wide and only inches deep, flowing imperceptibly south across Florida through endless sawgrass. Writer Marjory Stoneman Douglas named it the \"river of grass.\" This subtropical wetland weaves sawgrass marsh, mangrove forests, and cypress stands into one of the most distinctive ecosystems in North America.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Everglades sawgrass marsh", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of the Everglades β€” a vast flat expanse of golden-green sawgrass under a huge cloudy sky, sheet water glinting between the grass, a few distant tree islands, photorealistic, serene subtropical wetland.", "alt": "A wide flat expanse of sawgrass and shallow water under a big sky in the Everglades.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Everglades National Park Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everglades_National_Park", "subject": "Wikipedia's lead photo for 'Everglades National Park': sunset over a wide sawgrass marsh with shallow standing water reflecting the sky, scattered mangroves, big cloud-streaked sky β€” an authentic NPS photo of the actual ecosystem", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/flora-fact-everglades.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "1v3cwetulhkhn" }, { "id": "flora-fact-hoh-rainforest", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "ecosystem", "rainforest", "park" ], "title": "Olympic's Temperate Rainforest", "studyGuideAnchor": "olympics-temperate-rainforest", "body": "Olympic NP's Hoh Rain Forest is a true temperate rainforest, receiving roughly 12–14 feet of rain a year β€” among the wettest places in the contiguous United States. The result is a green, dripping world: towering spruce and hemlock, trunks and branches draped in thick moss and ferns, and fallen \"nurse logs\" sprouting whole rows of new trees.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Hoh Rain Forest Olympic moss", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a lush temperate rainforest, every tree trunk and branch draped in thick hanging green moss, ferns carpeting the floor, soft diffused light, damp misty air, photorealistic, otherworldly emerald atmosphere.", "alt": "Moss-draped trees and ferns in the lush green Hoh Rain Forest.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Hoh Rainforest Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoh_Rainforest", "subject": "Big-leaf maple trunks thickly wrapped in moss with moss hanging from the branches, over a bright green grass/fern floor in dappled light β€” the lead image of the Wikipedia 'Hoh Rainforest' article, file 'BIG LEAF MAPLES HOH.jpg'.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/flora-fact-hoh-rainforest.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "la48d79cykep" }, { "id": "flora-def-life-zone", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "ecosystem", "life-zone", "glossary" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Life zone" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A band of plant and animal communities set by elevation and climate, so a single mountain stacks several from base to summit β€” the idea behind Merriam’s classic elevation bands." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Temperate rainforest", "Alpine tundra", "Taiga" ], "uid": "4lq4ulc060ar" }, { "id": "flora-def-temperate-rainforest", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "ecosystem", "rainforest", "glossary" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Temperate rainforest" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A cool, very wet forest of the middle latitudes, fed by heavy rain or coastal fog, lush with mosses and ferns β€” as seen in Olympic's Hoh, not in the tropics." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Taiga", "Alpine tundra", "Hardwood hammock" ], "uid": "10g7luzoqlawx" }, { "id": "flora-pair-everglades-ecosystem", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "ecosystem", "wetland", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Subtropical sawgrass wetland (\"river of grass\")" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Everglades NP" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "jeuo4jv4oxqh" }, { "id": "flora-pair-olympic-ecosystem", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "ecosystem", "rainforest", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Temperate rainforest (Hoh)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic NP" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "42jtk1yrf3r6" }, { "id": "flora-pair-tundra-ecosystem", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "ecosystem", "tundra", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Alpine tundra (Trail Ridge Road)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Rocky Mountain NP" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "1uyygurld1xnt" }, { "id": "flora-num-hoh-rain", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "ecosystem", "rainforest", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many feet of rain does Olympic's Hoh Rain Forest receive per year (upper end)?" }, "value": 14, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 2, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Flora & Ecosystems" }, "uid": "1wl744lzatcxn" }, { "id": "rec-fact-craterlake", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "record", "geology", "water" ], "title": "Crater Lake: Deepest in America", "studyGuideAnchor": "crater-lake-deepest-lake-in-america", "body": "At 1,943 feet, Crater Lake in Oregon is the deepest lake in the United States β€” and one of the deepest on Earth. No river feeds or drains it; it fills the collapsed caldera of Mount Mazama, which blew its top some 7,700 years ago. Rain and snowmelt alone keep it brimming, and the lack of inflowing sediment gives the water its almost unreal, sapphire-blue clarity.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "1,943 feet deep, fed by nothing but rain and snow β€” the bluest water in the country.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Crater Lake Oregon", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a vast circular caldera lake of impossibly deep blue water rimmed by steep dark cliffs, a small forested cinder-cone island rising near one shore, clear sky, crisp alpine light, photorealistic.", "alt": "The deep blue circular expanse of Crater Lake with Wizard Island near the rim.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Library of Congress Β· Crater Lake, Oregon Β· No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2011630317/", "subject": "LOC photo titled 'Crater Lake, Oregon' β€” wide rim-overlook view of the deep blue lake with Wizard Island fully visible near the left shore, snow-capped peaks and clouds above the far caldera wall, a small rocky foreground", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/rec-fact-craterlake.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "1s0yx8r1umgbcx" }, { "id": "rec-fact-badwater", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "record", "geology", "extremes" ], "title": "Badwater Basin: Lowest, Hottest Ground", "studyGuideAnchor": "badwater-basin-the-lowest-hottest-ground", "body": "Badwater Basin in Death Valley sinks to 282 feet below sea level β€” the lowest point in North America, a cracked white plain of salt flats stretching to the horizon. Death Valley is also the hottest place on Earth: on July 10, 1913, Furnace Creek logged 134Β°F, still the highest reliably recorded air temperature anywhere. The park is the driest spot in the U.S. too, averaging about two inches of rain a year.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "282 feet below the sea, and the hottest air ever recorded on Earth: 134Β°F.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Badwater Basin Death Valley", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a vast cracked white salt flat forming polygonal hexagon patterns stretching to distant bare desert mountains, harsh midday sun, shimmering heat haze, photorealistic.", "alt": "The cracked white salt-flat polygons of Badwater Basin below distant mountains.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Pexels Β· Angelica Reyn Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/badwater-basin-under-blue-sky-11183594/", "subject": "Ground-level view of crisp, cracked white salt polygons stretching to distant mountains under a clear blue sky, with two small hikers visible for scale; matches the alt text closely and is the cleanest, brightest rendition of the required polygon texture", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/rec-fact-badwater.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "eiy6oyjraac" }, { "id": "rec-num-badwater-low", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "record", "extremes", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How far below sea level is Badwater Basin, the lowest point in North America?" }, "value": -282, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 5, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "ej8uqy2xcvt8" }, { "id": "rec-num-deathvalley-temp", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "record", "extremes", "weather" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the hottest air temperature ever reliably recorded on Earth, set in Death Valley in 1913?" }, "value": 134, "unit": "Β°F", "tolerance": 1, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "1wo73rmy4xmno" }, { "id": "rec-fact-mammoth", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "record", "geology", "caves" ], "title": "Mammoth Cave β€” The Longest in the World", "studyGuideAnchor": "mammoth-cave-the-longest-in-the-world", "body": "Beneath the green hills of Kentucky winds Mammoth Cave, the longest known cave system on Earth, with more than 426 miles of passages surveyed β€” and explorers keep finding more. No other cave comes close; the second-longest in the world is less than half its length. Its limestone labyrinth was carved over millions of years by water seeping through the soluble rock.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Mammoth Cave limestone passage", "imagePrompt": "A vast limestone cave passage with layered rock walls stretching into darkness.", "alt": "A broad limestone passage inside Mammoth Cave lit by warm lamps.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons β€” Mammoth Cave tour.jpg Β· See Wikimedia Commons (per-file)", "creditUrl": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2666855", "subject": "Color photo of a tour group in a broad, plain-walled limestone passage in Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, led by a guide holding a lit kerosene lantern that casts warm light on the rock.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/rec-fact-mammoth.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "1k01fz198ukoz" }, { "id": "rec-num-mammoth-length", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "record", "caves", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many miles of passages have been mapped in Mammoth Cave, the world's longest cave system?" }, "value": 426, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 10, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "1gw1yeg10f92wi" }, { "id": "rec-fact-sanddunes", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "record", "geology", "extremes" ], "title": "Great Sand Dunes: Continent's Tallest", "studyGuideAnchor": "great-sand-dunes-tallest-in-north-america", "body": "Pressed against Colorado's snow-capped Sangre de Cristo Mountains stand the tallest dunes in North America β€” Great Sand Dunes rise about 741 feet from base to crest. The sand blew off an ancient lakebed and piled up where the mountains trap the wind. Climbing Star Dune or High Dune is a leg-burning slog through soft sand, often with snowmelt creek water at the base in spring.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Great Sand Dunes Colorado", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of immense golden sand dunes with sharp wind-sculpted ridgelines, snow-capped jagged mountains rising directly behind them under a blue sky, warm low light casting long shadows on the dunes, photorealistic.", "alt": "Tall golden dunes backed by snow-capped mountains at Great Sand Dunes.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Library of Congress Β· The distant dunes of the Great Sand Dunes National Park and Β· No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2017687506/", "subject": "Golden-tan dunes filling the middle distance directly beneath the snow-streaked Sangre de Cristo Mountains, open grassland in the foreground, dramatic storm-lit sky above β€” dunes and snow-capped peaks together in one frame", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/rec-fact-sanddunes.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "js57yd1fw0dfv" }, { "id": "rec-num-sanddunes-height", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "record", "extremes", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall are the dunes at Great Sand Dunes, the tallest in North America?" }, "value": 741, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 20, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "187wx8ujj6di8" }, { "id": "rec-pair-yosemitefalls", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "record", "water", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite Falls" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Tallest waterfall in North America, plunging 2,425 ft in three tiers" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "19uiza0gthh8i" }, { "id": "rec-pair-redwoods", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "record", "flora", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Tallest trees on Earth (coast redwoods)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Redwood National Park" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "i3iqgop0k9te" }, { "id": "rec-pair-sequoia", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "record", "flora", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Largest tree on Earth by volume (General Sherman)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Sequoia National Park" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "1t0in47marb8t" }, { "id": "rec-pair-bristlecone", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "record", "flora", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Oldest non-clonal trees on Earth (bristlecone pines, ~5,000 yrs)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Basin National Park" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "12cnvew1kk6obm" }, { "id": "rec-pair-blackcanyon", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "record", "geology", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Some of Earth's oldest exposed rock (~1.7 billion years, Painted Wall)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Black Canyon of the Gunnison" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "136tfat1q5ivkb" }, { "id": "rec-fact-acadia", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "record", "history", "park" ], "title": "Acadia: First East of Mississippi", "studyGuideAnchor": "acadia-first-park-east-of-the-mississippi", "body": "Established in 1919, Acadia in Maine was the first national park east of the Mississippi River β€” and the first ever assembled largely from land donated by private citizens. Atop its Cadillac Mountain (1,530 ft), the highest headland on the U.S. Atlantic coast, you can be among the first people in the country to see the sunrise much of the year. Today Acadia draws nearly four million visitors a season.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Cadillac Mountain Acadia sunrise", "imagePrompt": "Photograph from a pink-granite mountain summit at sunrise overlooking a rugged coastline of forested islands and bays, warm golden first light, calm Atlantic water, photorealistic.", "alt": "Sunrise over forested islands seen from Cadillac Mountain in Acadia.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "John Manard Β· CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cadillac_Mountain_Sunrise,_Acadia_National_Park_-_51650832934.jpg", "subject": "A vivid orange-to-pink sunrise over dark, forested islands in a bay, shot from a rocky summit foreground; titled 'Cadillac Mountain Sunrise, Acadia National Park' β€” matches the card's alt text almost exactly.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/rec-fact-acadia.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "1iyjd28g54n3e" }, { "id": "rec-fact-gatesarctic", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "record", "wilderness", "park" ], "title": "Gates of the Arctic: Emptiest", "studyGuideAnchor": "gates-of-the-arctic-the-least-visited", "body": "While Great Smoky Mountains draws over twelve million people a year, Gates of the Arctic in northern Alaska sees only about 11,900. There are no roads, no trails, and no visitor facilities β€” every one of its 8.5 million acres lies above the Arctic Circle. Reaching it means a bush plane or a long backcountry hike. It is the second-largest national park, and very nearly the emptiest.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Gates of the Arctic Alaska", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a vast roadless Arctic wilderness, jagged dark mountains above a broad tundra valley with a braided river, autumn tundra colors of red and gold, no people or structures, cold clear light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A roadless Arctic valley of tundra and jagged peaks in Gates of the Arctic.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "National Park Service, Alaska Region Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oolah_Valley_(16089307144).jpg", "subject": "A clear alpine tarn reflecting sharply jagged, snow-streaked gray peaks, with green tundra grass fringing the foreground -- Oolah Valley, a named location within Gates of the Arctic National Park, and a near-literal match to 'a roadless Arctic valley of tundra and jagged peaks.'", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/rec-fact-gatesarctic.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "nyihfv1vc1sx" }, { "id": "rec-num-gatesarctic-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "record", "wilderness", "park" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many people visited Gates of the Arctic, the least-visited national park, in 2024?" }, "value": 11900, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 1000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "170gbbawsuorc" }, { "id": "rec-fact-alaska-four-largest", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "record", "wilderness", "geography" ], "title": "Alaska Holds the Four Largest", "studyGuideAnchor": "alaska-holds-the-four-largest", "body": "The four biggest national parks are all in Alaska: Wrangell–St. Elias, Gates of the Arctic, Denali, and Katmai. Wrangell–St. Elias alone is larger than Switzerland. Most were created on a single day β€” December 2, 1980 β€” when the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act more than doubled the entire National Park System overnight.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Wrangell St Elias Alaska mountains", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of an immense Alaskan wilderness with a massive glaciated mountain range, a wide gravel river plain and spruce forest in the foreground, dramatic clouds, vast scale, photorealistic.", "alt": "A huge glaciated Alaskan mountain range above a braided river plain.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrangell%E2%80%93St._Elias_National_Park_and_Preserve", "subject": "Mount Saint Elias β€” a huge snow-and-ice mantled peak with a lenticular cloud capping its summit, seen across a dark foreground ridge/shoreline; this is the lead image on Wikipedia's Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve article.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/rec-fact-alaska-four-largest.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "10lkp12fl0gaw" }, { "id": "rec-pair-newest", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "record", "history", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Newest national park" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "New River Gorge, West Virginia (2020)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "otziw81fj223m" }, { "id": "rec-pair-samoa", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "record", "geography", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Only park entirely south of the equator" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "National Park of American Samoa" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "1cegf771dlgp55" }, { "id": "rec-pair-firstpark", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "record", "history", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "World's first national park (1872)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Records & Superlatives" }, "uid": "140fkk1afo5yv" }, { "id": "visit-fact-going-to-the-sun", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "recreation", "park", "scenic-drive" ], "title": "Going-to-the-Sun Road", "studyGuideAnchor": "going-to-the-sun-road", "body": "Glacier's 50-mile masterpiece climbs to the Continental Divide at Logan Pass (6,646 ft), threading cliff faces and waterfalls in switchbacks that took two decades to engineer. Completed in 1932, it's so buried by alpine snow that it typically opens fully only from late June or July to mid-October.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Fifty miles of cliff-hugging switchbacks over the Continental Divide.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Going-to-the-Sun Road Glacier", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a narrow mountain highway carved into a sheer rock cliff in Glacier National Park, snow-streaked peaks and a deep glacial valley below, alpine meadows and a thin waterfall, dramatic clear light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A cliff-hugging mountain road winding beneath snow-streaked peaks in Glacier.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Lon Johnson Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Going_to_the_Sun_Road_with_Going_to_the_Sun_Mountain.jpg", "subject": "Color photo of the paved Going-to-the-Sun Road curving along a cliffside directly beneath Going-to-the-Sun Mountain, whose summit has a visible snow cap, with evergreen forest below β€” the road is the clear main subject.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/visit-fact-going-to-the-sun.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Recreation & Sites" }, "uid": "1qmgyvb1wonyot" }, { "id": "visit-fact-trail-ridge", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "recreation", "park", "scenic-drive" ], "title": "Trail Ridge Road", "studyGuideAnchor": "trail-ridge-road", "body": "Rocky Mountain National Park's 48-mile crossing is the highest continuous paved road in the U.S., cresting at 12,183 feet β€” well above treeline, in fragile alpine tundra where marmots whistle and the air thins fast. Snow seals it for much of the year, usually open only from late May to late October.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The highest continuous paved road in America, above the trees at 12,183 feet.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Trail Ridge Road Rocky Mountain", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a high alpine paved road winding across treeless tundra above 12,000 feet in Rocky Mountain National Park, snowfields and distant jagged peaks under a vast blue sky, photorealistic, crisp thin-air light.", "alt": "A paved road crossing open alpine tundra high above the treeline.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Anne Dirkse Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trail_Ridge_Road_above_Treeline,_Rocky_Mountain_National_Park.jpg", "subject": "Modern color photo of an empty paved two-lane road curving through open, snow-dusted alpine tundra well above treeline, distant snow-capped peaks beyond β€” no trees, no vehicles, a clean match for the alt text.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/visit-fact-trail-ridge.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Recreation & Sites" }, "uid": "8qp7e3ox64j5" }, { "id": "visit-fact-dark-skies", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "recreation", "dark-sky" ], "title": "Dark Skies", "studyGuideAnchor": "dark-skies", "body": "Far from city glow, many parks are certified International Dark Sky Parks β€” Big Bend, Death Valley, Capitol Reef, Bryce Canyon, Great Basin, Joshua Tree, and Canyonlands among them. On a moonless night the Milky Way arcs overhead like a river of light, and thousands of stars appear that most Americans never see.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Milky Way Big Bend night sky", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a brilliant Milky Way arcing over a silhouetted desert landscape with rock formations, thousands of stars in a jet-black sky, faint airglow on the horizon, long-exposure astrophotography, photorealistic.", "alt": "The Milky Way arcing over a dark desert horizon.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Viktorwills Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chisos_Mountains_Milky_Way_August_2018.jpg", "subject": "The Milky Way arcing up from behind a silhouetted mountain peak (Chisos Mountains, Big Bend), with faint green airglow along the horizon and a footpath in the foreground β€” no artificial light sources", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/visit-fact-dark-skies.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Recreation & Sites" }, "uid": "2wa0jf18aryj5" }, { "id": "visit-fact-ranger-programs", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "recreation", "ranger" ], "title": "Ranger Programs", "studyGuideAnchor": "ranger-programs", "body": "The flat hat is an invitation. Park rangers lead free guided walks, evening campfire talks, and night-sky programs, turning a scenic overlook into a story about deep time, wildlife, and people. Kids can earn a Junior Ranger badge by completing an activity booklet and reciting a pledge to protect the park.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "park ranger talk visitors", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a National Park Service ranger in uniform and flat hat speaking to a small group of attentive visitors at a scenic overlook, warm late-afternoon light, mountains behind, photorealistic, candid documentary style.", "alt": "A uniformed park ranger talking to visitors at an overlook.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "GlacierNPS Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ranger_Talking_to_Visitors_(48920675641).jpg", "subject": "A female ranger in NPS uniform and flat hat standing on a rock ledge above an alpine lake, gesturing while addressing a long line of hikers on a mountain trail with dramatic peaks behind (Glacier National Park) β€” a ranger talk at a scenic overlook, matching the alt text closely.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/visit-fact-ranger-programs.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Recreation & Sites" }, "uid": "5bp0pdrqzlif" }, { "id": "visit-fact-america-the-beautiful", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "recreation", "pass" ], "title": "America the Beautiful Pass", "studyGuideAnchor": "america-the-beautiful-pass", "body": "One $80 annual pass covers entrance to every national park and federal recreation site for a full year β€” a bargain if you'll visit more than two or three. It's free for fourth-graders, and discounted for seniors ($80 lifetime or $20 annual), military, and visitors with disabilities.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "national park entrance sign", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a rustic wooden national park entrance sign beside a winding road into forested mountains, golden morning light, a car approaching, photorealistic, evocative of a road trip beginning.", "alt": "A wooden national park entrance sign by a road into the mountains.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "McGhiever Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zion_South_Entrance_sign.jpg", "subject": "A wooden 'Zion National Park' sign hanging from a stone pillar with the NPS arrowhead badge, a tree in the foreground, a paved road with a small entrance booth visible at lower left, and a tall red sandstone cliff filling the background.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/visit-fact-america-the-beautiful.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Recreation & Sites" }, "uid": "zp0jlq3307w0" }, { "id": "visit-pair-tioga-road", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "recreation", "scenic-drive", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Tioga Road" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite (crests Tioga Pass, 9,943 ft)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Recreation & Sites" }, "uid": "1g07c8fjc29k5" }, { "id": "visit-pair-skyline-drive", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "recreation", "scenic-drive", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Skyline Drive" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Shenandoah (105 miles of fall foliage)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Recreation & Sites" }, "uid": "1e19f651dbjleb" }, { "id": "visit-pair-cadillac-road", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "recreation", "scenic-drive", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cadillac Mountain Road" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Acadia (among the first U.S. sunrises)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Recreation & Sites" }, "uid": "f9vpm6qqzuy8" }, { "id": "visit-pair-firefall", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "recreation", "experience", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Firefall (Horsetail Fall glows orange)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite (mid-to-late February)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Recreation & Sites" }, "uid": "1v8ug72vb9w80" }, { "id": "visit-pair-fireflies", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "recreation", "experience", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Synchronous fireflies (lottery event)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Smoky Mountains (early June)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Recreation & Sites" }, "uid": "btu3qhcdbtr3" }, { "id": "visit-fact-timed-entry", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "recreation", "logistics" ], "title": "Timed-Entry Reservations", "studyGuideAnchor": "timed-entry-reservations", "body": "As crowds swelled, the busiest parks added timed-entry or vehicle reservations in peak season β€” Arches, Rocky Mountain, parts of Glacier, Yosemite at peak periods, Zion's shuttle and Angels Landing, Mount Rainier, Haleakalā sunrise, and Acadia's Cadillac sunrise. The systems change yearly, so always check Recreation.gov and the park website before you go.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Arches National Park entrance line", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a line of cars at a national park entrance station in red-rock desert country, ranger booth, dramatic sandstone cliffs behind, bright midday light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Cars waiting at a desert national park entrance station.", "kind": "photo" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Timing & Safety" }, "uid": "2g66f8inpa5q" }, { "id": "visit-fact-peak-season", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "recreation", "timing" ], "title": "When to Go", "studyGuideAnchor": "when-to-go", "body": "Peak season is June through August, with July often the single busiest month β€” and the marquee parks the most jammed. The shoulder seasons, May and September–October, reward you with thinner crowds, cooler air, fall foliage, and the autumn rut. Winter transforms parks entirely: Yellowstone's interior is reachable only by snowcoach or snowmobile.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Yellowstone winter bison snow", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a snow-covered geyser basin in Yellowstone in winter with steam rising and a lone bison dusted in frost, soft blue-white light, photorealistic, serene and cold atmosphere.", "alt": "A frost-covered bison in a steaming, snowy geyser basin in winter.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Jacob W. Frank Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bison_in_Lower_Geyser_Basin_in_winter_(23083167-da9c-4996-933f-daf3c107234b).jpg", "subject": "Two bison with frost-crusted faces walking across a snowy flat with tall geothermal steam plumes rising from a geyser basin in the background, pine treeline beyond β€” matches the alt text's 'frost-covered bison in a steaming, snowy geyser basin' precisely.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/visit-fact-peak-season.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Timing & Safety" }, "uid": "13wr5o8o2xluq" }, { "id": "visit-fact-wildlife-safety", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "recreation", "safety", "wildlife" ], "title": "Wildlife Distances", "studyGuideAnchor": "wildlife-distances", "body": "The NPS rule is simple: stay 100 yards from bears and wolves, and 25 yards from bison, elk, and other large animals. Surprisingly, bison injure more Yellowstone visitors than any other animal β€” usually people who got too close for a photo. In grizzly country, carry bear spray and know how to use it. Never feed wildlife.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Bison gore more Yellowstone visitors than bears do β€” give them 25 yards.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "bison Yellowstone close", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a massive American bison standing on a grassy plain in Yellowstone, head lowered slightly, steam from its breath in cool air, golden light, photorealistic, conveying power and wildness.", "alt": "A large American bison standing on an open grassy plain.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Bison Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison", "subject": "A single large American bison standing upright in an open field of dry grass and wildflowers, facing the camera directly in clear, warm light β€” a clean wildlife portrait (Wikipedia lead image for 'Bison').", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/visit-fact-wildlife-safety.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Timing & Safety" }, "uid": "uyrkbx56s0ib" }, { "id": "visit-fact-heat-altitude", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "recreation", "safety" ], "title": "Heat, Altitude, and Water", "studyGuideAnchor": "heat-altitude-and-water", "body": "In desert parks, heat kills more visitors than almost any other hazard: hike before 10 a.m. and carry a gallon of water per person per day. Above 8,000 feet, altitude sickness is real β€” ascend gradually and hydrate. And at the Grand Canyon, remember the mantra: \"down is optional, up is mandatory.\"", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Canyon hiker trail heat", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a lone hiker on a switchbacking trail descending into the Grand Canyon under a blazing sun, vast layered red cliffs receding into haze, photorealistic, sense of scale and heat.", "alt": "A hiker descending a steep switchback trail into the Grand Canyon.", "kind": "photo" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Timing & Safety" }, "uid": "eap3091cv5ryn" }, { "id": "visit-numeric-water-per-day", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "recreation", "safety" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many gallons of water per person per day does the NPS recommend in desert parks?" }, "value": 1, "unit": "gallons", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Timing & Safety" }, "uid": "16rs2ir1cu0qgp" }, { "id": "visit-numeric-bear-distance", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "recreation", "safety", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many yards should you stay back from bears and wolves?" }, "value": 100, "unit": "yards", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Timing & Safety" }, "uid": "1bb6ubk1jwarbe" }, { "id": "visit-def-national-park", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "glossary", "designation" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "National Park" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A protected area created by an act of Congress, generally barring hunting and resource extraction β€” the highest-profile designation in the federal system." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glossary" }, "uid": "77re811pc3fcn" }, { "id": "visit-def-national-monument", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "glossary", "designation" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "National Monument" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A protected site that the president can proclaim directly under the Antiquities Act of 1906, without waiting for Congress β€” often later upgraded to full park status." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glossary" }, "uid": "pn9nrb1cxaa9p" }, { "id": "visit-def-wilderness", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "glossary", "designation" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Wilderness Area" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The strictest federal land protection, barring roads, vehicles, and development so the land stays untrammeled by people." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glossary" }, "uid": "1dk9n2ch45hqm" }, { "id": "visit-def-backcountry", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "glossary", "hiking" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Backcountry" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The remote, undeveloped interior of a park beyond roads and front-country facilities, usually reached on foot or by boat and often requiring an overnight permit." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glossary" }, "uid": "ghd4ff4geknl" }, { "id": "visit-def-switchback", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "glossary", "hiking" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Switchback" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A sharp zigzag turn in a trail or road that eases a steep climb by lengthening the route and softening the grade." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glossary" }, "uid": "druc1i1mi2b60" }, { "id": "visit-def-cairn", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "glossary", "hiking" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cairn" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "A deliberate stack of stones used to mark a route across rock or open terrain where no worn path is visible." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glossary" }, "uid": "1bhezy3zywl0h" }, { "id": "visit-def-inholding", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "glossary", "management" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Inholding" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Privately owned land that sits within the boundaries of a park, sometimes complicating management and access." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glossary" }, "uid": "jv4cxt1d6pacn" }, { "id": "visit-pair-trailhead", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "glossary", "hiking" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Trailhead" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The point where a trail begins" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glossary" }, "uid": "fw7qrq1a88jvc" }, { "id": "visit-pair-gateway-town", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "glossary", "management" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Gateway town" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "A community at a park's entrance serving visitors" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glossary" }, "uid": "990h68pzinay" }, { "id": "visit-pair-concessioner", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "glossary", "management" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Concessioner" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "A private company licensed to run lodges and tours inside a park" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glossary" }, "uid": "1z0abs515lhzgb" }, { "id": "visit-pair-preserve", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "glossary", "designation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "National Preserve" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "A protected unit that may allow some hunting or extraction" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glossary" }, "uid": "1flwhng1hb5jrq" }, { "id": "fun-fact-supervolcano", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "history", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Yellowstone's Sleeping Giant", "studyGuideAnchor": "yellowstones-sleeping-giant", "body": "Yellowstone sits atop one of the world's largest active volcanic systems. Its \"supervolcano\" status makes for dramatic headlines, but the U.S. Geological Survey rates the near-term eruption risk as very low. The ground breathes, the geysers hiss, and the magma waits on a timescale that dwarfs human history.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "A supervolcano under your feet β€” and the USGS says: relax.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Prismatic Spring Yellowstone", "imagePrompt": "Aerial photograph of a vast steaming hot spring ringed in rainbow bands of orange, yellow and blue microbial mats, surrounded by a pale geyser basin, golden light, photorealistic.", "alt": "The rainbow-ringed Grand Prismatic Spring seen from above.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Carsten Steger Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_(view_from_the_south).jpg", "subject": "Same photograph as index 2 β€” a crisp, natural-color, directly overhead aerial view of Grand Prismatic Spring's rainbow-ringed pool with the boardwalk, tourists, and snow patches around the mat, sourced directly from Wikimedia Commons.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fun-fact-supervolcano.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Attributed Quotes" }, "uid": "1jau0yd1u3waaj" }, { "id": "fun-fact-smokyfree", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "history", "park", "record" ], "title": "The Park That Won't Charge You", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-park-that-wont-charge-you", "body": "Great Smoky Mountains has never charged an entrance fee β€” a condition written into Tennessee's transfer of the land. That free admission helps make it the most-visited national park in the country, with more than 12 million visits in 2024. (A parking-tag fee did begin in 2023, but walking in still costs nothing.)", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Great Smoky Mountains blue ridge fog", "imagePrompt": "Layered blue-grey ridgelines of forested Appalachian mountains fading into morning mist, low sun, soft haze rising from the valleys, photorealistic landscape.", "alt": "Misty layered ridgelines of the Great Smoky Mountains at dawn.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Aviator31 Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains", "subject": "Wikipedia's lead photo for 'Great Smoky Mountains': blue-hazed, layered mountain ridgelines receding to the horizon under a pink dawn/sunset sky, snow-dusted evergreen ridge in the foreground, sun low at right", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fun-fact-smokyfree.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Attributed Quotes" }, "uid": "1yac8fo1aa12vy" }, { "id": "fun-num-windcave", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "history", "park", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Wind Cave become the world's first cave designated a national park?" }, "value": 1903, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Attributed Quotes" }, "uid": "ezp11gz52cry" }, { "id": "fun-fact-mammoth", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "history", "park", "record" ], "title": "The Cave With No Known End", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-cave-with-no-known-end", "body": "Mammoth Cave is the longest known cave system on Earth, and it keeps getting longer β€” every time explorers connect a new passage, the official length grows. No one has yet mapped a natural end to it. It is, quite literally, a record still being written underground.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Mammoth Cave passage Kentucky", "imagePrompt": "A vast dark limestone cave passage lit by a single lantern, smooth tunnel walls receding into blackness, a sense of unmeasured depth, photorealistic underground scene.", "alt": "A long limestone passage receding into darkness inside Mammoth Cave.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Willis Thomas Lee Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mammoth_Cave_Rotunda_(USGS_Lwt02830).jpg", "subject": "The public-domain USGS photo by Willis Thomas Lee of the Rotunda in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky: a vast, flat-roofed limestone passage receding into darkness with one small lit figure for scale β€” the same photo as index 0 and 3, here with the most explicit open licensing and named authorship.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fun-fact-mammoth.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Attributed Quotes" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Carlsbad Caverns", "Wind Cave", "Jewel Cave" ], "uid": "10xm0qcpyrepa" }, { "id": "fun-fact-hotsprings", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "history", "park", "recreation" ], "title": "Bring Your Own Bottle", "studyGuideAnchor": "bring-your-own-bottle", "body": "Hot Springs, Arkansas, is sometimes called \"The American Spa.\" It's one of the few national parks where you can legally fill your own bottle straight from the source β€” public fountains let visitors collect the same thermal spring water that drew bathers here long before it was a park.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Hot Springs Arkansas Bathhouse Row", "imagePrompt": "A row of elegant early-1900s brick-and-stone bathhouses along a tree-lined promenade, warm afternoon light, historic spa-town atmosphere, photorealistic.", "alt": "Historic bathhouses lining the promenade at Hot Springs, Arkansas.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "SaraDGarland Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bathhouse_Row,_Lamar,_Hot_Springs_National_Park,_Arkansas.jpg", "subject": "The Lamar Bathhouse on Bathhouse Row, with a sign reading 'Bathhouse Row Emporium β€” Hot Springs National Park,' an American flag, and other Row buildings visible to the left.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fun-fact-hotsprings.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Attributed Quotes" }, "uid": "11oihmrbdr09l" }, { "id": "fun-fact-samoa", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "history", "park", "record" ], "title": "A Park on Loan", "studyGuideAnchor": "a-park-on-loan", "body": "The National Park of American Samoa is unique in the entire system: the United States doesn't own it. Instead it's leased from local villages, an arrangement that keeps the land in the hands of the Samoan community while protecting its rainforests, coral reefs, and flying foxes.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "National Park American Samoa rainforest coast", "imagePrompt": "A lush tropical rainforest tumbling down steep green volcanic slopes to a turquoise Pacific lagoon and coral reef, dramatic ridgelines, bright equatorial light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Rainforested volcanic slopes meeting a turquoise reef in American Samoa.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "National Park Service Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Park_of_American_Samoa.jpg", "subject": "A half-underwater split shot: a coral reef in turquoise water in the foreground, rainforest-covered volcanic mountains in the background.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fun-fact-samoa.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Attributed Quotes" }, "uid": "1r5s494144nr4y" }, { "id": "fun-fact-gatewayarch", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "history", "park", "record" ], "title": "The Most Urban Park", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-most-urban-park", "body": "Gateway Arch became a national park in 2018 β€” the newest and most urban in the system. It centers on Eero Saarinen's 630-foot stainless-steel arch on the St. Louis riverfront, a gleaming monument to westward expansion that you can ride to the top of.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "630 feet of stainless steel β€” the youngest, most urban national park.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Gateway Arch St Louis", "imagePrompt": "A towering curved stainless-steel arch gleaming against a blue sky above the St. Louis skyline and the Mississippi riverfront, dramatic upward perspective, photorealistic.", "alt": "The Gateway Arch curving above the St. Louis riverfront.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "[https://www.flickr.com/photos/11399912@N00 B0iwehijro2i0-\n]\n\n`1l]] from Davis, Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St_Louis_Gateway_Arch.jpg", "subject": "Color daytime photo of the full St. Louis riverfront skyline with the Gateway Arch curving above the Old Courthouse's green dome, parked cars and the riverbank in the foreground β€” the best literal match to 'curving above the St. Louis riverfront.'", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fun-fact-gatewayarch.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Attributed Quotes" }, "uid": "4t9ub0r1mbh2" }, { "id": "fun-fact-deathvalley", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "history", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Where the Stones Walk", "studyGuideAnchor": "where-the-stones-walk", "body": "Death Valley is one of the hottest and driest places on Earth β€” yet on its Racetrack Playa, heavy rocks leave long trails across the dried mud, as if they had wandered off on their own. The mystery held for decades until 2014, when scientists caught it on camera: thin overnight ice sheets, nudged by light wind, slide the stones along.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Racetrack Playa Death Valley sailing stones", "imagePrompt": "A cracked dry lakebed under stark daylight with a lone rock at the end of a long shallow track scored across the mud, distant bare mountains, photorealistic desert scene.", "alt": "A sailing stone at the end of its track on Death Valley's Racetrack Playa.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Lgcharlot Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Racetrack_Playa_in_Death_Valley_National_Park.jpg", "subject": "Wikimedia Commons photo of a gray stone at the end of a long, curving trail scratched into the cracked mud of Racetrack Playa β€” exactly a sailing stone and its track", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fun-fact-deathvalley.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Attributed Quotes" }, "uid": "183gbw513dpdfv" }, { "id": "fun-fact-quotetradition", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "history", "person", "glossary" ], "title": "Words for the Wild", "studyGuideAnchor": "words-for-the-wild", "body": "The national parks have always inspired great lines. Writers, naturalists, and presidents have tried to put the idea into words β€” from John Muir wandering the Sierra to Theodore Roosevelt standing at the Grand Canyon. The quotes that follow are the ones people still repeat a century later.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "John Muir Sierra Nevada mountains", "imagePrompt": "A solitary figure standing on a granite ledge gazing over a vast sunlit range of Sierra Nevada peaks, soft golden hour light, reverent mood, photorealistic.", "alt": "A lone hiker overlooking sunlit Sierra Nevada peaks.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Will Keightley Β· CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marie_Lake,_John_Muir_Trail.jpg", "subject": "Marie Lake on the John Muir Trail β€” sunlit jagged granite peaks reflected in an alpine lake, with a lone backpacking hiker walking the shoreline trail. Matches the alt text closely.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fun-fact-quotetradition.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Attributed Quotes" }, "uid": "1atcalb1eiread" }, { "id": "fun-pair-stegner", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "history", "person", "quote" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "\"The national parks are the best idea we ever had. Absolutely American, absolutely democratic, they reflect us at our best.\"" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Wallace Stegner (1983)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Attributed Quotes" }, "uid": "1dmvpl014th6f2" }, { "id": "fun-pair-muir-hitched", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "history", "person", "quote" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "\"When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe.\"" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir (1911)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Attributed Quotes" }, "uid": "17drjt41b9cbw2" }, { "id": "fun-pair-muir-climb", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "history", "person", "quote" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "\"Climb the mountains and get their good tidings.\"" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Attributed Quotes" }, "uid": "127nosrtq29f5" }, { "id": "fun-pair-roosevelt-tr", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "history", "person", "quote" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "\"Leave it as it is. The ages have been at work on it, and man can only mar it.\" (on the Grand Canyon)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt (1903)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Attributed Quotes" }, "uid": "l0dcazi8e2wh" }, { "id": "fun-pair-roosevelt-fdr", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "history", "person", "quote" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "\"There is nothing so American as our national parks... the country belongs to the people.\"" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Franklin D. Roosevelt (1936)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Attributed Quotes" }, "uid": "1s3zzqp1xzgyd3" }, { "id": "fun-mcq-grandcanyon-quote", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "history", "person", "quote" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who urged Americans to \"Leave it as it is\" while standing at the Grand Canyon in 1903?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wallace Stegner" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "President Theodore Roosevelt spoke those words at the Grand Canyon in 1903, warning that the ages had shaped it and people could only mar it.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts & Attributed Quotes" }, "uid": "1bzlyhrklf42t" }, { "id": "west-fact-yellowstone", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "park", "geothermal" ], "title": "Yellowstone", "studyGuideAnchor": "yellowstone", "body": "The world's first national park (1872, signed by Ulysses S. Grant) sits atop a supervolcano and holds Earth's greatest concentration of geothermal features β€” roughly 10,000 hydrothermal features and about 500 geysers, near half of all the active geysers on the planet. Old Faithful erupts every 60–90 minutes; the rainbow-ringed Grand Prismatic is the largest hot spring in the U.S.; Steamboat is the tallest active geyser on Earth.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The world's first national park β€” and about half the planet's geysers.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Prismatic Spring Yellowstone", "imagePrompt": "Aerial photograph of a vast hot spring ringed in rainbow bands of orange, yellow and blue microbial mats with steam drifting over it, surrounded by pale geyser basin, golden light, photorealistic.", "alt": "The rainbow-ringed Grand Prismatic Spring seen from above.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Carsten Steger Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_(view_from_the_south).jpg", "subject": "Vivid true-color overhead aerial photo of Grand Prismatic Spring from the south, showing the classic concentric blue/green/yellow/orange rainbow rings with the boardwalk and tourists along the edge β€” matches the alt text exactly.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/west-fact-yellowstone.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "2rkkxd1bph6ev" }, { "id": "west-fact-grand-teton", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "park", "mountains" ], "title": "Grand Teton", "studyGuideAnchor": "grand-teton", "body": "The Teton Range erupts straight out of the valley of Jackson Hole β€” about 7,000 feet of granite with no foothills to soften the rise, topping out at Grand Teton, 13,775 feet. These are fault-block mountains, among the youngest in the Rockies, lifted along the Teton Fault over roughly 10 million years as the valley dropped and the peaks soared. A string of glacial lakes mirrors them below.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Seven thousand feet of granite straight up β€” the youngest range in the Rockies.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Teton Snake River Overlook", "imagePrompt": "A jagged snow-streaked mountain range rising abruptly above a winding river and dark conifer forest, the famous Ansel Adams composition, dramatic clouds, crisp morning light, photorealistic.", "alt": "The Teton Range rising sharply above the winding Snake River.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Frank Kovalchek Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Teton_from_the_Snake_River_Overlook.jpg", "subject": "The Teton Range's snow-capped peaks rising sharply above a forested valley, with the Snake River winding through the lowland below β€” the classic view from Snake River Overlook, in color, well-lit and sharp.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/west-fact-grand-teton.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "12iazd0cid64u" }, { "id": "west-fact-glacier", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "park", "mountains" ], "title": "Glacier", "studyGuideAnchor": "glacier", "body": "George Bird Grinnell called this the \"Crown of the Continent,\" and the name fits: glacially carved horns and arΓͺtes, about 700 lakes, and the engineering marvel of Going-to-the-Sun Road climbing over Logan Pass at 6,646 feet. Its rock is ancient β€” the billion-year-old Belt Supergroup, holding some of the best-preserved Proterozoic stromatolites on Earth. The melting namesake glaciers are vanishing fast.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The Crown of the Continent β€” and a road carved across the face of the mountains.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Going-to-the-Sun Road Glacier National Park", "imagePrompt": "A narrow paved mountain road carved into a sheer cliff face high above a glacial valley, jagged snow-dusted peaks beyond, alpine meadows, clear summer light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Going-to-the-Sun Road cut into a cliff high above a glacial valley.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "NPS / Tim Rains Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Going-to-the-Sun_Road.jpg", "subject": "Going-to-the-Sun Road, with a car on it, running along a stone-walled ledge cut directly into a cliff face, high above a deep green glacial valley with a waterfall below and dramatic snow-streaked peaks behind.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/west-fact-glacier.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "jpntzo15e2ifi" }, { "id": "west-fact-rocky-mountain", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "park", "mountains" ], "title": "Rocky Mountain", "studyGuideAnchor": "rocky-mountain", "body": "Trail Ridge Road, the highest continuous paved road in the United States, crests at 12,183 feet and runs for miles above the treeline through windswept alpine tundra. More than a third of the park lies above treeline, with 77-plus peaks over 12,000 feet and Longs Peak topping out at 14,259. Each spring, crews plow snow drifts up to 20 feet deep just to reopen the road.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Drive to 12,183 feet β€” the highest paved road in America runs through the clouds.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Trail Ridge Road Rocky Mountain National Park tundra", "imagePrompt": "A high alpine road winding across treeless tundra above 12,000 feet, distant snow-capped peaks under a vast sky, scattered wildflowers and rock, bright thin mountain light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Trail Ridge Road winding across high alpine tundra above the treeline.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "DXR Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trail_Ridge_Road,_Rocky_Mountains_National_Park_20110824_1.jpg", "subject": "A curving paved two-lane road (Trail Ridge Road) winding along a rocky alpine ridge above scattered stunted conifers near treeline, with a rain shower visible in the distant sky β€” a clean, central depiction of the road itself in tundra terrain.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/west-fact-rocky-mountain.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "1ikgd2zn983ap" }, { "id": "west-fact-great-sand-dunes", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "park", "dunes" ], "title": "Great Sand Dunes", "studyGuideAnchor": "great-sand-dunes", "body": "Star Dune and Hidden Dune rise about 741 feet β€” the tallest dunes in North America β€” heaped against the 13,000-foot Sangre de Cristo Mountains in Colorado's San Luis Valley. Wind blew the sand off the valley floor over some 440,000 years, and creeks and wind keep recycling it so the dunes hold their shape. You can sandboard the slopes, splash in seasonal Medano Creek, and stargaze under International Dark Sky skies.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The tallest dunes on the continent, piled against a wall of 13,000-foot peaks.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Great Sand Dunes National Park Colorado", "imagePrompt": "Vast golden sand dunes with sweeping ridgelines rising in the foreground, a backdrop of high snow-capped mountains, long shadows raking across the sand at sunset, photorealistic.", "alt": "Tall golden dunes backed by snow-capped Sangre de Cristo peaks.", "kind": "photo" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Sand Dunes" }, "uid": "zn2zhfpizv15" }, { "id": "west-fact-black-canyon", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "park", "canyon" ], "title": "Black Canyon of the Gunnison", "studyGuideAnchor": "black-canyon-of-the-gunnison", "body": "So narrow, sheer, and deep that parts of the floor get only about 33 minutes of sunlight a day β€” hence \"black.\" The Painted Wall, Colorado's tallest cliff at roughly 2,250 feet, plunges from the rim. The Gunnison River cut through extraordinarily hard Precambrian gneiss and schist (about 1.7 billion years old) at roughly an inch a century; the rock's toughness kept the gorge narrow instead of letting it widen.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "A gorge so steep parts of the floor see barely half an hour of sun a day.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Painted Wall Black Canyon of the Gunnison", "imagePrompt": "A dramatically narrow and deep canyon with sheer dark gray cliffs streaked with lighter pink pegmatite bands, a thin river far below in shadow, dramatic depth, photorealistic.", "alt": "The sheer dark walls of Black Canyon plunging to the river far below.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "NPS/Lisa Lynch Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Painted_Wall,_Black_Canyon_Of_The_Gunnison.jpg", "subject": "NPS photo (Lisa Lynch, public domain): the Painted Wall's banded gneiss/pegmatite cliff face plunging down to the narrow Gunnison River winding along the canyon floor β€” an aerial-feeling overlook view, sky hazy at top.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/west-fact-black-canyon.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Black Canyon of the Gunnison" }, "uid": "lfo3t31nczr9p" }, { "id": "west-fact-mesa-verde", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "park", "culture" ], "title": "Mesa Verde", "studyGuideAnchor": "mesa-verde", "body": "Established in 1906 as the first national park created to preserve \"the works of man,\" Mesa Verde protects over 5,000 archaeological sites and some 600 cliff dwellings built into sandstone alcoves by the Ancestral Puebloans. Cliff Palace, with about 150 rooms, is the largest in North America. Remarkably, the Puebloans built these cliff homes only in their final 75–100 years here before departing around 1300 CE, likely driven by a long megadrought.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Six hundred cliff dwellings β€” and the first park made to protect human history.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Cliff Palace Mesa Verde", "imagePrompt": "An ancient multi-room stone dwelling of tan brick towers and walls tucked beneath a massive sandstone alcove on a canyon wall, warm afternoon light, photorealistic.", "alt": "The stone towers and rooms of Cliff Palace beneath a sandstone alcove.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Tobi 87 Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cliff_Palace-Colorado-Mesa_Verde_NP.jpg", "subject": "Well-lit color elevated view of the full Cliff Palace complex β€” towers, rooms, kivas β€” clearly nested beneath the sandstone alcove, with a small tour group on the path below; CC BY-SA 4.0. This is Wikipedia's own lead image for both the Cliff Palace and Mesa Verde National Park articles.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/west-fact-mesa-verde.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Mesa Verde" }, "uid": "z3of1i1nc5uqg" }, { "id": "west-fact-wind-cave", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "park", "cave" ], "title": "Wind Cave", "studyGuideAnchor": "wind-cave", "body": "Established in 1903 as the world's first national park to protect a cave, Wind Cave is one of the longest and most complex caves on Earth β€” over 160 miles mapped β€” and holds about 95% of the world's discovered \"boxwork,\" delicate honeycomb fins of calcite. It is named for the wind that rushes in and out of its small natural entrance as barometric pressure shifts. To the Lakota it is MakΓ‘ OnΓ­ye, the sacred \"breathing earth\" of their emergence.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The first park made to protect a cave β€” and almost all the world's boxwork.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Wind Cave natural entrance", "imagePrompt": "The small natural rock entrance of Wind Cave in South Dakota with wind visibly stirring dust at its opening.", "alt": "Delicate honeycomb boxwork calcite fins on a cave ceiling.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "James St. John Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Natural_entrance_to_Wind_Cave_(Black_Hills,_South_Dakota,_USA)_12.jpg", "subject": "Close-up of a small oval hole in a lichen-spotted grey-pink limestone face, passage visible descending inside, green shrub at left, sparse grass below", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/west-fact-wind-cave.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wind Cave" }, "uid": "db1cbpo6531n" }, { "id": "west-fact-badlands", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "park", "badlands" ], "title": "Badlands", "studyGuideAnchor": "badlands", "body": "Sharply eroded buttes, pinnacles, and spires banded in pink, tan, and gold rise from the largest protected mixed-grass prairie in the National Park System. The Lakota called it Mako Sica β€” \"land bad.\" Beneath the color lies one of the world's richest Oligocene mammal fossil beds, and the rock erodes so fast β€” about an inch a year β€” that paleontologists find new fossils after nearly every rainstorm.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Banded spires eroding an inch a year, spilling fresh fossils with every storm.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Badlands National Park South Dakota", "imagePrompt": "Sharply eroded ridges and spires banded in horizontal stripes of pink, tan and gold rising from open prairie grassland, warm low sunset light raking across the formations, photorealistic.", "alt": "Banded eroded buttes and spires of the Badlands rising from prairie.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Murray Foubister Β· CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Badlands_National_Park,_South_Dakota_2014_10.jpg", "subject": "Close-range view of jagged, tan-and-rust banded eroded spires/buttes at Badlands National Park, SD, rising directly out of green prairie grass under blue sky.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/west-fact-badlands.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Badlands" }, "uid": "1xc5zz29f48zk" }, { "id": "west-fact-theodore-roosevelt", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "park", "history" ], "title": "Theodore Roosevelt", "studyGuideAnchor": "theodore-roosevelt", "body": "The only national park named for a single person, set in the colorful North Dakota badlands along the Little Missouri River. Free-roaming bison and wild horses move across three units that include Roosevelt's own Maltese Cross and Elkhorn ranches, where his time in the 1880s forged the conservation ethic he carried to the presidency. He later wrote that without his North Dakota years, \"I never would have been President.\"", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Theodore Roosevelt National Park badlands wild horses", "imagePrompt": "Rolling colorful badland hills striped in soft earth tones along a winding river valley, a small band of wild horses grazing on a grassy bench, warm prairie light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Wild horses grazing among the colorful badlands of Theodore Roosevelt park.", "kind": "photo" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Theodore Roosevelt" }, "uid": "px5ouz1uowmtt" }, { "id": "west-concept-yellowstone", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "western", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Yellowstone", "clues": [ "The world's first national park, spread across three Western states atop a supervolcano.", "It holds roughly half of all the active geysers on Earth.", "Its most famous geyser erupts on a near-clockwork schedule every 60 to 90 minutes." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "1sva6e11hp9im7" }, { "id": "west-concept-grand-teton", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "western", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Grand Teton", "clues": [ "A compact Wyoming park just south of a far more famous neighbor.", "Its young fault-block range rises straight from the valley of Jackson Hole with no foothills.", "Ansel Adams' iconic photograph framed its jagged peaks above a bend in the Snake River." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "10yryuh1tofbdr" }, { "id": "west-concept-glacier", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "western", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Glacier", "clues": [ "A million-acre Montana park on the Canadian border, dubbed the Crown of the Continent.", "Its ancient billion-year-old rock holds some of Earth's best-preserved Proterozoic stromatolites.", "A cliff-hugging engineering marvel called Going-to-the-Sun Road crosses Logan Pass within it." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "1gv0asara6164" }, { "id": "west-concept-rocky-mountain", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "western", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Rocky Mountain", "clues": [ "A Colorado park near Estes Park where over a third of the land lies above treeline.", "The Continental Divide runs through it and 77-plus peaks top 12,000 feet.", "Trail Ridge Road, the highest continuous paved road in the country, crests at 12,183 feet here." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "76sh8bzsyxa9" }, { "id": "west-concept-great-sand-dunes", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "western", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Great Sand Dunes", "clues": [ "A Colorado park in the high San Luis Valley where you can sandboard and stargaze.", "Its formations are piled against the 13,000-foot Sangre de Cristo Mountains.", "Star Dune and Hidden Dune, near 741 feet, are the tallest of their kind in North America." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Sand Dunes" }, "uid": "u1tty41wdnn9y" }, { "id": "west-concept-black-canyon", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "western", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Black Canyon of the Gunnison", "clues": [ "A small western-Colorado park built around a startlingly deep, narrow gorge.", "Parts of its floor receive only about 33 minutes of sunlight a day.", "Its Painted Wall, near 2,250 feet, is the tallest cliff in Colorado." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Black Canyon of the Gunnison" }, "uid": "9jvzgangrtjw" }, { "id": "west-concept-mesa-verde", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "western", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Mesa Verde", "clues": [ "A southwestern Colorado park, the first ever created to preserve human cultural heritage.", "It protects over 5,000 archaeological sites and some 600 cliff dwellings.", "Its Cliff Palace, with about 150 rooms, is the largest such dwelling in North America." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Mesa Verde" }, "uid": "qyfkmzid7vc" }, { "id": "west-concept-wind-cave", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "western", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Wind Cave", "clues": [ "A Black Hills park in South Dakota, the first park in the world made to protect a cave.", "It is named for the air that rushes through its small entrance as pressure changes.", "It holds about 95% of all the rare honeycomb calcite formation called boxwork on Earth." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wind Cave" }, "uid": "11l885exaa7t0" }, { "id": "west-concept-badlands", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "western", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Badlands", "clues": [ "A South Dakota park whose Lakota name means \"land bad.\"", "It protects the largest mixed-grass prairie in the National Park System.", "Its banded buttes erode about an inch a year, exposing rich Oligocene mammal fossils." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Badlands" }, "uid": "13vcwz715d64y1" }, { "id": "west-num-yellowstone-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "record", "visitation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many people visited Yellowstone National Park in 2024?" }, "value": 4744353, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 100000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "xl2hq5nzwyyb" }, { "id": "west-num-rocky-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "record", "visitation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many people visited Rocky Mountain National Park in 2024?" }, "value": 4154349, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 100000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "15ou54f1pg8i2d" }, { "id": "west-num-longs-peak", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "record", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Longs Peak, the high point of Rocky Mountain National Park?" }, "value": 14259, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "ebxu9wv2e3su" }, { "id": "west-num-grand-teton-peak", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "record", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is the summit of Grand Teton, the park's namesake peak?" }, "value": 13775, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "1aikq4juwpbl5" }, { "id": "west-num-glacier-cleveland", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "record", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Mount Cleveland, the high point of Glacier National Park?" }, "value": 10466, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "jo5r5518tqvov" }, { "id": "west-num-trail-ridge-road", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "record", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "At what elevation does Trail Ridge Road crest β€” the highest continuous paved road in the U.S.?" }, "value": 12183, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "1fitiwu168upio" }, { "id": "west-pair-yellowstone-state", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "park", "geography" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Wyoming, Montana, Idaho" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "bhq8yj1ebpksh" }, { "id": "west-pair-glacier-state", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "park", "geography" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Montana" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "xoa6bqve3l9k" }, { "id": "west-pair-mesa-verde-state", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "park", "geography" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mesa Verde" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Colorado" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Mesa Verde" }, "uid": "j7zubs13igs36" }, { "id": "west-pair-theodore-roosevelt-state", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "park", "geography" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "North Dakota" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Theodore Roosevelt" }, "uid": "10att9ro1qc05" }, { "id": "sw-fact-grand-canyon", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Grand Canyon", "studyGuideAnchor": "grand-canyon", "body": "Carved by the Colorado River, this gorge runs ~277 river miles long, up to 18 miles wide, and over a mile deep β€” exposing nearly 2 billion years of Earth's history in its layered walls. The river only began cutting ~5–6 million years ago as the Colorado Plateau rose. Eleven tribes are traditionally associated with the canyon, including the Havasupai, who still live at Supai deep inside it.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "A mile deep and nearly 2 billion years of Earth laid bare.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Canyon South Rim", "imagePrompt": "Sweeping photograph from the South Rim of the Grand Canyon at sunrise, layered red and ochre rock terraces receding into blue haze, the Colorado River a thin silver ribbon far below, dramatic side light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Layered red rock canyon walls receding into haze under a clear sky.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Library of Congress Β· View of the Grand Canyon from the South Rim, Grand Canyon Vi Β· No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2011633835/", "subject": "A South Rim overlook: layered tan and pink canyon walls receding into blue haze under a clear deep-blue sky, framed by a balanced-rock formation and pinyon pines in the foreground. LOC title explicitly names this as the Grand Canyon South Rim.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sw-fact-grand-canyon.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "13zrqr1agdvcj" }, { "id": "sw-fact-zion", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Zion", "studyGuideAnchor": "zion", "body": "Utah's first national park (1919) is a canyon of towering Navajo Sandstone cliffs β€” petrified ancient sand dunes ~180 million years old β€” in red, pink, and cream. The Virgin River still deepens it, carving The Narrows slot canyon. Angels Landing's knife-edge spine got its name in 1916 when a visitor said \"only an angel could land on it\"; its chained route is now lottery-controlled. With 4.94 million visitors in 2024, Zion is the 2nd-most-visited national park.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Petrified sand dunes 180 million years old β€” Utah's first national park.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Zion Canyon Angels Landing", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Zion Canyon's towering cream and red Navajo Sandstone cliffs rising above a green cottonwood-lined valley, the Virgin River winding below, warm late-afternoon light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Massive striped sandstone cliffs towering over a green river valley.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Allen Boguslavsky Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zion_Canyon_from_Angels_Landing.jpg", "subject": "Elevated view down Zion Canyon from Angels Landing: towering striped sandstone cliffs on both sides frame a green, forested valley floor with a visible river and winding road under a partly cloudy sky.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sw-fact-zion.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "n0ojpz1hzo64t" }, { "id": "sw-fact-bryce-canyon", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Bryce Canyon", "studyGuideAnchor": "bryce-canyon", "body": "Bryce holds the densest concentration of hoodoos β€” rock spires β€” on Earth, glowing orange, pink, and white in vast natural amphitheaters. They form from over 200 freeze-thaw cycles a year wedging apart the limestone, and the rim erodes back 1–4 feet per century. Southern Paiute legend says the hoodoos are the \"Legend People\" turned to stone by Coyote. Despite its name, Bryce is not a canyon at all β€” it's amphitheaters eroded into a plateau's edge.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The densest forest of hoodoos on the planet β€” and not actually a canyon.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Bryce Canyon hoodoos", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Bryce Canyon's amphitheater packed with thousands of orange and pink limestone hoodoo spires at golden hour, snow-dusted rims, deep blue shadows between the columns, photorealistic.", "alt": "A vast amphitheater filled with thousands of orange rock spires.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Bryce Canyon National Park Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_Canyon_National_Park", "subject": "A wide, very high-resolution panoramic aerial/overlook view (Inspiration Point style) of the Bryce Canyon amphitheater, packed with thousands of orange and white hoodoo spires, with forested plateau and distant mountains beyond β€” a clear, sunny match to the alt text.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sw-fact-bryce-canyon.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Bryce Canyon" }, "uid": "10gu4r71hwon9l" }, { "id": "sw-fact-arches", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Arches", "studyGuideAnchor": "arches", "body": "Near Moab, Arches catalogs over 2,000 natural stone arches β€” the greatest density on Earth β€” including the 52-ft freestanding Delicate Arch on Utah's license plate and Landscape Arch, a ~290-ft span among the longest in the world. Arches form where water and ice widen cracks in Entrada Sandstone fins until a hole opens; they also collapse, as Wall Arch did in 2008. Ranger Edward Abbey wrote the wilderness classic Desert Solitaire here in 1968.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Over 2,000 stone arches β€” the greatest density on Earth.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Delicate Arch Arches", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Delicate Arch, a lone freestanding red sandstone arch glowing in golden sunset light, the snow-capped La Sal Mountains in the distance, deep blue sky, photorealistic.", "alt": "A lone red freestanding sandstone arch glowing at sunset.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "β€œJon Zander (Digon3)” Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delicate_Arch_in_Arches_National_Park_3.jpg", "subject": "Delicate Arch: a tall freestanding red sandstone arch glowing orange in low sunset light, set on slickrock with the La Sal Mountains and a dark, stormy sky behind it. Wikimedia title 'Delicate Arch in Arches National Park 3.jpg' confirms identity.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sw-fact-arches.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Arches" }, "uid": "rrj05n8yu67l" }, { "id": "sw-fact-canyonlands", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Canyonlands", "studyGuideAnchor": "canyonlands", "body": "Utah's largest national park is a vast wilderness carved by the Green and Colorado Rivers into four districts: Island in the Sky's mesa-top overlooks, the banded spires of The Needles, the remote Maze, and the rivers themselves. Mysterious Upheaval Dome may be a meteor crater or a collapsed salt dome. The Maze is so remote the NPS warns help can be days away β€” it was a hideout for outlaws like Butch Cassidy.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Mesa Arch Canyonlands", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Mesa Arch at sunrise in Canyonlands, the underside of the arch glowing fiery orange from reflected light, a maze of red canyons stretching to the horizon beyond, photorealistic.", "alt": "A low rock arch glowing orange at sunrise above a canyon expanse.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Thomas Wolf, www.foto-tw.de Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mesa_Arch_Canyonlands_sunrise.jpg", "subject": "Mesa Arch at sunrise: the underside of the arch glowing deep orange, framing a wide canyon vista under a clear blue sky β€” exactly matches the alt text", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sw-fact-canyonlands.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Canyonlands" }, "uid": "1tldi7l195n1nb" }, { "id": "sw-fact-capitol-reef", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Capitol Reef", "studyGuideAnchor": "capitol-reef", "body": "Capitol Reef protects the Waterpocket Fold β€” a ~100-mile-long \"wrinkle\" in the Earth's crust where rock layers were bent and uplifted 50–70 million years ago, then eroded into colorful cliffs and domes (one resembling the U.S. Capitol). At its heart is Fruita, a historic Mormon orchard settlement. Visitors can still pick fruit from the ~1,900 trees the NPS maintains β€” and buy fresh-baked pies at the Gifford House.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Capitol Reef Waterpocket Fold", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Capitol Reef's colorful tilted sandstone cliffs and white domes rising above a green orchard valley, warm afternoon light, deep blue sky, photorealistic.", "alt": "Colorful tilted cliffs and white rock domes above a green valley.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· CC BY-SA 2.5", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Waterpocket_Fold_from_above_Capitol_Reef_Scenic_Drive.jpeg", "subject": "Panoramic overlook of the Waterpocket Fold from Capitol Reef Scenic Drive: tilted, banded red/tan/white sedimentary cliffs and pale rock domes above a green juniper-filled valley β€” matches the alt text closely.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sw-fact-capitol-reef.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Capitol Reef" }, "uid": "1srhb7l1xkn2on" }, { "id": "sw-fact-petrified-forest", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Petrified Forest", "studyGuideAnchor": "petrified-forest", "body": "Along old Route 66 in eastern Arizona lies one of the world's largest concentrations of petrified wood β€” ~225-million-year-old Triassic logs turned to rainbow quartz, plus the banded badlands of the Painted Desert. Silica-rich groundwater replaced the wood cell-by-cell, with iron and manganese coloring the agate. It's the only national park containing a stretch of historic Route 66. Taking petrified wood is illegal β€” and the park keeps a famous file of \"conscience letters\" from visitors returning stolen pieces that brought bad luck.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "petrified wood Petrified Forest National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of colorful petrified wood logs lying across banded badlands in Petrified Forest National Park, the cross-sections gleaming red, orange and purple like polished agate, blue sky, photorealistic.", "alt": "Colorful fossilized logs scattered across striped desert badlands.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Petrified Forest National Park Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrified_Forest_National_Park", "subject": "Striped grey/tan badland hills with numerous reddish-brown petrified logs and fragments scattered across the desert floor under blue sky β€” the Jasper Forest area of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sw-fact-petrified-forest.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Petrified Forest" }, "uid": "1xhjqiq1i5ma44" }, { "id": "sw-fact-saguaro", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "flora" ], "title": "Saguaro", "studyGuideAnchor": "saguaro", "body": "Flanking Tucson in two districts, Saguaro protects dense forests of the giant saguaro cactus β€” the iconic symbol of the American West, found only in the Sonoran Desert. Saguaros can live 150–200 years, grow over 40 feet, weigh several tons when full of water, and may not sprout a first arm until age 50–75. The Tohono O'odham harvest the fruit each summer to mark their new year. A \"nurse tree\" like a palo verde shelters the seedling for decades before the cactus outlives it.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Giant cacti that live two centuries β€” and grow only in the Sonoran Desert.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "saguaro cactus Saguaro National Park sunset", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a forest of towering multi-armed saguaro cacti silhouetted against a vivid orange Sonoran Desert sunset, distant mountains, photorealistic.", "alt": "Tall multi-armed saguaro cacti silhouetted against a desert sunset.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "National Park Service Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saguaro_National_Park_at_sunset.jpg", "subject": "A single tall multi-armed saguaro silhouetted at left against a dramatic orange-red sunset sky filled with backlit clouds; NPS-credited, public domain, titled 'Saguaro National Park at sunset.'", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sw-fact-saguaro.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Saguaro" }, "uid": "1oi88fb1yjgh4d" }, { "id": "sw-fact-joshua-tree", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "flora" ], "title": "Joshua Tree", "studyGuideAnchor": "joshua-tree", "body": "East of Los Angeles, Joshua Tree marks where the Mojave and Colorado deserts meet β€” the higher, cooler Mojave full of twisted Joshua trees (giant yuccas), the lower, hotter Colorado of creosote and cholla. Jumbled monzogranite boulders that formed underground and weathered into rounded stacks draw climbers to 8,000+ routes. Mormon settlers reputedly named the tree for the prophet Joshua reaching skyward; it's pollinated only by the yucca moth in a strict mutualism.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Joshua Tree National Park boulders", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of twisted Joshua trees among rounded granite boulder piles at golden hour in the Mojave Desert, long shadows, warm pink sky, photorealistic.", "alt": "Twisted Joshua trees among rounded granite boulders at golden hour.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Joshua Tree National Park Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Tree_National_Park", "subject": "Dusk/golden-hour desert scene: pastel pink-purple sky over large rounded tan granite boulders with one twisted Joshua tree in the foreground clearing β€” Joshua Tree NP's Hidden Valley area.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sw-fact-joshua-tree.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Joshua Tree" }, "uid": "1lin5h51w37ffz" }, { "id": "sw-fact-great-basin", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "flora" ], "title": "Great Basin", "studyGuideAnchor": "great-basin", "body": "In remote east-central Nevada, Great Basin climbs from sagebrush desert to 13,065-ft Wheeler Peak, a \"sky island\" holding ancient bristlecone pines β€” some ~5,000 years old β€” and the ornate Lehman Caves. Below the peak sits Nevada's only glacier, a small rock glacier. With ~150,000 visitors in 2024 and some of the darkest skies in the U.S., it's a quiet gem. A bristlecone here named \"Prometheus\" was cut down in 1964 and found to be ~4,900 years old β€” spurring stronger protection of the species.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "bristlecone pine Great Basin Wheeler Peak", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a gnarled ancient bristlecone pine with twisted weathered wood on a high alpine slope below snow-streaked Wheeler Peak, deep blue sky, crisp light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A gnarled ancient bristlecone pine below a snow-streaked peak.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Famartin Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2014-09-15_13_44_24_View_of_a_Bristlecone_Pine_and_Wheeler_Peak_from_the_Glacier_Trail_in_Great_Basin_National_Park,_Nevada.JPG", "subject": "A weathered bristlecone pine with twisted, partly-bare wood in the foreground and Great Basin's jagged limestone peaks (Wheeler Peak massif) behind on an overcast day, no snow visible; Wikimedia Commons title explicitly names the bristlecone pine, Wheeler Peak, the Glacier Trail, and Great Basin Nat", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sw-fact-great-basin.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Basin" }, "uid": "12r461517r1rhb" }, { "id": "sw-fact-carlsbad-caverns", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Carlsbad Caverns", "studyGuideAnchor": "carlsbad-caverns", "body": "Beneath the Chihuahuan Desert, Carlsbad's \"Big Room\" is one of North America's largest cave chambers β€” ~8.2 acres of floor with a ceiling up to ~255 ft. It formed unusually: sulfuric acid from oil and gas below dissolved an ancient Permian reef from the inside, not ordinary rainwater. Each summer hundreds of thousands of Brazilian free-tailed bats stream out at dusk. A teenage cowboy, Jim White, explored and named the cave's formations in the early 1900s after noticing what looked like \"smoke\" pouring from the ground.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "A cave carved by acid, not water β€” and a nightly river of bats.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Carlsbad Caverns Big Room", "imagePrompt": "Photograph inside Carlsbad Caverns' Big Room, vast underground chamber filled with towering stalagmites and draped stalactites lit by warm subtle lighting, deep shadows, sense of immense scale, photorealistic.", "alt": "A vast underground cavern of stalagmites and stalactites softly lit.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "CarlsbadCavernsNPS Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Big_Room,_Carlsbad_Cavern_(51234085016).jpg", "subject": "Wide Big Room interior shot: dense curtains of stalactites hanging from the ceiling and large columns/stalagmites rising from the cave floor, warmly lit.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sw-fact-carlsbad-caverns.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Carlsbad Caverns" }, "uid": "kqdf86173a8rc" }, { "id": "sw-fact-guadalupe-mountains", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Guadalupe Mountains", "studyGuideAnchor": "guadalupe-mountains", "body": "West Texas hides Guadalupe Peak (8,751 ft), the highest point in the state, beside El Capitan's sheer limestone prow and McKittrick Canyon's blazing fall foliage. The whole range is an exposed slice of the Permian Capitan Reef β€” a ~265-million-year-old fossil reef from a tropical sea, one of the best-preserved on Earth (the same reef that hosts Carlsbad Caverns). Geologists travel here to study an ancient marine reef now standing as desert mountains.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "El Capitan Guadalupe Mountains", "imagePrompt": "The sheer limestone cliff face of El Capitan rising above the Chihuahuan Desert in the Guadalupe Mountains.", "alt": "A sheer pale limestone peak rising abruptly from desert scrub.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Unsplash Β· Ryuta F. Β· Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/a-view-of-a-mountain-with-a-cloud-in-the-sky-BuNkDG2InJ8", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sw-fact-guadalupe-mountains.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Guadalupe Mountains" }, "uid": "1luqhyricimmh" }, { "id": "sw-fact-big-bend", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Big Bend", "studyGuideAnchor": "big-bend", "body": "Where the Rio Grande makes its \"big bend\" along the Mexico border, this vast Texas park stacks deep canyons (Santa Elena's ~1,500-ft walls), the rugged Chisos Mountains, and Chihuahuan Desert under one of the darkest skies in the contiguous U.S. Its rocks hold rich fossils, including the giant pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus β€” a ~35-ft wingspan β€” discovered here. You can legally hike to the river and look across into Mexico, where the village of Boquillas has a small ranger-supervised crossing.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Canyons, sky islands, and one of the darkest night skies in America.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Santa Elena Canyon Big Bend", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Santa Elena Canyon in Big Bend, sheer 1,500-foot limestone walls split by the green Rio Grande, warm reflected light on the rock, photorealistic.", "alt": "A river cutting between sheer towering canyon walls.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Library of Congress Β· The sheer faces of Santa Elena Canyon, deep in Big Bend Nati Β· No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2014630600/", "subject": "Wide, sharp LOC photo looking straight down the Rio Grande into Santa Elena Canyon: sheer vertical limestone walls on both sides, calm green-brown river, small group of people on a gravel bar in the right foreground for scale.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sw-fact-big-bend.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Big Bend" }, "uid": "1y5fka41rre5va" }, { "id": "sw-fact-white-sands", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology" ], "title": "White Sands", "studyGuideAnchor": "white-sands", "body": "In New Mexico's Tularosa Basin lies the world's largest gypsum dune field β€” ~275 square miles of brilliant white, wind-rippled sand. Rain dissolves gypsum from nearby mountains, collects it in Lake Lucero, and wind grinds the dried crystals into sand; because gypsum doesn't absorb heat, the dunes stay cool underfoot. Fossilized human footprints found here suggest people walked this basin ~21,000–23,000 years ago β€” among the oldest evidence of humans in the Americas, possibly rewriting the timeline of human arrival.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The world's largest gypsum dunes β€” cool to the touch, white as snow.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "White Sands National Park dunes", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of brilliant white wind-rippled gypsum dunes stretching to distant mountains at sunset, long blue shadows in the ripples, pastel sky, photorealistic.", "alt": "Brilliant white rippled sand dunes stretching to distant mountains.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "uncredited NPS employee Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_dunefield,_White_Sands_National_Park,_New_Mexico,_United_States.png", "subject": "Same aerial dune-field photo as index 1 β€” brilliant white rippled dunes stretching to a distant mountain range, NPS public-domain image", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sw-fact-white-sands.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” White Sands" }, "uid": "1lzkblbeyr2ed" }, { "id": "sw-fact-death-valley", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "record" ], "title": "Death Valley", "studyGuideAnchor": "death-valley", "body": "The largest national park in the contiguous U.S. holds Badwater Basin (βˆ’282 ft), the lowest point in North America, and the hottest air temperature reliably recorded on Earth: 134Β°F at Furnace Creek on July 10, 1913. From there it rises to 11,049-ft Telescope Peak β€” a two-mile vertical range. It's the driest place in North America (~2 inches of rain a year), yet rare \"superblooms\" can carpet it in wildflowers, and Devils Hole pupfish survive in a single geothermal pool β€” among the rarest fish on Earth.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Lowest, hottest, driest β€” and still it blooms.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Zabriskie Point Death Valley", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Zabriskie Point in Death Valley at sunrise, eroded golden badland ridges in dramatic folds under a soft pink sky, distant salt flats, photorealistic.", "alt": "Eroded golden badland ridges glowing at sunrise.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "King of Hearts Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zabriskie_Point_Death_Valley_December_2013_002.jpg", "subject": "A color photograph explicitly titled 'Zabriskie Point Death Valley' showing deeply eroded golden badland ridges in warm, low-angle light with a reddish peak (Red Cathedral area) behind β€” matches the alt text closely.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sw-fact-death-valley.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "bzuc4y10zwit0" }, { "id": "sw-concept-grand-canyon", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "southwest", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Grand Canyon", "clues": [ "An Arizona park where one river did almost all the work.", "Its walls expose nearly 2 billion years of Earth's history, layer by layer.", "Eleven traditionally associated tribes include the Havasupai, who still live deep inside it at Supai." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "whrsk01rvu8mi" }, { "id": "sw-concept-zion", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "southwest", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Zion", "clues": [ "Utah's first national park, and the second-most-visited in the country.", "Its cliffs are petrified sand dunes ~180 million years old, in red, pink, and cream.", "A knife-edge spine here, reached by chains under a lottery permit, was said to be a place only an angel could land." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "me6fvzj5pmpx" }, { "id": "sw-concept-bryce-canyon", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "southwest", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Bryce Canyon", "clues": [ "Despite its name, this Utah park is not a canyon β€” it's a set of eroded amphitheaters.", "It holds the densest concentration of rock spires on Earth.", "Southern Paiute legend says those spires are the \"Legend People\" turned to stone by Coyote." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Bryce Canyon" }, "uid": "1pha27mxoorr8" }, { "id": "sw-concept-arches", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "southwest", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Arches", "clues": [ "A Utah park near Moab with the greatest density of natural stone openings on Earth.", "Its most famous freestanding span appears on the state's license plate.", "Ranger Edward Abbey wrote the wilderness classic Desert Solitaire here." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Arches" }, "uid": "1x7qcil17l2dgz" }, { "id": "sw-concept-carlsbad-caverns", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "southwest", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Carlsbad Caverns", "clues": [ "A New Mexico park whose main attraction lies entirely underground.", "It formed when sulfuric acid dissolved an ancient reef from the inside, rather than ordinary rainwater.", "Each summer evening hundreds of thousands of bats stream out of its mouth at dusk." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Carlsbad Caverns" }, "uid": "d4gw8rnekmhd" }, { "id": "sw-concept-death-valley", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "southwest", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Death Valley", "clues": [ "The largest national park in the contiguous United States.", "It contains both the lowest point in North America and the hottest air temperature ever reliably recorded on Earth.", "Rare pupfish survive in a single geothermal pool within it, among the rarest fish anywhere." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "9p32sl3u2urv" }, { "id": "sw-concept-saguaro", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "southwest", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Saguaro", "clues": [ "An Arizona park split into two districts flanking the city of Tucson.", "It protects forests of a giant cactus found only in the Sonoran Desert.", "The Tohono O'odham harvest that cactus's fruit each summer to mark their new year." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Saguaro" }, "uid": "13advjmj06t0" }, { "id": "sw-concept-white-sands", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "southwest", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "White Sands", "clues": [ "A New Mexico park in the Tularosa Basin, surrounded by a military missile range.", "Its dunes are the world's largest gypsum field β€” brilliant white and cool to the touch.", "Fossilized human footprints here suggest people walked the basin over 20,000 years ago." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” White Sands" }, "uid": "1v2l0y21rwjavg" }, { "id": "sw-num-death-valley-low", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "record", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How far below sea level is Badwater Basin in Death Valley β€” the lowest point in North America?" }, "value": -282, "unit": "ft", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "127lqsc1c7jlk6" }, { "id": "sw-num-death-valley-heat", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "record", "climate" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the hottest air temperature ever reliably recorded on Earth, set at Furnace Creek, Death Valley, in 1913?" }, "value": 134, "unit": "Β°F", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "3lj3reo8rd4s" }, { "id": "sw-num-wheeler-peak", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "elevation", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Wheeler Peak, the high point of Great Basin National Park?" }, "value": 13065, "unit": "ft", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Basin" }, "uid": "31n4fg159sbxi" }, { "id": "sw-num-guadalupe-peak", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "elevation", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Guadalupe Peak, the highest point in Texas?" }, "value": 8751, "unit": "ft", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Guadalupe Mountains" }, "uid": "3u5sht1jr3k7r" }, { "id": "sw-num-zion-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "visitation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many people visited Zion National Park in 2024, the 2nd-most-visited national park?" }, "value": 4946592, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 50000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "188ga4a996598" }, { "id": "sw-num-grand-canyon-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "visitation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many people visited Grand Canyon National Park in 2024?" }, "value": 4919163, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 50000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "1fmijh81dk391i" }, { "id": "sw-pair-grand-canyon-state", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geography" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Canyon" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "1fm0larjke295" }, { "id": "sw-pair-big-bend-state", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geography" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Big Bend" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Texas" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Big Bend" }, "uid": "1vrt1bh1hmf1hf" }, { "id": "sw-pair-great-basin-state", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geography" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Basin" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Nevada" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Basin" }, "uid": "u5csaqol6vno" }, { "id": "sw-pair-death-valley-highpoint", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "elevation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Death Valley" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Telescope Peak (11,049 ft)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "9o061z1wht4q5" }, { "id": "pac-fact-yosemite", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Yosemite", "studyGuideAnchor": "yosemite", "body": "Glaciers carved this granite cathedral in California's Sierra Nevada into the U-shaped Yosemite Valley, walled by El Capitan's ~3,000-ft cliff and the sheer face of Half Dome. Yosemite Falls plunges 2,425 ft β€” the tallest waterfall in North America. The 1864 Yosemite Grant was the first federal scenic-land protection; the park followed in 1890 after John Muir's advocacy.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Half Dome over Yosemite Valley β€” the granite heart of the Sierra.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Half Dome Yosemite Valley", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Half Dome's sheer granite face rising above a green glacial valley, golden evening light raking the cliff, pine forest and a winding river on the valley floor, dramatic clear sky, photorealistic.", "alt": "The rounded granite face of Half Dome above Yosemite Valley at golden hour.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Tuxyso Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yosemite_Half_Dome_from_Valley_2013.jpg", "subject": "Modern color photo from valley level (Wikimedia, 'Yosemite Half Dome from Valley 2013'), Half Dome's rounded granite face and sheer front cliff filling the frame against clear blue sky, pine trees along the bottom", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/pac-fact-yosemite.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "jv94d8tk20ue" }, { "id": "pac-fact-sequoia", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "flora" ], "title": "Sequoia", "studyGuideAnchor": "sequoia", "body": "The General Sherman Tree here is the largest single-stem tree on Earth by volume β€” roughly 52,500 cubic feet, about 275 ft tall, and an estimated 2,200 years old. Established in 1890, the second-oldest national park guards the Giant Forest groves, and Mount Whitney (14,505 ft), the highest peak in the contiguous U.S., rises on its eastern boundary. Giant sequoias actually need fire to open their cones.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The General Sherman Tree β€” the largest living thing on Earth by volume.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "giant sequoia tree huge trunk", "imagePrompt": "Photograph looking up the massive reddish-brown trunk of a giant sequoia tree towering into the forest canopy, a tiny person at its base for scale, shafts of sunlight, photorealistic, awe-inspiring scale.", "alt": "The enormous trunk of the General Sherman giant sequoia rising into the canopy.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Unsplash Β· Taisia Karaseva Β· Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/the-sun-shines-through-the-tall-trees-in-the-forest-hGQ9BL4pnKg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/pac-fact-sequoia.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia" }, "uid": "1wy0abo1ssoqji" }, { "id": "pac-fact-kings-canyon", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Kings Canyon", "studyGuideAnchor": "kings-canyon", "body": "Adjoining Sequoia to the north, Kings Canyon plunges nearly 8,000 ft from river to peak β€” among the deepest canyons in North America. The General Grant Tree, the third-largest tree on Earth, is the nation's official Christmas Tree. John Muir called this glacier-carved, granite-walled wilderness a 'rival to Yosemite'; most of the 462,000-acre park is roadless backcountry threaded by the John Muir Trail.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Kings Canyon California", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a deep granite-walled river canyon in the high Sierra, the South Fork Kings River winding far below sheer forested cliffs, jagged peaks beyond, clear blue sky, photorealistic.", "alt": "The deep granite walls of Kings Canyon with a river far below.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Crd637 Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Canyon_National_Park", "subject": "Wikipedia's lead photo for the 'Kings Canyon National Park' article: sheer granite canyon walls on both sides of a forested valley, snow-streaked peak in the distance", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/pac-fact-kings-canyon.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Kings Canyon" }, "uid": "19q4b831kh1fsp" }, { "id": "pac-fact-lassen", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Lassen Volcanic", "studyGuideAnchor": "lassen-volcanic", "body": "Lassen Peak (10,457 ft) is one of the largest plug-dome volcanoes on Earth, and it erupted from 1914 to 1917 β€” the most recent Cascade eruption before Mount St. Helens in 1980. All four volcano types occur in this Northern California park, and Bumpass Hell bubbles with boiling mudpots and fumaroles. The park, founded in 1916, is also a designated Dark Sky Park.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Lassen Peak Manzanita Lake", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a snow-streaked volcanic peak mirrored in a calm alpine lake, pine forest along the shore, soft morning light, crisp reflection, photorealistic.", "alt": "Snow-streaked Lassen Peak reflected in Manzanita Lake.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Av9 Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lassen_Peak_Manzanita_Lake_(cropped).jpg", "subject": "Color photo of snow-streaked Lassen Peak reflected in calm Manzanita Lake under a clear blue sky, pine forest along the shore", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/pac-fact-lassen.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Lassen Volcanic" }, "uid": "wuvugo1kaz1si" }, { "id": "pac-fact-redwood", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "flora" ], "title": "Redwood", "studyGuideAnchor": "redwood", "body": "The coast redwoods of far Northern California are the tallest trees on Earth, including Hyperion at about 380 ft β€” taller than a 35-story building. Nourished by Pacific fog, they can live ~2,000 years. After logging erased ~95% of the original old growth, these jointly managed national and state parks now protect about 45% of what remains. Hyperion's exact location is kept secret to protect it.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Coast redwoods β€” the tallest living things on the planet.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Redwood National Park trees", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a misty old-growth coast redwood grove, impossibly tall straight trunks vanishing into fog, ferns and sorrel on the forest floor, soft diffused light, deep green and red tones, photorealistic.", "alt": "Towering coast redwood trunks rising into fog above a fern-covered forest floor.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Michael Schweppe Β· CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Redwood_National_Park,_fog_in_the_forest.jpg", "subject": "Multiple towering redwood trunks fading into fog above a dense green fern/shrub forest floor β€” matches the alt text closely; Commons title names Redwood National Park", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/pac-fact-redwood.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Redwood" }, "uid": "1p5e5ly1ls4h1k" }, { "id": "pac-fact-pinnacles", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Pinnacles", "studyGuideAnchor": "pinnacles", "body": "Pinnacles is literally a chunk of an ancient volcano. The Neenach Volcano was split by the San Andreas Fault and carried ~195 miles northwest over some 23 million years β€” its other half still sits in Southern California. Boulders wedged in narrow canyons form rare talus caves, and the spires are one of the best places on Earth to watch wild California condors. It became a national park in 2013.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Pinnacles volcanic rock spires", "imagePrompt": "Jagged volcanic rock spires rising above chaparral hillsides.", "alt": "Jagged volcanic rock spires rising above golden chaparral at Pinnacles.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "AI-generated (gpt-image-1.5)", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/pac-fact-pinnacles.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Pinnacles" }, "uid": "1jkoo46n1b1rs" }, { "id": "pac-fact-channel-islands", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "wildlife" ], "title": "Channel Islands", "studyGuideAnchor": "channel-islands", "body": "Five undeveloped islands off the Southern California coast β€” the 'GalΓ‘pagos of North America' β€” host about 150 endemic species, sea caves, kelp forests, and vast seabird colonies. The dwarf island fox, no bigger than a house cat, crashed to ~1,500 animals before recovering to be delisted in 2016, one of the fastest Endangered Species Act recoveries ever. The Chumash navigated these waters for ~13,000 years.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Channel Islands Anacapa Arch Rock", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a rugged island coastline with a natural sea arch, deep blue ocean, yellow coreopsis wildflowers on the cliffs, seabirds wheeling overhead, bright clear light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A natural sea arch off the cliffs of Anacapa Island in Channel Islands National Park.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Craig Baker Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anacapa_Island,_Arch_Rock.jpg", "subject": "Close, clear, well-lit photo of Arch Rock: two sea stacks off Anacapa Island with a large natural rock arch spanning between them over blue water", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/pac-fact-channel-islands.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Channel Islands" }, "uid": "oezfyp1rx6m0n" }, { "id": "pac-fact-olympic", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "ecosystem" ], "title": "Olympic", "studyGuideAnchor": "olympic", "body": "Olympic packs three worlds into one park: glaciated mountains crowned by Mount Olympus (7,980 ft), the Hoh temperate rainforest that drinks ~12–14 ft of rain a year, and ~73 miles of wild Pacific coastline. You can touch a glacier, a rainforest, and a wild ocean beach in a single day. Championed by Franklin Roosevelt and made a park in 1938, it holds a rare triple UNESCO designation.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Three ecosystems in one park β€” glaciers, rainforest, and wild coast.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Hoh Rain Forest Hall of Mosses", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a lush temperate rainforest, big-leaf maples draped in thick hanging moss, vivid green ferns blanketing the ground, soft filtered light, mist in the air, photorealistic.", "alt": "Moss-draped trees and ferns in the Hoh Rain Forest of Olympic National Park.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "King of Hearts Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hoh_Rain_Forest_Olympic_June_2018_008.jpg", "subject": "A gravel forest trail passing beneath a large arched, moss-covered maple branch, with lush ferns lining both sides of the path; same confirmed 'Hoh Rain Forest Olympic June 2018' Commons series.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/pac-fact-olympic.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "q41x5q1b8qd6o" }, { "id": "pac-fact-mount-rainier", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Mount Rainier", "studyGuideAnchor": "mount-rainier", "body": "Mount Rainier (14,410 ft) is an active, glacier-clad stratovolcano β€” the most heavily glaciated peak in the contiguous U.S., wearing ~26 major glaciers. Geologists rank it among America's most dangerous volcanoes because lahars (volcanic mudflows) could reach Puget Sound cities. In summer, the Paradise meadows blaze with wildflowers. Established in 1899, it was the nation's fifth national park.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "A glacier-clad volcano above fields of summer wildflowers.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Mount Rainier Paradise wildflowers", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a massive glacier-covered volcano towering above a subalpine meadow exploding with red, purple, and yellow wildflowers, clear blue sky, crisp summer light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Glacier-clad Mount Rainier above a wildflower meadow at Paradise.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Bob Collowan Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Rainier_behind_the_flowering_meadows_of_Paradise_Park_(18_August_2012).jpg", "subject": "Glacier-clad Mount Rainier's summit rising directly above a vividly blooming lupine/wildflower meadow at Paradise Park; archive title names this exact scene and date (18 Aug 2012).", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/pac-fact-mount-rainier.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Mount Rainier" }, "uid": "5z94z16bbc1l" }, { "id": "pac-fact-north-cascades", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "title": "North Cascades", "studyGuideAnchor": "north-cascades", "body": "Nicknamed 'the American Alps,' North Cascades bristles with jagged peaks and more than 300 glaciers β€” about one-third of all the glaciers in the Lower 48. Turquoise glacier-fed lakes like Diablo and Ross glow below. Yet despite being only ~3 hours from Seattle, it draws around 40,000 visitors a year β€” fewer than Yellowstone sees in a busy weekend.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Diablo Lake North Cascades", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a vivid turquoise glacier-fed lake cradled by steep forested mountains and jagged glaciated peaks, bright daylight, deep saturated colors, photorealistic.", "alt": "The turquoise water of Diablo Lake below the jagged peaks of North Cascades.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Ron Clausen Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Davis_Peak_seen_from_Diablo_Lake_Overlook_in_the_North_Cascades.jpg", "subject": "Turquoise Diablo Lake with small forested islands, viewed from Diablo Lake Overlook, jagged snow-capped Davis Peak behind β€” Wikimedia Commons, precisely titled.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/pac-fact-north-cascades.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” North Cascades" }, "uid": "2tqi8n6cthjx" }, { "id": "pac-fact-crater-lake", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Crater Lake", "studyGuideAnchor": "crater-lake", "body": "At 1,943 ft deep, Crater Lake is the deepest lake in the United States. It fills the caldera left when Mount Mazama erupted and collapsed ~7,700 years ago, fed only by rain and snowmelt β€” no inlet, no outlet β€” which keeps the water astonishingly clear and an intense, pure blue. Wizard Island, a cinder cone, rises from its surface. The Klamath people remember the eruption in oral tradition.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The deepest lake in the U.S., filling a collapsed volcano.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Crater Lake Wizard Island", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of an impossibly deep-blue circular caldera lake ringed by steep cliffs, a forested cinder-cone island rising from the water, clear sky, vivid saturated blue, photorealistic.", "alt": "The deep-blue water of Crater Lake with the cinder cone of Wizard Island.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Trougnouf (Benoit Brummer) Β· CC BY 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crater_Lake,_OR_(DSC_0020).jpg", "subject": "Wikimedia Commons photo (CC BY 4.0, Trougnouf) β€” extremely saturated deep royal-blue lake dominating the frame, forested Wizard Island cinder cone clearly shaped and lit in the mid-ground, caldera cliffs and pines framing the shot; correct subject, best color/composition match to the alt text", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/pac-fact-crater-lake.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Crater Lake" }, "uid": "1yvieeb1fxwjw9" }, { "id": "pac-fact-hawaii-volcanoes", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Hawaii Volcanoes", "studyGuideAnchor": "hawaii-volcanoes", "body": "On the Big Island, two of the world's most active volcanoes β€” KΔ«lauea and Mauna Loa (13,681 ft, the largest active volcano on Earth by volume) β€” build new land before your eyes. These shield volcanoes rise over the Hawaiian hotspot; KΔ«lauea erupted nearly continuously from 1983 to 2018 and has flared episodically since. For Native Hawaiians, the goddess Pele dwells in KΔ«lauea's HalemaΚ»umaΚ»u crater.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Where new land is born β€” Pele's home, KΔ«lauea.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Kilauea lava Hawaii Volcanoes", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of glowing orange molten lava fountaining and flowing across a black volcanic landscape at dusk, steam and red light reflecting off dark rock, dramatic and surreal, photorealistic.", "alt": "Glowing molten lava erupting across the dark landscape of KΔ«lauea.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” KΔ«lauea Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea", "subject": "Two vigorous lava fountains erupting from vents inside a dark volcanic crater, with a wide field of glowing orange lava crust and rivulets and rising smoke plumes β€” the Wikipedia lead photo of KΔ«lauea's December 2024 eruption at HalemaΚ»umaΚ»u.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/pac-fact-hawaii-volcanoes.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Hawaii Volcanoes" }, "uid": "wxlpz94x8o6j" }, { "id": "pac-fact-haleakala", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Haleakalā", "studyGuideAnchor": "haleakala", "body": "Haleakalā β€” 'House of the Sun' β€” is a dormant Maui shield volcano (10,023 ft) whose vast, Mars-like summit basin draws crowds for sunrises above the clouds. Hawaiian tradition says the demigod Māui lassoed the sun here to slow its journey across the sky. The endemic silversword can live ~90 years, bloom once spectacularly, then die. The lush KΔ«pahulu district drops to coastal waterfalls and pools.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Sunrise above the clouds in the House of the Sun.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Haleakala crater sunrise", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a vast red-and-ochre volcanic summit basin dotted with cinder cones, a sea of clouds glowing at sunrise below the rim, warm pink and gold light, otherworldly, photorealistic.", "alt": "Sunrise over the cinder-cone-dotted summit basin of Haleakalā above a sea of clouds.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Mferbfriske Β· CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Haleakala_Sunrise_Maui_Hawaii_Haleakala_National_Park_-_Flickr_-_Mferbfriske.jpg", "subject": "Photograph of the sun cresting a sea of clouds above Haleakalā's cinder-cone-dotted summit crater basin, pink/orange dawn sky β€” matches the alt text closely", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/pac-fact-haleakala.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Haleakalā" }, "uid": "1v65m80o8sdsq" }, { "id": "pac-fact-american-samoa", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "ecosystem" ], "title": "American Samoa", "studyGuideAnchor": "american-samoa", "body": "Spread across three South Pacific islands, this is the only U.S. national park south of the equator. It protects rare paleotropical rainforest, coral reefs, and giant fruit bats β€” flying foxes with ~3-ft wingspans that soar in daylight. Uniquely in the system, the land is leased from Samoan villages, not owned by the government, and you can stay in a family's home as the primary lodging.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "National Park American Samoa Ofu Beach", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a pristine tropical beach with turquoise water over a coral reef, steep jungle-clad volcanic peaks rising behind white sand, palm trees, brilliant sunlight, photorealistic.", "alt": "A pristine reef-fringed beach below jungle-clad volcanic peaks in American Samoa.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "The U.S. National Park Service (public domain) Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ofu_Beach_American_Samoa_US_National_Park_Service.jpg", "subject": "Ofu Beach: white sand, a palm tree, calm turquoise reef water, and jagged jungle-clad volcanic peaks behind β€” NPS-credited, public domain, exactly matches the alt text", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/pac-fact-american-samoa.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” National Park of American Samoa" }, "uid": "1bymmmaoj3q6s" }, { "id": "pac-concept-yosemite", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "pacific", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Yosemite", "clues": [ "A California park in the Sierra Nevada, born of the 1864 federal grant that John Muir championed.", "Glaciers carved its valley into a U-shape walled by exfoliating granite domes and cliffs.", "El Capitan's ~3,000-ft wall is a climbing mecca, and its 2,425-ft waterfall is the tallest in North America." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "wqzypotpi1qu" }, { "id": "pac-concept-crater-lake", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "pacific", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Crater Lake", "clues": [ "An Oregon park, the sixth national park, set in the southern Cascades.", "Its centerpiece fills the caldera of Mount Mazama, which collapsed about 7,700 years ago.", "Fed only by rain and snow, it is the deepest lake in the U.S. and holds a cinder cone called Wizard Island." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Crater Lake" }, "uid": "1itfsi4mbdd9y" }, { "id": "pac-concept-redwood", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "pacific", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Redwood", "clues": [ "A foggy stretch of the far Northern California coast, jointly run as national and state parks.", "Fern canyons and Roosevelt elk meadows shelter beneath its old growth.", "It guards the tallest trees on Earth, including the secret-located Hyperion at about 380 ft." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Redwood" }, "uid": "zr7vqn1l4w76d" }, { "id": "pac-concept-olympic", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "pacific", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Olympic", "clues": [ "A Washington park on a peninsula, championed by Franklin Roosevelt and holding triple UNESCO status.", "It bundles glaciated mountains, ~73 miles of wild coastline, and a soaking temperate rainforest.", "Its Hoh forest drinks 12–14 ft of rain a year, among the wettest places in the contiguous U.S." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "11ho75uipkxfo" }, { "id": "pac-concept-pinnacles", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "pacific", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Pinnacles", "clues": [ "One of the smallest and newest national parks, in central California east of the Salinas Valley.", "Boulders wedged in narrow canyons form rare talus caves you explore by flashlight.", "It is half of an ancient volcano carried ~195 miles north by the San Andreas Fault, and a prime condor refuge." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Pinnacles" }, "uid": "1qt30pms5cvfg" }, { "id": "pac-concept-channel-islands", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "pacific", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Channel Islands", "clues": [ "Five undeveloped islands off Southern California, reachable only by boat or small plane.", "Isolation made it the 'GalΓ‘pagos of North America,' with roughly 150 endemic species.", "Its house-cat-sized dwarf fox staged one of the fastest Endangered Species Act recoveries ever, delisted in 2016." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Channel Islands" }, "uid": "1stxa7wyyugzq" }, { "id": "pac-concept-haleakala", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "pacific", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Haleakalā", "clues": [ "A Maui park whose name means 'House of the Sun.'", "Crowds gather before dawn at its 10,023-ft summit for sunrises above the clouds.", "Its Mars-like summit basin shelters the endemic silversword, which blooms once after ~90 years, then dies." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Haleakalā" }, "uid": "3bq2fk1jmh9y2" }, { "id": "pac-concept-north-cascades", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "pacific", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "North Cascades", "clues": [ "A rugged Washington park on the Canadian border, nicknamed 'the American Alps.'", "Its turquoise glacier-fed lakes include Diablo and Ross.", "It holds more than 300 glaciers β€” about a third of those in the Lower 48 β€” yet is among the least-visited parks there." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” North Cascades" }, "uid": "xjbwuor752o" }, { "id": "pac-num-yosemite-falls", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Yosemite Falls, the tallest waterfall in North America?" }, "value": 2425, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "1u53bun1sjpt9h" }, { "id": "pac-num-whitney", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Mount Whitney, the highest peak in the contiguous U.S., on Sequoia's eastern boundary?" }, "value": 14505, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia" }, "uid": "1k798kuwfuccw" }, { "id": "pac-num-rainier", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the summit elevation of Mount Rainier, the most heavily glaciated peak in the contiguous U.S.?" }, "value": 14410, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Mount Rainier" }, "uid": "1jeuo4415crjhq" }, { "id": "pac-num-mauna-loa", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Mauna Loa, the largest active volcano on Earth by volume, in Hawaii Volcanoes?" }, "value": 13681, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Hawaii Volcanoes" }, "uid": "pt1pow1g7he3e" }, { "id": "pac-num-yosemite-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many people visited Yosemite National Park in 2024?" }, "value": 4100000, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 200000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "1fzq13dlmkwof" }, { "id": "pac-pair-yosemite-state", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geography" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "California" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "9pyaiqkinalw" }, { "id": "pac-pair-rainier-state", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geography" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Rainier" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Washington" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Mount Rainier" }, "uid": "aqnvmi1v1b0ks" }, { "id": "pac-pair-crater-lake-state", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geography" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Crater Lake" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Oregon" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Crater Lake" }, "uid": "rkpe5v1eewqax" }, { "id": "pac-pair-sequoia-highpoint", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Sequoia β€” high point" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Whitney (14,505 ft)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia" }, "uid": "1vi2upr13oul11" }, { "id": "pac-pair-olympic-highpoint", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic β€” high point" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Olympus (7,980 ft)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "5kkpr39dpwwl" }, { "id": "pac-pair-haleakala-state", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geography" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Haleakalā" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hawaii (Maui)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Haleakalā" }, "uid": "1db8chj1001anx" }, { "id": "ak-fact-denali", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "mountain" ], "title": "Denali", "studyGuideAnchor": "denali", "body": "At 20,310 ft, Denali is the highest peak in North America β€” and its base-to-summit rise of roughly 18,000 ft is the greatest of any mountain on land, exceeding even Everest's rise above its plateau. The Koyukon Athabascan named it 'the high one.' One ~92-mile road threads ~6 million acres of subarctic wilderness, home to the 'Big Five': grizzlies, wolves, moose, caribou, and Dall sheep.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "North America's highest peak β€” and the tallest rise from base to summit on land.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Denali mountain Wonder Lake", "imagePrompt": "A snow-capped massive mountain glowing pink at dawn above golden subarctic tundra and a still lake reflecting the peak, low clouds clinging to its flanks, vast wild Alaska, photorealistic.", "alt": "The snow-covered summit of Denali reflected in a tundra lake at dawn.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Denali Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali", "subject": "Denali's snow-covered summit filling the frame with a band of cloud draped across its middle, cleanly reflected in a still tundra pond with green marsh foreground; source file literally named 'Wonder_Lake_and_Denali.jpg' and used as Wikipedia's lead image for 'Denali'", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ak-fact-denali.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "1c2g2px1t0u4r" }, { "id": "ak-fact-gates-of-the-arctic", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "wilderness" ], "title": "Gates of the Arctic", "studyGuideAnchor": "gates-of-the-arctic", "body": "The second-largest U.S. national park (~7.5 million acres) lies entirely north of the Arctic Circle in the Brooks Range β€” with no roads, trails, campgrounds, or facilities of any kind. It is also the least-visited national park, drawing only ~11,000–12,000 people a year. Wilderness advocate Bob Marshall named two flanking peaks the 'Gates of the Arctic'; access is by bush plane only.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The least-visited national park β€” no roads, no trails, no signs.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Arrigetch Peaks Gates of the Arctic", "imagePrompt": "Jagged granite spires rising from a treeless Arctic valley of golden tundra and braided rivers, no roads or buildings, immense untouched wilderness under a pale northern sky, photorealistic.", "alt": "Sharp granite spires above an empty Arctic tundra valley.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "AlaskaNPS Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gates_of_the_Arctic_-_Arrigetch_Peaks_(33306730752).jpg", "subject": "Aerial panorama of dark granite spires with glacier/snowfields above a broad, empty tundra valley under overcast sky β€” Wikimedia title confirms Arrigetch Peaks, Gates of the Arctic, AlaskaNPS PD", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ak-fact-gates-of-the-arctic.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Gates of the Arctic" }, "uid": "19aqxhgive2su" }, { "id": "ak-fact-glacier-bay", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "glacier" ], "title": "Glacier Bay", "studyGuideAnchor": "glacier-bay", "body": "When Captain George Vancouver sailed past in 1794, Glacier Bay was almost entirely filled with ice. The glaciers have since retreated roughly 65 miles β€” one of the fastest documented retreats anywhere β€” turning the bay into a living laboratory of primary succession, where bare rock becomes forest over ~200 years. Most of its ~700,000 yearly visitors arrive by cruise ship and never set foot ashore.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Ice has retreated 65 miles here since 1794 β€” a forest growing back in fast-forward.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Margerie Glacier Glacier Bay", "imagePrompt": "A towering blue-white tidewater glacier calving into dark green sea water, jagged ice cliffs meeting the ocean, snow mountains behind, a small boat for scale, photorealistic Alaska.", "alt": "A tall tidewater glacier calving into the sea at Glacier Bay.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Margerie Glacier Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margerie_Glacier", "subject": "Margerie Glacier's tidewater ice cliff under blue sky with Mount Fairweather's snow peaks rising behind and reflected in the calm inlet β€” the lead image of Wikipedia's own 'Margerie Glacier' article.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ak-fact-glacier-bay.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier Bay" }, "uid": "1ncb4au1yux3qw" }, { "id": "ak-fact-katmai", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "wildlife" ], "title": "Katmai", "studyGuideAnchor": "katmai", "body": "At Brooks Falls, brown bears line up to catch leaping sockeye salmon β€” the stars of the internet phenomenon 'Fat Bear Week.' The park holds about 2,200 brown bears. It also protects the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, an ash plain from the 1912 Novarupta eruption β€” the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, which ejected roughly 30 times the volume of Mount St. Helens.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Brown bears, leaping salmon, and 'Fat Bear Week' β€” atop the 20th century's biggest eruption.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Brooks Falls bears Katmai", "imagePrompt": "A large brown bear standing at the lip of a waterfall with a silver salmon leaping toward its open mouth, churning whitewater, green forest behind, dramatic wildlife photograph.", "alt": "A brown bear catching a leaping salmon at Brooks Falls.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Brooks Falls Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Falls", "subject": "Wide shot of Brooks Falls: a low cascading waterfall crossing the river with roughly 15 brown bears fishing in the rapids and pool below, gulls in the trees and air, overcast sky, dense forest backdrop β€” this is the Wikipedia 'Brooks Falls' article's lead image", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ak-fact-katmai.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Katmai" }, "uid": "1xwowkm15v59c8" }, { "id": "ak-fact-kenai-fjords", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "glacier" ], "title": "Kenai Fjords", "studyGuideAnchor": "kenai-fjords", "body": "The Harding Icefield β€” a ~700-square-mile remnant of the last Ice Age β€” feeds about 40 glaciers that spill toward a coast carved into deep fjords. The land is slowly sinking, drowning glacial valleys to form those fjords. Along the Exit Glacier road, roadside signs mark where the ice stood in past years, a stark and walkable record of glacial retreat within living memory.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "One Ice Age icefield feeds 40 glaciers spilling into the sea.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Exit Glacier Kenai Fjords", "imagePrompt": "A wide blue glacier flowing down a green mountain valley toward a gravel outwash plain, crevassed ice glowing turquoise, low clouds over the icefield above, photorealistic Alaska.", "alt": "Exit Glacier flowing down a valley from the Harding Icefield.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "OKJaguar Β· CC BY 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exit_Glacier,_Harding_Icefield,_Kenai_Fjords_National_Park,_Alaska.jpg", "subject": "A clean, unobstructed photograph of Exit Glacier's ice tongue descending a rocky valley from the Harding Icefield, framed by mountains with green vegetation in the foreground; Wikimedia title names this exact scene.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ak-fact-kenai-fjords.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Kenai Fjords" }, "uid": "1uob1e24k660s" }, { "id": "ak-fact-kobuk-valley", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "wilderness" ], "title": "Kobuk Valley", "studyGuideAnchor": "kobuk-valley", "body": "Improbably set above the Arctic Circle, the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes cover ~25 square miles and rise up to 100 ft β€” Ice Age sand whose surface can reach 100Β°F in summer. Half a million caribou of the Western Arctic Herd migrate through the region, crossing the Kobuk River at Onion Portage, where the IΓ±upiat have hunted for some 9,000 years. With ~17,000 visitors a year, it is among the least-visited parks; there are no roads, trails, or facilities.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Great Kobuk Sand Dunes", "imagePrompt": "Rippling golden sand dunes stretching toward distant green tundra hills and a winding river, an incongruous desert in the Arctic under a wide pale sky, photorealistic.", "alt": "The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes rising above Arctic tundra.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "National Park Service, Alaska Region Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Great_Kobuk_Sand_Dunes_(8029764718).jpg", "subject": "Same photo as index 0 β€” a sweeping view of the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes rising above spruce forest/tundra with distant mountains; NPS Alaska Region, public domain, title names the exact subject", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ak-fact-kobuk-valley.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Kobuk Valley" }, "uid": "i3judy1vzdczc" }, { "id": "ak-fact-lake-clark", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "wildlife" ], "title": "Lake Clark", "studyGuideAnchor": "lake-clark", "body": "A compact sampler of Alaska: two active volcanoes (Redoubt and Iliamna), the turquoise Lake Clark, salmon runs, and brown bears. It also guards the headwaters of the Bristol Bay sockeye fishery β€” the largest wild sockeye run on Earth. At Upper Twin Lake stands the hand-built cabin of Dick Proenneke, who lived alone there for about 30 years and filmed 'Alone in the Wilderness.'", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Lake Clark Alaska turquoise", "imagePrompt": "A long turquoise lake ringed by snow-streaked mountains and dark spruce forest, a brown bear on a grassy shoreline, calm water reflecting the peaks, photorealistic Alaska wilderness.", "alt": "Turquoise Lake Clark ringed by snowy mountains.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Lake Clark (Alaska) Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Clark_(Alaska)", "subject": "Aerial view of a grayish-teal water inlet with a turquoise patch mid-frame, a shoreline airstrip/settlement, and a hazy snow-capped peak beyond; NPS-credited as part of the Lake Clark Place Name Project and used as Wikipedia's own lead image for Lake Clark (Alaska).", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ak-fact-lake-clark.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Lake Clark" }, "uid": "1pe9zv7164z0tl" }, { "id": "ak-fact-wrangell-st-elias", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "mountain" ], "title": "Wrangell–St. Elias", "studyGuideAnchor": "wrangell-st-elias", "body": "The largest U.S. national park at ~13.2 million acres β€” bigger than Switzerland, and so vast that Yellowstone would fit inside it about six times. Four major mountain ranges converge here, holding nine of the 16 highest peaks in the U.S., including Mount St. Elias (18,008 ft), the nation's second-highest. The Malaspina Glacier is larger than Rhode Island, and the Kennecott copper mines survive as a ghost town.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "America's largest park β€” Yellowstone would fit inside it about six times.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Kennecott Mines Wrangell St Elias", "imagePrompt": "Historic deep-red wooden mill buildings of an early-1900s copper boomtown perched on a hillside below towering glaciated peaks and a debris-covered glacier, dramatic Alaska light, photorealistic.", "alt": "The red Kennecott copper mill buildings below glaciated peaks.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wrangell-St. Elias National Park & Preserve Β· CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kennecott_Mill_site_and_Bonanza_Peak.jpg", "subject": "Color panorama ('Kennecott Mill site and Bonanza Peak') of the red multi-story mill buildings on the left third of the frame, below a wide range of heavily snow-covered, glaciated peaks that dominate the rest of the frame -- the chosen image.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ak-fact-wrangell-st-elias.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wrangell–St. Elias" }, "uid": "16l9x8g1b6cyq2" }, { "id": "ak-concept-denali", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "guess" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Denali", "clues": [ "This interior Alaska park spans about 6 million acres of taiga and alpine tundra.", "It runs the only working sled-dog kennel in the National Park Service, and a single ~92-mile road is the lone way in.", "Its centerpiece is the highest peak in North America, whose Koyukon name means 'the high one.'" ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "1cih8781yeepu6" }, { "id": "ak-concept-gates-of-the-arctic", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "guess" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Gates of the Arctic", "clues": [ "Lying entirely north of the Arctic Circle in the Brooks Range, it is the second-largest national park.", "It has no roads, trails, campgrounds, or facilities, and is the least-visited national park.", "Its name comes from two flanking peaks dubbed 'Boreal Mountain' and 'Frigid Crags' by Bob Marshall." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Gates of the Arctic" }, "uid": "1hwh22p12nl1on" }, { "id": "ak-concept-glacier-bay", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "guess" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Glacier Bay", "clues": [ "This Southeast Alaska panhandle park is a UNESCO-recognized expanse of tidewater ice and rich marine waters.", "Most of its visitors arrive by cruise ship and never step ashore.", "Its ice has retreated about 65 miles since Captain Vancouver found the bay choked with it in 1794." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier Bay" }, "uid": "1xne00jdbza5l" }, { "id": "ak-concept-katmai", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "guess" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Katmai", "clues": [ "This Alaska Peninsula park protects roughly 2,200 brown bears.", "Its waterfall bear-viewing platforms inspired the online 'Fat Bear Week' tournament.", "It also holds the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, born of the 1912 Novarupta eruption." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Katmai" }, "uid": "170hd68eov85m" }, { "id": "ak-concept-kenai-fjords", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "guess" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Kenai Fjords", "clues": [ "Near Seward on its namesake peninsula, this park pairs an Ice Age icefield with a drowned, fjord-cut coast.", "The Harding Icefield here feeds about 40 glaciers, one of them reachable by road.", "Roadside markers along Exit Glacier show how far the ice has retreated within living memory." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Kenai Fjords" }, "uid": "1nyv9shc4b28n" }, { "id": "ak-concept-kobuk-valley", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "guess" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Kobuk Valley", "clues": [ "This roadless park above the Arctic Circle is among the least-visited in the system.", "Half a million caribou of the Western Arctic Herd migrate across its namesake river at Onion Portage.", "Improbably, it shelters 25 square miles of Ice Age sand dunes that can hit 100Β°F in summer." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Kobuk Valley" }, "uid": "1g76thq1p0eq8" }, { "id": "ak-concept-lake-clark", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "guess" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Lake Clark", "clues": [ "Across Cook Inlet from Anchorage, this park packs volcanoes, a turquoise lake, salmon, and bears into one place.", "It guards the headwaters of the Bristol Bay fishery, the largest wild sockeye run on Earth.", "Dick Proenneke's hand-built cabin, where he filmed 'Alone in the Wilderness,' stands at Upper Twin Lake." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Lake Clark" }, "uid": "h0ao8u1wxicao" }, { "id": "ak-concept-wrangell-st-elias", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "guess" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Wrangell–St. Elias", "clues": [ "Four mountain ranges converge in this Southeast-central Alaska park, the largest in the United States.", "It holds nine of the 16 highest peaks in the country and a glacier larger than Rhode Island.", "The Kennecott copper boomtown survives within it as a preserved ghost town." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wrangell–St. Elias" }, "uid": "14g26l16q586z" }, { "id": "ak-num-wrangell-acres", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "record", "size" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many acres is Wrangell–St. Elias, the largest U.S. national park?" }, "value": 13175799, "unit": "acres", "tolerance": 100000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wrangell–St. Elias" }, "uid": "1i7esgq1so7u24" }, { "id": "ak-num-gates-acres", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "record", "size" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many acres is Gates of the Arctic, the second-largest national park?" }, "value": 8472506, "unit": "acres", "tolerance": 100000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Gates of the Arctic" }, "uid": "a3cfjbzc9ai5" }, { "id": "ak-num-denali-summit", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "record", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Denali, the highest peak in North America?" }, "value": 20310, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 10, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "cvfx9uev955w" }, { "id": "ak-num-st-elias", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "record", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Mount St. Elias, the second-highest peak in the U.S.?" }, "value": 18008, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 10, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wrangell–St. Elias" }, "uid": "6kddor1sfi8lt" }, { "id": "ak-num-gates-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "record", "visitation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many people visited Gates of the Arctic, the least-visited national park, in 2024?" }, "value": 11900, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 1000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Gates of the Arctic" }, "uid": "1v7lm3p1yqq5hn" }, { "id": "ak-num-fairweather", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "record", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Mount Fairweather, the high point of Glacier Bay?" }, "value": 15300, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier Bay" }, "uid": "1fs54ic1k9kl4e" }, { "id": "ak-pair-denali-meaning", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "indigenous" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Denali ('the high one')" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Highest peak in North America (20,310 ft)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "19ey3ne122japo" }, { "id": "ak-pair-kennecott", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Kennecott Mines ghost town" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Wrangell–St. Elias" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Wrangell–St. Elias" }, "uid": "1k82rcn1ra8vdp" }, { "id": "ak-pair-novarupta", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "geology" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes (1912 Novarupta eruption)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Katmai" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Katmai" }, "uid": "c4w3xljumwyn" }, { "id": "ak-pair-harding-icefield", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "glacier" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Harding Icefield" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Kenai Fjords" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Kenai Fjords" }, "uid": "1yg0nhf1mzghpl" }, { "id": "east-fact-great-smoky-mountains", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "biodiversity" ], "title": "Great Smoky Mountains", "studyGuideAnchor": "great-smoky-mountains", "body": "Straddling the TN/NC border on some of Earth's oldest mountains (~480–300 million years), the Smokies are the most biodiverse U.S. national park β€” over 19,000 documented species and the self-proclaimed \"Salamander Capital of the World.\" The natural blue haze gives the range its name. With 12.19 million visits in 2024, it is by far the most-visited national park β€” more than the next two combined.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "America's most-visited park β€” and it has never charged an entrance fee.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Great Smoky Mountains layered ridges", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of endless layered Appalachian ridgelines fading into pale blue haze at dawn, mist pooling in the forested valleys, soft golden light, photorealistic, deep sense of ancient depth and quiet.", "alt": "Layered Appalachian ridges receding into blue mist at dawn.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Aviator31 Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains", "subject": "A snowy forested ridge in the foreground with multiple layers of hazy blue mountain ridges receding to the horizon under a low, glowing sun (Wikipedia lead image for the 'Great Smoky Mountains' article).", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-great-smoky-mountains.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "18uxufdgjmt8f" }, { "id": "east-fact-acadia", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "coast" ], "title": "Acadia", "studyGuideAnchor": "acadia", "body": "On Maine's Mount Desert Island, Acadia was the first national park east of the Mississippi (as Lafayette National Park, 1919) and the first assembled entirely from private donations. Cadillac Mountain (1,530 ft) is the highest point on the U.S. Atlantic coast and one of the first places to see sunrise in the country. John D. Rockefeller Jr. funded 45 miles of carriage roads that still wind through the spruce-fir forest.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Pink-granite coast where the U.S. sees its first sunrise.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Cadillac Mountain Acadia sunrise", "imagePrompt": "Photograph from a pink-granite summit at sunrise, the Atlantic and a scatter of forested islands glowing below, warm peach light raking across bare rock and low blueberry scrub, photorealistic, crisp coastal Maine air.", "alt": "Sunrise over the Atlantic from the bare pink-granite summit of Cadillac Mountain.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "John Manard Β· CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cadillac_Mountain_Sunrise,_Acadia_National_Park_-_51650832934.jpg", "subject": "Dawn sky with a bright orange/yellow horizon band over water dotted with dark islands, dark rocky ledge in foreground β€” matches the titled 'Cadillac Mountain Sunrise, Acadia National Park'", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-acadia.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "18vys449lkmhq" }, { "id": "east-fact-shenandoah", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "scenic-drive" ], "title": "Shenandoah", "studyGuideAnchor": "shenandoah", "body": "Strung along Virginia's Blue Ridge, Shenandoah is defined by Skyline Drive β€” 105 miles and 75 overlooks running the very crest of the mountains. The Appalachian Trail threads about 101 miles through the park. Established in 1935 from private and condemned land, it displaced roughly 500 mountain families; the CCC then built the drive, and forest has since reclaimed the old farms.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Skyline Drive Shenandoah overlook", "imagePrompt": "Photograph from a Blue Ridge overlook in autumn, a winding ridgetop road and rolling forested hills draped in red, orange and gold, soft layered haze in the valleys, photorealistic, golden afternoon light.", "alt": "Autumn-colored Blue Ridge hills seen from a Skyline Drive overlook.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "MPSharwood Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shenandoah_National_Park,_VA_-_Skyline_Drive_lookout.jpg", "subject": "A stone parapet wall along a curved section of Skyline Drive (Wikimedia title: 'Shenandoah National Park, VA - Skyline Drive lookout.jpg'), with a broad view of brown/dormant Blue Ridge hills and haze-blue distant ridges under a clear sky -- an actual overlook vista, but late-fall/winter drab colori", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-shenandoah.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Shenandoah" }, "uid": "p4ril015bqou6" }, { "id": "east-fact-new-river-gorge", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "adventure" ], "title": "New River Gorge", "studyGuideAnchor": "new-river-gorge", "body": "West Virginia's first national park (the 63rd overall, December 27, 2020) protects a deep Appalachian gorge cut by the New River β€” paradoxically among the oldest rivers on Earth. The New River Gorge Bridge is the longest single-span steel arch bridge in the Western Hemisphere, its deck about 876 ft above the water. On Bridge Day each October, hundreds of BASE jumpers legally leap from it.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "An ancient river, the newest national park, and a bridge people jump off.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "New River Gorge Bridge West Virginia", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a vast single-span steel arch bridge soaring across a deep forested gorge in autumn color, a green river far below catching light, photorealistic, dramatic depth and scale, clear morning light.", "alt": "The steel arch of the New River Gorge Bridge spanning a deep, forested canyon.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” New River Gorge Bridge Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_River_Gorge_Bridge", "subject": "Wide autumn panorama of the full steel arch span from below, forested canyon walls in fall color, river beneath β€” this is Wikipedia's own lead image for the bridge's article", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-new-river-gorge.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” New River Gorge" }, "uid": "1j4hob4rb78oq" }, { "id": "east-fact-mammoth-cave", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "cave" ], "title": "Mammoth Cave", "studyGuideAnchor": "mammoth-cave", "body": "Beneath the Kentucky hills lies the longest known cave system on Earth β€” over 426 miles mapped, more than twice the next-longest, with new passages still being connected. Acidic water dissolved limestone capped by protective sandstone to carve this karst labyrinth. Ancestral peoples explored it ~5,000 years ago; in the 1840s–50s, an enslaved guide named Stephen Bishop mapped much of it and crossed the \"Bottomless Pit.\"", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Mammoth Cave passage Kentucky", "imagePrompt": "Photograph inside a vast limestone cave passage, warm lantern light revealing layered rock walls receding into darkness, a narrow trail along the floor, photorealistic, cool damp underground atmosphere with a sense of immense depth.", "alt": "A long, dimly lit limestone passage inside Mammoth Cave.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Willis Thomas Lee Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mammoth_Cave_Rotunda_(USGS_Lwt02830).jpg", "subject": "Black-and-white historic photo of the Rotunda, a large limestone chamber in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, with a person silhouetted against a single lantern's glow and layered limestone strata visible on the ceiling and walls β€” public-domain USGS photo by Willis T. Lee; the Commons file page itself is tit", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-mammoth-cave.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Mammoth Cave" }, "uid": "r36j44oqwzcu" }, { "id": "east-fact-cuyahoga-valley", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "recovery" ], "title": "Cuyahoga Valley", "studyGuideAnchor": "cuyahoga-valley", "body": "Tucked between Cleveland and Akron, Cuyahoga Valley wraps the river that infamously caught fire in 1969 β€” a blaze that helped spark the Clean Water Act and the modern environmental movement. Today the restored valley draws ~2.9 million visitors a year to Brandywine Falls, the Ohio & Erie Canal Towpath Trail, and a scenic railroad. \"Cuyahoga\" is an Iroquoian word meaning \"crooked river.\"", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The river that caught fire β€” now a national-park comeback story.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Brandywine Falls Cuyahoga Valley", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a tall, wide waterfall sheeting over a dark rock face into a forested gorge, a wooden viewing platform to one side, lush green and early-autumn foliage, photorealistic, soft diffuse light and gentle mist.", "alt": "Brandywine Falls cascading over a rock face into a forested gorge.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Erik Drost Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brandywine_Falls_at_Cuyahoga_Valley_National_Park2.jpg", "subject": "Brandywine Falls: a clean, well-exposed long-exposure shot of the full tiered cascade pouring over the rock ledge into a pool, surrounded by green-and-yellow autumn forest, with the road bridge visible in the background β€” matches the alt text closely and is the strongest composition of the set.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-cuyahoga-valley.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Cuyahoga Valley" }, "uid": "1nyy9ei1kdw2j0" }, { "id": "east-fact-indiana-dunes", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "dunes" ], "title": "Indiana Dunes", "studyGuideAnchor": "indiana-dunes", "body": "Along 15 miles of Lake Michigan shoreline, Indiana Dunes (a national park since 2019) packs beach, dune, oak savanna, bog, and prairie into one of the most botanically diverse parks per acre β€” over 1,100 native plant species amid working steel mills. Botanist Henry Cowles studied these dunes around 1899, helping found the science of plant ecology and the concept of succession.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Indiana Dunes Lake Michigan shoreline", "imagePrompt": "Sandy dunes covered in beach grass along the Lake Michigan shoreline.", "alt": "Grass-tufted sand dunes meeting the blue water of Lake Michigan.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Library of Congress Β· Scene at Indiana Dunes State Park, encompassing 2,182 acres Β· No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2016631623/", "subject": "A grass-tufted sand dune with a small tree in the foreground sloping down to the blue water of Lake Michigan, clear sky (LOC, Indiana Dunes State Park)", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-indiana-dunes.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Indiana Dunes" }, "uid": "1jcmpfvdamdpt" }, { "id": "east-fact-isle-royale", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "wilderness" ], "title": "Isle Royale", "studyGuideAnchor": "isle-royale", "body": "A remote wilderness island in Lake Superior, reachable only by boat or seaplane and closed entirely each winter, Isle Royale is one of the least-visited parks β€” yet visitors stay longer than anywhere else. It hosts the world's longest-running predator-prey study, tracking wolves and moose since 1958. When wolves crashed to just two animals by 2018, the NPS relocated new wolves to restore the balance.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "moose Isle Royale wilderness", "imagePrompt": "A moose wading through a marshy forest clearing on the remote wilderness of Isle Royale island.", "alt": "Forested ridges and rocky shoreline of a remote island in Lake Superior.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "NPS staff Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Views_at_Isle_Royale_National_Park,_Michigan_(ea8a8bd8-1a01-473b-a088-ca34718f6552).jpg", "subject": "A rocky, lichen-covered ridge with a fringe of forest above blue Lake Superior water β€” a genuine Isle Royale coastal view matching the alt text.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-isle-royale.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Isle Royale" }, "uid": "1xjrcdpo43svn" }, { "id": "east-fact-voyageurs", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "water" ], "title": "Voyageurs", "studyGuideAnchor": "voyageurs", "body": "On Minnesota's Canadian border, Voyageurs is a park of interconnected lakes β€” Rainy, Kabetogama, Namakan, Sand Point β€” navigated by boat, with no roads into the interior. It is named for the French-Canadian fur-trade canoemen who once paddled these waters. Underfoot lies some of the oldest exposed rock in North America (~2.7 billion years), and overhead, as a certified Dark Sky Park, it offers superb northern lights.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Voyageurs northern lights lake", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of green aurora rippling over a still, island-studded northern lake at night, dark spruce silhouettes reflected in the calm water, stars overhead, photorealistic, cold clear wilderness night.", "alt": "Green northern lights over a calm, island-dotted lake at night.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Pexels Β· Travel with Lenses Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/northern-lights-meet-the-perseid-meteor-shower-28223714/", "subject": "A night photo of green aurora (with purple/pink above) reflected on the still, dark surface of a lake, with a silhouetted treed shoreline β€” closely matches 'green northern lights over a calm lake at night'.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-voyageurs.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Voyageurs" }, "uid": "1ndjo6noyctzp" }, { "id": "east-fact-gateway-arch", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "monument" ], "title": "Gateway Arch", "studyGuideAnchor": "gateway-arch", "body": "In downtown St. Louis stands Eero Saarinen's 630-ft stainless-steel Gateway Arch (1965), the tallest arch and tallest monument in the U.S., commemorating westward expansion. A tram climbs inside to the top. Redesignated a national park in 2018, its ~193 acres make it the smallest and most urban national park β€” and the only one honoring a historical event rather than a natural landscape.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The smallest national park: a 630-ft steel curve over the Mississippi.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Gateway Arch St Louis", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a gleaming stainless-steel catenary arch towering over a riverfront city skyline at golden hour, the curve catching warm light against a clear sky, photorealistic, bold geometric scale.", "alt": "The stainless-steel Gateway Arch curving over the St. Louis riverfront.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "[https://www.flickr.com/photos/11399912@N00 B0iwehijro2i0-\n]\n\n`1l]] from Davis, Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:St_Louis_Gateway_Arch.jpg", "subject": "The Arch photographed from across the Mississippi River with the downtown St. Louis skyline and the Old Courthouse's green dome framed beneath it, river and parked cars along the bank in the foreground -- confirmed the Arch, matches 'riverfront' framing of the alt text exactly.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-gateway-arch.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Gateway Arch" }, "uid": "58xijir4lbhs" }, { "id": "east-fact-hot-springs", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "thermal" ], "title": "Hot Springs", "studyGuideAnchor": "hot-springs", "body": "Hot Springs is the oldest area in the National Park System β€” federally protected in 1832, 40 years before Yellowstone. Its 47 thermal springs flow about a million gallons a day at ~143Β°F; the rain that emerges today fell roughly 4,400 years ago. Embedded in a working town, its historic Bathhouse Row earned it the nickname \"the American Spa,\" and you can still fill jugs with free, drinkable hot spring water at public fountains.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Bathhouse Row Hot Springs Arkansas", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a row of grand early-1900s bathhouse buildings with elegant facades and a tree-lined brick promenade, warm light and a gentle wisp of steam, photorealistic, genteel historic spa-town atmosphere.", "alt": "Historic early-1900s bathhouse buildings along a tree-lined promenade.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Library of Congress Β· Scene along \"Bathhouse Row\" in Hot Springs, a city in centra Β· No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2020741795/", "subject": "LOC color photo titled 'Scene along Bathhouse Row in Hot Springs' β€” the Lamar Bathhouse's red-tile-roofed building extending along a row of Bathhouse Row buildings, with American flags, a lawn and a tree-lined promenade in the foreground", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-hot-springs.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Hot Springs" }, "uid": "8ztcz3aw5ulx" }, { "id": "east-fact-congaree", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "old-growth" ], "title": "Congaree", "studyGuideAnchor": "congaree", "body": "Congaree protects the largest intact tract of old-growth bottomland hardwood forest in the U.S. β€” not a swamp but a floodplain forest, where periodic flooding from the Congaree and Wateree rivers feeds some of the tallest trees in the eastern U.S., including a ~167-ft loblolly pine. Saved by a 1970s grassroots campaign, it dazzles with synchronous fireflies each late spring and dark, star-filled skies.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Congaree old growth boardwalk", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of an elevated wooden boardwalk winding through a towering old-growth floodplain forest, immense buttressed tree trunks and dappled green light, still reflective water below, photorealistic, lush humid stillness.", "alt": "An elevated boardwalk threading through towering old-growth bottomland forest.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Ken Lund from Reno, Nevada, USA Β· CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boardwalk_Trail,_Congaree_National_Park_(3)_(5797809615).jpg", "subject": "An elevated wooden boardwalk with handrails running straight through a sunlit, dense green hardwood forest canopy, with a person walking along it (Congaree National Park boardwalk trail).", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-congaree.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Congaree" }, "uid": "194jlyp6wap7r" }, { "id": "east-fact-everglades", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "wetland" ], "title": "Everglades", "studyGuideAnchor": "everglades", "body": "Established in 1947, the Everglades was the first national park created to protect an ecosystem rather than scenery β€” a vast \"River of Grass,\" a 60-mile-wide, inches-deep sheet of water creeping south. The largest tropical wilderness in the U.S., it is the only place on Earth where alligators and crocodiles coexist, and holds a rare triple honor: UNESCO World Heritage Site, International Biosphere Reserve, and Wetland of International Importance.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The \"River of Grass\" β€” the only place gators and crocs live side by side.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Everglades sawgrass marsh", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of an endless golden-green sawgrass marsh under a dramatic subtropical sky, a slow sheet of water threading between grass and distant hammocks of trees, a wading bird in the foreground, photorealistic, wide flat horizon.", "alt": "A wide golden-green sawgrass marsh stretching to a flat horizon under big sky.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Everglades Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everglades", "subject": "A wide golden-green sawgrass prairie stretching to a flat, tree-lined horizon under a big blue sky with scattered white clouds β€” a near-exact match to the alt text", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-everglades.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1r2gkvi87uzhs" }, { "id": "east-fact-biscayne", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "marine" ], "title": "Biscayne", "studyGuideAnchor": "biscayne", "body": "Just south of Miami, Biscayne is about 95% underwater β€” one of the few majority-marine national parks. It protects the northern Florida Keys reef tract, Biscayne Bay, the longest mangrove shoreline on Florida's east coast, and a Maritime Heritage Trail of historic shipwrecks. A 1960s plan to build a city called \"Islandia\" and an oil-refinery seaport here was defeated by conservationists, saving the reef.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Biscayne coral reef snorkeling", "imagePrompt": "Underwater photograph of a vivid coral reef in clear turquoise water, schools of tropical fish drifting over brain and sea-fan corals, shafts of sunlight filtering down, photorealistic, bright tropical clarity.", "alt": "A colorful coral reef with tropical fish in clear turquoise water.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "John Brooks, National Park Service photographer Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elkhorn_Coral_Biscayne_NP1.jpg", "subject": "Two snorkelers swim above tan elkhorn coral with a school of small fish in clear blue water; Wikimedia title 'Elkhorn Coral Biscayne NP1.jpg' credited to an NPS photographer β€” confirmed Biscayne National Park.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-biscayne.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Biscayne" }, "uid": "bentdlt2jy3j" }, { "id": "east-fact-dry-tortugas", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "marine" ], "title": "Dry Tortugas", "studyGuideAnchor": "dry-tortugas", "body": "About 70 miles west of Key West, Dry Tortugas is ~99% water β€” seven small coral-and-sand islands reachable only by boat or seaplane. Its centerpiece is Fort Jefferson, a massive unfinished 19th-century fortress of some 16 million bricks, the largest masonry structure in the Americas. As a Civil War prison it held Dr. Samuel Mudd, convicted of treating John Wilkes Booth's broken leg. The fort never saw battle.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Fort Jefferson Dry Tortugas aerial", "imagePrompt": "Aerial photograph of a huge hexagonal brick fortress surrounded by a moat on a tiny island, ringed by brilliant turquoise and deep blue tropical water, photorealistic, striking isolation under bright sun.", "alt": "Aerial view of the hexagonal brick Fort Jefferson on a small island in turquoise sea.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "U.S. National Park Service Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fort-Jefferson_Dry-Tortugas.jpg", "subject": "Aerial photograph of the full hexagonal brick Fort Jefferson on its small island, surrounded by turquoise reef water β€” exact match for the alt text.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-dry-tortugas.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Dry Tortugas" }, "uid": "1cr2t2g1teecw2" }, { "id": "east-fact-virgin-islands", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "caribbean" ], "title": "Virgin Islands", "studyGuideAnchor": "virgin-islands", "body": "Covering about 60% of the Caribbean island of St. John, Virgin Islands National Park (established 1956, largely from Laurance Rockefeller's donated land) pairs white-sand beaches and coral reefs β€” like Trunk Bay's underwater snorkel trail β€” with the ruins of Danish colonial sugar plantations worked by enslaved Africans. The island's 1733 slave revolt was one of the earliest and longest-sustained uprisings in the Americas.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Caribbean paradise layered over a hard history of Danish slavery.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Trunk Bay St John Virgin Islands", "imagePrompt": "Photograph from a hillside overlook of a crescent white-sand beach and a small forested cay set in brilliant gradient turquoise water, lush green hills framing the bay, photorealistic, dazzling tropical light.", "alt": "A white-sand crescent beach and forested cay in turquoise Caribbean water.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Ben Whitney Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_Bay", "subject": "Identical file to index 0 (same elevated crescent-beach/cay view), but sourced directly from Wikipedia's 'Trunk Bay' article β€” the most precise identity match in the pool.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/east-fact-virgin-islands.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Virgin Islands" }, "uid": "1yoq7vl5b4kl3" }, { "id": "east-concept-everglades", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "east", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Everglades National Park", "clues": [ "A vast, flat subtropical wetland in the far south of one state, with wet and dry seasons.", "Often described as a \"River of Grass\" β€” a 60-mile-wide, inches-deep sheet of water creeping south.", "The only place on Earth where alligators and crocodiles live side by side; threatened by invasive Burmese pythons.", "The first national park created to protect an ecosystem rather than scenery, championed by Marjory Stoneman Douglas." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1rmu6fu2w2ycs" }, { "id": "east-concept-great-smoky-mountains", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "east", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Great Smoky Mountains National Park", "clues": [ "An ancient, mist-shrouded mountain range straddling two southern states.", "The most biodiverse national park in the U.S., nicknamed the \"Salamander Capital of the World.\"", "By far the most-visited national park, drawing more than 12 million people a year.", "It has never charged an entrance fee, a condition of the road's deeding by Tennessee." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1tb8hg210ou8l0" }, { "id": "east-concept-mammoth-cave", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "east", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Mammoth Cave National Park", "clues": [ "A Kentucky park whose main attraction lies entirely underground at a constant ~54Β°F.", "Karst limestone capped by protective sandstone, with new passages still being discovered.", "The longest known cave system on Earth β€” over 426 miles mapped, more than twice the next-longest.", "An enslaved guide named Stephen Bishop mapped much of it in the 1840s–50s." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Mammoth Cave" }, "uid": "1v0y45v1vjctsp" }, { "id": "east-concept-acadia", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "east", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Acadia National Park", "clues": [ "A rugged park of pink granite and spruce-fir forest on a coastal island far up the Atlantic seaboard.", "The first national park east of the Mississippi, assembled entirely from private land donations.", "Its summit is the highest point on the U.S. Atlantic coast and among the first places in the country to see sunrise.", "Famous for 45 miles of carriage roads funded by John D. Rockefeller Jr." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "m84y3tmbyiof" }, { "id": "east-concept-gateway-arch", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "east", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Gateway Arch National Park", "clues": [ "The smallest and most urban national park, sitting in a downtown riverfront.", "The only national park honoring a historical event rather than a natural landscape.", "Its centerpiece is a 630-ft stainless-steel catenary curve, the tallest monument in the U.S.", "It commemorates westward expansion from St. Louis, with a tram riding to the top." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Gateway Arch" }, "uid": "1rh5cu7ub6lrp" }, { "id": "east-concept-dry-tortugas", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "east", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Dry Tortugas National Park", "clues": [ "A remote cluster of tiny coral-and-sand islands about 70 miles from the nearest city, reachable only by boat or seaplane.", "Nearly all water; its name warns there is no fresh water on the keys.", "Home to a massive unfinished 19th-century brick fortress, the largest masonry structure in the Americas.", "Its fort once imprisoned Dr. Samuel Mudd, convicted of treating John Wilkes Booth." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Dry Tortugas" }, "uid": "1kj6rcb1dsov5t" }, { "id": "east-concept-isle-royale", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "east", "concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Isle Royale National Park", "clues": [ "A remote wilderness island reachable only by boat or seaplane, closed entirely each winter.", "One of the least-visited national parks, though visitors stay longer than anywhere else.", "Site of the world's longest-running predator-prey study, tracking wolves and moose since 1958.", "Sits in Lake Superior and was mined for copper for thousands of years by the Ojibwe." ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Isle Royale" }, "uid": "khaju511q2o0z" }, { "id": "east-num-smokies-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "numbers", "visitation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many people visited Great Smoky Mountains, the most-visited national park, in 2024?" }, "value": 12191834, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 200000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "19u0coixrr810" }, { "id": "east-num-clingmans-dome", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "numbers", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Clingmans Dome, the highest point in Great Smoky Mountains and on the Appalachian Trail?" }, "value": 6643, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "zvoaepn7e3uf" }, { "id": "east-num-cadillac-mountain", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "numbers", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Cadillac Mountain, the highest point on the U.S. Atlantic coast?" }, "value": 1530, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 25, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "1ip31wxhzppcn" }, { "id": "east-num-mammoth-cave-miles", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "numbers", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many miles of passage have been mapped in Mammoth Cave, the longest cave system on Earth?" }, "value": 426, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 10, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Mammoth Cave" }, "uid": "1c2rdeg1tejpki" }, { "id": "east-num-gateway-arch-height", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "numbers", "monument" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is the Gateway Arch, the tallest monument in the U.S.?" }, "value": 630, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 5, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Gateway Arch" }, "uid": "1nz3alshpkbey" }, { "id": "east-num-hot-springs-established", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "numbers", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Hot Springs first federally protected, making it the oldest area in the National Park System?" }, "value": 1832, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Hot Springs" }, "uid": "b32det1xyjamj" }, { "id": "east-num-everglades-acres", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "numbers", "size" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many acres does Everglades, the largest tropical wilderness in the U.S., cover?" }, "value": 1508938, "unit": "acres", "tolerance": 50000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1kuj2qh1p2jr3j" }, { "id": "east-pair-smokies-state", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "numbers", "geography" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Smoky Mountains" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Tennessee & North Carolina" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1ks16gxdwcx3b" }, { "id": "east-pair-shenandoah-highpoint", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "numbers", "highpoint" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Shenandoah's high point" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hawksbill (4,051 ft)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Shenandoah" }, "uid": "mz6d7o15uni8e" }, { "id": "east-pair-isle-royale-highpoint", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "numbers", "highpoint" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Isle Royale's high point" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Desor (1,394 ft)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Isle Royale" }, "uid": "wb527i1ya0z80" }, { "id": "east-pair-virgin-islands-state", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "numbers", "geography" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Virgin Islands National Park" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "U.S. Virgin Islands (St. John)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Virgin Islands" }, "uid": "1a95jc81r8ba42" }, { "id": "geo-concept-el-capitan", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "geology", "park" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "El Capitan", "clues": [ "A sheer granite monolith guarding one side of Yosemite Valley, among the largest exposed granite faces on Earth", "It rises roughly 3,000 feet straight up from the valley floor", "Climbers regard its Dawn Wall and the Nose among the hardest big-wall free climbs in the world" ], "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Geology" }, "uid": "ie03n61cvbcck" }, { "id": "intro-pair-first-park", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "intro", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "World’s first national park" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone (1872)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Events & Milestones" }, "uid": "j7okdt1jh3vmv" }, { "id": "fun-pair-free-park", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "history", "record" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "National park with no entrance fee" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Smoky Mountains" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts" }, "uid": "ge93a81rbnu5m" }, { "id": "fun-pair-longest-cave", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "history", "record" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "World’s longest known cave system" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Cave (Kentucky)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Fun Facts" }, "uid": "1j9pgkj5a2i09" }, { "id": "scrapbook-national-parks-1", "shape": "fact", "factVariant": "scrapbook", "title": "America’s Best Idea", "body": "A vintage WPA-style poster of stylized mountains and a geyser reading National Parks, America’s Best Idea.", "tags": [ "scrapbook", "overview" ], "illustration": { "kind": "scrapbook", "alt": "A vintage WPA-style poster of stylized mountains and a geyser reading National Parks, America’s Best Idea.", "imagePrompt": "A vintage 1930s WPA-style national park travel poster, flat screen-printed colors and Art Deco lettering.", "imageSearchTerm": "WPA national park poster" }, "uid": "14igfzc11ik59u" }, { "id": "scrapbook-national-parks-2", "shape": "fact", "factVariant": "scrapbook", "title": "See America", "body": "A vintage WPA-style poster of a red canyon and a ranger at an overlook reading See America, Explore the National Parks.", "tags": [ "scrapbook", "overview" ], "illustration": { "kind": "scrapbook", "alt": "A vintage WPA-style poster of a red canyon and a ranger at an overlook reading See America, Explore the National Parks.", "imagePrompt": "A vintage 1930s WPA-style national park travel poster, flat screen-printed colors and Art Deco lettering.", "imageSearchTerm": "WPA national park poster" }, "uid": "1nsh1af1y27atp" }, { "id": "scrapbook-national-parks-3", "shape": "fact", "factVariant": "scrapbook", "title": "Protect the Wild", "body": "A vintage WPA-style poster of a bison in golden grassland reading Protect the Wild, Sixty-Three National Parks.", "tags": [ "scrapbook", "overview" ], "illustration": { "kind": "scrapbook", "alt": "A vintage WPA-style poster of a bison in golden grassland reading Protect the Wild, Sixty-Three National Parks.", "imagePrompt": "A vintage 1930s WPA-style national park travel poster, flat screen-printed colors and Art Deco lettering.", "imageSearchTerm": "WPA national park poster", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/generated/scrapbook-3.webp", "credit": "AI-generated (gpt-image-1)" }, "uid": "40nfw2ywbtxg" }, { "id": "yell-fact-overview", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Yellowstone", "studyGuideAnchor": "yellowstone", "body": "Established March 1, 1872, Yellowstone was the world's first national park, signed into being by President Ulysses S. Grant. Sprawling across Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho, its ~2.22 million acres make it the 8th-largest U.S. park and the largest in the Lower 48 after Death Valley. Beneath it sleeps a supervolcano that feeds about half of Earth's active geysers.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The world's first national park β€” born in 1872, atop a slumbering supervolcano.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Prismatic Spring Yellowstone aerial", "imagePrompt": "Aerial photograph of a vast hot spring ringed in rainbow bands of orange, yellow, green and deep blue microbial mats, steam drifting across a pale geyser basin, golden afternoon light, photorealistic.", "alt": "The rainbow-ringed Grand Prismatic Spring seen from above.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Carsten Steger Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Grand_Prismatic_Spring_(view_from_the_south).jpg", "subject": "Direct overhead aerial of Grand Prismatic Spring: vivid blue-green center ringed by orange/yellow bacterial mats, boardwalk with visitors for scale, snow patches nearby β€” matches the alt text precisely; CC BY-SA 4.0.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yell-fact-overview.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "malrye10y4jko" }, { "id": "yell-fact-supervolcano", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "geothermal" ], "title": "The Yellowstone Supervolcano", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-yellowstone-supervolcano", "body": "Yellowstone sits inside a caldera β€” a collapsed crater β€” left by a colossal eruption about 640,000 years ago. The Yellowstone hotspot, a plume of heat rising through the crust, still powers the park's roughly 10,000 hydrothermal features and ~500 geysers, the greatest concentration on Earth. That underground furnace is what makes every geyser, mudpot, and steaming spring possible.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "A plume of deep-Earth heat β€” about half the planet's geysers run on it.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Yellowstone caldera geyser basin steam", "imagePrompt": "Wide landscape photograph of a steaming geyser basin at dawn, pale mineral terraces and bubbling hot pools releasing columns of steam across a broad volcanic valley ringed by dark forest, cold blue light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Steam rising from a broad geyser basin within the Yellowstone caldera.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "InSapphoWeTrust from Los Angeles, California, USA Β· CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Norris_Geyser_Basin,_Yellowstone_National_Park_(7780234544).jpg", "subject": "Norris Geyser Basin's bare, mineral-stained ground with a boardwalk and several visitors walking, forested rim behind, and a clear plume of steam rising from thermal vents in the mid-distance β€” the basin and the steam are both legible.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yell-fact-supervolcano.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "462wvf920x69" }, { "id": "yell-fact-oldfaithful", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "geothermal", "feature" ], "title": "Old Faithful", "studyGuideAnchor": "old-faithful", "body": "The park's most famous geyser earned its name for reliability, not size: Old Faithful erupts roughly every 60–90 minutes, jetting boiling water 106–185 feet into the air. Rangers can predict its next show within about ten minutes, drawing crowds to the boardwalks of the Upper Geyser Basin β€” the densest cluster of geysers anywhere on Earth.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Old Faithful geyser eruption", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a tall geyser erupting, a powerful column of white steam and water blasting skyward from a pale mineral mound, blue sky behind, a boardwalk and watching visitors in the foreground, photorealistic.", "alt": "Old Faithful geyser erupting in a tall column of steam and water.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Old Faithful Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Faithful", "subject": "Old Faithful geyser mid-eruption: a tall, sharply defined white water column with a large adjoining steam cloud, blue sky, pine-covered hills behind, the pale geyserite mound and grass in the foreground β€” Wikipedia's lead photo for the 'Old Faithful' article, full resolution", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yell-fact-oldfaithful.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "16v2vop1y9cckf" }, { "id": "yell-num-established", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "history", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Yellowstone established as the world's first national park?" }, "value": 1872, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "1mpv5wky25rn2" }, { "id": "yell-num-caldera-age", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many years ago did the eruption that formed the Yellowstone Caldera occur?" }, "value": 640000, "unit": "years", "tolerance": 10000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "1qhmpu2wwisng" }, { "id": "yell-num-lowerfalls", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "feature" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is the Lower Falls of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone?" }, "value": 308, "unit": "ft", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "a47wax1tdcksf" }, { "id": "yell-num-eaglepeak", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the elevation of Eagle Peak, Yellowstone's highest point?" }, "value": 11358, "unit": "ft", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "1qyyo39wbdwzv" }, { "id": "yell-pair-grandprismatic", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "geothermal", "feature" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Prismatic Spring" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Largest U.S. hot spring (~370 ft across), ringed in rainbow microbial mats" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Prismatic Spring boardwalk", "imagePrompt": "Ground-level photograph of a huge hot spring with a deep blue center fading outward to bands of green, yellow and burnt orange, steam curling off the surface, a boardwalk crossing the pale basin, photorealistic.", "alt": "The Grand Prismatic Spring's blue center ringed by orange microbial bands.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Grand Prismatic Spring Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prismatic_Spring", "subject": "Aerial photo of Grand Prismatic Spring: deep blue center grading to teal/green, ringed by a vivid orange-to-yellow microbial mat, with a boardwalk full of visitors crossing the upper right β€” matches the alt text and the search term exactly.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yell-pair-grandprismatic.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "19dmy9912l63xv" }, { "id": "yell-pair-steamboat", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "geothermal", "feature" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Steamboat Geyser" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "World's tallest active geyser β€” major eruptions exceed 300 ft" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "112p887rxslsd" }, { "id": "yell-pair-canyon", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "feature", "geology" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "~1,000-ft-deep gorge carved in yellow rhyolite, home to the 308-ft Lower Falls" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Lower Falls Yellowstone Canyon", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a powerful waterfall plunging into a deep canyon of pale yellow and orange volcanic rock, dark pine forest along the rims, mist rising from the base, bright daylight, photorealistic.", "alt": "The Lower Falls dropping into the yellow-walled Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Rhododendrites Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_of_the_Yellowstone_Lower_Falls_(95819p).jpg", "subject": "Color photo of the Lower Falls of the Yellowstone plunging into the yellow-walled Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, with a boardwalk overlook and dramatic sky β€” the correct subject, high quality, CC BY-SA 4.0", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yell-pair-canyon.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "1skidb79ai87t" }, { "id": "yell-pair-hydrothermal", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "geothermal", "record" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "~10,000 hydrothermal features" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Earth's greatest concentration, including ~500 geysers β€” about half the world's total" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "1cbwby91r82rs7" }, { "id": "yell-pair-hotspot", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "geology" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone hotspot" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Rising plume of crustal heat that powers the entire geothermal system" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "1x7rdzbqlial" }, { "id": "yell-fact-wildlife-overview", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife", "ecosystem" ], "title": "Americas Serengeti", "studyGuideAnchor": "americas-serengeti", "body": "The broad grasslands of Lamar and Hayden valleys host such dense, visible wildlife that Yellowstone is often called \"America's Serengeti.\" Here roams the largest wild bison herd in the United States β€” about 4,000–6,000 animals β€” alongside elk, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, and the predators that hunt them. At dawn and dusk, the valleys come alive with one of the continent's last great wildlife spectacles.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Lamar Valley at dawn β€” the closest thing the Lower 48 has to the Serengeti.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Lamar Valley bison herd", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a large herd of American bison grazing across a wide golden valley at sunrise, low mist over a winding river, distant dark mountains, warm light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A herd of bison grazing across the golden grasslands of Lamar Valley.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons β€” Bison and pronghorn in Lamar Valley (27426095772).jpg Β· See Wikimedia Commons (per-file)", "creditUrl": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11752674", "subject": "A large, scattered herd of bison grazing across green Lamar Valley grassland with a small group of pronghorn in the foreground and forested mountains behind; Wikidata P18 identity-verifies the file as depicting Lamar Valley.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yell-fact-wildlife-overview.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "1th5cvdmn03sf" }, { "id": "yell-fact-wolves", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife", "history" ], "title": "The Wolves Return", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-wolves-return", "body": "Wolves were exterminated from Yellowstone by the 1920s. In 1995, biologists reintroduced them β€” and the whole ecosystem shifted. With wolves hunting again, elk stopped lingering in river valleys, willows and aspens regrew, beavers and songbirds returned, and even riverbanks stabilized. This chain reaction, called a trophic cascade, became the most famous case study in modern conservation.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Reintroduced in 1995 β€” and the rivers themselves began to change.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "gray wolf", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a gray wolf standing alert in a snowy Yellowstone meadow at first light, breath visible in cold air, pale frosted grass and dark conifers behind, photorealistic wildlife shot.", "alt": "A gray wolf standing in a snowy Yellowstone meadow.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "USFWS Headquarters (Openverse) Β· pdm 1.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/50838842@N06/8951484925", "subject": "USFWS (Openverse/Flickr) photo of a gray wolf standing alert on snow near bare birch trees, looking toward camera β€” clean full-body snowy scene", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yell-fact-wolves.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "15xhytk1apn1nm" }, { "id": "yell-num-bison-low", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many bison live in Yellowstone's herd, the largest wild herd in the U.S. (lower estimate)?" }, "value": 4000, "unit": "bison", "tolerance": 500, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "13j3zo31mlmazt" }, { "id": "yell-num-grizzlies", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many grizzly bears live in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem?" }, "value": 1000, "unit": "grizzlies", "tolerance": 100, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "bjt4om185r76g" }, { "id": "yell-num-wolves-year", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year were wolves reintroduced to Yellowstone?" }, "value": 1995, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "19qus1owc93ye" }, { "id": "yell-num-tribes", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "history", "ecosystem" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many Indigenous tribes are formally associated with Yellowstone?" }, "value": 27, "unit": "tribes", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "kztaoak89198" }, { "id": "yell-pair-gye", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "ecosystem" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "One of the largest intact temperate ecosystems on Earth, with the park at its core" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "7kd1a31k71n1t" }, { "id": "yell-pair-lamar", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife", "ecosystem" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Lamar & Hayden valleys" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Open grasslands prized for wildlife viewing β€” bison, wolves, and grizzlies" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "11bmto818n368y" }, { "id": "yell-pair-tribes", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Tukudika (Sheep Eaters)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Shoshone people who lived in Yellowstone's high country year-round" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "1vv1kr310wt5lh" }, { "id": "yell-fact-mammoth", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "feature" ], "title": "Mammoth Hot Springs", "studyGuideAnchor": "mammoth-hot-springs", "body": "At the park's north end, hot water rich in dissolved limestone bubbles up and deposits travertine, building tier upon tier of pale, terraced stone. The result looks like a frozen cascade β€” a cave turned inside out. Because the springs constantly shift, the terraces grow and dry out from year to year, so no two visits ever look quite the same.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Travertine terraces that rebuild themselves β€” a frozen waterfall in stone.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Mammoth Hot Springs terraces", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of tiered white-and-tan travertine terraces with thin sheets of steaming water flowing over their edges, mineral colors of orange and gray streaking the stone, soft daylight, photorealistic.", "alt": "The pale tiered travertine terraces of Mammoth Hot Springs.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Rhododendrites Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mammoth_Hot_Springs_(78970).jpg", "subject": "Color photo of the Mammoth Hot Springs travertine terraces close-up β€” pale/tan stepped terrace pools, steam rising, dark mountain ridge behind. Correct subject, clean well-lit composition, explicit CC BY-SA 4.0 license. Selected.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yell-fact-mammoth.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "42bmxyyg2yso" }, { "id": "yell-fact-taq", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "science", "geothermal" ], "title": "The Microbe That Changed Science", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-microbe-that-changed-science", "body": "Yellowstone's scalding springs teem with thermophiles β€” heat-loving microbes that paint the pools in rainbow colors. In 1966 a researcher collected one, Thermus aquaticus, from a hot spring here. Its heat-stable enzyme, Taq polymerase, later became the engine of PCR, the technique behind modern DNA testing, forensics, and disease diagnostics. A park hot spring quietly seeded a revolution in biology.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Yellowstone hot spring microbial mat", "imagePrompt": "Macro photograph of vivid orange, green and yellow microbial mats fringing a steaming turquoise hot spring, intricate runneled textures in the colored bands, soft light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Brightly colored thermophile microbial mats around a Yellowstone hot spring.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Grand Prismatic Spring Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prismatic_Spring", "subject": "Unobstructed aerial view of Grand Prismatic Spring, Yellowstone: a blue-to-teal pool ringed by vivid yellow and orange microbial mat bands, with a boardwalk and visitors along the near edge.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yell-fact-taq.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "18i6qn01inftue" }, { "id": "yell-num-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many recreation visits did Yellowstone receive in 2024?" }, "value": 4744353, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 50000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "1sljx261o2dd68" }, { "id": "yell-num-washburn", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how long is the round-trip hike to the summit of Mount Washburn?" }, "value": 6.4, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 0.3, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "1ivi37cschlb6" }, { "id": "yell-mcq-rank", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "western", "record", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Where did Yellowstone rank among the most-visited U.S. national parks in 2024?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "6th" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2nd" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "3rd" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "4th" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "With about 4.74 million recreation visits in 2024, Yellowstone was the 4th-most-visited national park.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "1ru3mzi1jbcavk" }, { "id": "yell-pair-artistpoint", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "feature" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Artist Point" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Classic overlook of the Lower Falls and the yellow canyon walls" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Artist Point Yellowstone canyon view", "imagePrompt": "Photograph from a canyon overlook of a distant waterfall framed by towering yellow and orange volcanic cliffs, deep green river below and pine forest along the rims, clear daylight, photorealistic.", "alt": "The view from Artist Point toward the Lower Falls and yellow canyon walls.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Dirtsc Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artist_Point_view_of_Yellowstone_Canyon_14.jpg", "subject": "Classic unobstructed view from Artist Point straight down the canyon to the Lower Falls, tall yellow/white canyon walls, blue sky", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yell-pair-artistpoint.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "pu1bgh1agwfef" }, { "id": "yell-pair-fairyfalls", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Fairy Falls trail" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Easy-moderate ~5-mi hike passing the Grand Prismatic Overlook" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "b3b33kbno6ne" }, { "id": "yell-pair-season", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Best season" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Summer (June–Sept) for full road access; winter interior reached only by snowcoach or snowmobile" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yellowstone" }, "uid": "18i2wgr87chpt" }, { "id": "grca-fact-overview", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology" ], "title": "The Grand Canyon", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-grand-canyon", "body": "Carved by the Colorado River across some 277 river miles, the Grand Canyon runs up to 18 miles rim to rim and plunges over a mile β€” about 6,000 feet β€” to the water. Its banded walls expose nearly 2 billion years of Earth's history, more than almost anywhere on the planet. Theodore Roosevelt protected it as a monument in 1908; it became a national park in 1919.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "A mile deep, 18 miles wide, and nearly 2 billion years of Earth laid bare.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Canyon South Rim panorama", "imagePrompt": "Sweeping golden-hour photograph of the Grand Canyon from the South Rim, vast layered red-and-tan rock terraces receding into blue haze, the thin green Colorado River far below, dramatic depth and scale, photorealistic.", "alt": "The layered cliffs of the Grand Canyon receding into haze at sunset.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Mgimelfarb Β· CC0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_South_Rim_at_Sunset.jpg", "subject": "A wide sunset panorama of the Grand Canyon's South Rim: banded red-orange cliffs glowing in low sun, receding into a hazy purple-grey horizon under a partly cloudy sky, rock outcrops framing both sides.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grca-fact-overview.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "1lfs7o14kp5we" }, { "id": "grca-fact-river-carved", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "river" ], "title": "How the River Carved It", "studyGuideAnchor": "how-the-river-carved-it", "body": "The Grand Canyon is young rock cut at lightning speed in geologic terms. Over the past 5 to 6 million years, as the Colorado Plateau slowly bulged upward, the Colorado River sawed straight down through it, exposing layer after layer. The deeper you look, the older the world gets β€” until you reach the dark Vishnu Schist at the bottom, about 1.8 billion years old.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Five to six million years of a river cutting through two billion years of rock.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Colorado River Grand Canyon aerial", "imagePrompt": "Aerial photograph of the silty green Colorado River winding through the inner gorge of the Grand Canyon, dark steep schist walls rising on either side, layered cliffs above, late afternoon light, photorealistic.", "alt": "The Colorado River winding through the dark inner gorge of the Grand Canyon.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Dietmar Rabich Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_(Arizona,_USA),_Luftaufnahme_--_2012_--_5964.jpg", "subject": "Modern aerial photo ('Luftaufnahme') by Dietmar Rabich, companion frame β€” a clear aerial view of the Colorado River winding through the canyon between layered rock walls, with green vegetation lining the banks.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grca-fact-river-carved.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "17nli7h1mbpno3" }, { "id": "grca-num-depth", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how deep is the Grand Canyon, from rim to river?" }, "value": 6000, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 500, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "1ssed4gno95ii" }, { "id": "grca-num-length", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "river" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How long is the Grand Canyon, measured along the Colorado River?" }, "value": 277, "unit": "river miles", "tolerance": 5, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "1fazn9urmmdn8" }, { "id": "grca-num-width", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "At its widest, how far is it across the Grand Canyon from rim to rim?" }, "value": 18, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 2, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "1a7lltl1e3ua73" }, { "id": "grca-num-vishnu", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how old is the Vishnu Schist, the oldest rock at the canyon's bottom?" }, "value": 1.8, "unit": "billion years", "tolerance": 0.1, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "1wqv7xwydiisu" }, { "id": "grca-pair-vishnu", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Vishnu Schist" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The dark, ~1.8-billion-year-old rock at the very bottom of the canyon" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "olylc815eqxz6" }, { "id": "grca-pair-great-unconformity", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Unconformity" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "A gap in the walls where ~1 billion years of rock record is simply missing" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "f6fxt51hfx1f3" }, { "id": "grca-pair-rims", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "visit" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "South Rim vs. North Rim" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "South is lower (~7,000 ft) and open year-round; North is higher, cooler, and seasonal" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "6hakzh2bhwgz" }, { "id": "grca-fact-life-zones", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "ecology", "climate" ], "title": "Mexico to Canada, One Canyon", "studyGuideAnchor": "from-mexico-to-canada-in-one-canyon", "body": "Descend from rim to river and you pass through life zones that, traveled flat, would carry you from Mexico to Canada. The North Rim, at over 8,000 feet, wears a cool spruce-fir forest. The South Rim holds pine and pinyon-juniper. Down at the river, it is Sonoran desert scrub β€” cactus, lizards, and heat. One hike can take you through a continent of ecosystems.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "One descent crosses the same span of life zones as a trip from Mexico to Canada.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Canyon North Rim forest", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of the forested North Rim of the Grand Canyon, tall spruce and fir trees framing a dramatic overlook into the deep layered canyon beyond, cool morning light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Spruce-fir forest on the North Rim overlooking the deep Grand Canyon.", "kind": "photo" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "1npogykylu7xi" }, { "id": "grca-fact-condor", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "wildlife", "conservation" ], "title": "Return of the Condor", "studyGuideAnchor": "return-of-the-condor", "body": "The California condor β€” North America's largest land bird, with a wingspan near 9.5 feet β€” nearly vanished, down to just 22 birds in the 1980s. Reintroduced near the Grand Canyon, condors now ride the canyon's thermals overhead. Spotting one of these tagged giants wheeling above the rim is among the park's great wildlife thrills.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Once down to 22 birds on Earth β€” now soaring over the canyon again.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "California condor Grand Canyon", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a California condor soaring with wings fully spread above the Grand Canyon, numbered wing tags visible, vast layered canyon walls below, bright daylight, photorealistic.", "alt": "A tagged California condor soaring above the Grand Canyon.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Grand Canyon National Park Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_National_Park_California_Condor_87_3462_(5735691958).jpg", "subject": "A California condor (bald pink/orange head, black plumage, white underwing patches) with wings fully spread, wing tag '87' visible, standing on rock at Grand Canyon National Park; Wikimedia file titled and attributed to Grand Canyon National Park.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grca-fact-condor.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "681f971cyttmp" }, { "id": "grca-num-tribes", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "people", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many tribes are traditionally associated with the Grand Canyon?" }, "value": 11, "unit": "tribes", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "nrm4a4x09x5y" }, { "id": "grca-num-condor-wingspan", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "wildlife", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how wide is the wingspan of an adult California condor?" }, "value": 9.5, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 0.5, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "19h321h56a7cb" }, { "id": "grca-num-inner-heat", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "climate", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "On a summer day, the inner canyon can reach roughly what temperature?" }, "value": 110, "unit": "Β°F", "tolerance": 5, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "1vk7av1v0jzct" }, { "id": "grca-pair-havasupai", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "people", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Havasupai" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "\"People of the blue-green water,\" who still live in the canyon at Supai" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "1ecpy981yq5a9i" }, { "id": "grca-pair-kaibab-squirrel", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "wildlife", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Kaibab squirrel" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "A tassel-eared squirrel found only on the canyon's North Rim" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "77qmn51d97dzb" }, { "id": "grca-def-supai", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "southwest", "people", "glossary" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Supai" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The remote tribal village deep within the canyon, reachable only by foot, mule, or helicopter β€” the only such community inside a U.S. national park" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Kayenta", "Chinle", "Tuba City" ], "uid": "1elh9d1xyoihj" }, { "id": "grca-fact-visitation", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "visit", "record" ], "title": "One of America's Most Visited Parks", "studyGuideAnchor": "one-of-america-s-most-visited-parks", "body": "Nearly 4.9 million people visited the Grand Canyon in 2024, making it the country's third-most-visited national park. About 90 percent of them go to the South Rim, where the views, lodges, and the Rim Trail are concentrated. The quieter, higher North Rim draws the rest β€” and is open only from mid-May to mid-October.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Nearly 4.9 million visitors a year β€” and 9 in 10 head for the South Rim.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Canyon Mather Point", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of visitors at Mather Point on the Grand Canyon's South Rim, people standing at a stone-railed overlook gazing into the vast layered canyon, bright blue sky, photorealistic.", "alt": "Visitors at the Mather Point overlook on the South Rim.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Mather Point Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mather_Point", "subject": "Wikipedia's own lead photo for the 'Mather Point' article β€” a crowded overlook platform on a sunny day with 20+ visitors standing at railings and on boulders taking in the canyon view; crisp and clearly the named overlook.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grca-fact-visitation.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "102c84izbechw" }, { "id": "grca-fact-never-river-and-back", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "visit", "safety" ], "title": "Down Is Optional, Up Isn't", "studyGuideAnchor": "never-rim-to-river-and-back-in-a-day", "body": "The park's single firmest warning: do not try to hike from the rim down to the Colorado River and back in one day. What feels easy going down β€” you descend roughly a vertical mile β€” becomes a brutal, heat-soaked climb back out, and every year it sends hikers to rescue. The way down is optional; the way up is not.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Bright Angel Trail Grand Canyon", "imagePrompt": "Photograph looking down the switchbacks of the Bright Angel Trail in the Grand Canyon, a dusty path carved into red rock with hikers descending, deep canyon stretching below, warm light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Switchbacks of the Bright Angel Trail descending into the Grand Canyon.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Bright Angel Trail Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright_Angel_Trail", "subject": "Wide color panorama β€” Wikipedia's lead image for the article \"Bright Angel Trail\" β€” showing canyon walls cut by multiple clear switchback trails descending toward the inner gorge, rim village visible at top.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grca-fact-never-river-and-back.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "9jl7a5bnp9gj" }, { "id": "grca-pair-mather-point", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "visit", "landmark" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mather Point" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The South Rim's classic first-look overlook, near the main visitor center" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "k609041s423q6" }, { "id": "grca-pair-bright-angel", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "visit", "hiking" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Bright Angel Trail" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The South Rim's signature corridor trail, with water stops down to Havasupai Gardens" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "1i6hfs525yh8r" }, { "id": "grca-pair-south-kaibab", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "visit", "hiking" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "South Kaibab Trail" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "A ridgeline trail with sweeping views to Ooh Aah Point and Skeleton Point β€” but no water" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "10e6jdq17d2ygw" }, { "id": "grca-pair-phantom-ranch", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "visit", "landmark" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Phantom Ranch" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The rustic lodge at the canyon bottom, reached only on foot, by mule, or by raft" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "xg12cp1la88dr" }, { "id": "grca-num-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "visit", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many people visited Grand Canyon National Park in 2024?" }, "value": 4900000, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 200000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "g9806mcerpmo" }, { "id": "grca-num-south-rim", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "visit", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About what percentage of Grand Canyon visitors go to the South Rim?" }, "value": 90, "unit": "percent", "tolerance": 3, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "lsdbou1vws08w" }, { "id": "grca-mcq-best-season", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "southwest", "visit", "climate" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When is the best time to hike below the Grand Canyon's rim?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Midsummer" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Spring or fall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Midwinter" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Late August" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Spring and fall offer moderate temperatures. In summer the inner canyon turns dangerously hot, often 100–115Β°F, while winter brings ice to the rim trails.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "1ksfy7d1hhq3qn" }, { "id": "grca-fact-mules", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "visit", "history" ], "title": "The Famous Mules", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-famous-mules", "body": "For over a century, sure-footed mules have carried riders and supplies down the canyon's steep trails to Phantom Ranch on the canyon floor. The mule trains are a Grand Canyon institution β€” slow, patient, and unfazed by the dizzying drop-offs that make first-time riders grip the saddle horn a little tighter.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Canyon mule train", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a mule train descending a narrow Grand Canyon trail, riders in hats on sure-footed mules picking their way along a cliff-edge path, deep layered canyon below, warm daylight, photorealistic.", "alt": "A mule train carrying riders down a steep Grand Canyon trail.", "kind": "photo" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Canyon" }, "uid": "zrq3p119tskfv" }, { "id": "yose-fact-yosemite", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Yosemite", "studyGuideAnchor": "yosemite", "body": "In a single granite valley California stacked half its wonders: sheer walls, plunging waterfalls, and domes of bare stone. Glaciers ground the Merced River canyon into a U-shaped trough, leaving El Capitan and Half Dome standing over the floor. Established as a national park in 1890, Yosemite draws about 4.1 million visitors a year to ~759,600 acres of the Sierra Nevada.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "One granite valley, half of California's wonders.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Tunnel View Yosemite Valley", "imagePrompt": "Wide photograph of Yosemite Valley from Tunnel View: the sheer face of El Capitan on the left, Bridalveil Fall feathering down on the right, Half Dome's rounded crown in the hazy distance, forested valley floor below, warm late-afternoon light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Yosemite Valley with El Capitan, Bridalveil Fall and Half Dome seen from Tunnel View.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Diliff Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tunnel_View,_Yosemite_Valley,_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg", "subject": "Classic Tunnel View overlook: El Capitan on the left, Half Dome centered in the distance, Bridalveil Fall on the right, forested valley floor below β€” sharp, well-exposed color photo, correctly titled on Wikimedia Commons", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yose-fact-yosemite.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "usbt87h9ld59" }, { "id": "yose-fact-el-capitan", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "record" ], "title": "El Capitan", "studyGuideAnchor": "el-capitan", "body": "Rising about 3,000 feet of nearly vertical, monolithic granite straight off the valley floor, El Capitan is the climbing world's ultimate proving ground. Its smooth golden face has no easy route. In 2017 Alex Honnold free-soloed it β€” no rope β€” and in 2015 the brutally thin Dawn Wall saw its first free climb.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "~3,000 feet of sheer granite β€” climbing's ultimate wall.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "El Capitan Yosemite", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of El Capitan's vast vertical granite face glowing gold in late sun, a smooth sheer monolith towering over the dark forested valley floor, tiny scale of trees at the base, clear blue sky, photorealistic.", "alt": "The sheer golden granite face of El Capitan rising above the forest.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "My grandfather on my dads side, who gave me permission to share images in his po Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:El_Capitan_Yosemite_National_Park_1955.jpg", "subject": "Vivid color photo (Wikimedia, 1955): El Capitan's full granite face lit golden under a clear blue sky, autumn-colored trees and a river/pond at its base", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yose-fact-el-capitan.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "1fu2dai16nm6lo" }, { "id": "yose-fact-half-dome", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology" ], "title": "Half Dome", "studyGuideAnchor": "half-dome", "body": "Half Dome looks sheared in two, but no missing half ever fell β€” glaciers and the slow flaking of curved granite sheets (exfoliation) shaped its rounded back and flat northwest face. Its bald crown stands roughly 4,737 feet above the valley floor, the unmistakable emblem of the park.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Half Dome Yosemite", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Half Dome at golden hour, its sheer flat northwest face and rounded granite shoulder catching warm light above the forested valley, deep blue sky, photorealistic.", "alt": "Half Dome's flat face and rounded back lit at golden hour.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Diliff Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Half_Dome_from_Glacier_Point,_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg", "subject": "Half Dome's sheer flat face and its rounded, sunlit back seen from Glacier Point at golden hour β€” clean, correctly titled, high-resolution match to the alt text. CHOSEN.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yose-fact-half-dome.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "13g08bk1ql7we2" }, { "id": "yose-fact-yosemite-falls", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "waterfall" ], "title": "Yosemite Falls", "studyGuideAnchor": "yosemite-falls", "body": "Dropping 2,425 feet in three thundering tiers, Yosemite Falls is the tallest waterfall in North America. It roars loudest in late spring as Sierra snowmelt peaks β€” and can slow to a trickle, or vanish entirely, by late summer.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Yosemite Falls", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Yosemite Falls in full spring flow, a tall three-tiered waterfall plunging down a granite cliff into mist, green pines framing the base, bright clear day, photorealistic.", "alt": "Yosemite Falls plunging in tiers down a granite cliff.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Yosemite Falls Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Falls", "subject": "Modern color photograph (Wikipedia lead image) of Yosemite Falls' upper and lower tiers cascading down a sheer granite cliff, framed by evergreen trees in the foreground -- a clean, correct, high-quality depiction of the exact subject.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yose-fact-yosemite-falls.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Nevada Fall", "Bridalveil Fall", "Vernal Fall" ], "uid": "9s4zss1ygkxdy" }, { "id": "yose-num-el-capitan-ft", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how tall is El Capitan's sheer granite wall above the valley floor?" }, "value": 3000, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 200, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "1aupjqk1xj9sti" }, { "id": "yose-num-half-dome-ft", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how high does Half Dome's crown stand above the Yosemite Valley floor?" }, "value": 4737, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 100, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "16jkt5i99q2iw" }, { "id": "yose-pair-bridalveil", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "waterfall", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Bridalveil Fall" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Slender 620-ft fall that greets you at the valley's mouth; wind often blows its plume sideways" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "137ut9x1x08a63" }, { "id": "yose-pair-batholith", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Batholith" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The huge mass of granite, cooled deep underground then uplifted, from which Yosemite's domes and walls are carved" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "1s7kkmt1d40y0b" }, { "id": "yose-mcq-glaciers", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What gave Yosemite Valley its broad, U-shaped profile?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A volcanic eruption" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A collapsed cave system", "short": "Collapse of a cave system" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A meteor impact" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glaciers grinding down the river canyon", "short": "Glaciers grinding it out" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Ice-age glaciers flowed through the Merced River canyon, grinding the V-shaped river valley into a wide U-shaped trough and leaving sheer walls like El Capitan.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "3m5jo217i59g4" }, { "id": "yose-fact-mariposa-grove", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "flora", "record" ], "title": "Mariposa Grove", "studyGuideAnchor": "mariposa-grove", "body": "In the park's south end, the Mariposa Grove shelters about 500 giant sequoias β€” the most massive living things on Earth by volume. The Grizzly Giant has stood for an estimated 2,000-plus years, its lowest branch thicker than most tree trunks.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "About 500 giant sequoias, some over 2,000 years old.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Mariposa Grove giant sequoias", "imagePrompt": "Photograph looking up the massive cinnamon-red trunks of giant sequoias in Mariposa Grove, sunlight filtering through high green canopy, a person tiny at the base for scale, photorealistic.", "alt": "Towering cinnamon-red giant sequoia trunks in Mariposa Grove.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Mariposa Grove Museum Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariposa_Grove_Museum", "subject": "Modern color photo: the Mariposa Grove Museum log cabin dwarfed beneath several towering cinnamon-red giant sequoia trunks on a sunny day.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yose-fact-mariposa-grove.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Giant Forest", "Grant Grove", "Tuolumne Grove" ], "uid": "1dgatgj664tnt" }, { "id": "yose-fact-yosemite-grant", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "history" ], "title": "The 1864 Yosemite Grant", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-1864-yosemite-grant", "body": "In 1864, with the Civil War still raging, President Lincoln signed the Yosemite Grant β€” the first time the federal government set aside scenic land to protect it for public enjoyment. Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove were entrusted to California, planting the seed of the national-park idea that bloomed at Yellowstone in 1872.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Yosemite Valley Mariposa Grove", "imagePrompt": "A sweeping view of Yosemite Valley's granite cliffs and green meadows.", "alt": "A historic sepia view of Yosemite Valley's cliffs and meadow.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Explore the towering giant sequoias in Mariposa Grove, a stunning natural wonder in Yosemite National Park.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/brown-trees-on-brown-soil-5370227/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yose-fact-yosemite-grant.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "1plsm9e15y7t9w" }, { "id": "yose-fact-john-muir", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "history", "person" ], "title": "John Muir", "studyGuideAnchor": "john-muir", "body": "The naturalist John Muir wandered the Sierra he called the 'Range of Light,' and his writing and lobbying helped win Yosemite full national-park status in 1890. In 1892 he co-founded the Sierra Club, and a famous 1903 camping trip with Theodore Roosevelt helped steer the country toward broad land protection.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "John Muir naturalist portrait", "imagePrompt": "A portrait of naturalist John Muir with his long beard, standing in the Sierra Nevada wilderness.", "alt": "A historic bearded portrait of naturalist John Muir.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "USDAgov (Openverse) Β· pdm 1.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/41284017@N08/7803230262", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yose-fact-john-muir.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "1wbtajmpgkaes" }, { "id": "yose-num-established", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "history", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Yosemite established as a national park?" }, "value": 1890, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "1wubzxs1eaagq" }, { "id": "yose-num-mount-lyell", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Mount Lyell, Yosemite's highest point?" }, "value": 13114, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "17ee7ao1aclrne" }, { "id": "yose-num-tioga-pass", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Tioga Pass, the crest of the seasonal high-country Tioga Road?" }, "value": 9943, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "pzzikn19q1wkd" }, { "id": "yose-pair-tuolumne-meadows", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Tuolumne Meadows" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Vast subalpine meadow in the high country, ringed by granite domes and reached by the seasonal Tioga Road" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "1eu17ah1jojehr" }, { "id": "yose-pair-ansel-adams", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "history", "person" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Ansel Adams" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Photographer whose black-and-white Yosemite prints made the park an icon of American wilderness" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "1p4mgcy1krs2k4" }, { "id": "yose-pair-ahwahneechee", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "history", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Ahwahneechee" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Native people who lived in the valley they called Ahwahnee, violently expelled in 1851" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "mjf6fmo1szj8" }, { "id": "yose-fact-tunnel-view", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation" ], "title": "Tunnel View", "studyGuideAnchor": "tunnel-view", "body": "Drive into the valley from the south and the road bursts out of a tunnel onto the single most famous viewpoint in the park: El Capitan on the left, Bridalveil Fall on the right, Half Dome floating between them. It is the postcard, made real, in one windshield frame.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The whole valley in one windshield frame.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Tunnel View Yosemite", "imagePrompt": "Classic photograph from Tunnel View at sunset: El Capitan left, Bridalveil Fall right, Half Dome centered in the distance, forested valley below glowing in warm light, photorealistic.", "alt": "The Tunnel View panorama of Yosemite Valley at sunset.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Diliff Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tunnel_View,_Yosemite_Valley,_Yosemite_NP_-_Diliff.jpg", "subject": "The classic Tunnel View overlook photo (Diliff, Wikimedia Commons): El Capitan's sheer face on the left, Bridalveil Fall dropping on the right, Half Dome centered in the distant V-notch, forested valley floor below, partly cloudy daytime sky.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yose-fact-tunnel-view.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Sentinel Rock", "Cathedral Rocks", "North Dome" ], "uid": "gbyppy11joz2g" }, { "id": "yose-fact-glacier-point", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation" ], "title": "Glacier Point", "studyGuideAnchor": "glacier-point", "body": "From Glacier Point, a road-accessible overlook 3,200 feet above the valley floor, you stand eye-to-eye with Half Dome and gaze straight down on Vernal and Nevada Falls. Sunset here turns the granite to fire, and the night sky over the high country is among the darkest you'll find near a road.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Glacier Point Yosemite", "imagePrompt": "Photograph from Glacier Point at sunset: Half Dome glowing across the valley, distant waterfalls, the deep forested gorge far below, warm alpenglow on the granite, photorealistic.", "alt": "Half Dome and the valley seen from Glacier Point at sunset.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Diliff Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Glacier_Point_at_Sunset,_Yosemite_NP,_CA,_US_-_Diliff.jpg", "subject": "Modern color panorama from Glacier Point at sunset: Half Dome glowing warm orange in the center, the valley floor below, Vernal/Nevada Falls visible in the distance at right, and pink lenticular clouds overhead -- matches the card's Half Dome, falls, and sunset details precisely.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yose-fact-glacier-point.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "1olxk4goj7xq" }, { "id": "yose-fact-mist-trail", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "waterfall" ], "title": "The Mist Trail", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-mist-trail", "body": "The Mist Trail climbs a staircase of granite steps so close to Vernal and Nevada Falls that spray soaks hikers on a hot day β€” hence the name. A ~3-mile round trip reaches Vernal Fall; pushing on to Nevada Fall makes it ~7 steep miles. It is the park's most beloved day hike.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Vernal Fall Mist Trail Yosemite", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Vernal Fall on the Mist Trail, hikers climbing wet granite steps beside a powerful waterfall throwing rainbow-tinged spray, lush green ferns, bright day, photorealistic.", "alt": "Hikers on wet granite steps beside Vernal Fall on the Mist Trail.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "David Fulmer Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vernal_Falls_and_Mist_Trail.jpg", "subject": "wet, stone-cut steps of the Mist Trail climbing a granite hillside directly beside Vernal Fall, which is pouring down the rock face behind them with a rainbow arcing through the spray", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/yose-fact-mist-trail.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "John Muir Trail", "Four Mile Trail", "Panorama Trail" ], "uid": "1tah4hk1esw2yq" }, { "id": "yose-pair-half-dome-cables", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Half Dome cables" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Two steel cables hikers grip to climb the final sheer granite pitch to the summit β€” a permit by lottery is required" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "ae93h41e1nioy" }, { "id": "yose-pair-firefall", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "waterfall" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Firefall" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mid-February sunset light that makes seasonal Horsetail Fall glow like flowing lava down El Capitan" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "1u02j101c4fctq" }, { "id": "yose-num-visitation", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many people visited Yosemite in 2024?" }, "value": 4100000, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 200000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "1l9ir4fed48r9" }, { "id": "yose-num-half-dome-gain", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how much elevation does the strenuous Half Dome day hike gain?" }, "value": 4800, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 300, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "nr0itrv04xx" }, { "id": "yose-mcq-best-season", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "waterfall" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When do Yosemite's waterfalls roar at their fullest?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Late spring" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Midwinter" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Late summer" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Early autumn" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Waterfalls peak in late spring as Sierra Nevada snowmelt surges; by late summer many slow to a trickle or dry up. Summer and early fall are best for the high country.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Yosemite" }, "uid": "1lndavt4e577z" }, { "id": "zion-fact-canyon", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Zion Canyon", "studyGuideAnchor": "zion-canyon", "body": "Zion Canyon is a deep, narrow gorge carved by the Virgin River through cliffs of Navajo Sandstone that rise up to ~2,000 feet from the canyon floor. The walls glow in bands of red, pink, and cream β€” petrified ancient sand dunes laid down ~180 million years ago. Utah's first national park (renamed from Mukuntuweap National Monument in 1919), Zion spans ~147,000 acres of desert-to-riparian country in southwest Utah.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The Virgin River cut these 2,000-foot sandstone walls β€” Utah's first national park.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Zion Canyon Navajo Sandstone cliffs", "imagePrompt": "Photograph looking up Zion Canyon at towering cream and red Navajo Sandstone cliffs rising 2,000 feet above a green cottonwood-lined valley, the Virgin River winding along the floor, warm late-afternoon light, deep blue sky, photorealistic.", "alt": "Massive striped red and cream sandstone cliffs towering over a green river canyon.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Zion National Park Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion_National_Park", "subject": "Elevated sunset view straight down Zion Canyon from Angels Landing: massive striped red/tan cliffs on both sides towering over a deep, green, tree-filled valley with the Virgin River and a road winding along the canyon floor.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/zion-fact-canyon.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "1340jfb36xg65" }, { "id": "zion-fact-navajo-sandstone", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology" ], "title": "Petrified Sand Dunes", "studyGuideAnchor": "petrified-sand-dunes", "body": "Zion's great walls are Navajo Sandstone β€” the lithified remains of one of the largest desert dune fields in Earth's history, a Sahara-scale sea of sand that blew across the region ~180 million years ago. Look closely and you can read the slanting cross-beds of ancient dunes frozen in the rock. Iron oxide stains the stone red and pink near the top; the lower cliffs stay cream-white. The Virgin River keeps deepening the canyon today.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "A Sahara turned to stone β€” read the ancient dunes in the cross-bedded cliffs.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Navajo Sandstone cross-bedding Zion", "imagePrompt": "Close photograph of a Navajo Sandstone cliff face in Zion showing sweeping diagonal cross-bedding lines of petrified dune layers, warm cream and rust tones, raking afternoon light revealing the texture, photorealistic.", "alt": "A sandstone wall showing sweeping diagonal layers of ancient petrified dunes.", "kind": "photo" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "syaok51ptf7kb" }, { "id": "zion-num-cliff-height", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high do Zion's tallest Navajo Sandstone cliffs rise above the canyon floor?" }, "value": 2000, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 200, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "87m4yg1bc4rqq" }, { "id": "zion-num-sandstone-age", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how old is the Navajo Sandstone that forms Zion's cliffs (in millions of years)?" }, "value": 180, "unit": "million years", "tolerance": 20, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "ich6f9akw2ez" }, { "id": "zion-num-acres", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many acres does Zion National Park cover?" }, "value": 147242, "unit": "acres", "tolerance": 5000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "1nbkxuxp71nzj" }, { "id": "zion-num-high-point", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Horse Ranch Mountain, Zion's highest point?" }, "value": 8726, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 100, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "14je45qdn2928" }, { "id": "zion-pair-virgin-river", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Virgin River" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The river that carved Zion Canyon and still deepens it today" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "7fzc77xze049" }, { "id": "zion-pair-navajo-sandstone", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Navajo Sandstone" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Petrified ancient sand dunes that form Zion's red-and-cream cliffs" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "dqo5wimbv344" }, { "id": "zion-pair-mukuntuweap", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mukuntuweap" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Southern Paiute name for the canyon, used by the 1909 national monument" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "1pt7rt01eai4ym" }, { "id": "zion-num-established", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Mukuntuweap National Monument become Zion National Park β€” Utah's first?" }, "value": 1919, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "1w90p01ye1d1q" }, { "id": "zion-fact-angels-landing", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation" ], "title": "Angels Landing", "studyGuideAnchor": "angels-landing", "body": "Angels Landing is a fin of rock with a knife-edge spine, reached by a strenuous ~5-mile round-trip hike that gains ~1,500 feet. The final half-mile follows a narrow ridge with sheer drops on both sides, where hikers cling to bolted chains. It got its name in 1916 when a visitor said \"only an angel could land on it.\" The exposed route has fatal falls; since 2022 a permit is required by lottery to thin the crowds.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "\"Only an angel could land on it\" β€” a chained spine over 1,000-foot drops.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Angels Landing chained ridge", "imagePrompt": "Hikers gripping chains along a narrow sandstone ridge with steep drop-offs on either side.", "alt": "A narrow rock ridge with chains and steep drops on both sides high above a canyon.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Jay Chung Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/man-and-woman-walking-on-brown-rocky-mountain-8255216/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/zion-fact-angels-landing.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "8qio2n1c7015x" }, { "id": "zion-fact-narrows", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation" ], "title": "The Narrows", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-narrows", "body": "In The Narrows, the canyon pinches so tight that the trail IS the Virgin River β€” hikers wade upstream through the current between walls hundreds of feet tall and sometimes only 20 to 30 feet apart. The bottom-up route runs up to ~9.4 miles. There's no escaping the water, and no escaping a flash flood, which is why rangers close it whenever distant storms threaten. It's one of the most famous slot-canyon hikes on Earth.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Where the trail is the river β€” wading a slot canyon hundreds of feet deep.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "The Narrows Zion Virgin River", "imagePrompt": "Photograph inside The Narrows of Zion, soaring smooth sandstone walls only a few dozen feet apart glowing amber from reflected light, the green Virgin River filling the canyon floor, a hiker wading upstream, photorealistic.", "alt": "A hiker wading a river between towering narrow sandstone slot-canyon walls.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "ZionNPS (Openverse) Β· by 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/54168808@N03/5204965221", "subject": "Multiple hikers with trekking poles wading directly through the Virgin River's current, dwarfed by soaring, tightly pinched sandstone walls -- official ZionNPS photo captioned 'The Narrows.'", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/zion-fact-narrows.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "1aoj6201nb7q2q" }, { "id": "zion-fact-emerald-pools", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation", "flora" ], "title": "Emerald Pools and Hanging Gardens", "studyGuideAnchor": "emerald-pools-and-hanging-gardens", "body": "Water seeping through porous Navajo Sandstone hits a harder layer and emerges as springs on the cliff faces, feeding the Emerald Pools and dripping into lush hanging gardens β€” ferns, monkeyflower, and moss clinging to the rock in a desert. These seeps even shelter the endemic Zion snail, found nowhere else on Earth. The pools' green tint comes from algae, and waterfalls trickle over the alcoves above them.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Zion Emerald Pools waterfall", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a Zion sandstone alcove with a thin waterfall trickling over the lip into a green pool, hanging gardens of ferns and moss draping the wet red rock, soft diffused light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A thin waterfall over a red rock alcove draped with green ferns above a pool.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Phil Whitehouse from London, United Kingdom Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ermerald_Pools_Trail_(6380894157).jpg", "subject": "a large red sandstone alcove overhang streaked with dark water-seepage staining, a boardwalk trail with a metal railing leading past it, and a still pool directly beneath the overhang with greenery along its base β€” the classic Lower Emerald Pool grotto scene, matching the alt text's alcove-waterfall", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/zion-fact-emerald-pools.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "uzb2h7mfdjgh" }, { "id": "zion-num-angels-distance", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how long is the Angels Landing hike, round trip?" }, "value": 5, "unit": "mi", "tolerance": 1, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "fc5efy1q05ujk" }, { "id": "zion-num-angels-gain", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how much elevation does the Angels Landing hike gain?" }, "value": 1500, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 200, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "1rdrh1c14xo2x6" }, { "id": "zion-num-narrows-length", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How long is the bottom-up Narrows hike at its full length?" }, "value": 9.4, "unit": "mi", "tolerance": 1, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "1st6ffg3nipsm" }, { "id": "zion-num-permit-year", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Since what year has a lottery permit been required to hike Angels Landing?" }, "value": 2022, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "1yrox7d1dv8b5r" }, { "id": "zion-pair-angels-landing", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Angels Landing" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Knife-edge chained spine; permit by lottery since 2022" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "oycbvm142i02s" }, { "id": "zion-pair-narrows", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Narrows" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Slot-canyon hike where you wade upstream in the Virgin River" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "13d50ah18ferlb" }, { "id": "zion-pair-zion-snail", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "wildlife" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Zion snail" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Tiny species found only in Zion's hanging gardens, nowhere else on Earth" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "6650ap1cvw1p3" }, { "id": "zion-fact-shuttle", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation", "history" ], "title": "The Canyon Shuttle", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-canyon-shuttle", "body": "To spare its narrow canyon from gridlock, Zion bans private cars on the Zion Canyon Scenic Drive for most of the year β€” visitors ride a free shuttle that stops at trailheads like the Court of the Patriarchs, Emerald Pools, and the Temple of Sinawava, where The Narrows begins. The mandatory shuttle runs spring through fall. It's one of the busiest park shuttle systems in the country, moving millions through the canyon each season.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Zion Canyon shuttle bus", "imagePrompt": "A green and white park shuttle bus driving through Zion Canyon between towering red sandstone walls.", "alt": "A green park shuttle bus on a canyon road below tall red cliffs.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Ken Lund (Openverse) Β· by-sa 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/75683070@N00/1026168166", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/zion-fact-shuttle.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "1lfj8wv1sotilh" }, { "id": "zion-fact-busiest", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "record" ], "title": "Among the Busiest Parks", "studyGuideAnchor": "among-the-busiest-parks", "body": "Zion drew 4.94 million visitors in 2024, making it the 2nd-most-visited national park in the country β€” remarkable for a park whose heart is a single narrow canyon. The crush of crowds is exactly why the canyon shuttle is mandatory and why Angels Landing now runs on a permit lottery. Spring and fall are the sweet spots; summers are hot and packed, while mild winters offer quiet and occasional snow on the red cliffs.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "4.94 million visitors a year β€” the 2nd-busiest national park in America.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Zion Canyon Overlook view", "imagePrompt": "Photograph from the Zion Canyon Overlook looking down the length of Zion Canyon at sunset, switchbacking road far below, red and cream sandstone monoliths glowing, long shadows, photorealistic.", "alt": "A wide sunset view down Zion Canyon from a high overlook with glowing cliffs.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Óðinn Β· CC BY-SA 2.5 ca", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Overlook_trail_view_-_Zion_Canyon.jpg", "subject": "a wide, high-angle panorama down Zion Canyon showing a switchback road, red-and-white sandstone cliffs (West Temple/Towers-of-the-Virgin area) and canyon-floor scrub, in daylight with light snow patches", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/zion-fact-busiest.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "blhcm4174xjra" }, { "id": "zion-fact-flash-flood", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation" ], "title": "Flash-Flood Danger", "studyGuideAnchor": "flash-flood-danger", "body": "In a slot canyon, water has nowhere to spread β€” a storm miles away can send a wall of water roaring through The Narrows with little warning, turning a calm wade into a deadly torrent. Rangers post a daily flash-flood potential rating and close the canyon when storms threaten, especially in the summer monsoon season. The same desert geology that makes Zion beautiful makes its narrowest hikes weather-dependent and occasionally fatal.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Zion Narrows flash flood muddy water", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of churning muddy brown floodwater rushing through a narrow Zion slot canyon between sheer red walls, debris and foam on the surface, dramatic stormy light, sense of danger, photorealistic.", "alt": "Muddy floodwater surging through a narrow red slot canyon.", "kind": "photo" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "1v3npkz1ar7dop" }, { "id": "zion-num-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many visitors did Zion receive in 2024 (in millions)?" }, "value": 4.94, "unit": "million visitors", "tolerance": 0.1, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "fe8f78qi55bi" }, { "id": "zion-num-rank", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Where does Zion rank among U.S. national parks by visitation?" }, "value": 2, "unit": "rank", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "1iqcetq1hohaao" }, { "id": "zion-pair-springdale", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Springdale" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The gateway town at Zion's south entrance" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "1ansmtj1lelyfx" }, { "id": "zion-pair-temple-sinawava", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Temple of Sinawava" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Last shuttle stop, where the trail into The Narrows begins" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "1azf8gpqnl9kv" }, { "id": "zion-pair-best-season", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Best season to visit Zion" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Spring and fall β€” mild, when the mandatory shuttle runs" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "1ldt7vs1mcngua" }, { "id": "zion-mcq-shuttle", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Why are private cars banned on the Zion Canyon Scenic Drive most of the year?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Rockfall has permanently closed the road to all traffic", "short": "Rockfall has closed the road" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The narrow canyon would gridlock, so a mandatory shuttle carries visitors instead", "short": "A shuttle prevents gridlock" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The road is unpaved and impassable to ordinary cars", "short": "Unpaved and impassable to cars" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The canyon is reserved for permit-holding backpackers only", "short": "Reserved for backpackers only" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Zion's heart is a single narrow canyon. To prevent gridlock and protect it, the park runs a free mandatory shuttle along the scenic drive spring through fall.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Zion" }, "uid": "yzczsl1dy6jrf" }, { "id": "glac-fact-crown", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "park", "geology" ], "title": "Glacier National Park", "studyGuideAnchor": "glacier-national-park", "body": "On Montana's spine of the Rockies, conservationist George Bird Grinnell called this the \"Crown of the Continent\" β€” and the name stuck. Established in 1910, its ~1.01 million acres pack horns, knife-edge arΓͺtes, hanging valleys, and roughly 700 lakes carved by Ice Age ice. Here three oceans' watersheds meet at Triple Divide Peak, and a billion-year-old seabed stands tilted toward the sky.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "George Bird Grinnell's \"Crown of the Continent\" β€” 700 lakes and a billion-year-old seabed.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Glacier National Park Montana mountains", "imagePrompt": "Sweeping photograph of jagged glacier-carved peaks in Glacier National Park, Montana, knife-edge ridges and horns above a deep U-shaped valley with a turquoise alpine lake, evergreen slopes, dramatic clouds, golden morning light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Jagged glacier-carved peaks above a turquoise lake in Glacier National Park.", "kind": "photo" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "1i1z6dnday5pd" }, { "id": "glac-fact-gtsr", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "record" ], "title": "Going-to-the-Sun Road", "studyGuideAnchor": "going-to-the-sun-road", "body": "The Going-to-the-Sun Road runs 50 miles clean across the park, climbing the Continental Divide at Logan Pass, 6,646 ft. An engineering marvel of the 1930s, it clings to cliffs along the Garden Wall with hairpin turns and waterfalls spilling onto the asphalt. Snow buries it most of the year β€” crews plow up to 80 feet of drift each spring, and the high stretch opens only from about late June to mid-October.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "50 miles over the Continental Divide β€” plowed free of up to 80 feet of snow each spring.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Going-to-the-Sun Road Glacier", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of the Going-to-the-Sun Road carved into a sheer mountainside in Glacier National Park, the ribbon of road hugging a cliff above a vast green valley, snow-streaked peaks beyond, a waterfall trickling across the road, clear summer sky, photorealistic.", "alt": "The Going-to-the-Sun Road clinging to a cliff above a deep mountain valley.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "MPSharwood Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Going-to-the-Sun_Road_-_Glacier_National_Park.jpg", "subject": "Color photo of the road's Triple Arches section: pavement runs atop a stone masonry wall built into a cliff face, a waterfall spills down the rock beside it, cars on the road, forested cliff top above β€” matches the alt text closely", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/glac-fact-gtsr.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "1x7wr38oyi33i" }, { "id": "glac-num-logan-pass", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "record", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Logan Pass, the high point of the Going-to-the-Sun Road?" }, "value": 6646, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "13ehosi1rppd5w" }, { "id": "glac-num-road-length", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many miles long is the Going-to-the-Sun Road across Glacier?" }, "value": 50, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 2, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "zosl2e1jpytjs" }, { "id": "glac-num-lakes", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many lakes does Glacier National Park hold?" }, "value": 700, "unit": "lakes", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "ocsqsg1ofzlca" }, { "id": "glac-fact-belt-rock", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "geology" ], "title": "Belt Supergroup and Stromatolites", "studyGuideAnchor": "belt-supergroup-and-stromatolites", "body": "Glacier's peaks are built from the Belt Supergroup β€” sedimentary rock laid down in shallow seas over a billion years ago, then thrust upward along the Lewis Overthrust. Pressed into those ancient layers are some of Earth's best-preserved Proterozoic fossils: stromatolites, the cabbage-shaped mounds built by mats of microbes long before complex life. You can read a billion years of seabed in the cliff faces.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "stromatolite fossil rock layered", "imagePrompt": "Close-up photograph of fossil stromatolites in ancient layered sedimentary rock, concentric cabbage-like mounds in shades of grey and rust, exposed on a weathered mountain cliff face, natural daylight, photorealistic geology detail.", "alt": "Layered fossil stromatolites preserved in ancient sedimentary rock.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "GlacierNPS Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stromatolite_Fossils_near_Grinnell_Glacier_(41130800560).jpg", "subject": "A weathered tan rock surface at Grinnell Glacier, Glacier National Park, covered with a dozen-plus cabbage/oval-shaped stromatolite fossils showing concentric growth-ring layering β€” a public-domain NPS photo, precisely on-topic and from the very park the card describes.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/glac-fact-belt-rock.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "14eyetu1gecav8" }, { "id": "glac-fact-triple-divide", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "record" ], "title": "Triple Divide Peak", "studyGuideAnchor": "triple-divide-peak", "body": "From Triple Divide Peak, a single snowflake's fate splits three ways. This is the hydrological apex of the continent: water shed here can flow to the Pacific Ocean, to Hudson Bay and the Arctic, or down the Missouri–Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. Few points on Earth feed three distinct ocean watersheds β€” the Garden Wall and surrounding arΓͺtes are the knife edges that sort the drops.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Triple Divide Peak Glacier", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a sharp pyramidal mountain peak in Glacier National Park rising above alpine meadows and a small tarn, ridgelines radiating from the summit, dramatic light, photorealistic wilderness scene.", "alt": "A sharp pyramidal peak whose slopes shed water to three ocean watersheds.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Triple Divide Peak (Montana) Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Divide_Peak_(Montana)", "subject": "Wikipedia's lead photo for 'Triple Divide Peak (Montana)': a sharp-pointed, layered sedimentary summit rising above snow-streaked ledges and a spruce-fir forest β€” the actual named peak.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/glac-fact-triple-divide.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "ysmxzs4bwyqq" }, { "id": "glac-pair-horn", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Horn" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Pyramid-shaped peak carved when glaciers gnaw a mountain from several sides" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "1933as5lms0kb" }, { "id": "glac-pair-arete", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "ArΓͺte" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Knife-edge ridge left between two glaciers β€” Glacier's Garden Wall is one" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "1028gaw1k0xfoy" }, { "id": "glac-pair-garden-wall", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Garden Wall" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier's most famous arΓͺte, traced by the exposed Highline Trail" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "1aij61g1u79m7i" }, { "id": "glac-fact-vanishing-ice", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "record" ], "title": "The Vanishing Glaciers", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-vanishing-glaciers", "body": "The park is named for ice it is losing. Around 1850, at the end of the Little Ice Age, roughly 150 glaciers gripped these mountains. Today, by USGS counts, only about 25 named glaciers larger than 25 acres remain β€” and they are still shrinking, projected to largely disappear in coming decades. The park has become a living, melting classroom for climate change.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "~150 glaciers in 1850; about 25 remain today β€” the park is named for ice it is losing.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grinnell Glacier Glacier National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a shrinking mountain glacier in Glacier National Park, a pale tongue of ice and snow clinging to a high cirque above a milky turquoise meltwater lake, bare rock where ice has retreated, sharp peaks behind, clear light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A small remnant glacier above a turquoise meltwater lake in a high cirque.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "GlacierNPS Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grinnell_Glacier_(41130799110).jpg", "subject": "Ground-level view of the Grinnell Glacier ice margin meeting the turquoise, iceberg-dotted Upper Grinnell Lake, framed by towering layered cliffs with waterfalls β€” a clean, direct match to the alt text", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/glac-fact-vanishing-ice.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "4w7nhga9tlum" }, { "id": "glac-num-glaciers-1850", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many glaciers did the park's mountains hold around 1850?" }, "value": 150, "unit": "glaciers", "tolerance": 10, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "ht126ii58z8c" }, { "id": "glac-num-glaciers-today", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many named glaciers larger than 25 acres remain today (USGS)?" }, "value": 25, "unit": "glaciers", "tolerance": 3, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "1476d3114zanjn" }, { "id": "glac-fact-grinnell-glacier", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "recreation" ], "title": "Grinnell Glacier", "studyGuideAnchor": "grinnell-glacier", "body": "Named for the park's champion, Grinnell Glacier is the most-visited ice in the park β€” a turquoise meltwater lake fed by a retreating glacier high in the Many Glacier valley. Repeat photographs from the same overlook, decades apart, show the ice pulling steadily back up the mountain. The strenuous ~10.6-mile round-trip hike, climbing about 1,600 ft, ends at the edge of that shrinking ice.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grinnell Glacier lake Many Glacier", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Grinnell Glacier's turquoise meltwater lake studded with small icebergs, the remnant glacier above on dark cliffs, alpine slopes ringing the basin, hikers small at the lakeshore for scale, bright daylight, photorealistic.", "alt": "Grinnell Glacier's iceberg-dotted turquoise meltwater lake beneath remnant ice.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Lindsey Bengtson, USGS Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grinnell_Glacier_2009.jpg", "subject": "Aerial view looking straight down onto a turquoise lake densely packed with dozens of white icebergs, sitting immediately beneath a retreating shelf of glacier ice on a cliff face β€” a close match to 'iceberg-dotted turquoise meltwater lake beneath remnant ice'; USGS photo, public domain, confirmed a", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/glac-fact-grinnell-glacier.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "p35ok4srft5q" }, { "id": "glac-fact-mountain-goat", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife" ], "title": "Mountain Goat β€” the Park Symbol", "studyGuideAnchor": "mountain-goat-the-park-symbol", "body": "Glacier's emblem is the mountain goat, a shaggy white climber at home on cliffs that would terrify a bear. Soft, two-toed hooves with rubbery pads grip near-vertical rock as goats lick mineral salts from exposed faces. Sharing the heights are bighorn sheep, while grizzly and black bears, moose, wolverines, and lynx roam the forests and meadows below β€” one of the most intact predator-prey ecosystems in the lower 48.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The park's emblem: a shaggy white climber at home on cliffs that would terrify a bear.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "mountain goat Glacier National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a shaggy white mountain goat standing on a rocky alpine ledge in Glacier National Park, thick winter coat and black horns, sweeping mountain valley and distant peaks behind, crisp daylight, photorealistic wildlife shot.", "alt": "A white mountain goat on a rocky ledge high above a mountain valley.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Glacier National Park (U.S.) Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)", "subject": "A real mountain goat standing on a rocky outcrop overlooking a turquoise lake, snow patches and jagged peaks in Glacier National Park β€” the iconic 'Mountain Goat at Hidden Lake' photo.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/glac-fact-mountain-goat.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "19h9ehu1umx0p0" }, { "id": "glac-num-high-point", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Mount Cleveland, Glacier's highest peak?" }, "value": 10466, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "g1v1at15o1l17" }, { "id": "glac-pair-grizzly", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Grizzly bear" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Large brown bear; Glacier is core habitat in the lower-48 Rockies" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "1p4scgno62g7h" }, { "id": "glac-pair-blackfeet", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Blackfeet (Niitsitapi)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "People of the park's east side; the sacred peaks are the Backbone of the World" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "1v42dc9ekluy" }, { "id": "glac-pair-salish-kootenai", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Salish, Pend d'Oreille & Kootenai" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Peoples of the park's west side, with deep ties to its valleys" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "mckjodbrzy0j" }, { "id": "glac-mcq-symbol", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which animal is the official symbol of Glacier National Park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Bighorn sheep" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grizzly bear" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mountain goat" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Moose" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The shaggy white mountain goat is the park's emblem, perfectly adapted to its sheer cliffs.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "yqh4ef9u4ln1" }, { "id": "glac-fact-many-glacier", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "park" ], "title": "Many Glacier", "studyGuideAnchor": "many-glacier", "body": "If the park has a heart, it is Many Glacier, on the eastern side. Hemmed by towering peaks and fed by glacier-blue lakes, it's the launch point for the Grinnell Glacier and Iceberg Lake hikes and a reliable place to spot grizzlies and moose. The historic Many Glacier Hotel, a Swiss-chalet lodge on Swiftcurrent Lake, anchors a valley many rangers quietly call the most beautiful in the park.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The valley many rangers quietly call the most beautiful in the park.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Many Glacier Swiftcurrent Lake", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Swiftcurrent Lake in the Many Glacier valley, calm blue water mirroring sharp surrounding peaks, the historic Swiss-chalet Many Glacier Hotel on the far shore, evergreen slopes, golden evening light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Swiftcurrent Lake mirroring peaks in the Many Glacier valley with the historic lodge.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Swiftcurrent Lake Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiftcurrent_Lake", "subject": "Wikipedia lead image for 'Swiftcurrent Lake': a wide, vivid shot of the lake with Grinnell Point and clouds mirrored on its glassy surface, with a small lodge/dock structure visible on the left shoreline", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/glac-fact-many-glacier.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "1y58tqm1d0hn68" }, { "id": "glac-fact-lake-mcdonald", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "park" ], "title": "Lake McDonald", "studyGuideAnchor": "lake-mcdonald", "body": "On the wetter, forested west side lies Lake McDonald, the park's largest lake β€” about 10 miles long and 472 ft deep. Its claim to fame is underfoot: a shoreline of smooth, colorful pebbles in reds and greens, tinted by iron in the ancient Belt rock. The reds baked under ancient air, the greens stayed submerged β€” a pocket-sized lesson in a billion-year-old seabed.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The park's largest lake, floored with red and green pebbles tinted by billion-year-old rock.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Lake McDonald Glacier colorful pebbles", "imagePrompt": "Photograph looking through crystal-clear shallow water at a lakebed of smooth multicolored pebbles in red, green and grey at Lake McDonald, calm water and forested mountains reflected beyond, soft daylight, photorealistic.", "alt": "Smooth red and green pebbles under the clear shallows of Lake McDonald.", "kind": "photo" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "1pnrc6z10m2pn5" }, { "id": "glac-fact-wild-goose-island", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "park" ], "title": "Wild Goose Island", "studyGuideAnchor": "st-mary-lake-and-wild-goose-island", "body": "On the park's east side, St. Mary Lake stretches deep blue between steep peaks, and from a roadside overlook a tiny, tree-tufted speck floats in it: Wild Goose Island. Barely an acre, it may be the most-photographed scene in the park β€” peaks mirrored in still dawn water with the lonely little island as its focal point. The overlook is right off the Going-to-the-Sun Road.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Wild Goose Island St Mary Lake", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Wild Goose Island, a tiny tree-covered islet in deep-blue St. Mary Lake, framed by towering glacier-carved peaks reflected in still dawn water, soft pink sunrise light, photorealistic landscape.", "alt": "Tiny tree-covered Wild Goose Island in St. Mary Lake beneath mirrored peaks.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Jon Sullivan Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wild_goose_island_on_St_Mary_lake_in_glacier_national_park.jpg", "subject": "Wild Goose Island, the tiny pine-tufted islet in St Mary Lake, centered in the lake with jagged snow-capped peaks reflected in calm water, pines framing the foreground. Clean iconic composition, correct subject.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/glac-fact-wild-goose-island.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "zfc3nwpmnkp2" }, { "id": "glac-num-mcdonald-length", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "record", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many miles long is Lake McDonald, the park's largest lake?" }, "value": 10, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 1, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "17auywk1umls66" }, { "id": "glac-num-highline", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many miles long is the Highline Trail from Logan Pass along the Garden Wall?" }, "value": 11.8, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 0.5, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "1qsghd0glnx5q" }, { "id": "glac-num-grinnell-hike", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many miles round trip is the strenuous Grinnell Glacier hike?" }, "value": 10.6, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 0.5, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "bv3yzqwotnfc" }, { "id": "glac-num-peace-park", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "history", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Glacier and Waterton Lakes become the world's first International Peace Park?" }, "value": 1932, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "1wgj5hduoz1rb" }, { "id": "glac-fact-peace-park", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "history", "record" ], "title": "World's First International Peace Park", "studyGuideAnchor": "worlds-first-international-peace-park", "body": "Glacier doesn't stop at the Canadian line β€” the mountains carry on into Alberta's Waterton Lakes National Park. In 1932, the two nations joined them as the world's first International Peace Park, a symbol of friendship across an unfortified border. Together they are now a joint UNESCO World Heritage Site, managed cooperatively as one wild ecosystem split only by a map line.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Waterton Lakes National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a long glacier-carved lake stretching across the U.S.–Canada border in the Waterton-Glacier landscape, steep peaks plunging to deep blue water, a historic lakeside lodge on a bluff, dramatic mountain light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A deep glacier-carved lake spanning the Waterton-Glacier border with mountains beyond.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Gorgo Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterton_Lakes_National_Park", "subject": "Upper Waterton Lake with the Prince of Wales Hotel on a bluff and snow-capped mountains rising directly behind β€” Wikipedia's lead image for Waterton Lakes National Park.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/glac-fact-peace-park.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "gx0oz61ls32g4" }, { "id": "glac-pair-highline", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Highline Trail" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Exposed ~11.8-mi route from Logan Pass along the Garden Wall arΓͺte" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "5faan0oqvx9y" }, { "id": "glac-pair-vehicle-res", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Vehicle reservation" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Timed entry needed for Going-to-the-Sun & North Fork in peak season" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Glacier" }, "uid": "16w4jp31y8ks4d" }, { "id": "grte-fact-range", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "park", "geology" ], "title": "A Range Without Foothills", "studyGuideAnchor": "a-range-without-foothills", "body": "The Teton Range rises some 7,000 vertical feet straight from the flat valley of Jackson Hole with no foothills to soften the blow β€” one of the most dramatic mountain fronts on the continent. Grand Teton itself crests at 13,775 ft. There is no warm-up climb here: sagebrush flats meet sheer granite, and the peaks seem to leap out of the ground.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Seven thousand feet of mountain, straight up from the valley floor β€” no foothills.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Teton Range Jackson Hole", "imagePrompt": "Wide photograph of the jagged Teton Range rising abruptly from a flat sagebrush valley with no foothills, snow streaking the granite peaks, dawn light turning the summits pink, photorealistic, crisp Wyoming air.", "alt": "The Teton Range rising sharply from the flat valley of Jackson Hole.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "James St. John Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Teton_Range_%26_Jackson_Hole_Valley_(Grand_Teton_National_Park,_Wyoming,_USA)_2_(19338629203).jpg", "subject": "Wikimedia (James St. John): wide, sharp panorama of the full Teton Range's granite peaks rising directly above pine forest and a sagebrush flat under mostly blue sky β€” a clean, direct match to the card", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grte-fact-range.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "xf12q41obvsba" }, { "id": "grte-fact-faultblock", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "park" ], "title": "The Youngest Rockies", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-youngest-rockies", "body": "The Tetons are fault-block mountains, uplifted along the Teton Fault over roughly 10 million years β€” making them one of the youngest ranges in the Rocky Mountains. It was a seesaw: as the fault slipped, the peaks rose while the valley of Jackson Hole dropped down beside them. Later, glaciers ground out the cirques, canyons, and lakes that define the range today.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Born along a fault over 10 million years β€” geologic youth, in granite.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Teton Fault Grand Teton geology", "imagePrompt": "Photograph looking along the base of the Teton Range where the steep mountain front meets the valley, showing the abrupt fault-line contact between flat sagebrush plain and rising granite peaks, warm afternoon light, photorealistic.", "alt": "The steep front of the Teton Range meeting the flat valley along the fault.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Teton Range Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teton_Range", "subject": "Ansel Adams's 'The Tetons and the Snake River' (1942) β€” the jagged Teton Range rising abruptly straight out of the flat valley floor beside a bend in the Snake River, exactly the fault-block uplift signature the card describes.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grte-fact-faultblock.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "y4w94cjb0jcm" }, { "id": "grte-num-grandteton", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "record", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Grand Teton, the range's tallest peak?" }, "value": 13775, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 25, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Teton peak summit", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of the sharp summit pyramid of Grand Teton peak against a deep blue sky, snowfields clinging to its granite faces, photorealistic, alpine clarity.", "alt": "The summit of Grand Teton peak.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Grand Teton Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Teton", "subject": "Tight telephoto of Grand Teton's bare granite summit, snow-streaked and wrapped in cloud against blue sky β€” Wikipedia's own lead image for the 'Grand Teton' article", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grte-num-grandteton.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "1jwvgvdrvsacf" }, { "id": "grte-num-relief", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many vertical feet does the Teton Range rise above the valley floor?" }, "value": 7000, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 500, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "125p66ycnef98" }, { "id": "grte-num-faultage", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Over roughly how many millions of years has the Teton Fault uplifted the range?" }, "value": 10, "unit": "million years", "tolerance": 1, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "uri974mlvy2y" }, { "id": "grte-pair-jacksonhole", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Jackson Hole" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The flat valley below the Tetons that dropped as the peaks rose" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "1pt5jal1guymmr" }, { "id": "grte-pair-faultblock", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Fault-block range" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mountains lifted along a fault as one block tilts up and another drops" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "l4yyiacqz3xw" }, { "id": "grte-pair-jennylake", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Jenny Lake" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier-carved lake at the foot of Cascade Canyon, with a boat shuttle" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Jenny Lake Grand Teton", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of clear Jenny Lake reflecting the Teton peaks, evergreen shoreline, calm water mirroring snow-streaked granite, golden morning light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Jenny Lake reflecting the Teton peaks.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Carsten Steger Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Jenny_Lake_(view_from_the_east).jpg", "subject": "Identical file to index 6: aerial view of Jenny Lake directly beneath Grand Teton's peak, water surface reflecting the mountain slopes, explicitly titled and CC BY-SA 4.0 licensed as a Jenny Lake photo", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grte-pair-jennylake.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "1ex0u0516sg29n" }, { "id": "grte-pair-jacksonlake", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Jackson Lake" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The largest of the park's lakes, beneath Mount Moran" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "zkt645ucrsor" }, { "id": "grte-mcq-youngest", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "western", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What makes the Tetons unusual among Rocky Mountain ranges?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "They are made entirely of volcanic ash", "short": "They are made of volcanic ash" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They are the oldest range in the Rockies" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They are among the youngest, with no foothills", "short": "They are the youngest, no foothills" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They were built by colliding glaciers", "short": "They were raised by glaciers" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Uplifted along the Teton Fault over only ~10 million years, the Tetons are one of the youngest Rocky ranges β€” and they rise straight from the valley with no foothills.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "1rv9jey1rx0iss" }, { "id": "grte-fact-lakes", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "recreation" ], "title": "A String of Glacial Lakes", "studyGuideAnchor": "a-string-of-glacial-lakes", "body": "Glaciers flowing out of the canyons left a string of jewel-like lakes along the base of the range β€” Jenny, Jackson, Leigh, and String among them. Each sits where a glacier paused and dumped its load of rubble, damming the meltwater behind it. Jackson Lake is the largest; Jenny is the most photographed, its boat shuttle the gateway to Cascade Canyon.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "String Lake Grand Teton", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a clear shallow glacial lake at the foot of the Tetons, ringed by pines and granite, peaks mirrored in still water, photorealistic, summer morning.", "alt": "A glacial lake mirroring the Teton peaks.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "S. Zenner Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:String_Lake_Grand_Teton_National_Park.jpg", "subject": "String Lake's glassy surface perfectly mirroring a large granite Teton peak (Mount Moran) behind a fringe of conifers; titled 'String Lake Grand Teton National Park.jpg', public domain, no watermark", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grte-fact-lakes.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "1273at191yxm3" }, { "id": "grte-fact-moultonbarn", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "history", "park" ], "title": "Mormon Row's Moulton Barn", "studyGuideAnchor": "mormon-rows-moulton-barn", "body": "On Mormon Row, a weathered homestead barn built by Latter-day Saint settlers stands framed by the full sweep of the Tetons β€” the T.A. Moulton Barn, said to be one of the most photographed barns in America. The pioneers are long gone, but the gabled silhouette against the peaks has become the human face of the park.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Maybe the most photographed barn in America β€” a homestead under the Tetons.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Mormon Row Moulton Barn Tetons", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a weathered wooden homestead barn on a sagebrush flat, the jagged snow-streaked Teton Range filling the sky behind it, warm dawn light, photorealistic, classic Western scene.", "alt": "The T.A. Moulton Barn on Mormon Row, framed by the Teton Range.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” T. A. Moulton Barn Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._A._Moulton_Barn", "subject": "The T.A. Moulton Barn at golden-hour sunrise, sharp snow-capped Teton peaks in full sweep behind, morning mist over the sagebrush flat and aspens at right; correct subject, cleanest composition of the pool.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grte-fact-moultonbarn.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "1tbeugu1brlzq8" }, { "id": "grte-fact-snakeriver", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "history", "recreation" ], "title": "The Ansel Adams Shot", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-ansel-adams-shot", "body": "From Snake River Overlook, the river curls in a great silver bend through dark timber toward the wall of the Tetons β€” the composition Ansel Adams immortalized in 1942. His black-and-white photograph later rode aboard the Voyager spacecraft as one of humanity's images sent to the stars. The trees have grown taller since, but the view still stops traffic.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The bend Ansel Adams made famous β€” and that NASA sent into deep space.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Snake River Overlook Grand Teton", "imagePrompt": "Photograph from an overlook of the Snake River curving in a bright bend through dark evergreen forest toward the Teton Range under a dramatic sky, black-and-white classic composition feel, photorealistic.", "alt": "The Snake River bending through forest toward the Tetons from Snake River Overlook.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Snake River Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_River", "subject": "Ansel Adams's 1942 black-and-white photograph 'The Tetons and the Snake River' β€” the river's silver bend through dark timber below dramatic, storm-lit Teton peaks; this is the very photograph the card text describes.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grte-fact-snakeriver.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "ddp40z1gsz1y1" }, { "id": "grte-num-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "record", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many people visited Grand Teton in 2024?" }, "value": 3500000, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 200000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "bdzv4f1ualklx" }, { "id": "grte-num-elk", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many elk winter on the National Elk Refuge just south of the park (upper estimate)?" }, "value": 10000, "unit": "elk", "tolerance": 500, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "1fo43ga161a78s" }, { "id": "grte-pair-deltalake", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "geology" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Delta Lake" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Strenuous off-trail climb to a turquoise glacier-fed lake (~2,300 ft gain)" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Delta Lake Grand Teton", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a vivid turquoise glacial lake cradled beneath the towering granite face of Grand Teton, rocky shore, milky glacier-fed water, photorealistic, bright alpine light.", "alt": "Turquoise Delta Lake beneath the face of Grand Teton.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Gideon Tsang Β· CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Delta_Lake_Gideon_Tsang_July_2020_1.jpg", "subject": "Grand Teton's sheer granite face rising directly above the teal-turquoise waters of Delta Lake, pines framing the shore and a few boulders breaking the surface; clean, uncluttered composition; correctly titled Delta Lake photo.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grte-pair-deltalake.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "1k5ib4pffmp8f" }, { "id": "grte-pair-cascade", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cascade Canyon" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Moderate ~9–10 mi hike reached via the Jenny Lake boat shuttle" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "1ningulz3qp4j" }, { "id": "grte-pair-schwabacher", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Schwabacher Landing" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Quiet Snake River beaver ponds famous for mirror reflections of the peaks" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Schwabacher Landing Grand Teton reflection", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of still beaver-pond water along the Snake River perfectly mirroring the Teton Range at sunrise, willows and reflections, calm and glassy, photorealistic.", "alt": "The Tetons mirrored in still water at Schwabacher Landing.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Andrew Parlette from Elkridge,MD, US Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schwabacher_Landing_Sunrise_-_Grand_Teton_National_Park_-_Flickr_-_aparlette.jpg", "subject": "Teton peaks framed by evergreen trees and mirrored crisply in calm water at sunrise; Wikimedia title 'Schwabacher Landing Sunrise - Grand Teton National Park' names the location explicitly, CC BY 2.0.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grte-pair-schwabacher.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "1o91fpx18l0kgb" }, { "id": "grte-pair-parkway", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "history", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The land corridor that links Grand Teton north to Yellowstone" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "re2c7a1wdjiwo" }, { "id": "grte-fact-wildlife", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife", "park" ], "title": "Grizzlies, Moose, and Elk", "studyGuideAnchor": "grizzlies-moose-and-elk", "body": "Grand Teton sits in the wildlife-rich Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: grizzly and black bears, moose wading the willow flats, pronghorn on the sage, and one of North America's great elk migrations. Each winter the National Elk Refuge just south of the park shelters roughly 7,000–10,000 elk, drawn down from the high country by snow.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "moose Grand Teton", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a bull moose with broad antlers standing in willow wetlands with the Teton Range rising behind, soft morning light, photorealistic wildlife scene.", "alt": "A bull moose in willow flats below the Tetons.", "kind": "photo" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "1g7qv11eekc6b" }, { "id": "grte-fact-rut", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife", "flora" ], "title": "September Gold", "studyGuideAnchor": "september-gold", "body": "Summer into early fall is prime time, but September is the magic month: the aspen groves turn molten gold, and the elk rut fills the valley with the eerie, whistling bugles of bull elk. Crisp mornings, golden light, and the great cycle of the wild on full display under the peaks.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Teton autumn aspen elk", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of golden aspen groves glowing in autumn light with the Teton peaks behind, a bull elk in the meadow, crisp September morning, photorealistic.", "alt": "Golden autumn aspens and the Tetons during the elk rut.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Library of Congress Β· Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming Β· No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2010630937/", "subject": "A hillside of aspens turned golden-yellow against dark conifers, dry gold meadow grass and a log cabin in the foreground, with the distinctive jagged Teton peaks behind β€” matches the card's 'golden autumn aspens and the Tetons' directly.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grte-fact-rut.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "1vf8btp39hkkz" }, { "id": "grte-mcq-quarter", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "western", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Whose 1929-established donation of land greatly expanded Grand Teton in 1950?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Andrew Carnegie" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Henry Ford" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John D. Rockefeller Jr." }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Rockefeller quietly bought up Jackson Hole ranch land and donated it; a 1950 expansion folded it into the park. The Rockefeller Parkway still bears his name.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Grand Teton" }, "uid": "1a5z3b17wkj8j" }, { "id": "romo-fact-rocky-mountain", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "park", "alpine" ], "title": "Rocky Mountain", "studyGuideAnchor": "rocky-mountain", "body": "Established in 1915 through the lifelong advocacy of naturalist Enos Mills, Rocky Mountain National Park lifts visitors into the alpine world of Colorado's Front Range. Over a third of its 265,000 acres lies above treeline as windswept tundra, and 77+ peaks crest 12,000 feet. Trail Ridge Road threads the heights, while 14,259-foot Longs Peak presides over it all.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Colorado's roof: a third of the park is alpine tundra, with 77+ peaks above 12,000 feet.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Longs Peak Rocky Mountain National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a high alpine landscape in the Colorado Rockies, a jagged 14,000-foot granite peak rising above a foreground of golden tundra and a still glacial lake, scattered subalpine spruce, dramatic afternoon light with building cumulus clouds, photorealistic, crisp mountain air.", "alt": "Longs Peak rising above alpine tundra and a glacial lake in Rocky Mountain National Park.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Anne Dirkse Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Longs_Peak_with_Lenticular_Clouds,_Rocky_Mountain_National_Park.jpg", "subject": "Close telephoto of Longs Peak's snow-dusted granite east face and flat summit under a large lenticular cloud, with dark forested slopes below and blue sky β€” the peak fills most of the frame and is unmistakably the subject.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/romo-fact-rocky-mountain.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "6zi4s71kyrym5" }, { "id": "romo-fact-trail-ridge-road", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "record", "recreation" ], "title": "Trail Ridge Road", "studyGuideAnchor": "trail-ridge-road", "body": "Trail Ridge Road is the highest continuous paved road in the United States, cresting at 12,183 feet with miles of pavement running above the treeline. Drivers climb out of montane forest into a stark, flower-flecked tundra where the air thins and weather turns on a dime β€” a 48-mile journey that feels like driving to the top of the continent.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The highest continuous paved road in the U.S. β€” cresting 12,183 feet, miles of it above treeline.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Trail Ridge Road Rocky Mountain National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a winding paved alpine highway above the treeline, snaking across open golden-green tundra with snowbanks lingering at the road edge, distant snow-streaked peaks under a vast blue sky with drifting clouds, no trees, photorealistic, expansive high-altitude vista.", "alt": "Trail Ridge Road winding across open alpine tundra above the treeline.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "DXR Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trail_Ridge_Road,_Rocky_Mountains_National_Park_20110824_1.jpg", "subject": "Modern photograph of a paved two-lane road with a double yellow line curving along a ridge above the treeline, flanked by short wind-stunted conifers and a rocky outcrop, storm clouds building over distant peaks β€” a direct, uncluttered shot of the road winding through open alpine tundra.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/romo-fact-trail-ridge-road.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "1xnc78rvt21k1" }, { "id": "romo-fact-continental-divide", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "alpine" ], "title": "The Continental Divide", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-continental-divide", "body": "The Continental Divide runs the spine of the park, the hydrologic ridgeline where rain and snowmelt part ways β€” water on the west flows toward the Pacific, water on the east toward the Atlantic. The park's granite core is ancient Precambrian rock, uplifted as the Front Range and then carved by Ice Age glaciers into cirques, moraines, and U-shaped valleys.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Continental Divide Rocky Mountain National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a high rocky alpine ridgeline of grey Precambrian granite, snow lingering in the cirques below, a glacial tarn reflecting the sky, sweeping tundra slopes, dramatic mountain light, photorealistic, sense of a great watershed boundary.", "alt": "The high granite ridgeline of the Continental Divide in Rocky Mountain National Park.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Library of Congress Β· Continental Divide sign high in Rocky Mountain National Park Β· No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2015633370/", "subject": "Modern color photo of a brown NPS interpretive sign reading 'Continental Divide / Milner Pass / elev. 10,759 ft' with text on Atlantic vs. Pacific drainage, set against a split-rail fence and forested hillside under a partly cloudy sky in Rocky Mountain National Park.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/romo-fact-continental-divide.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "9dfd7a1f1eevc" }, { "id": "romo-num-longs-peak", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "record", "alpine" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Longs Peak, the park's highest summit?" }, "value": 14259, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "4hjfmc14mawi6" }, { "id": "romo-num-trail-ridge-crest", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "record", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "At what elevation does Trail Ridge Road crest?" }, "value": 12183, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "2vayqa29ayp0" }, { "id": "romo-num-peaks-over-12000", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "alpine", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many peaks in Rocky Mountain National Park rise above 12,000 feet?" }, "value": 77, "unit": "peaks", "tolerance": 0, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "c1809gzzcwf2" }, { "id": "romo-num-established", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Rocky Mountain National Park established?" }, "value": 1915, "unit": "year", "tolerance": 0, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "16ixupxfsnygb" }, { "id": "romo-pair-enos-mills", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "person", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Enos Mills" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Naturalist called the \"Father of Rocky Mountain National Park\"" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "z44dikvfbp1i" }, { "id": "romo-pair-trail-ridge", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "record", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Trail Ridge Road" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Highest continuous paved road in the U.S. (crests 12,183 ft)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "b1mpingjb579" }, { "id": "romo-pair-alpine-tundra", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "flora", "alpine" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Alpine tundra" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Treeless high-elevation zone covering over a third of the park" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "jvcg2yth20kc" }, { "id": "romo-def-continental-divide", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "glossary" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Continental Divide" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "The high ridgeline separating watersheds that drain to the Pacific from those draining to the Atlantic; it runs through the heart of the park." }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "kcilv8jd0r72" }, { "id": "romo-fact-elk-rut", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife", "recreation" ], "title": "The Autumn Elk Rut", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-autumn-elk-rut", "body": "Each autumn, the meadows of Moraine Park fill with one of the park's great spectacles: the elk rut. Bull elk gather harems and challenge rivals with the bugle β€” a haunting, high-pitched whistle that carries across the cold valley air at dawn and dusk. Crowds gather along the road each September to watch and listen as the bulls clash antlers in the frosted grass.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Each September, bull elk bugle across the meadows of Moraine Park in one of the park's great spectacles.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "elk Rocky Mountain National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a large bull elk with a full rack of antlers bugling in a golden autumn meadow at dawn, breath visible in the cold air, frost on the grass, subalpine forest and misty mountains behind, warm low light, photorealistic, dramatic wildlife moment.", "alt": "A bull elk bugling in a frosted autumn meadow in Rocky Mountain National Park.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Andrew Russell Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Elk_in_Rocky_Mountain_National_Park.jpg", "subject": "A sharp, well-composed portrait of a bull elk with a large antler rack standing in green summer grass, looking straight at the camera; Wikimedia title confirms it was photographed in Rocky Mountain National Park, though it shows neither bugling nor autumn frost.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/romo-fact-elk-rut.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "1qp295ztd93cd" }, { "id": "romo-fact-bear-lake", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "lakes" ], "title": "Bear Lake to Emerald Lake", "studyGuideAnchor": "bear-lake-and-the-emerald-lake-trail", "body": "Bear Lake is the park's most beloved trailhead, a glassy subalpine pool ringed by spruce and rock. From here the Emerald Lake trail climbs a gentle 3.6 miles round trip, gaining about 700 feet as it strings together Nymph, Dream, and Emerald lakes β€” three jewels beneath the sheer walls of Hallett Peak and Flattop Mountain. For the ambitious, Sky Pond pushes 9 miles past tumbling waterfalls.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "From Bear Lake, an easy trail strings together Nymph, Dream, and Emerald lakes beneath Hallett Peak.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Dream Lake Rocky Mountain National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a crystal-clear subalpine lake mirroring a sharp granite peak at sunrise, dark spruce trees framing the shore, calm reflective water, warm pink alpenglow on the summit, photorealistic, serene mountain morning.", "alt": "A still subalpine lake reflecting a granite peak at sunrise in Rocky Mountain National Park.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Andrew Parlette from Elkridge,MD, US Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dream_Lake_-_Rocky_Mountain_National_Park_(52579978780).jpg", "subject": "Wikimedia 'Dream Lake - Rocky Mountain National Park' β€” a clear, sharp midday photo of Dream Lake with Hallett Peak's granite face rising directly above the calm blue water.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/romo-fact-bear-lake.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "uqh6qq1ojl8mc" }, { "id": "romo-num-visits-2024", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "record", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many people visited Rocky Mountain National Park in 2024?" }, "value": 4150000, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 100000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "1epb7iqj0s5h0" }, { "id": "romo-num-emerald-lake-hike", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "lakes" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How long is the round-trip hike from Bear Lake to Emerald Lake?" }, "value": 3.6, "unit": "mi", "tolerance": 0.3, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "46ipx21th0ybs" }, { "id": "romo-num-snow-drifts", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How deep are the snow drifts crews plow each spring to open Trail Ridge Road?" }, "value": 20, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 0, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "og7rxu1w6nvpw" }, { "id": "romo-pair-bighorn-sheep", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Bighorn sheep" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The official symbol of Rocky Mountain National Park" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "3dcc6d1ldhf2z" }, { "id": "romo-pair-pika", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife", "alpine" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Pika" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Tiny tundra-dwelling relative of the rabbit that stockpiles hay among the rocks" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "y68cz81s09cta" }, { "id": "romo-pair-keyhole-route", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "record" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Keyhole Route" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Very strenuous non-technical scramble up Longs Peak (~14–15 mi, ~5,000 ft gain)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "3mvcwlreyj7v" }, { "id": "romo-mcq-park-symbol", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which animal is the official symbol of Rocky Mountain National Park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Moose" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bighorn sheep" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mountain goat" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mule deer" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The bighorn sheep is the park's emblem; all four animals live in the park, but the bighorn is the symbol.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Rocky Mountain" }, "uid": "4pltks1tuxjsm" }, { "id": "deva-fact-badwater", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "record" ], "title": "Badwater Basin", "studyGuideAnchor": "badwater-basin", "body": "At 282 feet below sea level, Badwater Basin is the lowest point in North America. A vast hexagonal crust of salt β€” pure sodium chloride scoured into honeycomb ridges by repeated flooding and evaporation β€” stretches to the horizon. Look up at the cliff face above the parking area and you'll find a small sign marking sea level, dizzyingly high overhead.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "282 feet below the sea β€” the lowest ground on the continent.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Badwater Basin Death Valley salt flats", "imagePrompt": "A vast white salt flat at Badwater Basin cracked into geometric honeycomb ridges stretching to distant barren mountains, harsh midday light, a thin heat shimmer on the horizon, photorealistic, immense scale and emptiness.", "alt": "Honeycomb-patterned white salt flats stretching toward barren mountains.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Pexels Β· Angelica Reyn Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/badwater-basin-under-blue-sky-11183594/", "subject": "Stock photo captioned 'Badwater Basin, Death Valley, under a clear blue sky': a crisp expanse of large hexagonal/polygonal white salt-crust tiles fills the foreground, two tiny hikers far in the distance, barren mountain range on the horizon under blue sky β€” the closest visual match in the pool to t", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/deva-fact-badwater.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "hxzbg9quey7" }, { "id": "deva-fact-heat-record", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "record", "history" ], "title": "134 Degrees", "studyGuideAnchor": "134-degrees", "body": "On July 10, 1913, a thermometer at Furnace Creek read 134Β°F β€” the hottest air temperature reliably recorded anywhere on Earth. Death Valley is a giant heat trap: sunlight bakes the valley floor, the hot air sinks and compresses between steep walls, and below-sea-level depth concentrates it further. Summer ground temperatures can exceed 200Β°F.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Furnace Creek, July 10, 1913 β€” the hottest air ever reliably measured on Earth.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Furnace Creek Death Valley thermometer", "imagePrompt": "The large outdoor thermometer sign at Furnace Creek in Death Valley with shimmering desert heat haze around it.", "alt": "A large outdoor thermometer in the bright glare of the Death Valley desert.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "AI-generated (gpt-image-1.5)", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/deva-fact-heat-record.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "17ilt68hzshh6" }, { "id": "deva-num-heat-record", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the hottest air temperature ever reliably recorded on Earth, set at Furnace Creek?" }, "value": 134, "unit": "Β°F", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "eae5401uikiwa" }, { "id": "deva-num-rainfall", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "record", "climate" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how much rain falls on Death Valley in a typical year, making it the driest place in North America?" }, "value": 2, "unit": "in", "tolerance": 1, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "iglgbleo9t" }, { "id": "deva-num-acres", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "record", "park" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous U.S. About how many acres does it cover?" }, "value": 3408396, "unit": "acres", "tolerance": 50000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "1x3xrla1lxr0xs" }, { "id": "deva-num-telescope", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Telescope Peak, the park's snow-capped summit above Badwater Basin?" }, "value": 11049, "unit": "ft", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "nlm2tv11tfigp" }, { "id": "deva-pair-badwater", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "record" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Badwater Basin" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Lowest point in North America, 282 ft below sea level" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "m1t8eo1t68jnu" }, { "id": "deva-pair-telescope", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "elevation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Telescope Peak" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Park high point, 11,049 ft β€” a 2-mile rise above Badwater" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "2mgragvj2mma" }, { "id": "deva-fact-vertical-range", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "elevation", "geology" ], "title": "Two Miles, Top to Bottom", "studyGuideAnchor": "two-miles-top-to-bottom", "body": "From the salt at Badwater (βˆ’282 ft) to the summit of Telescope Peak (11,049 ft), Death Valley packs more than two vertical miles into a single park. On a winter morning you can stand on snow at the top and look straight down onto a sun-baked salt pan that may never see frost β€” one of the most extreme elevation gradients in any U.S. park.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Badwater Basin salt flats", "imagePrompt": "The cracked white salt flats of Badwater Basin stretching toward distant snow-capped mountains.", "alt": "A snow-capped peak rising high above the tan Death Valley basin.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Stunning view of the salt flats at Badwater Basin in Death Valley during sunset.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/badwater-basin-salt-flats-in-death-valley-34431864/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/deva-fact-vertical-range.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "my40i2w2lnek" }, { "id": "deva-fact-zabriskie", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "scenery" ], "title": "Zabriskie Point", "studyGuideAnchor": "zabriskie-point", "body": "Zabriskie Point overlooks a sea of golden badlands β€” wrinkled, sculpted ridges of ancient lakebed mud, ribboned and folded by erosion. At sunrise the low light sets the whole maze glowing amber, with a dark wave of rock called Manly Beacon rising from its center. It is the most photographed sunrise in the park.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "A maze of golden badlands that glows at dawn.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Zabriskie Point Death Valley", "imagePrompt": "Rippling golden badland ridges of eroded mudstone glowing in soft sunrise light at Zabriskie Point, a dark pointed rock formation rising in the center, distant valley beyond, photorealistic, warm amber tones.", "alt": "Wrinkled golden badland ridges glowing at sunrise at Zabriskie Point.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "King of Hearts Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zabriskie_Point_Death_Valley_December_2013_002.jpg", "subject": "Color photo of layered, wrinkled golden-orange badland ridges and a striated cliff face lit by low warm sunlight β€” title names Zabriskie Point Death Valley exactly.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/deva-fact-zabriskie.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "1jyiikw1l2y0a" }, { "id": "deva-fact-artists-palette", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "scenery" ], "title": "Artists Palette", "studyGuideAnchor": "artists-palette", "body": "Along the one-way Artists Drive, a hillside erupts in pastel β€” pink, mint green, lavender, and gold splashed across the rock. The colors come from weathered volcanic minerals: iron oxides for the reds and pinks, mica and chlorite for the greens, manganese for the purples. It looks painted, but every hue is pure chemistry.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Artists Palette Death Valley", "imagePrompt": "A desert hillside streaked with pastel mineral colors β€” soft pink, mint green, lavender and gold β€” across eroded volcanic rock, late-afternoon light, photorealistic, surreal painterly bands of color.", "alt": "A desert hillside streaked with pink, green, and purple mineral colors.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Christian David Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artist%27s_Palette,_Death_Valley_National_Park,_California.jpg", "subject": "A close hillside densely streaked with visible pink, white, and teal-green mineral bands under an overcast sky; Wikimedia Commons file titled 'Artist's Palette, Death Valley National Park, California' β€” clear, correct, and well-composed.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/deva-fact-artists-palette.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "1yxwmrn1mozkih" }, { "id": "deva-fact-racetrack", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "mystery" ], "title": "The Sailing Stones", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-sailing-stones", "body": "On the remote, perfectly flat Racetrack Playa, heavy rocks leave long trails carved across the cracked mud β€” yet no one ever sees them move. The mystery held for decades. Time-lapse cameras finally solved it: on rare freezing nights, thin sheets of ice form, then break up in morning sun and, nudged by a light breeze, glide the stones along the slick mud, etching their tracks.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Heavy rocks that glide across the desert β€” and the science that finally caught them.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Racetrack Playa sailing stones", "imagePrompt": "A flat cracked dry lakebed under blue sky with a dark rock at the end of a long winding track etched into the mud, distant mountains, photorealistic, eerie and surreal desert flatness.", "alt": "A rock at the end of a long trail etched across a cracked dry lakebed.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Lgcharlot Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Racetrack_Playa_in_Death_Valley_National_Park.jpg", "subject": "A single gray rock sitting at the end of a long, curving trail etched into cracked dry mud, with Death Valley mountains and blue sky behind β€” the classic Racetrack Playa sailing-stone photo, exact match to the card", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/deva-fact-racetrack.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "w76x631nv2fxd" }, { "id": "deva-pair-mesquite", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "scenery" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mesquite Flat Sand Dunes" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Rolling dunes near Stovepipe Wells, the park's easiest to reach" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "1q04j0r1f9z3gh" }, { "id": "deva-pair-ubehebe", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Ubehebe Crater" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Half-mile-wide volcanic explosion crater, ~600 ft deep" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "1dozat817mq6li" }, { "id": "deva-pair-dantes", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "scenery", "elevation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Dante's View" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Overlook 5,475 ft above the salt flats, a mile straight down" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "s97kqe1e259h4" }, { "id": "deva-num-ubehebe", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Ubehebe Crater, blasted out by a steam explosion, is roughly how deep?" }, "value": 600, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 100, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "1t8o8vvyzxkip" }, { "id": "deva-mcq-graben", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Death Valley owes its depth to what geologic process?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A meteor impact crater", "short": "A crater left by a meteorite" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A fault-bounded basin (graben) that is pulling apart and dropping", "short": "A fault basin pulling apart" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A glacier that gouged out the valley floor", "short": "A glacier gouging the valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A collapsed volcanic caldera", "short": "Collapse of a volcanic caldera" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Death Valley is a graben β€” a block of crust dropping between two faults as the region stretches and pulls apart. It is still deepening today.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "ivcv0xkbhx4n" }, { "id": "deva-fact-winter-season", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation", "safety" ], "title": "Visit in Winter", "studyGuideAnchor": "visit-in-winter", "body": "November through March is the season for Death Valley. Winter days are mild and clear, perfect for hiking the salt flats and badlands. Summer is genuinely dangerous β€” the NPS warns against hiking below sea level after 10 a.m., when the valley floor becomes a lethal oven. Come in the cool months and the harshest place in America turns welcoming.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Death Valley winter hiking", "imagePrompt": "Hikers on a desert trail through golden Death Valley badlands under a clear winter sky, comfortable light, distant snow-dusted peaks, photorealistic, inviting and crisp.", "alt": "Hikers walking through golden badlands under a clear winter sky.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Tuxyso Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Death_Valley_view_from_Zabriskie_Point_with_people_2013.jpg", "subject": "Two visitors (one with a camera and tripod) standing on golden/tan eroded badlands ridges near Zabriskie Point, with Manly Beacon and the valley floor visible under a hazy-but-mostly-clear sky.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/deva-fact-winter-season.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "wgv6m7n532kl" }, { "id": "deva-fact-darksky", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation", "stargazing" ], "title": "Gold Tier Dark Sky", "studyGuideAnchor": "gold-tier-dark-sky", "body": "Death Valley is one of the largest Dark Sky Parks in the country, certified at the Gold Tier β€” the highest, reserved for the darkest, most pristine night skies. Far from city light and shielded by mountains, the valley delivers the Milky Way in full, brilliant detail. On a moonless night you can see your shadow cast by starlight.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Gold Tier dark skies β€” the Milky Way over the harshest desert in America.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Death Valley night sky Milky Way", "imagePrompt": "The Milky Way arcing in brilliant detail over the dark silhouette of Death Valley's dunes and mountains, thousands of stars, deep blue-black sky, photorealistic, awe-inspiring and serene.", "alt": "The Milky Way arcing over dark desert dunes and mountains.", "kind": "photo" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "jt9fzo1nsx7jy" }, { "id": "deva-fact-timbisha", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "history", "culture" ], "title": "The Timbisha Shoshone", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-timbisha-shoshone", "body": "Long before it had a fearsome name, this was β€” and is β€” home. The Timbisha Shoshone have lived in the valley for over a thousand years, calling it TΓΌmpisa, after the red ochre paint made from local clay. They still live here; their reservation lies within the park, near Furnace Creek, a rare arrangement where a tribe's ancestral homeland sits inside a national park.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "red ochre clay Death Valley", "imagePrompt": "Reddish ochre-colored clay formations in the Death Valley desert landscape near Furnace Creek.", "alt": "A green palm oasis at Furnace Creek against stark desert mountains.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Close-up of cracked, dry earth in Death Valley showcasing the arid geology.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/dried-ground-in-death-valley-national-park-in-united-states-23430438/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/deva-fact-timbisha.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "1e6n9nt1ygneyn" }, { "id": "deva-fact-superbloom", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "southwest", "flora", "climate" ], "title": "The Superbloom", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-superbloom", "body": "After a rare wet winter, the driest place in North America can do something astonishing: carpet itself in wildflowers. Dormant seeds, some waiting years, burst into gold, purple, and white across the valley floor. A true \"superbloom\" happens perhaps once a decade, when storms, warmth, and gentle winds all align β€” proof that even here, life waits for its moment.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Death Valley superbloom wildflowers", "imagePrompt": "A vast carpet of gold and purple wildflowers blooming across a desert valley floor.", "alt": "A field of golden wildflowers across the desert floor below bare mountains.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "uuzpf819evcmm" }, { "id": "deva-num-established", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "history", "park" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Death Valley designated a national park (after decades as a national monument)?" }, "value": 1994, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "11cfth5q3x01r" }, { "id": "deva-num-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation", "park" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many people visited Death Valley in 2024?" }, "value": 1100000, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 100000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "yidq4ifrqsqs" }, { "id": "deva-pair-tumpisa", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "history", "culture" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "TΓΌmpisa" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Timbisha Shoshone name for the valley β€” \"red ochre paint\"" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "pa0d3x1jzdzk3" }, { "id": "deva-pair-pupfish", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "wildlife", "climate" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Devils Hole pupfish" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Among Earth's rarest fish, surviving in one geothermal pool" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Death Valley" }, "uid": "1l5g9xw1nskwse" }, { "id": "sequ-fact-giant-sequoia", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "flora", "record" ], "title": "The Giant Sequoia", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-giant-sequoia", "body": "Giant sequoias are the largest living things on Earth by volume β€” not the tallest (coast redwoods win that) nor the oldest (bristlecone pines do), but the most massive. They grow only on the western slopes of California's Sierra Nevada, in scattered groves between about 4,500 and 7,000 feet. A mature giant can weigh more than a thousand tons and live two to three thousand years.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The largest living things on Earth β€” by sheer volume.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "giant sequoia grove Sequoia National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph looking up the cinnamon-red trunks of towering giant sequoias in a sun-dappled forest, their massive bark glowing in shafts of light, a person dwarfed at the base for scale, photorealistic, reverent atmosphere.", "alt": "Massive cinnamon-colored sequoia trunks rising in a sunlit grove.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Sequoia National Forest Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_National_Forest", "subject": "Color photo of two massive cinnamon-colored giant sequoia trunks ('Alta Twin Sequoia Trees') rising side by side into a sunlit canopy, framed by surrounding pines and blue sky β€” from Wikipedia's Sequoia National Forest article.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sequ-fact-giant-sequoia.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "1qa2a1n1b5lhd" }, { "id": "sequ-fact-general-sherman", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "flora" ], "title": "General Sherman", "studyGuideAnchor": "general-sherman", "body": "The General Sherman Tree is the largest single-stem tree on Earth by volume β€” roughly 52,500 cubic feet of wood. It stands about 275 feet tall with a base diameter near 36 feet, and is estimated at around 2,200 years old. It isn't the tallest or the widest tree alive, but no other living thing packs more wood into one trunk.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Not the tallest tree, not the widest β€” but the most wood in one trunk, anywhere.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "General Sherman Tree Sequoia", "imagePrompt": "The massive trunk of the General Sherman giant sequoia tree towering into the forest canopy.", "alt": "The colossal base of the General Sherman sequoia with tiny visitors below.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "MarkDoliner (Openverse) Β· by-sa 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/19714819@N00/14071930785", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sequ-fact-general-sherman.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "9i015j1ftjcyl" }, { "id": "sequ-num-sherman-height", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "flora" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is the General Sherman Tree?" }, "value": 275, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 5, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "1gfywda1ss9ddc" }, { "id": "sequ-num-sherman-age", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "flora" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how old is the General Sherman Tree, in years?" }, "value": 2200, "unit": "years", "tolerance": 200, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "1ji33eg1qgqy02" }, { "id": "sequ-num-sherman-volume", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "flora" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how much wood, in cubic feet, makes up the General Sherman Tree?" }, "value": 52500, "unit": "cubic feet", "tolerance": 500, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "oeswemwhfw5c" }, { "id": "sequ-num-established", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "history", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Sequoia established as a national park?" }, "value": 1890, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "nczge8a1wj96" }, { "id": "sequ-fact-giant-forest", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "flora", "park" ], "title": "The Giant Forest", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-giant-forest", "body": "The Giant Forest is Sequoia's crown jewel of groves β€” home to five of the ten largest trees on Earth, including General Sherman. Naturalist John Muir named it in 1875, calling it the grandest sequoia grove he had seen. A network of trails, including the Congress Trail, threads among these ancient giants.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Giant Forest sequoias Sequoia National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a broad grove of giant sequoias, multiple massive reddish trunks receding into a green forest, a paved trail winding among them, soft morning light, photorealistic, sense of cathedral grandeur.", "alt": "A grove of giant sequoias with a trail winding between huge trunks.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Sequoia National Park Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park", "subject": "Color photo of the General Sherman Tree in Sequoia National Park (Giant Forest), viewed from its boardwalk with two visitors standing at its base beside a sign reading GENERAL SHERMAN", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sequ-fact-giant-forest.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "o5llqy1kpvqd8" }, { "id": "sequ-fact-fire", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "flora", "history" ], "title": "Trees That Need Fire", "studyGuideAnchor": "trees-that-need-fire", "body": "Giant sequoias are nearly fireproof β€” their thick, tannin-rich bark resists flame β€” and they actually depend on fire to survive as a species. Heat from a passing wildfire dries and opens their cones, releasing seeds onto bare, ash-cleared soil where seedlings can take root. Decades of well-meaning fire suppression starved the groves of new growth, a lesson that reshaped how the parks manage fire.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "giant sequoia fire scar bark", "imagePrompt": "Close photograph of a giant sequoia's deeply furrowed, fibrous cinnamon-red bark bearing a blackened fire scar near the base, textured and thick, photorealistic, soft forest light.", "alt": "Thick reddish sequoia bark marked with a charred fire scar.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Dcrjsr Β· CC BY 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fire_scars_in_sequoia_trunk.jpg", "subject": "A close, frame-filling shot of a giant sequoia trunk's thick reddish-brown bark, split by two vertical blackened fire-scar cavities.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sequ-fact-fire.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "1jbgfwzg0k6nd" }, { "id": "sequ-pair-sherman", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "flora", "record" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "General Sherman" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Largest single-stem tree on Earth by volume" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "41xvrlnmexpj" }, { "id": "sequ-pair-giant-forest", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "flora", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Giant Forest" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Grove holding 5 of the 10 biggest trees on Earth" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "wgmt2013uu9oi" }, { "id": "sequ-fact-whitney", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "record" ], "title": "Mount Whitney", "studyGuideAnchor": "mount-whitney", "body": "Rising 14,505 feet on Sequoia's eastern boundary, Mount Whitney is the highest peak in the contiguous United States β€” the literal roof of the lower 48. Its bare granite summit is the high point of the Sierra Nevada batholith. The classic route is a grueling ~22-mile round trip that requires a hard-won wilderness permit.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "14,505 feet β€” the highest point in the lower 48 states.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Mount Whitney Sierra Nevada", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Mount Whitney's jagged granite summit and steep ridgeline against a deep blue sky, snow lingering in shaded couloirs, alpine lakes below, crisp high-altitude light, photorealistic.", "alt": "The granite summit ridge of Mount Whitney under a clear blue sky.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Geographer (talkΒ Β· contribs) Β· CC BY 1.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Whitney_2003-03-25.jpg", "subject": "The same photograph as index 4 (identical trees, identical faint orange date stamp), sourced directly from its Wikimedia Commons file page 'File:Mount Whitney 2003-03-25.jpg': Mount Whitney's granite summit spires above snow patches and pines under a clear blue sky.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sequ-fact-whitney.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "1xphwaa8t8ul0" }, { "id": "sequ-num-whitney-ft", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Mount Whitney, the tallest peak in the contiguous US?" }, "value": 14505, "unit": "ft", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "6tnkvt91i3un" }, { "id": "sequ-num-low-elev", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how low, in feet, does Sequoia's elevation drop in its foothills?" }, "value": 1300, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 100, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "v32srb1nxdatp" }, { "id": "sequ-fact-moro-rock", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "recreation" ], "title": "Moro Rock", "studyGuideAnchor": "moro-rock", "body": "Moro Rock is a great granite dome jutting from the forested ridge, reached by a stairway of more than 350 steps carved and built into the stone in the 1930s. From the top, a sweeping panorama opens over the Great Western Divide and the deep canyon of the Middle Fork Kaweah River β€” a half-mile climb that rewards far beyond its length.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Moro Rock granite stairway", "imagePrompt": "A stone stairway carved into a granite dome, with a mountain panorama in the background.", "alt": "A stone stairway climbing the granite dome of Moro Rock above forested ridges.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Moro Rock in Sequoia National Park, showcasing stunning granite formations and lush greenery.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/stunning-view-of-moro-rock-in-sequoia-national-park-36101162/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sequ-fact-moro-rock.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "1rm4i0dv2oisj" }, { "id": "sequ-fact-crystal-cave", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology" ], "title": "Crystal Cave", "studyGuideAnchor": "crystal-cave", "body": "Beneath Sequoia's granite peaks hides Crystal Cave, a cool marble cavern carved by water through karst rock. Its polished chambers are draped with stalactites, stalagmites, and flowing formations β€” a striking contrast to the fiery red sequoias and bare alpine granite above ground. The cave is open seasonally by guided tour.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Crystal Cave Sequoia National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph inside a marble cavern with smooth pale formations, stalactites and draped flowstone lit by warm lamps, damp glistening surfaces, mysterious underground atmosphere, photorealistic.", "alt": "Pale marble formations and stalactites inside a lamplit cavern.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Crystal Cave (Sequoia National Park) Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Cave_(Sequoia_National_Park)", "subject": "Wikipedia lead image for the article \"Crystal Cave (Sequoia National Park)\" β€” a warm, lamplit marble cavern interior with large columns, stalactites and flowstone drapery.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sequ-fact-crystal-cave.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "11uhat51ccvgnz" }, { "id": "sequ-fact-elevation-range", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "flora" ], "title": "Foothills to Alpine", "studyGuideAnchor": "foothills-to-alpine", "body": "Few parks span so much vertical world. Sequoia climbs from about 1,300 feet in its hot foothill chaparral, up through the giant sequoia montane forest, to the bare alpine summit of Mount Whitney at 14,505 feet β€” a rise of more than 13,000 feet. That gradient stacks ecosystems on top of one another, from oak and yucca to ancient conifers to lichen-crusted granite.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "High Sierra backcountry Sequoia", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of the High Sierra backcountry in Sequoia, granite peaks and alpine meadows above treeline with a turquoise tarn, scattered weathered pines, vast open sky, crisp light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Granite peaks and an alpine lake in Sequoia's high backcountry.", "kind": "photo" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "19pga9a14h2q34" }, { "id": "sequ-pair-whitney", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "geology" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Whitney" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Highest peak in the contiguous US (14,505 ft)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "10tzeu115uwdv3" }, { "id": "sequ-pair-crystal-cave", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Crystal Cave" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Underground marble cavern of stalactites" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "1gmf695479xsv" }, { "id": "sequ-pair-moro-rock", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Moro Rock" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Granite dome climbed by 350+ stone steps" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "1tage4f5hvk6" }, { "id": "sequ-fact-congress-trail", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "flora" ], "title": "The Congress Trail", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-congress-trail", "body": "Most visitors meet General Sherman first, then loop the Congress Trail β€” a paved two-mile path through the heart of the Giant Forest. It passes named groves like the House and the Senate, clusters of giants standing shoulder to shoulder, and the President Tree. It's the easiest way to walk among the largest living things on the planet.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "A two-mile loop through the biggest trees alive.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Giant Forest sequoia grove", "imagePrompt": "A cluster of massive sequoia trees standing shoulder to shoulder along a paved forest trail.", "alt": "A paved trail winding among giant sequoia trunks in the Giant Forest.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Peter B Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/tall-sequoias-trees-in-forest-26225674/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sequ-fact-congress-trail.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "1m2sdsz1o9outl" }, { "id": "sequ-fact-tunnel-log", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "history" ], "title": "Tunnel Log", "studyGuideAnchor": "tunnel-log", "body": "When a giant sequoia fell across a park road in 1937, crews didn't haul it away β€” they cut a drive-through tunnel through its fallen trunk. Today's visitors steer their cars beneath the Tunnel Log, an 8-foot-tall, 17-foot-wide passage carved through a tree that was once over 275 feet tall, for one of the park's most beloved photo stops.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Tunnel Log Sequoia", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a car driving through a tunnel cut into a massive fallen sequoia log lying across a forest road, sequoias towering on either side, dappled light, photorealistic, classic park scene.", "alt": "A car passing through a tunnel cut in a fallen giant sequoia log.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Pavel Ε pindler Β· CC BY 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sequoia_N.P._-_Tunnel_Log_-_panoramio.jpg", "subject": "color photo of a white sedan driving through the Tunnel Log's arch, with a wooden sign reading 'TUNNEL LOG' (with its 1937 fall date and dimensions) clearly legible beside the passage", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sequ-fact-tunnel-log.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "19mnml789btv" }, { "id": "sequ-fact-bears", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "wildlife", "recreation" ], "title": "Black Bears and Food Storage", "studyGuideAnchor": "black-bears-and-food-storage", "body": "Black bears roam Sequoia's forests, and they have keen noses for anything that smells like a meal. The park requires food, trash, and scented items to be locked in steel bear boxes or canisters β€” never left in a car, where a determined bear can peel a door open. Proper food storage keeps both bears and visitors safe.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "black bear Sequoia forest", "imagePrompt": "A black bear walking through a Sequoia forest near a steel bear-proof food storage box.", "alt": "A black bear foraging at the edge of a forest meadow.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Badeanstalt_Br%C3%BCssow_-_panoramio.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/sequ-fact-bears.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "1m6p49h16mtdcr" }, { "id": "sequ-num-moro-steps", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many steps climb the Moro Rock stairway?" }, "value": 350, "unit": "steps", "tolerance": 25, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "1sdo60op1xt82" }, { "id": "sequ-num-whitney-hike", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how long, in miles, is the round-trip hike to Mount Whitney's summit?" }, "value": 22, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 2, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "s7agx972h3ar" }, { "id": "sequ-pair-kings-canyon", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "region" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Kings Canyon" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Neighbor park managed jointly with Sequoia" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "1i15tfqchv3yg" }, { "id": "sequ-pair-tunnel-log", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Tunnel Log" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Drive-through tunnel cut in a fallen sequoia" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "13lt2lak3as4w" }, { "id": "sequ-mcq-best-season", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When is the best time to explore Sequoia's high country?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Late autumn" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Midwinter" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Early spring" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Summer to early fall" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The high country opens up in summer and early fall once snow clears; the Giant Forest stays accessible most of the year (chains may be required in winter).", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Sequoia National Park" }, "uid": "1g071576ocoi9" }, { "id": "olym-fact-overview", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "ecosystem" ], "title": "Olympic National Park", "studyGuideAnchor": "olympic-national-park", "body": "On Washington's Olympic Peninsula sits one of America's most varied parks β€” three wild worlds stitched into one. Glacier-capped peaks crowned by Mount Olympus (7,980 ft) give way to the dripping temperate rainforest of the Hoh, and finally to ~73 miles of fog-wrapped Pacific coastline. Protected as a national monument in 1909 and a national park in 1938, its ~922,650 acres rank 13th among U.S. parks. About 3.7 million people visited in 2024.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Glaciers, rainforest, and wild ocean β€” three worlds in one peninsula.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Olympic Mountains Hurricane Ridge", "imagePrompt": "Sweeping landscape photograph of snow-streaked jagged mountains rising above dark green subalpine meadows, layered ridgelines fading into blue haze, soft late-afternoon light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Snow-streaked Olympic Mountains rising above green meadows.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Richard Probst Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Fitzhenry_from_Hurricane_Ridge_on_the_Olympic_Peninsula.jpg", "subject": "Snow-streaked Olympic Mountains (including Mount Fitzhenry) rising above a green subalpine meadow and trail, viewed from Hurricane Ridge", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/olym-fact-overview.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "1i0waqb1myl5rd" }, { "id": "olym-fact-mountolympus", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "feature" ], "title": "Mount Olympus", "studyGuideAnchor": "mount-olympus", "body": "The park's high point, Mount Olympus, tops out at 7,980 feet β€” modest by Cascade standards, yet so storm-battered and snow-fed that more than 60 glaciers cling to the Olympic Mountains. The range is built of marine sedimentary rock, scraped up off the seafloor and crumpled skyward as one tectonic plate dives beneath another. Reaching the summit's Blue Glacier is a long, committing backcountry trek, not a day hike.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "7,980 feet of storm-fed rock and ice, raised from the seafloor.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Mount Olympus Blue Glacier Olympic National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a heavily glaciated mountain peak, blue-white ice spilling down rocky shoulders into a deep valley, crevassed glacier in the foreground, crisp alpine light and clear sky, photorealistic.", "alt": "The glaciated summit of Mount Olympus above the Blue Glacier.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Blue Glacier Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Glacier", "subject": "Wide panorama of the crevassed Blue Glacier ice tongue flowing up to Mount Olympus's snow-domed summit ridge; Wikipedia lead image for the 'Blue Glacier' article, matching the alt text almost exactly.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/olym-fact-mountolympus.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "cg0lk117p4don" }, { "id": "olym-fact-threeecosystems", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "ecosystem", "record" ], "title": "Three Parks in One", "studyGuideAnchor": "three-parks-in-one", "body": "Olympic's fame rests on a single, almost improbable claim: in one park you can touch a glacier, walk through a rainforest, and stand on a wild ocean beach β€” often on the same day. Glaciated peaks, temperate rainforest, and ~73 miles of undeveloped Pacific coast each form a distinct realm with its own weather, plants, and wildlife. That sweep of ecosystems is why Olympic carries a triple UNESCO honor as both a Biosphere Reserve and a World Heritage Site.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Olympic temperate rainforest moss", "imagePrompt": "A moss-draped temperate rainforest with towering evergreen trees and ferns.", "alt": "Three Parks in One", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Daniel Erlandson Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/lush-hoh-rainforest-in-olympic-national-park-31317415/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/olym-fact-threeecosystems.webp" }, "uid": "wfht461nmmcg8" }, { "id": "olym-num-established", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "history", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Olympic established as a national park?" }, "value": 1938, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "s1n0ddwc58nr" }, { "id": "olym-num-mountolympus", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Mount Olympus, the park's high point?" }, "value": 7980, "unit": "ft", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "4xw7dg3bhv3i" }, { "id": "olym-num-acres", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "park" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many acres does Olympic National Park cover?" }, "value": 922650, "unit": "acres", "tolerance": 5000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "147afzop1v8um" }, { "id": "olym-num-coast", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "feature", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many miles of wild Pacific coastline does Olympic protect?" }, "value": 73, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 3, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "1txqd0hbo385z" }, { "id": "olym-num-glaciers", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many glaciers cling to the Olympic Mountains?" }, "value": 60, "unit": "glaciers", "tolerance": 5, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "orpktn577q4x" }, { "id": "olym-pair-highpoint", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "feature" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Olympus" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The park's highest peak, at 7,980 ft, cloaked in glaciers" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "1nfrqzsnjfw2" }, { "id": "olym-pair-1938", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "1938" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Year Olympic became a national park, championed by Franklin Roosevelt" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "11xa8jr1y4dk8d" }, { "id": "olym-pair-subduction", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Subduction" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Plate-diving that scraped up seafloor rock to build the Olympic Mountains" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "17tz86w1qi6w6a" }, { "id": "olym-mcq-1909", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "pacific", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic was first designated in 1909 as what kind of federal land?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A national monument" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A national forest" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A wildlife refuge" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A state park" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "President Theodore Roosevelt declared Mount Olympus National Monument in 1909; it was redesignated a national park in 1938.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "hklm2g1nn5asy" }, { "id": "olym-fact-hoh", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "flora", "feature" ], "title": "The Hoh Rain Forest", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-hoh-rain-forest", "body": "Tucked in a western valley, the Hoh Rain Forest is one of the wettest places in the contiguous United States, soaking up roughly 12 to 14 feet of rain a year. The result is a cathedral of green: Sitka spruce and western hemlock towering 200-plus feet, every trunk and branch draped in club moss and ferns. The easy Hall of Mosses loop, about 0.8 miles, threads through this dripping, emerald world.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Up to 14 feet of rain a year grows a cathedral of moss-draped giants.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Hoh Rain Forest Hall of Mosses Olympic", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a temperate rainforest interior, towering moss-draped trees with branches hung in long curtains of green club moss, ferns carpeting the forest floor, soft diffuse light filtering through the canopy, photorealistic.", "alt": "Moss-draped trees in the Hoh Rain Forest's Hall of Mosses.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Hoh Rainforest Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoh_Rainforest", "subject": "Wikipedia's own lead photograph for the Hoh Rainforest article: a grove of big-leaf maples with trunks and branches draped top-to-bottom in hanging club moss, sunlit, ferns below β€” the canonical 'Hall of Mosses' look.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/olym-fact-hoh.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "1w000jsixlv42" }, { "id": "olym-fact-coast", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "feature", "coast" ], "title": "The Wild Coast", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-wild-coast", "body": "Olympic's coastal strip is one of the longest stretches of wilderness shoreline left in the Lower 48 β€” driftwood-strewn beaches, fog, and surf-pounded sea stacks rising offshore like ruined towers. Rialto Beach and Ruby Beach are the famous frames, their tide pools alive with sea stars, anemones, and urchins at low water. Unlike the mountains and rainforest, the coast is visitable year-round, though almost always wet.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Sea stacks, driftwood, and tide pools along one of the Lower 48's wildest shores.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Ruby Beach sea stacks Olympic National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a rugged Pacific beach at low tide, dark jagged sea stacks rising from the surf, scattered driftwood logs on the sand, soft coastal fog and golden backlight, photorealistic.", "alt": "Sea stacks rising from the surf at Ruby Beach.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Ron Clausen Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ruby_Beach_sea_stacks_Olympic_National_Park.jpg", "subject": "Several dark sea stacks rising directly out of breaking surf on a wide sandy beach, forested headland behind, two small figures on the sand; Wikimedia file titled 'Ruby Beach sea stacks Olympic National Park.jpg', CC BY-SA 4.0.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/olym-fact-coast.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "yvhptrkd02d" }, { "id": "olym-fact-roosveltelk", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "wildlife" ], "title": "Roosevelt Elk", "studyGuideAnchor": "roosevelt-elk", "body": "The largest of North America's elk, Roosevelt elk graze the Hoh and Quinault valleys in herds, and their grazing helps keep the rainforest understory open and park-like. Protecting them was a driving reason the park exists β€” the herds were so central to the cause that the park was nearly named for the elk rather than the mountains. They share these forests with black bears, bald eagles, and the tide-pool life of the coast.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Roosevelt elk Hoh Rain Forest Olympic", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a large bull elk with broad antlers standing among ferns in a misty rainforest clearing, moss-hung trees behind, soft grey light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A Roosevelt elk standing in a misty rainforest clearing.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "USFWS Pacific Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grazing_bull_elk,_Olympic_National_Park_(52094128946).jpg", "subject": "A bull elk with visible antlers grazing/browsing amid ferns and moss-hung trees in a misty-looking Olympic National Park forest clearing.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/olym-fact-roosveltelk.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "11n8qb718ft5d5" }, { "id": "olym-num-rainfall", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "flora", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many feet of rain does the Hoh Rain Forest receive each year (lower end of the range)?" }, "value": 12, "unit": "feet", "tolerance": 1, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "5n0paev8d1ns" }, { "id": "olym-num-hallofmosses", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how long is the Hall of Mosses loop trail in the Hoh?" }, "value": 0.8, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 0.1, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "12fbo1p1h8t28j" }, { "id": "olym-pair-hoh", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "flora", "feature" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hoh Rain Forest" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "One of the wettest spots in the Lower 48, with ~12–14 ft of rain a year" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "8ycqdhinx4fv" }, { "id": "olym-pair-rubybeach", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "coast", "feature" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Ruby Beach" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Coastal beach famed for sea stacks and tide pools" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "1ku15oo1k5uuqq" }, { "id": "olym-pair-rooseveltelk", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "wildlife" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roosevelt elk" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "North America's largest elk; the park was nearly named for them" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "l5wzin1rilt2t" }, { "id": "olym-fact-hurricaneridge", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "feature" ], "title": "Hurricane Ridge", "studyGuideAnchor": "hurricane-ridge", "body": "The easiest way to stand among the high country is Hurricane Ridge, reached by a paved road climbing from Port Angeles to nearly a mile high. From its meadows you look across a sea of glaciated peaks toward Mount Olympus, with wildflowers in summer and deep snow in winter. The Hurricane Hill trail, about 3.2 miles round trip, climbs to even wider views of the range and, on clear days, the distant Strait of Juan de Fuca.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "A paved road to nearly a mile high, with the whole range laid out before you.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Hurricane Ridge Olympic National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph from a high subalpine ridge looking across rows of snow-streaked mountain peaks, green wildflower meadows in the foreground, blue sky and layered ridgelines fading into the distance, photorealistic.", "alt": "View across snow-streaked peaks from Hurricane Ridge.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "TravelingOtter Β· CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hurricane_Ridge_-_Olympic_National_Park,_Washington.jpg", "subject": "Paved Hurricane Ridge Road winding through dark conifer forest on a ridge, with a range of snow-streaked, glaciated peaks filling the background under a clear sky; Wikimedia title names it Hurricane Ridge, Olympic National Park, Washington.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/olym-fact-hurricaneridge.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "3zb2869hkpy0" }, { "id": "olym-fact-lakecrescent", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "feature", "recreation" ], "title": "Lake Crescent and Sol Duc Falls", "studyGuideAnchor": "lake-crescent-and-sol-duc-falls", "body": "On the park's north side, Lake Crescent is a deep, glacier-carved lake so clear its water glows turquoise on a sunny day, ringed by forested ridges and a historic lodge. Nearby, the Sol Duc valley leads to Sol Duc Falls, where the river splits into ribbons over a mossy gorge β€” one of the most photographed waterfalls in the park, and an easy walk from the road through old-growth forest.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Sol Duc Falls Olympic National Park", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a multi-channel waterfall dropping into a narrow mossy gorge surrounded by dense old-growth forest, a wooden footbridge above, soft misty light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Sol Duc Falls splitting into ribbons over a mossy gorge.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Sea Cow Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sol_Duc_Falls_2022.jpg", "subject": "The classic view of Sol Duc Falls: a narrow, moss-walled gorge where the river forks into several parallel white cascades, seen from an observation platform with two hikers visible β€” matches 'splitting into ribbons over a mossy gorge' closely.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/olym-fact-lakecrescent.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "ut6vao1f6jazu" }, { "id": "olym-fact-tribes", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "pacific", "history", "people" ], "title": "The Peninsula's First Peoples", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-peninsulas-first-peoples", "body": "Eight tribes hold deep ties to the Olympic Peninsula, among them the Quinault, Hoh, Quileute, Makah, Klallam, and Skokomish β€” Coast Salish and neighboring peoples who fished its rivers and coast for thousands of years. The Quileute of La Push, at the mouth of the Quillayute River, became known worldwide as a setting in the Twilight novels. Their living cultures remain woven through the region today.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "La Push coastline Washington", "imagePrompt": "Rugged sea stacks and driftwood-strewn beach along a wild Pacific Northwest coastline.", "alt": "The Peninsula's First Peoples", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia β€” La Push, Washington Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Push,_Washington", "subject": "Aerial photo of a small coastal village with a marina at a river mouth, a curving grey beach, a large forested island and several sea stacks offshore, snow-capped mountain range on the horizon - Commons description: La Push, James Island, First Beach, Olympic Mountains (Sam Beebe, 2008, CC BY 2.0)", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/olym-fact-tribes.webp" }, "uid": "cqhdh81m17vqe" }, { "id": "olym-num-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "park" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many people visited Olympic National Park in 2024?" }, "value": 3700000, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 100000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "1cdxdaavt0g2s" }, { "id": "olym-num-hurricanehill", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how long is the Hurricane Hill trail (round trip)?" }, "value": 3.2, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 0.2, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "1bxijz91xly5kr" }, { "id": "olym-num-tribes", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "history", "people" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many tribes hold ties to the Olympic Peninsula?" }, "value": 8, "unit": "tribes", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "y0nnb7rzsf5l" }, { "id": "olym-pair-hurricaneridge", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "feature" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hurricane Ridge" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Paved-road viewpoint into the high country above Port Angeles" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "r1aidf1wotc49" }, { "id": "olym-pair-lakecrescent", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "feature" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Lake Crescent" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Deep, clear, glacier-carved lake on the park's north side" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "i4efno8x63ni" }, { "id": "olym-pair-quileute", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "people", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Quileute" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "La Push tribe made famous as a setting in the Twilight novels" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "ovsrjmwojrl0" }, { "id": "olym-mcq-season", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which window offers Olympic's most reliable dry weather for high-country trips?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "January–March" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "October–November" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "July–September" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "April–May" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "July through September is the dependable dry season; the coast and rainforest stay visitable year-round, but wet.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Olympic" }, "uid": "1ywxwbebcrqsc" }, { "id": "dena-fact-denali", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "mountain" ], "title": "Denali", "studyGuideAnchor": "denali", "body": "At 20,310 feet, Denali is the highest peak in North America β€” a glacier-clad giant looming over six million acres of subarctic Alaska. Its name, Koyukon Athabascan for \"the high one,\" was officially restored in 2015 after a century as Mount McKinley. The mountain makes its own brutal weather and is usually wrapped in cloud.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "20,310 feet β€” the highest point on the continent, and \"the high one\" to the people who named it.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Denali mountain Alaska", "imagePrompt": "A massive snow- and glacier-covered mountain summit towering over golden autumn tundra and a braided river valley, soft pink alpenglow on the icy upper slopes, deep blue Alaskan sky, photorealistic, vast scale and crisp clear air.", "alt": "The snow-covered summit of Denali rising above tundra and a river valley.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Denali National Park and Preserve Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wonder_Lake_and_Denali.jpg", "subject": "Denali's twin summits reflected in Wonder Lake with green tundra and a still lake/valley basin in the foreground, clear skies, sharp focus β€” an official NPS photograph of the mountain, explicitly Public Domain.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/dena-fact-denali.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "1p4d22cd1kioe" }, { "id": "dena-num-summit", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "mountain", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Denali's summit, the highest point in North America?" }, "value": 20310, "unit": "ft", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "57z6kydl6dw4" }, { "id": "dena-fact-baserise", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "alaska", "mountain", "geology" ], "title": "The Greatest Rise on Land", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-greatest-rise-on-land", "body": "Measured from base to summit, Denali rises about 18,000 feet straight off the surrounding lowlands β€” the greatest vertical relief of any mountain on land. Everest stands higher above sea level, but it sits on a plateau already three miles up; its rise above that base is smaller. Denali's wall of rock and ice climbs from near-tundra to the top of the continent.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "About 18,000 feet from base to summit β€” a bigger rise than Everest's.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Denali base to summit Alaska Range", "imagePrompt": "A towering ice-covered mountain seen from low tundra, emphasizing the sheer vertical wall of rock and snow climbing from green-gold lowlands to a glaciated summit, dramatic scale, layered ridges, clear cold light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Denali's full height rising from tundra lowlands to its glaciated summit.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Denali Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali", "subject": "Wikipedia's lead photo for 'Denali': the snow-and-ice massif reflected in Wonder Lake, rising directly above green tundra lowlands and low foothills.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/dena-fact-baserise.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "jz9w0j14w4r6x" }, { "id": "dena-num-baserise", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "mountain", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how great is Denali's base-to-summit rise, the largest of any land mountain?" }, "value": 18000, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 500, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "1y4ee2j1k2r68h" }, { "id": "dena-pair-denali-meaning", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "glossary", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Denali" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Koyukon Athabascan for \"the high one\" β€” restored as the official name in 2015" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "nw9pns1621x8y" }, { "id": "dena-pair-mckinley", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "history", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount McKinley" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The peak's former official name, used until 2015" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "10nt0cadyq70c" }, { "id": "dena-pair-alaska-range", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "geology", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Alaska Range" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The arcing mountain chain, crowned by Denali, that rises along the Denali Fault" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "8tkpmqbzadxw" }, { "id": "dena-num-namerestored", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "history", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was the name \"Denali\" officially restored to the mountain?" }, "value": 2015, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "630vf01hjzlli" }, { "id": "dena-fact-wild", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "alaska", "wildlife", "ecosystem" ], "title": "The Big Five", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-big-five", "body": "Denali's wildlife headliners are the \"Big Five\": grizzly bears, caribou, moose, Dall sheep, and gray wolves. The park was originally created in 1917 to protect Dall sheep from market hunters. Because hunting is barred and the landscape is open tundra, animals here are visible and behave naturally β€” Denali is one of the best places in North America to watch wildlife from a respectful distance.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Grizzly, caribou, moose, Dall sheep, and wolf β€” Denali's famous Big Five.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "grizzly bear Denali tundra", "imagePrompt": "A blond-coated grizzly bear walking across open autumn tundra dotted with red and gold dwarf shrubs, distant snow-streaked mountains behind, soft overcast Alaskan light, photorealistic wildlife photograph.", "alt": "A grizzly bear crossing open tundra with mountains behind.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "DenaliNPS (Openverse) Β· by 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/57557144@N06/11330741064", "subject": "A single grizzly bear mid-stride walking across a grassy alpine/tundra slope with a blurred green mountainside behind it (DenaliNPS official photo).", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/dena-fact-wild.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "l0ey821p9k3p0" }, { "id": "dena-num-roadmiles", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "recreation", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how long is the single road that runs into Denali's wilderness?" }, "value": 92, "unit": "mi", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "1gnax7xvr8qdf" }, { "id": "dena-pair-tundra", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "ecosystem", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Alpine tundra" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Treeless, low-growing ground above the tree line β€” much of Denali's open terrain" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "9akiwo309o7m" }, { "id": "dena-pair-taiga", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "ecosystem", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Taiga" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The northern spruce-and-birch boreal forest of Denali's lower elevations" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "7jtuk81u387vm" }, { "id": "dena-pair-dallsheep", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "wildlife", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Dall sheep" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "White, curl-horned wild sheep of high slopes β€” the animal Denali was first created to protect" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "1w0p6q212q9uzg" }, { "id": "dena-pair-wonderlake", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Wonder Lake" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "A still lake deep in the park famed for mirror reflections of Denali" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Wonder Lake Denali reflection", "imagePrompt": "A calm tundra lake at dawn perfectly mirroring a huge snow-covered mountain, fireweed and low shrubs along the shoreline, soft pastel sky, utter stillness, photorealistic landscape.", "alt": "Denali reflected in the still water of Wonder Lake.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Wonder Lake (Alaska) Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Lake_(Alaska)", "subject": "A high-resolution, sharp photo of the Denali massif filling the frame, cleanly and prominently reflected in the still foreground water of Wonder Lake β€” the Wikipedia lead image for 'Wonder Lake (Alaska)'.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/dena-pair-wonderlake.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "57o3pklpqogi" }, { "id": "dena-num-acres", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many acres does Denali National Park and Preserve cover?" }, "value": 6000000, "unit": "acres", "tolerance": 100000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "17f1s6w173q8ea" }, { "id": "dena-mcq-firstprotected", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "alaska", "wildlife", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which animal was Denali originally established in 1917 to protect?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Grizzly bear" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Dall sheep" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gray wolf" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Caribou" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The park was first set aside as a refuge for Dall sheep, whose herds were being thinned by market hunters supplying mining camps.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "161habq191mc7c" }, { "id": "dena-fact-subarctic", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "alaska", "ecosystem", "climate" ], "title": "A Subarctic World", "studyGuideAnchor": "a-subarctic-world", "body": "Denali's climate is subarctic: long, dark, deeply cold winters and brief, intense summers when the land erupts in wildflowers and round-the-clock daylight. Spruce-birch taiga blankets the valleys; above the tree line stretches open alpine tundra. This short growing season shapes everything β€” from when the caribou calve to when the park road can carry visitors.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Denali park road tundra autumn", "imagePrompt": "A gravel road winding through sweeping autumn tundra in reds and golds beneath snow-dusted peaks, low boreal spruce in the valley, dramatic broken light through cloud, photorealistic Alaskan landscape.", "alt": "The park road winding through autumn tundra below snowy peaks.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Pexels Β· John De Leon Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/snow-capped-mountains-and-brown-mountains-under-a-blue-sky-and-white-clouds-13769369/", "subject": "A paved park road curving through golden autumn birch/spruce taiga with a tall snow-capped peak (consistent with the Alaska Range) rising behind it under lenticular clouds β€” road, autumn color, and snowy peaks all present together.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/dena-fact-subarctic.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "1pf17dj14org59" }, { "id": "dena-fact-30club", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "weather" ], "title": "The 30% Club", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-30-club", "body": "Denali is so big it makes its own weather, pulling clouds around itself even on otherwise clear days. Only about 30% of summer visitors ever see the full peak. Those who do are unofficially welcomed into the \"30% Club.\" The lesson for travelers: give yourself several days and don't count on a single lucky glimpse.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Only about 3 in 10 summer visitors see the peak β€” they call it the 30% Club.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Denali cloud covered summit", "imagePrompt": "A vast Alaskan mountain mostly hidden in swirling cloud, only its lower glaciated shoulders showing above tundra, moody diffuse light, sense of a peak that hides itself, photorealistic.", "alt": "Denali's summit wrapped in cloud above the tundra.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Denali National Park and Preserve Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali_National_Park_and_Preserve", "subject": "Denali's twin peaks rising above a thick band of cloud that wraps around the mountain's mid and lower flanks, with a gravel park road and tundra scrub in the foreground β€” genuinely Denali (Wikipedia's lead photo for 'Denali National Park and Preserve').", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/dena-fact-30club.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "g49ek358ua6x" }, { "id": "dena-num-seepct", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About what percent of summer visitors actually see Denali's summit?" }, "value": 30, "unit": "percent", "tolerance": 5, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "ruo8t71n0o8ht" }, { "id": "dena-fact-sleddogs", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "history" ], "title": "The Sled Dog Kennel", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-sled-dog-kennel", "body": "Denali runs the only working sled-dog kennel in the entire National Park System. In winter, when the snow shuts out vehicles, rangers patrol the wilderness by dog team just as they have for a century. In summer, the friendly Alaskan huskies meet visitors at daily kennel demonstrations β€” a living link to how this country was first managed.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Denali sled dogs kennel ranger", "imagePrompt": "A team of Alaskan husky sled dogs in harness pulling across deep snow with a parka-clad ranger driving, snow-laden spruce and a pale winter mountain behind, crisp bright light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A ranger driving a team of sled dogs across the snow in Denali.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Mind on Fire Photography (Openverse) Β· by-sa 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/55284268@N05/15257937401", "subject": "A National Park Service ranger (NPS arrowhead patch and lettered jacket clearly visible) cradling a blue-eyed husky puppy, photographed outdoors with a blurred forest background β€” an unambiguous real ranger with a sled-dog-type puppy, though no team, sled, or snow is shown.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/dena-fact-sleddogs.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "1cpaifs1dzhs76" }, { "id": "dena-pair-busride", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "recreation", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Park bus" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "How most visitors travel the road β€” private vehicles are limited past the first stretch" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "1rz0iy0vojsaa" }, { "id": "dena-pair-bestseason", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "recreation", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Best season" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mid-June to early September, when the road is open and summer peaks" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "58t13lrb75yv" }, { "id": "dena-pair-aurora", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "recreation", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Aurora season" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Late shoulder months, when dark skies bring the northern lights over the range" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "6uicyqrtmapg" }, { "id": "dena-num-established", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "history", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was the park first established (as Mount McKinley National Park)?" }, "value": 1917, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Denali" }, "uid": "1ko85a9q2bzfb" }, { "id": "grsm-fact-blue-smoke", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "geology" ], "title": "The Blue Smoke", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-blue-smoke", "body": "The Smokies earn their name from a perpetual blue haze that drapes the ridges β€” and the forest makes it. The dense vegetation exhales volatile organic compounds that scatter blue light, blending with natural fog into the smoke-like veil the Cherokee called Shaconage, \"place of the blue smoke.\" Straddling the Tennessee–North Carolina border across ~522,400 acres, Great Smoky Mountains National Park is the most-visited and most biodiverse national park in the United States.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The forest itself breathes out the blue haze β€” \"place of the blue smoke.\"", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Great Smoky Mountains blue ridges", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of layered Appalachian ridgelines in the Great Smoky Mountains fading into pale blue haze at dawn, valleys filled with low fog, soft cool morning light, receding silhouettes of rounded forested peaks, photorealistic.", "alt": "Layers of forested Appalachian ridges fading into blue haze at dawn.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Aviator31 Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains", "subject": "Sunset view from a Great Smoky Mountains summit overlook (snow-dusted foreground ridge) with successive forested ridgelines fading into blue-purple haze toward a golden-orange horizon; Wikipedia lead image for the 'Great Smoky Mountains' article", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grsm-fact-blue-smoke.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1x0pq621jf3c8c" }, { "id": "grsm-fact-ancient-mountains", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "geology" ], "title": "Among Earth's Oldest Mountains", "studyGuideAnchor": "among-earth-s-oldest-mountains", "body": "These rounded, gentle summits are the worn-down stumps of a once-Himalayan range. Roughly 480 to 300 million years ago, colliding continents crumpled this rock skyward as the supercontinent Pangaea assembled. Hundreds of millions of years of rain and rivers have since ground the peaks smooth β€” what you see today are the ancient roots of mountains that once scraped the sky. The soft, billowing skyline is the signature of deep geologic time.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The worn roots of a once-Himalayan range β€” up to 480 million years old.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Great Smoky Mountains rounded peaks autumn", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of the soft, rounded forested summits of the Great Smoky Mountains rolling to the horizon under a clear sky, ancient eroded ridgelines covered in dense hardwood forest, warm afternoon light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Soft rounded forested mountain summits rolling to the horizon.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Aviator31 Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains", "subject": "a snow-dusted rounded forested summit in the foreground with several hazy, layered mountain ridgelines fading to the horizon under a pink-orange sunset sky (Wikipedia lead image for 'Great Smoky Mountains')", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grsm-fact-ancient-mountains.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "d7ox7411yl5my" }, { "id": "grsm-fact-clingmans-dome", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "geology", "record" ], "title": "Clingmans Dome", "studyGuideAnchor": "clingmans-dome", "body": "At 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome is the highest point in the Smokies, the highest in Tennessee, and the highest along the entire 2,190-mile Appalachian Trail. A spiral concrete observation tower lifts visitors above the spruce-fir forest into a 360-degree sweep of blue ridges. The summit is cool, damp, and often fog-wrapped β€” a transplanted slice of Canadian forest perched in the American South.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Clingmans Dome observation tower", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of the spiral concrete observation tower atop Clingmans Dome rising above a dark spruce-fir forest, blue Appalachian ridges receding behind it, drifting mist, cool overcast light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A spiral concrete observation ramp tower above evergreen forest and blue ridges.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Library of Congress Β· Great Smoky Mountains National Park Roads & Bridges, Clingma Β· No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/tn0279/", "subject": "Color photo of the actual spiral concrete observation tower/ramp on cylindrical stone pillars, rising above evergreen forest, with a sign reading 'CLINGMANS DOME ELEV 6643' at its base β€” the correct subject.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grsm-fact-clingmans-dome.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "rgspsao91z8s" }, { "id": "grsm-num-high-point", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Clingmans Dome, the highest point in the Great Smoky Mountains?" }, "value": 6643, "unit": "ft", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1tnq385wnvowb" }, { "id": "grsm-num-acres", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many acres does Great Smoky Mountains National Park cover?" }, "value": 522427, "unit": "acres", "tolerance": 10000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "16f776n5yig11" }, { "id": "grsm-num-established", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Great Smoky Mountains fully established as a national park?" }, "value": 1934, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1y6xytuqqzkz8" }, { "id": "grsm-num-mountain-age", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Up to about how old is the rock of the Smoky Mountains (in millions of years)?" }, "value": 480, "unit": "million years", "tolerance": 50, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1845vovgktzmd" }, { "id": "grsm-pair-shaconage", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Shaconage" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cherokee name meaning \"place of the blue smoke\"" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "18ck6qmuvgfmo" }, { "id": "grsm-pair-clingmans-dome", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "geology" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Clingmans Dome" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Highest point in the park and on the entire Appalachian Trail" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "sbylhod5s7ie" }, { "id": "grsm-pair-salamander-capital", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Salamander Capital of the World" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Nickname for the Smokies, home to 30+ salamander species" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "t1jr7419tg1wq" }, { "id": "grsm-pair-rockefeller", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "John D. Rockefeller Jr." }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Donated ~$5 million to help buy the land for the park" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "pr0vlq69g6f4" }, { "id": "grsm-mcq-biodiversity", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What superlative does Great Smoky Mountains hold among U.S. national parks?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The driest national park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The youngest national park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The highest national park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The most biodiverse national park", "short": "The most biodiverse park" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "With over 19,000 documented species and estimates of 80,000 or more, the Smokies are the most biodiverse U.S. national park β€” earning the nickname \"Salamander Capital of the World.\"", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1c914uc18928by" }, { "id": "grsm-fact-old-growth", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "flora" ], "title": "Old-Growth Forest", "studyGuideAnchor": "old-growth-forest", "body": "The Smokies shelter one of the largest blocks of old-growth forest in the eastern United States β€” woods that the logger's saw never reached. Five distinct forest types stack by elevation, from rich cove hardwoods in the valleys to a high spruce-fir \"Canadian\" forest near the summits, a remnant of the last Ice Age. Towering tulip poplars, hemlocks, and silverbells make these some of the tallest and most ancient hardwood stands in the East.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Five forest types stacked by elevation β€” Ice-Age spruce-fir crowns the peaks.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Great Smoky Mountains old growth forest", "imagePrompt": "Photograph inside a lush old-growth Appalachian forest in the Great Smoky Mountains, towering moss-draped tulip poplars and hemlocks, dappled green light filtering through the canopy, ferns and rhododendron on the forest floor, photorealistic.", "alt": "Towering old-growth trees and ferns in a lush green Appalachian forest.", "kind": "photo" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "q7agd0mna5u6" }, { "id": "grsm-fact-fireflies", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife" ], "title": "Synchronous Fireflies", "studyGuideAnchor": "synchronous-fireflies", "body": "For a couple of weeks in late spring, the Smokies host one of nature's rarest light shows: thousands of Photinus carolinus fireflies that blink in unison, sending waves of light pulsing through the dark forest. It's one of only a few places on Earth where this species synchronizes. Demand is so high the park runs a lottery for viewing spots near Elkmont in early June. Scientists still aren't certain exactly why the beetles flash together.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Thousands of fireflies blinking in unison β€” a lottery-only June spectacle.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "synchronous fireflies Smokies Elkmont", "imagePrompt": "Long-exposure photograph of a dark Appalachian forest filled with thousands of glowing yellow-green firefly trails blinking in unison, tree trunks faintly lit, deep blue twilight, magical atmosphere, photorealistic.", "alt": "A dark forest filled with glowing trails of synchronized fireflies.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Pexels Β· marclyc li Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/enchanting-fireflies-in-a-serene-forest-setting-38188604/", "subject": "A genuine long-exposure night photo of a dark forest with ferns in the foreground and numerous glowing yellow-green firefly light trails clustered in the background β€” matches the alt text's dark forest full of glowing firefly trails.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grsm-fact-fireflies.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1jhyd6f1xif825" }, { "id": "grsm-fact-black-bears", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife" ], "title": "Black Bear Stronghold", "studyGuideAnchor": "black-bear-stronghold", "body": "The Smokies are black bear country at its densest β€” roughly 1,900 bears roam the park, about two per square mile, one of the densest populations anywhere in the country. The bears thrive on the forest's acorns, berries, and nuts, and the park is a symbol of their comeback in the East. Sightings are common in places like Cades Cove, where bears amble through the meadows. Storing food and keeping your distance is the rule of the land.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "black bear Smoky Mountains", "imagePrompt": "A black bear foraging for berries in the dense forest of the Great Smoky Mountains.", "alt": "A wild black bear foraging in a green meadow with forested hills behind.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "N Vision Photos (Openverse) Β· by 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/77746985@N03/6818510016", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grsm-fact-black-bears.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1p9l1k76npj0d" }, { "id": "grsm-fact-cherokee", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "history" ], "title": "Cherokee Homeland", "studyGuideAnchor": "cherokee-homeland", "body": "These mountains are the ancestral homeland of the Cherokee (Tsalagi). In 1838 most were forced west on the Trail of Tears, but some resisted and remained; their descendants, the Eastern Band of Cherokee, still live on the adjacent Qualla Boundary at the park's southern edge. Cherokee place-names, stories, and stewardship are woven through the land. At the Oconaluftee entrance, a preserved Appalachian farmstead tells a parallel story of the mountain settlers who farmed these coves.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Oconaluftee Mountain Farm Museum Smokies", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a preserved log farmstead at the Oconaluftee Mountain Farm Museum in the Great Smoky Mountains, a weathered log cabin and split-rail fence in a green clearing, forested ridges behind, soft overcast light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A preserved log cabin and split-rail fence in a green mountain clearing.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Chris Light Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mountain_farm_Museum_P9090787.jpg", "subject": "A farmyard at the Mountain Farm Museum: a large cantilever barn, a small shingle-roofed corn crib/outbuilding, and a zigzag split-rail fence in a mown green clearing with forested mountains behind β€” Wikimedia title confirms 'Mountain farm Museum'.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grsm-fact-cherokee.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "p2sza91efj2mf" }, { "id": "grsm-num-species", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many species have been documented in the Great Smoky Mountains?" }, "value": 19000, "unit": "species", "tolerance": 1000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "ceh04i14r49w" }, { "id": "grsm-num-black-bears", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many black bears live in the Great Smoky Mountains?" }, "value": 1900, "unit": "bears", "tolerance": 200, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "eaa0macvojsk" }, { "id": "grsm-num-salamander-species", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "At least how many salamander species live in the \"Salamander Capital of the World\"?" }, "value": 30, "unit": "species", "tolerance": 5, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1lyxo167nyti4" }, { "id": "grsm-num-trail-of-tears", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year were most Cherokee forced west on the Trail of Tears?" }, "value": 1838, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1ih0r8x11lcuw7" }, { "id": "grsm-pair-photinus", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Photinus carolinus" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The firefly species that blinks in synchrony in the Smokies" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "195weqmi6f7xs" }, { "id": "grsm-pair-eastern-band", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Eastern Band of Cherokee" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cherokee who remained, living on the adjacent Qualla Boundary" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "8n3tdrdgwr0l" }, { "id": "grsm-pair-oconaluftee", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Oconaluftee" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Southern entrance with a preserved Appalachian farmstead museum" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "gai24i1x4go04" }, { "id": "grsm-fact-most-visited", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "record", "recreation" ], "title": "The Most-Visited Park", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-most-visited-park", "body": "Great Smoky Mountains is, by a wide margin, the most-visited national park in America β€” 12.19 million people came in 2024, more than the next two parks combined. Its location within a day's drive of much of the eastern U.S., its free entry, and its endless ridgelines draw crowds year-round. The trade-off is traffic: Cades Cove and Newfound Gap Road can crawl bumper-to-bumper on peak fall weekends.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "12.19 million visitors in 2024 β€” more than the next two parks combined.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Newfound Gap Road Great Smoky Mountains", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of the winding Newfound Gap Road climbing through the forested Great Smoky Mountains, blue ridges layered into haze beyond, autumn color tinting the trees, soft afternoon light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A winding mountain road through forest with blue hazy ridges beyond.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "John Phelan Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Newfound_Gap_Road,_Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park,_TN.jpg", "subject": "Color photo of a winding two-lane mountain road curving along a wooded hillside, guardrail in foreground, with hazy blue-grey ridgelines visible in the distance under an overcast sky.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grsm-fact-most-visited.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1sbk97buximct" }, { "id": "grsm-fact-free-entry", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "history", "recreation" ], "title": "The Park That's Always Free", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-park-that-s-always-free", "body": "The Smokies have never charged an entrance fee, and never can β€” it was a condition of Tennessee handing over Newfound Gap Road for the park. That makes the most-visited national park in America also one of the few free ones. There's a catch: since 2023 a paid parking tag has been required to stop anywhere in the park for more than 15 minutes, the first fee of any kind in its history.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Great Smoky Mountains National Park entrance sign", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of the rustic wooden Great Smoky Mountains National Park entrance sign beside a forested road, green trees and dappled light around it, no entrance booth, photorealistic.", "alt": "A rustic wooden national park entrance sign beside a forested road.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Great Smoky Mountains National Park Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park", "subject": "Wide panoramic view of forested Smoky Mountain ridges under a blue sky, taken from Cliff Tops on Mount LeConte, GSMNP, TN β€” Wikipedia's own lead image for the park's article. No sign, no road.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grsm-fact-free-entry.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "b8ngkaaz68to" }, { "id": "grsm-fact-cades-cove", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "history" ], "title": "Cades Cove", "studyGuideAnchor": "cades-cove", "body": "Cades Cove is the most beloved corner of the park: a broad green valley ringed by mountains, looped by an 11-mile one-way road. Along it stand preserved log cabins, churches, and a working grist mill from the Appalachian settlers who farmed here before the park. The cove is also prime wildlife viewing β€” white-tailed deer, wild turkey, and black bears graze the meadows, especially at dawn and dusk.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "An 11-mile loop past pioneer cabins, grist mills, and grazing bears.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Cades Cove log cabin", "imagePrompt": "A historic log cabin in a green valley with mountains rising in the background.", "alt": "A broad green valley meadow ringed by misty forested ridges with a log cabin.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Detailed close-up of a rustic log cabin's wall showing natural wood texture and earthy tones.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/rustic-log-cabin-wall-with-natural-texture-38449092/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grsm-fact-cades-cove.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "100n0sbvk5u4x" }, { "id": "grsm-fact-fall-elk", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife", "recreation" ], "title": "Autumn Color and Bugling Elk", "studyGuideAnchor": "autumn-color-and-bugling-elk", "body": "October is the Smokies' showcase month. Because forest type changes with elevation, fall color ripples down the mountains for weeks, painting the slopes in red, orange, and gold. It's also elk season: reintroduced to the park in 2001 after a century-plus absence, elk gather in the Oconaluftee and Cataloochee valleys, where bulls bugle and spar through the autumn rut. Crowds peak with the color, so early mornings reward the patient.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Great Smoky Mountains autumn fall color", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of the Great Smoky Mountains in peak autumn, ridges blanketed in red, orange, and gold hardwood forest fading into blue haze, a valley of mist below, warm October light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Mountain ridges blanketed in red, orange, and gold autumn forest with blue haze.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Library of Congress Β· Fog in the Tennessee portion of Great Smoky Mountains Nation Β· No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2021756577/", "subject": "A closer hillside of vivid autumn foliage β€” red sumac in the foreground with orange and gold tree canopy β€” under a grey/foggy sky; the strongest red-orange-gold color match in the pool, though it is a single hillside rather than a wide mountain-ridge panorama and shows no blue haze", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/grsm-fact-fall-elk.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "wlq48rxbtgxd" }, { "id": "grsm-num-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many visitors did Great Smoky Mountains receive in 2024 (in millions)?" }, "value": 12.19, "unit": "million visitors", "tolerance": 0.2, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "zl3slujx1oes" }, { "id": "grsm-num-rank", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Where does Great Smoky Mountains rank among U.S. national parks by visitation?" }, "value": 1, "unit": "rank", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1kd0g6715s7wg5" }, { "id": "grsm-num-cades-loop", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How long is the one-way loop road around Cades Cove?" }, "value": 11, "unit": "mi", "tolerance": 1, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1gw4u8j86hzy1" }, { "id": "grsm-num-elk-reintroduced", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year were elk reintroduced to the Great Smoky Mountains?" }, "value": 2001, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "3xd6sz11z33xl" }, { "id": "grsm-pair-newfound-gap", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Newfound Gap" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mountain pass and road crossing the TN–NC crest of the park" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1kut286ii7fbc" }, { "id": "grsm-pair-parking-tag", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Parking tag (since 2023)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "First-ever fee, required to park β€” though entry stays free" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1q9u2uv1h3bnh" }, { "id": "grsm-pair-best-season", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Best season to visit the Smokies" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "October for peak fall color (and the biggest crowds)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "69l3qm1k24ii8" }, { "id": "grsm-mcq-free-entry", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "east", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Why has Great Smoky Mountains never charged an entrance fee?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Congress banned all fees in eastern parks", "short": "Congress banned eastern fees" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The park is too large to staff entrance booths", "short": "Too large to staff fee booths" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A private donor pays the fees on visitors' behalf", "short": "A private donor covers them" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was a condition of Tennessee deeding over Newfound Gap Road", "short": "Tennessee's deed bars it" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "When Tennessee transferred Newfound Gap Road to the park, it set a permanent no-entrance-fee condition. The Smokies remain free, though a paid parking tag has been required since 2023.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Great Smoky Mountains" }, "uid": "1r1zchd1gi9wlz" }, { "id": "acad-fact-acadia", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "coast" ], "title": "Acadia", "studyGuideAnchor": "acadia", "body": "On Mount Desert Island in coastal Maine, glacier-carved pink granite domes plunge straight into the cold Atlantic. Acadia was the first national park east of the Mississippi (1919) and the first assembled entirely from donated private land. At ~49,000 acres it's compact β€” but it crams sea cliffs, fjard, forest, and a mile-high summit into a place you can loop in a day.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Where glacier-polished granite meets the open Atlantic.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Acadia coast Atlantic granite", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of rugged pink-granite coastline at Acadia National Park, rounded glacier-polished boulders meeting deep-blue Atlantic surf, dark spruce forest behind, soft morning light, photorealistic, crisp Maine coastal air.", "alt": "Pink-granite coastline meeting Atlantic surf at Acadia.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Ken Lund Β· CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atlantic_Coast_Near_Thunder_Hole,_Acadia_National_Park,_Maine_-_68255292.jpg", "subject": "Foggy view of orange-pink granite ledges and cliffs curving along the shoreline, spruce/fir forest above, grey Atlantic swell breaking below β€” no people, clean coastal-granite composition.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/acad-fact-acadia.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "1lt53qabwcq38" }, { "id": "acad-fact-cadillac", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "geology", "record" ], "title": "Cadillac Mountain", "studyGuideAnchor": "cadillac-mountain", "body": "Cadillac Mountain rises 1,530 feet β€” the highest point on the entire U.S. Atlantic coast. Because it stands so far east and so high, for much of the year it is one of the first places in the United States to catch the sunrise. Crowds gather at the bare granite summit before dawn; in peak season you need a timed vehicle reservation just to drive up.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "First light in America lands here, on bare granite 1,530 feet up.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Cadillac Mountain Acadia sunrise", "imagePrompt": "Photograph from the bare granite summit of Cadillac Mountain at sunrise, glowing orange sky over islands and Atlantic water below, pink rock in the foreground catching first light, silhouettes of distant spruce, photorealistic, dramatic dawn.", "alt": "Sunrise viewed from the granite summit of Cadillac Mountain over the Atlantic.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "John Manard Β· CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cadillac_Mountain_Sunrise,_Acadia_National_Park_-_51650832934.jpg", "subject": "A genuine sunrise from Cadillac Mountain's summit: fiery pink/orange/yellow sky over Frenchman Bay with dark granite outcrops and islands in silhouette in the foreground", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/acad-fact-cadillac.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "1s270yy1mrhkb0" }, { "id": "acad-fact-somes-sound", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "geology", "coast" ], "title": "Somes Sound", "studyGuideAnchor": "somes-sound", "body": "A long arm of seawater nearly splits Mount Desert Island in two. Somes Sound is often called the only true fjord on the U.S. East Coast β€” though geologists note it's really a fjard, a shallower glacier-carved inlet. Either way, the steep granite walls dropping into deep saltwater are pure Ice Age handiwork.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Somes Sound granite fjord", "imagePrompt": "Steep granite cliffs dropping into the still blue water of a narrow coastal sound.", "alt": "The seawater inlet of Somes Sound flanked by forested granite hills.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "James St. John Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Somes_Sound_Fjord_(Mt._Desert_Island,_Maine,_USA)_3.jpg", "subject": "A wide blue seawater inlet under clear sky, two forested hills on the far shore, the right one with a steep rock face at the waterline, a small motorboat mid-channel, green shrubs in the foreground", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/acad-fact-somes-sound.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "1cjqwc31jtbd9l" }, { "id": "acad-fact-dorr", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "history", "person" ], "title": "George B. Dorr", "studyGuideAnchor": "george-b-dorr", "body": "Acadia exists because one man refused to let the island be carved up. George B. Dorr, the \"Father of Acadia,\" spent decades and much of his personal fortune buying land and persuading others to donate it. His campaign made Acadia the first national park created entirely from private gifts β€” beginning as Sieur de Monts National Monument in 1916.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "George B. Dorr portrait", "imagePrompt": "A black-and-white portrait of a formally dressed early-1900s conservationist standing near a rocky Maine coastline.", "alt": "The historic Sieur de Monts springhouse pavilion in the woods.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Giles_Hussey_-_Portrait_of_a_landscape_painter,_possibly_George_Lambert_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/acad-fact-dorr.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "1i8vg7upn62l8" }, { "id": "acad-num-acres", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "park", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many acres does Acadia National Park cover?" }, "value": 49000, "unit": "acres", "tolerance": 2000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "gy2uj5ykk1zr" }, { "id": "acad-num-est-year", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "history", "park" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Acadia (then Lafayette National Park) become the first national park east of the Mississippi?" }, "value": 1919, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "1fs5sdk12bapki" }, { "id": "acad-pair-mdi", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "coast", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Desert Island" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The large coastal-Maine island holding most of Acadia" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "88n4tn5fhrwx" }, { "id": "acad-pair-fjard", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "glossary", "geology" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Fjard" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "A shallow glacier-carved sea inlet β€” what Somes Sound actually is" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "6tsn4k1xbfbsu" }, { "id": "acad-pair-lafayette", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "history", "park" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Lafayette National Park (1919)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Acadia's original name; renamed Acadia in 1929" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "5zwi0wqxfone" }, { "id": "acad-mcq-first-east", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "east", "history", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What distinction does Acadia hold among U.S. national parks?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "First national park east of the Mississippi River", "short": "First park east of the Mississippi" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "First national park west of the Rockies", "short": "First park west of the Rockies" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "First national park on the Great Lakes", "short": "First park on the Great Lakes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "First national park in the Appalachian Mountains", "short": "First park in the Appalachians" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Established as Lafayette National Park in 1919, Acadia was the first national park east of the Mississippi β€” and the first assembled entirely from donated private land.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "w03t0ehcxxuo" }, { "id": "acad-fact-carriage-roads", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "history", "recreation" ], "title": "The Rockefeller Carriage Roads", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-rockefeller-carriage-roads", "body": "Between 1913 and 1940, John D. Rockefeller Jr. funded and oversaw 45 miles of broken-stone carriage roads winding through Acadia's woods and around its ponds β€” built deliberately for horses, walkers, and bicycles, never cars. Today they're a car-free network of gentle grades, hand-set granite culverts, and seventeen graceful stone-faced bridges, no two alike.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "45 miles of car-free carriage roads, a gift from John D. Rockefeller Jr.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Acadia carriage road stone bridge", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a hand-built granite carriage-road bridge in Acadia arching over a wooded stream, broken-stone road curving away through autumn forest, warm dappled light, photorealistic, timeless craftsmanship.", "alt": "A granite stone-faced carriage-road bridge arching over a wooded stream.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Eagle Lake Road Bridge Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Lake_Road_Bridge", "subject": "Sharp, well-lit modern photo of a large tan-granite arch bridge (documented as the Eagle Lake Road Bridge) spanning a paved carriage-road path, with a small park interpretive/closure sign beside the path β€” a genuine, clearly composed carriage-road stone bridge.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/acad-fact-carriage-roads.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "1dfpbh112zbj7" }, { "id": "acad-fact-jordan-pond", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "coast" ], "title": "Jordan Pond and the Bubbles", "studyGuideAnchor": "jordan-pond-and-the-bubbles", "body": "Jordan Pond is Acadia's clearest water β€” a glacial tarn so transparent you can see 40-plus feet down. At its far end rise the Bubbles, two rounded granite hills whose twin domes are mirrored in the still water. The lakeside Jordan Pond House has served tea and warm popovers on its lawn since the 1890s.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Crystal-clear glacial water beneath the twin domes of the Bubbles.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Jordan Pond Bubbles Acadia", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Jordan Pond in Acadia, perfectly clear blue water reflecting two rounded granite hills called the Bubbles, evergreen shoreline, calm morning, photorealistic, serene and crisp.", "alt": "Jordan Pond reflecting the twin rounded hills called the Bubbles.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "NPS / Victoria Stauffenberg\n\nderivative work: User:Maps and stuff (cropped to 3: Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acadia_National_Park,_Jordan_Pond_and_the_Bubbles.jpg", "subject": "Wide, clear-day panorama of Jordan Pond with the two rounded, forested Bubbles hills centered in the distance and lightly mirrored in the water, granite boulders in the foreground -- the canonical NPS/Wikimedia shot of exactly this scene.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/acad-fact-jordan-pond.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "am2nbd1ysahcv" }, { "id": "acad-fact-thunder-hole", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "coast", "recreation" ], "title": "Thunder Hole", "studyGuideAnchor": "thunder-hole", "body": "At a narrow granite inlet along the Park Loop Road, incoming waves slam into a small sea cave and trap a pocket of air. When the timing and tide are right β€” usually a few hours before high tide β€” the air explodes back out with a deep boom and a geyser of spray. That thunderclap gives Thunder Hole its name.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Thunder Hole wave spray", "imagePrompt": "Ocean waves crashing into a narrow granite inlet, sending a burst of spray into the air.", "alt": "A wave bursting upward in spray at the granite inlet of Thunder Hole.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Ray Bilcliff Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/sea-waves-breaking-against-the-rocky-coast-25620555/" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "1hvaaeg1iiv9ma" }, { "id": "acad-fact-bass-harbor", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "coast", "history" ], "title": "Bass Harbor Head Light", "studyGuideAnchor": "bass-harbor-head-light", "body": "Perched on a cliff at the quiet southwestern tip of Mount Desert Island, Bass Harbor Head Light has guided mariners since 1858. Its small white tower and red roof, set above pink granite ledges, make it one of the most photographed lighthouses in Maine β€” especially at sunset, when the light glows against the sea.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Bass Harbor Head Light Acadia", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of Bass Harbor Head Lighthouse on Mount Desert Island, white tower with red roof atop pink-granite cliffs above the ocean, golden sunset light, spruce trees framing the scene, photorealistic.", "alt": "Bass Harbor Head Lighthouse on pink-granite cliffs at sunset.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Adavyd Β· CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bass_Harbor_Head_Light_Station_Acadia_Maine_USA_DSC_0656.jpg", "subject": "Bass Harbor Head Light: white round tower with black lantern room and attached white keeper's house with red roof, on pink granite cliffs under a clear blue sky, pine trees around it β€” classic wide shot from the water side", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/acad-fact-bass-harbor.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "rdh7qmvvlggg" }, { "id": "acad-num-carriage-miles", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many miles of car-free carriage roads did Rockefeller fund in Acadia?" }, "value": 45, "unit": "miles", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "1iv3ptbk1085" }, { "id": "acad-num-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many visits did Acadia receive in 2024?" }, "value": 3960000, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 100000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "mn0pbp1t30cu3" }, { "id": "acad-pair-loop-road", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "glossary" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Park Loop Road" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "The scenic drive linking Acadia's coastal highlights" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "8xru3g1n9w52u" }, { "id": "acad-pair-popovers", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Jordan Pond House" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Lakeside spot famous for tea and warm popovers since the 1890s" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "7w3wju16ht8xo" }, { "id": "acad-mcq-fall-color", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "flora" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which month is prime time for Acadia's fall foliage?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "October" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "July" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "March" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "December" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Acadia's mixed hardwood and spruce-fir forest peaks in color in October, drawing crowds for fall foliage alongside the summer high season.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Acadia" }, "uid": "1qlsj6hckeaz3" }, { "id": "ever-fact-overview", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "park", "ecosystem" ], "title": "Everglades", "studyGuideAnchor": "everglades", "body": "Established December 6, 1947, Everglades was the first national park created to protect an ecosystem rather than scenery. Sprawling across ~1.5 million acres of southern Florida, it is the largest tropical wilderness in the United States and the third-largest park in the Lower 48. Marjory Stoneman Douglas named its defining feature the \"River of Grass\" β€” a vast, shallow sheet of water creeping south to the sea.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The first park born to save an ecosystem β€” a whole river you can barely see moving.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Everglades sawgrass marsh aerial", "imagePrompt": "Aerial photograph of an endless sawgrass marsh stretching to the horizon, a maze of glassy water channels and tree islands threading through golden-green grass under a wide subtropical sky, soft morning light, photorealistic.", "alt": "An aerial view of the Everglades' vast sawgrass marsh laced with waterways.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Restoration of the Everglades Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Everglades", "subject": "An aerial view of a dark, winding river/waterway threading through brown-green wetland vegetation under a hazy sky β€” Wikipedia's 'Restoration of the Everglades' image showing the Kissimmee River being returned to its natural meander; part of the greater Everglades watershed, genuinely shows a marsh", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ever-fact-overview.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1x0z22i1ta01lo" }, { "id": "ever-fact-riverofgrass", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "ecosystem", "geology" ], "title": "The River of Grass", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-river-of-grass", "body": "The Everglades is not a swamp but a river β€” one roughly 60 miles wide and only inches deep, sliding almost imperceptibly south across a nearly flat limestone shelf. Fed by the overflow of Lake Okeechobee, this sheet flow of fresh water moves about a mile a day toward Florida Bay. The entire ecosystem β€” sawgrass, mangrove, wildlife, and all β€” depends on that slow, shallow current.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Sixty miles wide, a few inches deep, moving about a mile a day.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Everglades sawgrass prairie water", "imagePrompt": "Ground-level photograph of a wide sawgrass prairie with sheets of shallow clear water mirroring a pale blue sky, scattered clumps of grass and a distant line of cypress, flat horizon, warm light, photorealistic.", "alt": "Shallow water spreading across a flat Everglades sawgrass prairie.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Everglades Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everglades", "subject": "Wide flat sawgrass prairie under a blue sky with scattered clouds; shallow standing water pools among the grass tufts in the foreground β€” Wikipedia's lead photo for 'Everglades', exactly matching the alt text.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ever-fact-riverofgrass.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "rm04ln1dzla8x" }, { "id": "ever-fact-habitats", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "ecosystem", "flora" ], "title": "A Mosaic of Habitats", "studyGuideAnchor": "a-mosaic-of-habitats", "body": "Tiny changes in elevation β€” sometimes just inches β€” create wildly different worlds across the Everglades. Sawgrass prairie gives way to tree islands called hardwood hammocks, to dwarf and dome cypress, to pine rockland, and finally to a tangle of coastal mangroves where fresh water meets the salty Gulf. Sitting barely above sea level on porous limestone, the whole park ranges from sea level to only about 8 feet high.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Everglades cypress dome", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a rounded dome of bald cypress trees rising from open watery prairie, their slender trunks reflected in still water, draped Spanish moss and pale autumn foliage, soft overcast light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A dome of cypress trees rising from open Everglades wetland.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Everglades NPS from Homestead, Florida, United States Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cypress_Dome_with_Alligator_(2),_NPSphoto,_G.Gardner_(9101884286).jpg", "subject": "Same photograph as index 3: bald-cypress trees ringing an open, glassy slough of water at golden-hour light with warm orange cypress needles, an alligator visible in the open water in the middle distance", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ever-fact-habitats.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1ertpgp5bdgcv" }, { "id": "ever-num-established", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "history", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Everglades established as a national park?" }, "value": 1947, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "161043u10h3998" }, { "id": "ever-num-acres", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "record", "ecosystem" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many acres does Everglades National Park cover?" }, "value": 1500000, "unit": "acres", "tolerance": 50000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "ewjvcm12537jc" }, { "id": "ever-num-width", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "ecosystem", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many miles wide is the Everglades' slow \"River of Grass\"?" }, "value": 60, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 5, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1e2uneb19nftfd" }, { "id": "ever-num-highpoint", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many feet above sea level is the highest ground in the Everglades β€” one of the flattest parks?" }, "value": 8, "unit": "ft", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "r225zkzvg0qy" }, { "id": "ever-pair-douglas", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "history", "person" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Marjory Stoneman Douglas" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Writer-activist who named it the \"River of Grass\" and led the fight to protect it" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "94hmgq1iv7qt8" }, { "id": "ever-pair-okeechobee", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "geology", "ecosystem" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Lake Okeechobee" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Vast inland lake whose overflow once fed the entire Everglades sheet flow" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1eyzawo1gblxiq" }, { "id": "ever-pair-sawgrass", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "flora", "ecosystem" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Sawgrass" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Sharp-edged sedge that blankets the marsh and gives the \"River of Grass\" its name" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1jz0zg112r74pz" }, { "id": "ever-pair-hammock", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "flora", "ecosystem" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hardwood hammock" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Tree island of dense broadleaf forest rising on slightly higher, drier ground" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Everglades hardwood hammock", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a dense island of tropical hardwood trees rising from open marsh, lush green canopy and gnarled trunks reflected in surrounding shallow water, dappled sunlight, photorealistic.", "alt": "A wooded hardwood hammock island surrounded by Everglades marsh.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_pictorial_description_of_the_United_States;_embracing_the_history,_geographical_position,_agricultural_and_mineral_resources_(1860)_(14775623384).jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ever-pair-hammock.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "58k7t6n6kyk" }, { "id": "ever-fact-gatorcroc", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife", "record" ], "title": "Where Alligators and Crocodiles Meet", "studyGuideAnchor": "where-alligators-and-crocodiles-meet", "body": "The Everglades is the only place on Earth where American alligators and American crocodiles live side by side. The two are easy to tell apart: alligators are dark, broad-snouted, and favor fresh water, while the rarer crocodile is grayish-green, narrow-snouted, and tolerates the brackish coast. Where the freshwater marsh meets the salty mangrove fringe, their ranges overlap β€” a meeting found nowhere else.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The only place on Earth where these two ancient reptiles share a home.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "American alligator Everglades", "imagePrompt": "Close photograph of a large dark American alligator resting half-submerged in still green water, its broad snout and ridged back catching warm light, reeds and lily pads behind, photorealistic wildlife shot.", "alt": "A large American alligator floating in still Everglades water.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "judygva (back in town and trying to catch up) Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:American_Alligator_-_Alligator_mississippiensis,_Everglades_National_Park,_Homestead,_Florida_-_25217802189.jpg", "subject": "An alligator's head and back floating in glass-still, mirror-flat gray water with a near-perfect reflection (Wikimedia, Everglades National Park, Homestead, FL) β€” the clearest match to 'floating in still water.'", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ever-fact-gatorcroc.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1x0f8b85t3kha" }, { "id": "ever-fact-panther", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife", "conservation" ], "title": "The Endangered Florida Panther", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-endangered-florida-panther", "body": "The Florida panther β€” a tawny subspecies of cougar β€” once roamed the whole Southeast but was hunted to the brink. Today only around 200 survive, most of them in and around the Everglades, making it one of the rarest large cats in North America. Secretive and wide-ranging, a single panther may patrol 200 square miles, and roadside collisions remain a leading threat to its recovery.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Roughly 200 left β€” North America's most endangered big cat.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Florida panther", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a tawny Florida panther padding through dappled subtropical underbrush, muscular and alert, golden coat against green palmetto and filtered sunlight, photorealistic wildlife shot.", "alt": "A tawny Florida panther walking through subtropical underbrush.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Puma_concolor_coryi_Florida_panther.jpg", "subject": "A Florida panther crouched on a fallen pine log surrounded by saw palmetto, in what reads as Everglades/Big Cypress habitat; public-domain U.S. Army Corps of Engineers photo explicitly titled with the scientific name Puma concolor coryi.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ever-fact-panther.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1sffo0m15uy5bs" }, { "id": "ever-fact-python", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife", "conservation" ], "title": "The Burmese Python Invasion", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-burmese-python-invasion", "body": "Released or escaped pets, Burmese pythons have exploded across the Everglades since the 1990s. These giant constrictors, native to Southeast Asia, have no natural predators here and devour native mammals and birds β€” in some areas raccoons, opossums, and rabbits have nearly vanished. Sprawling, hard to find in the sawgrass, and prolific breeders, the python is now the park's gravest invasive threat, hunted by state-run removal programs.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Burmese python Everglades", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a large patterned Burmese python coiled in dense Everglades grass and shallow water, its tan-and-brown camouflage blending into the marsh, muted natural light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A large camouflaged Burmese python coiled in Everglades grass.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Bryan Falk, USGS. Public domain. Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Burmese_python_coiled_in_the_grass_in_the_Everglades.jpg", "subject": "A close-up of a coiled Burmese python's head and diamond-patterned coils with grass visible at the edge; Wikimedia title states verbatim 'A Burmese python coiled in the grass in the Everglades,' credited to Bryan Falk/USGS, public domain.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ever-fact-python.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1nwyk95rfe3yn" }, { "id": "ever-num-panthers", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife", "conservation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many endangered Florida panthers survive in the wild?" }, "value": 200, "unit": "panthers", "tolerance": 30, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "opk9p919ea2w3" }, { "id": "ever-num-designations", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "record", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many major international designations does the Everglades hold (World Heritage, Biosphere Reserve, Wetland of International Importance)?" }, "value": 3, "unit": "designations", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "18zoda7178sko5" }, { "id": "ever-pair-crocodile", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "American crocodile" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Grayish, narrow-snouted, salt-tolerant β€” far rarer here than the alligator" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "American crocodile Florida", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a grayish-green American crocodile basking on a sandy mangrove bank, narrow snout and toothy jaw visible, brackish water and twisted mangrove roots behind, bright coastal light, photorealistic.", "alt": "A grayish American crocodile basking on a mangrove bank.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Pexels Β· Detailed close-up of an American Crocodile resting by the water in Florida wetlands.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/crocodile-head-near-water-in-close-up-photography-11456334/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ever-pair-crocodile.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "17b7iw21c0tu4k" }, { "id": "ever-pair-spoonbill", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife", "birds" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roseate spoonbill" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Pink wading bird with a flat, spoon-shaped bill it sweeps through shallow water" }, "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "roseate spoonbill Everglades", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a vivid pink roseate spoonbill wading in shallow water, its distinctive flat spoon-shaped bill lowered, soft reflections and green marsh behind, warm light, photorealistic wildlife shot.", "alt": "A pink roseate spoonbill wading with its spoon-shaped bill in the water.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Roseate spoonbill Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseate_spoonbill", "subject": "A roseate spoonbill standing in open water facing the camera, vivid pink plumage, spoon-shaped bill clearly visible - Wikipedia's lead photo for the 'Roseate spoonbill' article", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ever-pair-spoonbill.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "r9tk6tdapoh7" }, { "id": "ever-pair-anhinga", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife", "birds" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Anhinga" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Spear-billed \"snakebird\" that swims underwater, then spreads its wings to dry" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1entn22vrhjk" }, { "id": "ever-pair-manatee", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "West Indian manatee" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Gentle, slow-moving \"sea cow\" that grazes in the park's warm coastal waters" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1xebwdabgwh0w" }, { "id": "ever-pair-triplehonor", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "record", "history" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Triple UNESCO honor" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "World Heritage Site, Biosphere Reserve, and Wetland of International Importance" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1jti6hm1e497zw" }, { "id": "ever-fact-anhingatrail", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "wildlife" ], "title": "The Anhinga Trail", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-anhinga-trail", "body": "If you walk one path in the Everglades, make it the Anhinga Trail β€” a flat, easy boardwalk of about 0.8 mile that loops over a freshwater slough. In the dry season the water draws wildlife into astonishing close range: alligators sun on the banks, anhingas dry their wings on the rails, and herons, turtles, and gar crowd the pools. Few short walks anywhere pack in so much.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "A flat 0.8-mile boardwalk β€” and some of the easiest gator-watching on Earth.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Anhinga Trail Everglades boardwalk", "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a low wooden boardwalk winding over a sunlit freshwater slough, an alligator on the bank and wading birds nearby, sawgrass and lily pads framing calm water, warm daylight, photorealistic.", "alt": "A boardwalk over a sunlit slough on the Everglades' Anhinga Trail.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Fredlyfish4 Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anhinga_Trail_boardwalk.JPG", "subject": "the same wooden boardwalk-over-slough photograph as index 2/7/10, directly titled on Wikimedia Commons \"File:Anhinga Trail boardwalk.JPG\"; exactly matches the alt text's boardwalk-over-a-sunlit-slough description", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ever-fact-anhingatrail.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "cj0aissn2vzi" }, { "id": "ever-fact-sharkvalley", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "feature" ], "title": "Shark Valley", "studyGuideAnchor": "shark-valley", "body": "On the park's northern edge, Shark Valley centers on a 15-mile paved loop you can bike or ride by open-air tram. At its far end stands a 65-foot observation tower with a sweeping ramp, offering a rare high vantage over the flat \"River of Grass\" β€” a 360-degree sea of sawgrass dotted with tree islands and gators stretching to every horizon.", "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "A 65-foot tower over a 360-degree sea of sawgrass.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Shark Valley observation tower", "imagePrompt": "The spiral ramp of an observation tower rising above a flat sawgrass wetland.", "alt": "The Shark Valley observation tower rising over the flat sawgrass marsh.", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Traveller-Reini (Openverse) Β· by-sa 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/129472585@N03/15241566943", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ever-fact-sharkvalley.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1fl48zb54k3u5" }, { "id": "ever-fact-restoration", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "east", "conservation", "history" ], "title": "The Restoration Challenge", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-restoration-challenge", "body": "A century of canals, levees, and farms diverted the fresh water that the Everglades runs on, shrinking the wetland to roughly half its original size and leaving the park with only about half its natural water flow. The response is one of the largest environmental restoration efforts on Earth β€” re-engineering the plumbing of South Florida to send clean water south again, so the River of Grass can flow as it once did.", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Everglades mangroves estuary", "imagePrompt": "Aerial photograph of a labyrinth of mangrove islands and winding tidal channels where freshwater marsh meets the sea, deep green foliage on glassy water, soft hazy light, photorealistic.", "alt": "An aerial maze of mangrove islands and channels at the Everglades coast.", "kind": "photo", "credit": "evergladesnps Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mangrove_Estuary_(39601730540).jpg", "subject": "Eye-level shot of mangrove prop roots lining the edge of a broad tidal waterway stretching to the horizon β€” an NPS photo captioned 'Mangrove Estuary,' honestly depicting a mangrove-fringed estuarine channel.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/ever-fact-restoration.webp" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1aa0rlgwgoj1a" }, { "id": "ever-num-anhingalength", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how long is the Everglades' wildlife-packed Anhinga Trail boardwalk?" }, "value": 0.8, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 0.1, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1c0f681lccn6f" }, { "id": "ever-num-sharkvalley", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "feature" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how long is the paved Shark Valley loop by bike or tram?" }, "value": 15, "unit": "miles", "tolerance": 1, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1lwci4z1ryd3bd" }, { "id": "ever-num-visits", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many recreation visits did Everglades receive in 2024?" }, "value": 950000, "unit": "visitors", "tolerance": 30000, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "ex0xzkzmmdai" }, { "id": "ever-mcq-season", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "east", "recreation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When is the best season to visit the Everglades?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Dry winter (December–April)", "short": "Dry winter, December–April" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Early autumn hurricane season", "short": "Early autumn, hurricane season" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Late spring at peak mosquito season", "short": "Late spring, peak mosquitoes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wet summer (June–September)", "short": "Wet summer, June to September" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The dry winter season brings comfortable weather, far fewer mosquitoes, and lower water that concentrates wildlife around remaining pools. Summer is hot, stormy, and buggy.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1mpevvk1aabg1m" }, { "id": "ever-pair-wilderness", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "feature" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Wilderness Waterway" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "~99-mile paddling route through mangroves between Flamingo and Everglades City" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1x3x14hux242v" }, { "id": "ever-pair-airboat", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "recreation" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Airboats" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Fan-powered flat boats β€” offered in adjacent areas, not in the park's core" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "1p4pub61r69ehg" }, { "id": "ever-pair-tenthousand", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "feature" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Ten Thousand Islands" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Maze of mangrove islets along the Gulf coast, prized for kayaking" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Everglades" }, "uid": "wj7qwdz1yy4z" }, { "id": "west-p1-profiles-a-num-teton-elev", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "park", "mountains" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In Grand Teton National Park, what is the elevation of Grand Teton, the range's highest summit?" }, "value": 13775, "unit": "feet", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "5n054813l2pci" }, { "id": "west-p1-profiles-a-num-trail-ridge-crest", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "park", "mountains" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In Rocky Mountain National Park, Trail Ridge Road β€” the highest continuous paved road in the United States β€” crests at what elevation?" }, "value": 12183, "unit": "feet", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "1usautr1gvopud" }, { "id": "west-p1-profiles-a-pair-crown-continent", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "park", "mountains" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier National Park" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Crown of the Continent" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "igth1b1m0sf39" }, { "id": "west-p1-profiles-a-mcq-tallest-dunes", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "western", "park", "dunes" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which national park protects Star Dune and Hidden Dune, the tallest dunes in North America at about 741 feet?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Rocky Mountain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Sand Dunes" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Great Sand Dunes' Star and Hidden Dunes rise about 741 feet against the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the tallest in North America.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "iqzt75n4vwtj" }, { "id": "west-p2-profiles-b-num-painted-wall", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "park", "canyon", "cliff" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "At Black Canyon of the Gunnison, the Painted Wall is Colorado's tallest cliff. Roughly how tall is it?" }, "value": 2250, "unit": "feet", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "upyufw1u7dz9y" }, { "id": "west-p2-profiles-b-num-wind-cave-miles", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "western", "park", "cave" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave is one of the longest, most complex caves on Earth. About how many miles of it have been mapped?" }, "value": 160, "unit": "miles", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "6rjvrxoho1r7" }, { "id": "west-p2-profiles-b-pair-cliff-palace", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "western", "park", "culture" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cliff Palace, the largest cliff dwelling in North America" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mesa Verde" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "15ezz9gwm6cym" }, { "id": "sw-profiles-canyon-country-num-grand-canyon-length", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology", "grand-canyon" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How long is the Grand Canyon, measured along the Colorado River that carved it?" }, "value": 277, "unit": "miles", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "18u4jwn1c3442l" }, { "id": "sw-profiles-canyon-country-num-zion-visitors-2024", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "zion", "visitation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many visitors came to Zion National Park in 2024, making it the 2nd-most-visited national park?" }, "value": 4.94, "unit": "million visitors", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "bq05e4tndk9y" }, { "id": "sw-profiles-canyon-country-pair-park-hoodoos", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology", "bryce-canyon" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "The densest concentration of hoodoos (rock spires) on Earth" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Bryce Canyon" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "mleymj1186wb5" }, { "id": "sw-profiles-canyon-country-mcq-desert-solitaire", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "arches", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In which national park did ranger Edward Abbey write the wilderness classic Desert Solitaire in 1968?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Bryce Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Canyonlands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Arches" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Zion" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Ranger Edward Abbey wrote Desert Solitaire at Arches in 1968.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "128muk51h38s7f" }, { "id": "sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-num-wheeler-peak", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology", "great-basin" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In Great Basin National Park, how high (in feet) is Wheeler Peak, the summit that holds ancient bristlecone pines?" }, "value": 13065, "unit": "feet", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "5isvtl1s09v7j" }, { "id": "sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-num-petrified-age", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology", "petrified-forest" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How old, in years, are the Triassic petrified logs at Petrified Forest National Park?" }, "value": 225000000, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "1if5gikfr3o12" }, { "id": "sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-pair-capitol-fold", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology", "capitol-reef" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Capitol Reef" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "protects the Waterpocket Fold, a ~100-mile wrinkle in the Earth's crust" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "zi9f3n1nwc209" }, { "id": "sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-mcq-saguaro-desert", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "flora", "saguaro" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The giant saguaro cactus protected at Saguaro National Park is found only in which desert?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Colorado Desert" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mojave Desert" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Painted Desert" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sonoran Desert" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The saguaro is the iconic symbol of the American West, found only in the Sonoran Desert.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "v6wnna1q0lhrc" }, { "id": "sw-profiles-caves-and-extremes-num-guadalupe-peak", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Guadalupe Peak, the highest point in Texas?" }, "value": 8751, "unit": "feet", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "dr6s4v1nutwqd" }, { "id": "sw-profiles-caves-and-extremes-num-death-valley-heat", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the hottest air temperature reliably recorded on Earth, measured at Furnace Creek in Death Valley on July 10, 1913?" }, "value": 134, "unit": "degrees Fahrenheit", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "t243ebdh35tl" }, { "id": "sw-profiles-caves-and-extremes-pair-badwater-lowest", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "record" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Badwater Basin (βˆ’282 ft), the lowest point in North America" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Death Valley" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "8d2yl1d2opf" }, { "id": "sw-profiles-caves-and-extremes-mcq-gypsum-dunes", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park protects the world's largest gypsum dune field β€” about 275 square miles of brilliant white sand in the Tularosa Basin?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Carlsbad Caverns" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "White Sands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Death Valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Big Bend" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "White Sands, in New Mexico's Tularosa Basin, holds the world's largest gypsum dune field at about 275 square miles.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "14vhrab1e8w2ix" }, { "id": "pac-profiles-1-num-yosemite-falls", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology", "yosemite" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Yosemite Falls, the tallest waterfall in North America?" }, "value": 2425, "unit": "feet", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "t9ilstwvnmoj" }, { "id": "pac-profiles-1-num-whitney-elev", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology", "sequoia" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the elevation of Mount Whitney, the highest peak in the contiguous U.S., which rises on Sequoia's eastern boundary?" }, "value": 14505, "unit": "feet", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "1izv7vsv2a76" }, { "id": "pac-profiles-1-pair-sherman-tree", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "flora", "sequoia" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "General Sherman Tree" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Largest single-stem tree on Earth by volume" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "tdawcn1rslawd" }, { "id": "pac-profiles-2-num-rainier-elev", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "mount-rainier", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Mount Rainier, the active glacier-clad stratovolcano that is the most heavily glaciated peak in the contiguous U.S.?" }, "value": 14410, "unit": "feet", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "15qag243fjf3a" }, { "id": "pac-profiles-2-num-north-cascades-glaciers", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "north-cascades", "glaciers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Nicknamed 'the American Alps,' this park holds about one-third of all glaciers in the Lower 48 β€” how many glaciers is that, at minimum?" }, "value": 300, "unit": "count", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "a789ty1xsniko" }, { "id": "pac-profiles-2-pair-channel-islands-nickname", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "wildlife", "channel-islands", "nickname" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Channel Islands" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "GalΓ‘pagos of North America" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "wuchxt196ihd3" }, { "id": "pac-profiles-2-mcq-condor-park", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "pinnacles", "condor" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Pacific park β€” a chunk of the ancient Neenach Volcano split by the San Andreas Fault β€” is one of the best places on Earth to watch wild California condors?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "North Cascades" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Pinnacles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Channel Islands" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Pinnacles, half of the fault-split Neenach Volcano, is one of the best places to watch wild California condors.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "uhevom14k8a08" }, { "id": "pac-profiles-3-num-crater-lake-depth", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How deep is Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States?" }, "value": 1943, "unit": "feet", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "fyaegs1sg67nq" }, { "id": "pac-profiles-3-num-mauna-loa-elev", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the elevation of Mauna Loa, the largest active volcano on Earth by volume?" }, "value": 13681, "unit": "feet", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "evyy2t19hzsy3" }, { "id": "pac-profiles-3-pair-haleakala-meaning", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Haleakalā" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "House of the Sun" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "uncdz51t7tiv" }, { "id": "pac-profiles-3-mcq-samoa-equator", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "ecosystem" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which is the only U.S. national park located south of the equator?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Crater Lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "American Samoa" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hawaii Volcanoes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Haleakalā" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Spread across three South Pacific islands, American Samoa is the only U.S. national park south of the equator.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "1hqqmkvg5hz11" }, { "id": "l12-ak-profiles-1-num-denali-elev", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "mountain", "denali", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The highest peak in North America, an Alaskan summit the Koyukon Athabascan called 'the high one,' rises to what elevation?" }, "value": 20310, "unit": "feet", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "vhizj61xel6h0" }, { "id": "l12-ak-profiles-1-num-gates-acres", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "wilderness", "gates-of-the-arctic", "acreage" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The second-largest U.S. national park, lying entirely north of the Arctic Circle with no roads or trails, covers roughly how many acres?" }, "value": 7500000, "unit": "acres", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "oh5tfb1l0w8i5" }, { "id": "l12-ak-profiles-1-pair-katmai-fatbear", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "wildlife", "katmai", "fat-bear-week" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Katmai" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Brooks Falls brown bears of 'Fat Bear Week'" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "1s6710p1806n1b" }, { "id": "l12-ak-profiles-2-num-wrangell-acres", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "mountain", "wrangell-st-elias" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The largest U.S. national park spans roughly how many million acres?" }, "value": 13.2, "unit": "million acres", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "116nwh3143b7xp" }, { "id": "l12-ak-profiles-2-num-st-elias-elev", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "alaska", "mountain", "wrangell-st-elias" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In Wrangell–St. Elias, how tall is Mount St. Elias, the nation's second-highest peak?" }, "value": 18008, "unit": "feet", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "lmd0fvhf68w1" }, { "id": "l12-ak-profiles-2-pair-proenneke-cabin", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "lake-clark", "wildlife" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Lake Clark" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Dick Proenneke's hand-built cabin at Upper Twin Lake" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "xxw5is162tyge" }, { "id": "l12-ak-profiles-2-mcq-arctic-dunes", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "wilderness", "kobuk-valley" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Alaskan park holds the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, a ~25-square-mile expanse of Ice Age sand above the Arctic Circle?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Lake Clark" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wrangell–St. Elias" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kobuk Valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kenai Fjords" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes, covering ~25 square miles above the Arctic Circle, lie in Kobuk Valley.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "7vcen5n27e7b" }, { "id": "east-profile-1-num-cadillac-elev", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "park", "coast", "acadia" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In Acadia, Cadillac Mountain is the highest point on the U.S. Atlantic coast. What is its elevation in feet?" }, "value": 1530, "unit": "feet", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "m2z23a1g6zhvc" }, { "id": "east-profile-1-num-mammoth-miles", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "park", "cave", "mammoth-cave" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many miles of Mammoth Cave have been mapped, making it the longest known cave system on Earth?" }, "value": 426, "unit": "miles", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "1r0cj9w1g8kbzy" }, { "id": "east-profile-1-pair-shenandoah-skyline", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "park", "scenic-drive", "shenandoah" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Shenandoah" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Skyline Drive (105 miles, 75 overlooks)" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "vx72q6q15y40" }, { "id": "east-profile-2-num-gateway-arch-height", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "park", "monument", "gateway-arch" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In feet, how tall is the stainless-steel Gateway Arch in St. Louis β€” the tallest arch and tallest monument in the U.S.?" }, "value": 630, "unit": "feet", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "clrhhv178q5nt" }, { "id": "east-profile-2-num-isle-royale-wolf-moose-year", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "park", "wilderness", "isle-royale" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Isle Royale's predator-prey study β€” the world's longest-running β€” begin tracking wolves and moose?" }, "value": 1958, "unit": "year", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "1pbc4x61bttik" }, { "id": "east-profile-2-pair-cuyahoga-meaning", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "park", "recovery", "cuyahoga-valley" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cuyahoga (Iroquoian word)" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "crooked river" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "10667rrkxsb3x" }, { "id": "east-profile-2-mcq-smallest-park", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "east", "park", "monument", "gateway-arch" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these parks is the smallest and most urban national park, and the only one honoring a historical event rather than a natural landscape?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Cuyahoga Valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gateway Arch" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Indiana Dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Voyageurs" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Gateway Arch's ~193 acres make it the smallest, most urban national park and the only one honoring a historical event rather than a natural landscape.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "dx4sni1x4djxs" }, { "id": "east-profile-3-num-hot-springs-count", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "park", "thermal", "hot-springs" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many thermal springs flow at Hot Springs, the oldest area in the National Park System?" }, "value": 47, "unit": "count", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "1nf0fx61omh1wc" }, { "id": "east-profile-3-num-dry-tortugas-bricks", "shape": "numeric", "tags": [ "east", "park", "marine", "dry-tortugas" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Fort Jefferson at Dry Tortugas β€” the largest masonry structure in the Americas β€” was built from roughly how many bricks?" }, "value": 16000000, "unit": "count", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "wafv0k1d553pq" }, { "id": "east-profile-3-pair-everglades-firsts", "shape": "pair", "tags": [ "east", "park", "wetland", "everglades" ], "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Everglades" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "First national park created to protect an ecosystem rather than scenery" }, "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "11p5nvi1r0stow" }, { "id": "east-profile-3-mcq-biscayne-underwater", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "east", "park", "marine", "biscayne" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park sits just south of Miami and is about 95% underwater, protecting the northern Florida Keys reef tract?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Everglades" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Biscayne" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Dry Tortugas" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Virgin Islands" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Biscayne, south of Miami, is about 95% underwater and protects the northern Florida Keys reef tract.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Park Service" }, "uid": "1he95ti1aywm08" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-intro-p1-idea", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "history", "organic-act", "nps" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which U.S. president signed the 1916 Organic Act, creating the National Park Service?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Woodrow Wilson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ulysses S. Grant" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Woodrow Wilson signed the Organic Act on August 25, 1916, finally giving the parks an agency after 44 years without one. Grant had signed the Yellowstone act in 1872; Roosevelt championed the Antiquities Act.", "uid": "1lztdc7y6ky2" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-intro-p2-numbers", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geography", "superlatives", "alaska" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The four largest U.S. national parks are all located in which state?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "California" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Montana" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wyoming" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Alaska" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "All four biggest parks sit in Alaska, where the scale of the land dwarfs the Lower 48. Wrangell-St. Elias alone spans 13.2 million acres, larger than Switzerland and bigger than several marquee parks combined.", "uid": "13r89w61s4bny0" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-story-p1-people", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "conservationists", "land-ethic", "leopold" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Whose 1949 book A Sand County Almanac introduced the 'land ethic,' written after he watched 'the green fire' fade from a dying wolf's eyes?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Marjory Stoneman Douglas" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rachel Carson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Aldo Leopold" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Aldo Leopold recanted his youthful war on wolves and articulated the 'land ethic' in A Sand County Almanac (1949). Carson wrote Silent Spring; Douglas gave us the Everglades' 'River of Grass'; Muir founded the Sierra Club.", "uid": "hlo47t1tj1hrj" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-story-p2-timeline", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "legislation", "wilderness-act", "timeline" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What did the Wilderness Act of 1964 accomplish?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Gave presidents the power to proclaim national monuments", "short": "Let presidents name monuments" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Created the National Wilderness Preservation System, closing the wildest backcountry to roads and machines", "short": "Created a backcountry system" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "More than doubled the park system with new Alaskan parklands", "short": "Doubled the system via Alaska" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Created the National Park Service to run the parks", "short": "Created the National Park Service" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The 1964 Wilderness Act established the National Wilderness Preservation System, locking the wildest land away from roads and vehicles. The Antiquities Act (1906), Organic Act (1916), and ANILCA (1980) did the other three.", "uid": "bq7nnjgm7ho5" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-geo-p1-forces", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "glaciers", "climate", "glacier-np" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Of an estimated 150 glaciers in Glacier National Park in 1850, roughly how many named glaciers remain today?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 50" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 25" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 75" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 100" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Only about 25 named glaciers survive of the roughly 150 present in 1850, each shrinking as the climate warms, even though it was that same glacial carving that shaped the park's horns and hanging valleys.", "uid": "fb5che15sze3o" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-geo-p2-formations", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "arches", "sandstone", "formations" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many natural stone arches has Arches National Park in Utah catalogued?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "More than 2,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly 200" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Around 50" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Close to 20,000" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Arches NP catalogs more than 2,000 arches, openings formed as water and ice widen cracks in a sandstone fin until a hole breaks clean through, including the slender 290-foot Landscape Arch.", "uid": "116r86iovq7p8" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-wild-p1-iconic", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "grizzly", "wildlife-id", "bears" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which physical feature is a key field mark for identifying a grizzly bear?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Short, curved claws" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A muscular shoulder hump" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A straight facial profile" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Tall, prominent ears" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "A grizzly shows a muscular shoulder hump, a dished (concave) face, and long front claws built for digging. Tall ears, a straight facial profile, and short claws are marks of the black bear instead.", "uid": "189awpp77dymr" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-wild-p2-keystone", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "keystone-species", "ecology", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In ecology, what makes a species a \"keystone species\"?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Its influence on the whole ecosystem far outweighs its abundance", "short": "It matters more than its numbers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is simply the most numerous species in its habitat", "short": "It is simply the most numerous species" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It lives only inside protected national park boundaries", "short": "It lives only in national parks" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is always the apex predator at the top of the food chain", "short": "It is always the apex predator" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Named for the wedge stone that holds an arch together, a keystone species shapes its entire ecosystem out of proportion to its numbers. Wolves, beavers, and prairie dogs all qualify; remove the keystone and the system unravels.", "uid": "tyjtik136y3hy" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-flora-p1-record-plants", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "giant-sequoia", "general-sherman", "records" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "General Sherman, a giant sequoia in Sequoia NP, holds the record as the largest tree on Earth measured by what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Age" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Width of its trunk at the very base", "short": "Width of its trunk at the base" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Total volume of wood" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Height" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Giant sequoias win on bulk, not height. General Sherman is the largest single-stem tree by wood volume (~52,500 cubic feet). Coast redwoods are the tallest trees, and bristlecone pines the oldest.", "uid": "1wmd9jy1g7nnnk" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-flora-p2-life-zones", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "life-zones", "elevation", "ecology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "By the classic rule of thumb in park ecology, climbing 1,000 feet up a mountain is roughly like traveling how far northward?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 600 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 60 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1,500 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 150 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Because air cools about 3–5Β°F per 1,000 feet, gaining elevation mimics heading toward the poles β€” 1,000 ft up β‰ˆ 600 miles north. That's why one tall park can stack desert, montane, subalpine, and alpine tundra life zones.", "uid": "y7o19y1bvzpfs" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-rec-p1-extremes", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "crater-lake", "geology", "records" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How did Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States, form?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A volcano (Mount Mazama) erupted and collapsed into a caldera that filled with rain and snowmelt", "short": "A volcano collapsed inward" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A retreating glacier gouged out a deep basin that filled with meltwater", "short": "A glacier gouged a deep basin" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A meteorite impact blasted out a deep crater", "short": "A meteorite blasted a crater" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A landslide dammed a river and drowned a valley", "short": "A landslide dammed a valley" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Crater Lake sits in the caldera of Mount Mazama, which erupted and collapsed about 7,700 years ago. With no river running in or out, only rain and snowmelt fill it β€” and with little sediment, the water is famously clear and deep blue.", "uid": "1dqp2iz1jzmcbl" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-rec-p2-firsts-and-mosts", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "acadia", "park-history", "records" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What made Acadia National Park, established in 1919 in Maine, a milestone in park history?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the first national park east of the Mississippi River", "short": "First park east of the Mississippi" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the first national park to span two states", "short": "First park to span two states" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the first national park created by presidential proclamation", "short": "First park by presidential decree" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the first national park north of the Arctic Circle", "short": "First park inside the Arctic Circle" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Most early parks were carved from western federal land; Acadia broke that pattern as the first park east of the Mississippi β€” and the first assembled largely from privately donated land. Its Cadillac Mountain is the highest headland on the U.S. Atlantic coast.", "uid": "1ep63cwkx83wq" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-visit-p1-sites", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "trail-ridge-road", "rocky-mountain", "visiting" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Trail Ridge Road in Rocky Mountain National Park holds what national distinction?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The longest paved road in any national park", "short": "Longest paved road in any park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The highest continuous paved road in the United States", "short": "Highest continuous paved road in the U.S." }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The steepest paved road in the United States", "short": "Steepest paved road in the U.S." }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The first paved road built in the National Park System", "short": "First paved road in the park system" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Trail Ridge Road crests at 12,183 feet, making it the highest continuous paved road in the U.S. It runs for miles above treeline through fragile alpine tundra and stays snow-closed for much of the year.", "uid": "1duon0q16qmnp8" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-visit-p2-timing-safety", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wildlife-safety", "bison", "yellowstone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Counterintuitively, which animal injures more Yellowstone visitors than any other?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Grizzly bears" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Elk" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wolves" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Despite bears' fearsome reputation, bison injure the most Yellowstone visitors β€” almost always people who edged too close for a photo. A bison can outrun a person and pivot on a dime, so the NPS rule is to stay 25 yards back.", "uid": "1dwbka2sozlkc" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-visit-p3-glossary", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "designations", "antiquities-act" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park designation can the President create directly, without an act of Congress?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "National monument" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "National park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "National preserve" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wilderness area" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "A national monument can be proclaimed by the President under the Antiquities Act of 1906 β€” no act of Congress needed. That speed saved many landscapes; several, like the Grand Canyon, were monuments before Congress upgraded them to full parks.", "uid": "1wi3kb5uk332v" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-fun-p1-facts", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "great-smoky-mountains", "fees" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Smoky Mountains is the most-visited U.S. national park, yet it has never charged an entrance fee. Why?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Congress waives fees at the single most-visited park each year", "short": "Congress waives the top park's fees" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A legal condition of Tennessee's land transfer bars any toll on the main road", "short": "A land-transfer condition bars tolls" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is fully funded by the state of Tennessee", "short": "Tennessee funds the park in full" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Its charter predates the national entrance-fee system", "short": "Its charter predates park fees" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "When Tennessee transferred the land, the deal required that no toll ever be collected on the main road. So the walk-in price stays zero β€” even though a 2023 parking-tag fee arrived for vehicles that stop and park.", "uid": "o3n4wj1gsxldl" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-west-p2-profiles-b", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "theodore-roosevelt", "park-names" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these Western parks is the only U.S. national park named for a single person?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mesa Verde" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Badlands" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Theodore Roosevelt National Park, in the North Dakota badlands along the Little Missouri River, is the only national park named for one person. His 1880s ranching years there forged the conservation ethic he carried to the White House.", "uid": "1mcdjz618jwz84" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-west-p3-concept", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "great-sand-dunes", "colorado" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Western park lets you sandboard and stargaze beneath the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, with the tallest dunes in North America (about 741 feet)?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Black Canyon of the Gunnison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Badlands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Sand Dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Great Sand Dunes, in Colorado's high San Luis Valley, piles North America's tallest dunes β€” topping near 741 feet β€” against the 13,000-foot Sangre de Cristo range, a landscape made for sandboarding and stargazing.", "uid": "1u0yiov94a22" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-west-p4-numbers", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yellowstone", "visitation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone drew about 4.7 million visitors in 2024. Where did that rank among U.S. national parks?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "6th-most-visited" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "4th-most-visited" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2nd-most-visited" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1st-most-visited" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Yellowstone's 4,744,353 visitors made it the 4th-most-visited national park in 2024 β€” astonishing for a place reachable only across long mountain distances. Rocky Mountain followed close behind at 5th.", "uid": "nmxyx61nhr9o" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-sw-concept", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "bryce-canyon", "hoodoos" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Southwest park, despite its name, is not a canyon but a set of eroded amphitheaters holding the densest concentration of rock spires (hoodoos) on Earth?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Bryce Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Arches" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Zion" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Bryce Canyon isn't a canyon at all β€” it's amphitheaters carved into a plateau's edge, packed with the densest hoodoos on Earth. Southern Paiute legend says the spires are the 'Legend People' turned to stone by Coyote.", "uid": "1csns44h8oy6m" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-sw-numbers", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "death-valley", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Death Valley holds both Badwater Basin (below sea level) and Telescope Peak (11,049 ft). Roughly how much vertical relief separates them?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About three miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About half a mile" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About one mile" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About two miles" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "From βˆ’282 ft at Badwater to 11,049 ft at Telescope Peak is over 11,300 feet β€” a two-mile vertical range within one park. Even the hottest, lowest place in North America reaches two miles into the sky.", "uid": "1fp9tsnktfd9" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-pac-profiles-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sequoia", "fire-ecology", "california" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Counterintuitively, the giant sequoias of Sequoia National Park depend on periodic fire. Why?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Flames scorch away a fungus that would otherwise rot the seeds before they sprout", "short": "Kills fungus that rots the seeds" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The heat opens their cones to release seeds, so decades of fire suppression threatened the species' renewal", "short": "Heat opens cones to free seeds" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ash supplies the only nutrients their shallow roots can absorb", "short": "Ash is their only nutrient source" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fire kills a bark beetle that would otherwise girdle the mature trunks", "short": "Kills beetles that girdle trunks" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Giant sequoia cones need the heat of fire to open and drop their seeds, so decades of fire suppression actually endangered the species' renewal. The mature trees' thick, tannin-rich bark leaves them nearly fireproof.", "uid": "1kuwkj11w0azf7" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-pac-concept", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "pinnacles", "recognition", "san-andreas" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In the 'Which Pacific Park?' game, which one is half of an ancient volcano carried roughly 195 miles north along the San Andreas Fault β€” a small, new park riddled with talus caves and patrolled by condors?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Haleakalā" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Pinnacles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Lassen Volcanic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Channel Islands" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Pinnacles, one of the smallest and newest parks, preserves half of an ancient volcano that the San Andreas Fault has hauled ~195 miles north from its other half; its talus caves and skies are patrolled by California condors.", "uid": "48szd71egrbup" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-pac-numbers", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mauna-loa", "hawaii", "volcano" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Mauna Loa rises to 13,681 ft. What superlative does it hold?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The tallest mountain on Earth measured from base to summit", "short": "Tallest on Earth, base to summit" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The highest peak anywhere in the Pacific", "short": "Highest peak in the Pacific" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The largest active volcano on Earth by volume", "short": "Largest by volume on Earth" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The most frequently erupting volcano in the world", "short": "Most frequently erupts of any" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The guide identifies Mauna Loa as the largest active volcano on Earth by volume. The other options are real mountain superlatives, but none is the title Mauna Loa holds β€” making them tempting distractors.", "uid": "iydxjw1t48a6u" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-l12-ak-profiles-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "glacier-bay", "primary-succession", "ecology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier Bay's ice has retreated about 65 miles, leaving bare rock that slowly turns to forest β€” a sequence scientists watch across the bay like a time-lapse. What is this ecological process called?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacial isostatic rebound" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ecological eutrophication" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Secondary succession" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Primary succession" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Newly exposed, lifeless rock progressing to mature forest over roughly 200 years is primary succession. Secondary succession, by contrast, follows a disturbance where soil already exists β€” so it is the wrong term here.", "uid": "56g0sx1cmcdnb" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-l12-ak-which-park", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "kobuk-valley", "recognition", "alaska" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which roadless Alaskan park north of the Arctic Circle improbably shelters 25 square miles of Ice Age sand dunes that can hit 100Β°F, while half a million caribou cross its river at Onion Portage?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Lake Clark" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kenai Fjords" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gates of the Arctic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kobuk Valley" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Kobuk Valley's tells are its 25 square miles of Ice Age sand dunes that can reach 100Β°F and the Western Arctic caribou herd crossing the river at Onion Portage β€” an improbable desert above the Arctic Circle.", "uid": "17emvxmc0gwvg" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-l12-ak-numbers", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wrangell-st-elias", "scale", "alaska" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Wrangell–St. Elias, the largest U.S. national park at 13,175,799 acres, is bigger than Switzerland. Roughly how many times could Yellowstone fit inside it?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About six times" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About two times" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About a hundred times" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About twenty times" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Yellowstone fits inside Wrangell–St. Elias about six times. At over 13 million acres it is larger than Switzerland and ranks #1 by area in the entire national park system, with Gates of the Arctic #2.", "uid": "13zj22v1t8fnrx" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-east-profile-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "great-smoky-mountains", "most-visited", "appalachian" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Smoky Mountains is by far the most-visited national park, with 12.19 million visits in 2024. What else is uniquely true of it?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the first national park east of the Mississippi", "short": "First park east of the Mississippi" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It protects the longest known cave on Earth", "short": "Protects the longest known cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is the newest national park in the system", "short": "The newest park in the system" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It has never charged an entrance fee" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Uniquely, the Smokies have never charged an entrance fee. The distractors are its Appalachian neighbors' facts: Acadia was first east of the Mississippi, New River Gorge is the newest (2020), and Mammoth Cave holds the longest cave.", "uid": "ucgjj4fy93i2" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-east-concept", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "acadia", "eastern-parks" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park is recognized as the first national park established east of the Mississippi River?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Shenandoah" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Acadia" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Everglades" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Smoky Mountains" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Acadia β€” a park of pink granite on a Maine coastal island with the highest point on the Atlantic coast β€” was the first national park east of the Mississippi, assembled entirely from donated private land.", "uid": "dm1bs18g9147" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-east-numbers", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "great-smoky-mountains", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which eastern summit is the highest point on the entire Appalachian Trail?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Cadillac Mountain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Desor" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hawksbill" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Clingmans Dome" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Clingmans Dome in the Great Smoky Mountains reaches 6,643 ft β€” both the park's high point and the highest point on the whole Appalachian Trail. Cadillac (1,530 ft), Hawksbill (4,051 ft), and Mount Desor (1,394 ft) are lower park high points.", "uid": "xeqs6fc9w7xp" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-yell-p1-geology", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yellowstone", "supervolcano", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone sits inside a caldera. What is a caldera?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A dome pushed upward by magma rising beneath the crust", "short": "A dome pushed up by rising magma" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A basin carved by an ancient glacier", "short": "A basin carved by a glacier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A crater left when the ground collapsed into an emptied magma chamber after a supervolcano eruption", "short": "A crater left as magma drains" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A crater blasted out by a meteorite impact", "short": "A crater blasted by a meteorite" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "A caldera is the vast crater that formed about 640,000 years ago when a Yellowstone supervolcano erupted and the ground collapsed into the emptied magma chamber. The Yellowstone hotspot still feeds its geothermal features.", "uid": "1ajor9w145dn3y" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-yell-p2-wildlife", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yellowstone", "wolves", "ecology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "After wolves returned to Yellowstone in 1995, elk stopped overgrazing the valleys, willows and beavers came back, and even some rivers changed course. What do scientists call this chain reaction?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Ecological succession" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Keystone predation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A population bottleneck" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A trophic cascade" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "A trophic cascade is when a top predator reshapes an entire ecosystem down the food chain. Yellowstone's wolves are its most famous example β€” their return regrew streamside willows, revived beavers, and stabilized riverbanks.", "uid": "1bu1h5z12gofgd" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-grca-p1-canyon", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "grand-canyon", "geology", "colorado-river" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Grand Canyon is often described as a paradox of 'ancient rock, young canyon.' How did the canyon itself form?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A massive fault split the plateau apart", "short": "A fault split the plateau apart" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Colorado Plateau rose while the Colorado River cut straight down through the rising rock", "short": "The plateau rose, the river cut down" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A glacier gouged it out during the last ice age", "short": "A glacier gouged it in the ice age" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind slowly scoured it over nearly 2 billion years", "short": "Wind scoured it over eons" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Over the past ~5–6 million years the Colorado Plateau bulged upward while the Colorado River sawed straight down through the rising rock β€” young carving through very old stone. The rock at the bottom, the Vishnu Schist, is ~1.8 billion years old.", "uid": "1rolh1d7yucp3" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-grca-p2-life-and-people", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "grand-canyon", "ecology", "life-zones" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hiking from the Grand Canyon's rim down to the river crosses the same span of life zones as traveling between which two places?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Texas and Montana" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mexico and Canada" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "California and Alaska" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Florida and Maine" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Biologists say descending from the cool spruce-fir North Rim to Sonoran desert scrub at the river covers the same range of life zones as a trip from Mexico to Canada β€” the vertical climate ladder that makes the canyon so biodiverse.", "uid": "1tok0kqph3ang" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-yose-p2-giants-and-history", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yosemite", "conservation-history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who signed the 1864 Yosemite Grant, the first time the U.S. government set aside scenic land purely to protect it for public enjoyment?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Abraham Lincoln" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ulysses S. Grant" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Amid the Civil War in 1864, Abraham Lincoln signed the Yosemite Grant, entrusting Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove to California β€” the seed of the national-park idea that bloomed at Yellowstone in 1872.", "uid": "1epl5it57rdaj" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-zion-p1-canyon", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "zion", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the geological origin of the Navajo Sandstone that forms Zion's towering cliffs?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Lava flows from ancient volcanoes", "short": "Lava from ancient volcanoes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Silt deposited by the Virgin River", "short": "Silt from the Virgin River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Petrified sand dunes from an ancient desert", "short": "Petrified dunes of desert sand" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cemented reefs from a shallow tropical sea", "short": "Reefs from a tropical sea" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Zion's cliffs are lithified dune sand: about 180 million years ago a Sahara-scale desert covered the region, and its dunes were buried, cemented, and lifted into today's cross-bedded walls.", "uid": "1ehfjttufsap3" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-zion-p2-adventure", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "zion", "angels-landing" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The name 'Angels Landing' comes from a 1916 visitor's remark that…" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "\"you can see heaven from the summit\"", "short": "\"you can see heaven up there\"" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "\"the angels must have carved these walls\"", "short": "\"the angels carved these walls\"" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "\"only an angel could land on it\"" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "\"the light here falls like an angel's wing\"", "short": "\"the light falls like a wing\"" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "In 1916 a visitor gazing at the soaring fin declared that 'only an angel could land on it,' and the name stuck. The airy, chain-assisted spine now requires a lottery permit to climb.", "uid": "11fu51p10bgpf" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-glac-p1-crown", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "glacier", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who championed Glacier National Park and gave it the enduring nickname the 'Crown of the Continent'?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Stephen Mather" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "George Bird Grinnell" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Enos Mills" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Conservationist George Bird Grinnell lobbied for the park and coined its regal nickname; the park's Grinnell Glacier also bears his name. Enos Mills is tied to Rocky Mountain, not Glacier.", "uid": "1hc1oz0cwiqee" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-glac-p3-visit", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "glacier", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What gives Lake McDonald's shoreline pebbles their famous red and green colors?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Iron in the billion-year-old Belt rock β€” red where it met ancient air, green where it stayed submerged", "short": "Iron in Belt rock, red and green" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Copper ore ground up and left by retreating glaciers", "short": "Copper ore left by glaciers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ash from ancient volcanic eruptions", "short": "Ash from volcanic eruptions" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Algae and lichen that stain the wet stones", "short": "Algae and lichen on wet stones" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The pebbles are ancient Belt Supergroup rock tinted by iron: reds formed where the iron was exposed to oxygen in ancient air, greens where it stayed submerged β€” a billion-year geology lesson you can hold.", "uid": "1oox7beonby8s" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-romo-p1-highcountry", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "rocky-mountain", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What ancient rock forms the core of the peaks in Rocky Mountain National Park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Navajo sandstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Precambrian granite and gneiss" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Basalt from ancient lava flows", "short": "Basalt from ancient lava" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Belt Supergroup limestone and mudstone", "short": "Belt Supergroup limestone" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Front Range's core is ancient Precambrian granite and gneiss, uplifted and then carved by Ice Age glaciers into cirques and U-shaped valleys. Belt rock and Navajo sandstone belong to Glacier and Zion.", "uid": "fjc9jm4q9xc4" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-deva-p1-extremes", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "death-valley", "heat" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Why does Death Valley record the hottest air temperatures on Earth?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It sits nearly on the equator, where sunlight is most intense", "short": "It sits nearly on the equator" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It lies directly beneath a thin spot in the ozone layer", "short": "A thin spot in the ozone layer" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Its below-sea-level floor traps heated air that sinks, compresses, and warms further, like the bottom of a bowl", "short": "A below-sea-level basin traps heat" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Geothermal heat from active volcanoes warms the valley floor", "short": "Geothermal heat from volcanoes" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Sunlight bakes the dark floor; the hot air rises, cools, then sinks and recompresses, and steep walls plus the below-sea-level depth concentrate it like a bowl. That is why 134Β°F was recorded here in 1913.", "uid": "5y0lh884h0d2" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-deva-p3-visit", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "death-valley", "dark-sky" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "At what tier is Death Valley certified as a Dark Sky Park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Platinum Tier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gold Tier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Silver Tier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bronze Tier" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Death Valley holds Gold Tier certification β€” the highest rating, reserved for the darkest, most pristine skies. Far from city light it reveals the full Milky Way, and starlight alone can cast your shadow.", "uid": "75a3rv1vwv4n5" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-sequ-p1-giants", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sequoia", "trees", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What record do giant sequoias hold among all the trees on Earth?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Oldest" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Widest trunk" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Tallest" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Largest by volume (most massive)", "short": "Largest by volume" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Giant sequoias are the most massive trees on Earth by volume. They aren't the tallest (that's the coast redwoods) nor the oldest (bristlecone pines) nor the widest β€” their record is sheer bulk of wood.", "uid": "1cpd3me1hslqe0" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-sequ-p2-high-sierra", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sequoia", "moro-rock", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Moro Rock is climbed by a stairway of more than 350 steps built into its granite dome. Who constructed it, and when?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "U.S. Army engineers in the 1910s", "short": "Army engineers in the 1910s" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s", "short": "Civilian Conservation Corps, 1930s" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Works Progress Administration in the 1950s", "short": "Works Progress Admin, 1950s" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir's trail crews in the 1870s", "short": "Muir's trail crews in the 1870s" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "New Deal Civilian Conservation Corps crews carved and built the 350-plus-step stairway into Moro Rock in the 1930s. The half-mile climb opens a sweeping view over the Great Western Divide and the Kaweah canyon.", "uid": "1ado4z219vmfn4" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-olym-p2-rainforest-coast", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "olympic", "hoh-rainforest", "ecology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In the Hoh Rain Forest, what is a \"nurse log\"?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A moss-covered boulder that stores rainwater for seedlings", "short": "Mossy boulder that holds rainwater" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A standing dead tree hollowed out for nesting birds", "short": "Dead tree hollowed for nesting" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A fallen log along which rows of new trees sprout and take root", "short": "Fallen tree where saplings root" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A ring of saplings encircling a single living parent tree", "short": "Saplings ringing a parent tree" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "In the drenched Hoh, fallen \"nurse logs\" become seedbeds β€” new trees sprout in rows along the decaying trunk, drawing moisture and nutrients as it slowly rots into the forest floor.", "uid": "nvqiji9wj9kg" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-dena-p1-mountain", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "denali", "elevation", "geography" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Everest rises higher above sea level, yet Denali is often called the biggest mountain on land. Why?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It contains more rock and ice by total volume than Everest", "short": "It has more rock and ice by volume" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It covers more ground area than any other mountain", "short": "It covers more ground than any peak" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It has the greatest base-to-summit rise (~18,000 ft); Everest sits on an already-high plateau", "short": "Greatest base-to-summit rise" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Its summit is actually farther from Earth's center than Everest's", "short": "Summit farther from Earth's center" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Everest stands on the ~3-mile-high Tibetan Plateau, so its rise above its own base is modest. Denali climbs about 18,000 ft from near-tundra to summit β€” the greatest vertical relief of any mountain on land.", "uid": "o9rt7gllcriu" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-dena-p3-visit", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "denali", "sled-dogs", "visiting" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What makes Denali's sled-dog kennel unique within the National Park System?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It is the oldest kennel, dating to the park's 1917 founding", "short": "Oldest kennel, dating to 1917" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is the only working sled-dog kennel in the entire system", "short": "The only working sled-dog kennel" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is the only kennel where visitors can adopt retired sled dogs", "short": "Only kennel that adopts dogs out" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is the largest dog kennel of any national park", "short": "Largest dog kennel of any park" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Denali runs the National Park System's only working sled-dog kennel. In deep winter, when snow closes the road to vehicles, rangers still patrol the wilderness by dog team as they have for about a century.", "uid": "t4ss8qml5c2" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-grsm-p2-life-and-history", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "great-smoky", "forests", "ice-age" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A cold-climate spruce-fir \"Canadian\" forest grows near the Smokies' highest summits. Why does it survive so far south?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It is an Ice-Age relic, stranded near the cold summits when the glaciers retreated", "short": "An Ice-Age relic left by the ice" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It regrew from Canadian seed after 20th-century logging", "short": "Regrew from Canadian seed" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The park's heavy rainfall alone allows it to grow there", "short": "Heavy rainfall alone allows it" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Settlers planted it as a timber crop in the 1800s", "short": "Settlers planted it for timber" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "As Ice-Age glaciers retreated, cold-adapted spruce-fir forest survived only on the coldest high peaks β€” a \"Canadian\" forest stranded far south, part of why the Smokies stack five forest types by elevation.", "uid": "124653utd6tgc" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-ever-p1-river-of-grass", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "conservation", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When it was established in 1947, what made Everglades a turning point in American conservation?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the first national park co-managed with a Native nation", "short": "First park co-managed with a tribe" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the first U.S. national park created to protect an ecosystem rather than scenery", "short": "First park created for its ecosystem" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the first national park created entirely from donated private land", "short": "First park from donated land" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the first national park established east of the Mississippi River", "short": "First park east of the Mississippi" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Earlier parks preserved dramatic scenery β€” canyons, peaks, geysers. Everglades (1947) was the first set aside to protect a living ecosystem itself, a genuinely new idea in how Americans thought about conservation.", "uid": "1mor1bn1asa7w9" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-ever-p2-wildlife", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "alligator-crocodile", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In the Everglades β€” the only place on Earth where the two coexist β€” how can you tell an American alligator from an American crocodile?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Both are broad-snouted, but the alligator is larger and only the crocodile ventures inland", "short": "Both broad-snouted; gator larger" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The alligator is dark and broad-snouted and prefers fresh water; the crocodile is grayish-green and narrow-snouted and tolerates the brackish coast", "short": "Gator: dark, broad, freshwater" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The alligator is grayish-green and narrow-snouted and lives in salt water; the crocodile is dark and broad-snouted and lives in fresh water", "short": "Gator: green, narrow, salt water" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The alligator lives only along the salty mangrove coast, while the crocodile stays in the freshwater marsh", "short": "Gator on salt coast, croc in marsh" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The dark, broad-snouted alligator favors fresh water, while the rarer grayish-green, narrow-snouted crocodile tolerates the brackish coast β€” and their ranges overlap only where marsh meets mangrove, a meeting found nowhere else on Earth.", "uid": "1my4z5c1f1coxm" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-geo-def-shieldvolcano", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "geology", "volcanism", "glossary" ], "template": "___ β€” A broad, gently sloping dome built from fluid basaltic lava that spreads far before cooling; Mauna Loa, the world's largest active example by volume, rises in Hawaii Volcanoes NP", "answer": "Shield volcano", "distractors": [ "Hoodoo", "Fault-block mountain", "Mount Mazama" ], "derivedFrom": "geo-def-shieldvolcano", "explanation": "Compare: Hoodoo β€” A tall, thin spire of rock left standing as frost-wedging and rain dissolve softer limestone around it; Bryce Canyon has the densest concentration of them on Earth.", "uid": "14v5ve61kn6m0g" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-geo-def-geothermal", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "geology", "volcanism", "glossary" ], "template": "___ β€” A geyser, hot spring, mudpot, or fumarole produced where groundwater is heated by shallow magma; Yellowstone holds about half of Earth's active geysers, roughly 500 of them", "answer": "Geothermal feature", "distractors": [ "Hoodoo", "Natural bridge", "Crater Lake" ], "derivedFrom": "geo-def-geothermal", "explanation": "Compare: Hoodoo β€” A tall, thin spire of rock left standing as frost-wedging and rain dissolve softer limestone around it; Bryce Canyon has the densest concentration of them on Earth.", "uid": "1v08qxyi9yuk8" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-geo-def-caldera", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "template": "___ β€” A large basin-shaped depression that forms when a magma chamber empties in a huge eruption and the overlying ground collapses into the void; Crater Lake fills one left by Mount Mazama", "answer": "Caldera", "distractors": [ "Batholith", "Hoodoo", "Fault-block mountain" ], "derivedFrom": "geo-def-caldera", "explanation": "Compare: Batholith β€” A vast mass of granite that cooled slowly deep underground before being uplifted and exposed; the tilted Sierra Nevada is one, carrying Yosemite and Sequoia on its back.", "uid": "15at5k9k6fx27" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-geo-def-hoodoo", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "template": "___ β€” A tall, thin spire of rock left standing as frost-wedging and rain dissolve softer limestone around it; Bryce Canyon has the densest concentration of them on Earth", "answer": "Hoodoo", "distractors": [ "Navajo Sandstone", "Shield volcano", "Petrified Forest" ], "derivedFrom": "geo-def-hoodoo", "explanation": "Compare: Shield volcano β€” A broad, gently sloping dome built from fluid basaltic lava that spreads far before cooling; Mauna Loa, the world's largest active example by volume, rises in Hawaii Volcanoes NP.", "uid": "mnd6ey10yk3to" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-geo-def-arch", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "template": "___ β€” An opening formed where water and ice widen cracks in a sandstone fin until a hole breaks clean through; over 2,000 dot a single Utah park, including the 290-foot Landscape span", "answer": "Arch", "distractors": [ "Caldera", "Hoodoo", "Butte" ], "derivedFrom": "geo-def-arch", "explanation": "Compare: Caldera β€” A large basin-shaped depression that forms when a magma chamber empties in a huge eruption and the overlying ground collapses into the void; Crater Lake fills one left by Mount Mazama.", "uid": "17co0nt4pw60v" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-geo-def-faultblock", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "template": "___ β€” A range raised when stretching crust breaks and tilts upward along a fracture; the Tetons rose this way over 10 million years, leaping 7,000 feet from the valley with no foothills", "answer": "Fault-block mountain", "distractors": [ "Batholith", "Arch", "Delicate Arch" ], "derivedFrom": "geo-def-faultblock", "explanation": "Compare: Batholith β€” A vast mass of granite that cooled slowly deep underground before being uplifted and exposed; the tilted Sierra Nevada is one, carrying Yosemite and Sequoia on its back.", "uid": "mn29vtacj767" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-geo-def-batholith", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "template": "___ β€” A vast mass of granite that cooled slowly deep underground before being uplifted and exposed; the tilted Sierra Nevada is one, carrying Yosemite and Sequoia on its back", "answer": "Batholith", "distractors": [ "Fault-block mountain", "Caldera", "Virgin River" ], "derivedFrom": "geo-def-batholith", "explanation": "Compare: Fault-block mountain β€” A range raised when stretching crust breaks and tilts upward along a fracture; the Tetons rose this way over 10 million years, leaping 7,000 feet from the valley with no foothills.", "uid": "graf9u171efis" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-geo-def-naturalbridge", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "template": "___ β€” A rock span carved by a flowing stream that cuts through the base of a fin β€” the key difference from a seepage-and-frost arch; Rainbow Bridge was sculpted this way by running water", "answer": "Natural bridge", "distractors": [ "Hoodoo", "Butte", "Mesa" ], "derivedFrom": "geo-def-naturalbridge", "explanation": "Compare: Hoodoo β€” A tall, thin spire of rock left standing as frost-wedging and rain dissolve softer limestone around it; Bryce Canyon has the densest concentration of them on Earth.", "uid": "hxhyhn6tb501" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-flora-def-life-zone", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "ecosystem", "life-zone", "glossary" ], "template": "___ β€” A band of plant and animal communities set by elevation and climate, so a single mountain stacks several from base to summit β€” the idea behind Merriam’s classic elevation bands", "answer": "Life zone", "distractors": [ "Temperate rainforest", "Alpine tundra", "Taiga" ], "derivedFrom": "flora-def-life-zone", "explanation": "Compare: Temperate rainforest β€” A cool, very wet forest of the middle latitudes, fed by heavy rain or coastal fog, lush with mosses and ferns β€” as seen in Olympic's Hoh, not in the tropics.", "uid": "1ht91pw1i1naq6" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-flora-def-temperate-rainforest", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "ecosystem", "rainforest", "glossary" ], "template": "___ β€” A cool, very wet forest of the middle latitudes, fed by heavy rain or coastal fog, lush with mosses and ferns β€” as seen in Olympic's Hoh, not in the tropics", "answer": "Temperate rainforest", "distractors": [ "Taiga", "Alpine tundra", "Hardwood hammock" ], "derivedFrom": "flora-def-temperate-rainforest", "uid": "rzjlkw1e02422" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-visit-def-national-park", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "glossary", "designation" ], "template": "___ β€” A protected area created by an act of Congress, generally barring hunting and resource extraction β€” the highest-profile designation in the federal system", "answer": "National Park", "distractors": [ "Wilderness Area", "National Monument", "A protected unit that may allow some hunting or extraction" ], "derivedFrom": "visit-def-national-park", "explanation": "Compare: Wilderness Area β€” The strictest federal land protection, barring roads, vehicles, and development so the land stays untrammeled by people.", "uid": "1rngjeqn1w8dw" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-visit-def-national-monument", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "glossary", "designation" ], "template": "___ β€” A protected site that the president can proclaim directly under the Antiquities Act of 1906, without waiting for Congress β€” often later upgraded to full park status", "answer": "National Monument", "distractors": [ "Wilderness Area", "National Park", "A protected unit that may allow some hunting or extraction" ], "derivedFrom": "visit-def-national-monument", "explanation": "Compare: Wilderness Area β€” The strictest federal land protection, barring roads, vehicles, and development so the land stays untrammeled by people.", "uid": "166drdw1kezise" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-visit-def-wilderness", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "glossary", "designation" ], "template": "___ β€” The strictest federal land protection, barring roads, vehicles, and development so the land stays untrammeled by people", "answer": "Wilderness Area", "distractors": [ "National Park", "National Monument", "A protected unit that may allow some hunting or extraction" ], "derivedFrom": "visit-def-wilderness", "explanation": "Compare: National Park β€” A protected area created by an act of Congress, generally barring hunting and resource extraction β€” the highest-profile designation in the federal system.", "uid": "1mpl1q531bcwz" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-visit-def-backcountry", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "glossary", "hiking" ], "template": "___ β€” The remote, undeveloped interior of a park beyond roads and front-country facilities, usually reached on foot or by boat and often requiring an overnight permit", "answer": "Backcountry", "distractors": [ "Switchback", "Cairn", "The point where a trail begins" ], "derivedFrom": "visit-def-backcountry", "explanation": "Compare: Switchback β€” A sharp zigzag turn in a trail or road that eases a steep climb by lengthening the route and softening the grade. Cairn β€” A deliberate stack of stones used to mark a route across rock or open terrain where no worn path is visible.", "uid": "1c4knnc2jwqg2" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-visit-def-switchback", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "glossary", "hiking" ], "template": "___ β€” A sharp zigzag turn in a trail or road that eases a steep climb by lengthening the route and softening the grade", "answer": "Switchback", "distractors": [ "Backcountry", "Cairn", "The point where a trail begins" ], "derivedFrom": "visit-def-switchback", "explanation": "Compare: Backcountry β€” The remote, undeveloped interior of a park beyond roads and front-country facilities, usually reached on foot or by boat and often requiring an overnight permit.", "uid": "22yr651xvzkar" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-visit-def-cairn", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "glossary", "hiking" ], "template": "___ β€” A deliberate stack of stones used to mark a route across rock or open terrain where no worn path is visible", "answer": "Cairn", "distractors": [ "Switchback", "Backcountry", "The point where a trail begins" ], "derivedFrom": "visit-def-cairn", "explanation": "Compare: Switchback β€” A sharp zigzag turn in a trail or road that eases a steep climb by lengthening the route and softening the grade.", "uid": "1vs4h5415rpe2a" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-visit-def-inholding", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "glossary", "management" ], "template": "___ β€” Privately owned land that sits within the boundaries of a park, sometimes complicating management and access", "answer": "Inholding", "distractors": [ "A community at a park's entrance serving visitors", "Wilderness Area", "National Monument" ], "derivedFrom": "visit-def-inholding", "explanation": "Compare: A community at a park's entrance serving visitors β€” Gateway town. Wilderness Area β€” The strictest federal land protection, barring roads, vehicles, and development so the land stays untrammeled by people.", "uid": "1xnoopwkpjfe6" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-grca-def-supai", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "southwest", "people", "glossary" ], "template": "___ β€” The remote tribal village deep within the canyon, reachable only by foot, mule, or helicopter β€” the only such community inside a U.S. national park", "answer": "Supai", "distractors": [ "Kayenta", "Chinle", "Tuba City" ], "derivedFrom": "grca-def-supai", "uid": "19kthxybw3jvs" }, { "id": "czr-national-parks-romo-def-continental-divide", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "glossary" ], "template": "___ β€” The high ridgeline separating watersheds that drain to the Pacific from those draining to the Atlantic; it runs through the heart of the park", "answer": "Continental Divide", "distractors": [ "Front Range", "Cascade Canyon", "Grinnell Glacier" ], "derivedFrom": "romo-def-continental-divide", "explanation": "Compare: Grinnell Glacier β€” The park's most-visited ice, tucked high in the Many Glacier valley.", "uid": "1dy4609mbqywf" }, { "id": "cz-national-parks-intro-fact-yellowstone-first", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "intro", "history" ], "template": "On March 1, 1872, ___ signed Yellowstone into being β€” the world's first national park. The idea spread across the globe; today more than 100 nations have national parks of their own, all tracing back to that one signature.", "answer": "President Ulysses S. Grant", "distractors": [ "President Abraham Lincoln", "President Theodore Roosevelt", "President Rutherford B. Hayes" ], "derivedFrom": "intro-fact-yellowstone-first", "uid": "6ptmiyjxo3gc" }, { "id": "cz-national-parks-intro-fact-antiquities", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "intro", "history" ], "template": "In 1906, the ___ gave presidents the power to protect special places instantly by proclaiming them national monuments. Theodore Roosevelt used it first on Devils Tower, then on the Grand Canyon β€” many of today's national parks began life as monuments saved this way.", "answer": "Antiquities Act", "distractors": [ "Wilderness Act", "Endangered Species Act", "Lacey Act" ], "derivedFrom": "intro-fact-antiquities", "uid": "h0x15pj7rlr7" }, { "id": "cz-national-parks-intro-fact-superlatives", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "numbers", "record" ], "template": "The parks span almost unimaginable extremes. The smallest, ___ in St. Louis, covers just 193 acres; the largest, Wrangell–St. Elias in Alaska, sprawls across 13.2 million acres β€” bigger than Switzerland, and larger than the nine smallest parks combined many times over.", "answer": "Gateway Arch", "distractors": [ "Hot Springs", "Indiana Dunes", "Congaree" ], "derivedFrom": "intro-fact-superlatives", "explanation": "Compare: Hot Springs β€” This park earned the nickname 'The American Spa' long before the park system even existed.", "uid": "17q8ic9g46ihr" }, { "id": "cz-national-parks-intro-fact-most-visited", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "record", "numbers" ], "template": "___, straddling Tennessee and North Carolina, is by far the most-visited national park β€” about 12.2 million visits in 2024, more than double its nearest rival. It charges no entrance fee, a condition of the land's donation, which helps explain the crowds.", "answer": "Great Smoky Mountains", "distractors": [ "Grand Canyon", "Zion", "Yellowstone" ], "derivedFrom": "intro-fact-most-visited", "explanation": "Compare: Grand Canyon β€” An Arizona park where one river did almost all the work. Zion β€” Utah's first national park, and the second-most-visited in the country.", "uid": "dki657109o3rl" }, { "id": "cz-national-parks-wild-fact-roosevelt-elk", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "wildlife", "ungulate", "park" ], "template": "The Roosevelt elk is the largest elk subspecies, at home in the rainforests of Olympic and Redwood. Olympic's elk were so central to its creation that the park was originally proposed under the name '___' to protect the herds.", "answer": "Elk National Park", "distractors": [ "Olympic & Redwood", "Glacier", "Pinnacles" ], "derivedFrom": "wild-fact-roosevelt-elk", "explanation": "Compare: Olympic & Redwood β€” Roosevelt elk. Glacier β€” Mountain goat & bighorn sheep.", "uid": "1jpsd2n1v9tx2t" }, { "id": "cz-national-parks-fun-fact-mammoth", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "history", "park", "record" ], "template": "___ is the longest known cave system on Earth, and it keeps getting longer β€” every time explorers connect a new passage, the official length grows. No one has yet mapped a natural end to it. It is, quite literally, a record still being written underground.", "answer": "Mammoth Cave", "distractors": [ "Carlsbad Caverns", "Wind Cave", "Jewel Cave" ], "derivedFrom": "fun-fact-mammoth", "explanation": "Compare: Carlsbad Caverns β€” A New Mexico park whose main attraction lies entirely underground. Wind Cave β€” A Black Hills park in South Dakota, the first park in the world made to protect a cave.", "uid": "n9ij481flamdu" }, { "id": "cz-national-parks-yose-fact-yosemite-falls", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "waterfall" ], "template": "Dropping 2,425 feet in three thundering tiers, ___ is the tallest waterfall in North America. It roars loudest in late spring as Sierra snowmelt peaks β€” and can slow to a trickle, or vanish entirely, by late summer.", "answer": "Yosemite Falls", "distractors": [ "Nevada Fall", "Bridalveil Fall", "Vernal Fall" ], "derivedFrom": "yose-fact-yosemite-falls", "explanation": "Compare: Nevada Fall β€” The upper and taller of the two waterfalls along Yosemite's Mist Trail. Bridalveil Fall β€” A slender waterfall at the mouth of Yosemite Valley.", "uid": "1qom5ws1rdxb12" }, { "id": "mcq-c-national-parks-yose-fact-yosemite-falls", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "waterfall" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Dropping 2,425 feet in three thundering tiers, ___ is the tallest waterfall in North America. It roars loudest in late spring as Sierra snowmelt peaks β€” and can slow to a trickle, or vanish entirely, by late summer." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Vernal Fall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bridalveil Fall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite Falls" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nevada Fall" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "derivedFrom": "yose-fact-yosemite-falls", "explanation": "Compare: Nevada Fall β€” The upper and taller of the two waterfalls along Yosemite's Mist Trail. Bridalveil Fall β€” A slender waterfall at the mouth of Yosemite Valley.", "uid": "15fymnw1tqd52u" }, { "id": "cz-national-parks-yose-fact-mariposa-grove", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "pacific", "flora", "record" ], "template": "In the park's south end, the ___ shelters about 500 giant sequoias β€” the most massive living things on Earth by volume. The Grizzly Giant has stood for an estimated 2,000-plus years, its lowest branch thicker than most tree trunks.", "answer": "Mariposa Grove", "distractors": [ "Giant Forest", "Grant Grove", "Tuolumne Grove" ], "derivedFrom": "yose-fact-mariposa-grove", "explanation": "Compare: Giant Forest β€” The park's premier sequoia grove, home to five of the ten largest trees on Earth.", "uid": "1upf2xldmfwfj" }, { "id": "cz-national-parks-yose-fact-tunnel-view", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation" ], "template": "Drive into the valley from the south and the road bursts out of a tunnel onto the single most famous viewpoint in the park: ___ on the left, Bridalveil Fall on the right, Half Dome floating between them. It is the postcard, made real, in one windshield frame.", "answer": "El Capitan", "distractors": [ "Sentinel Rock", "Cathedral Rocks", "North Dome" ], "derivedFrom": "yose-fact-tunnel-view", "uid": "ec284m16ik37s" }, { "id": "cz-national-parks-yose-fact-mist-trail", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "waterfall" ], "template": "The ___ climbs a staircase of granite steps so close to Vernal and Nevada Falls that spray soaks hikers on a hot day β€” hence the name. A ~3-mile round trip reaches Vernal Fall; pushing on to Nevada Fall makes it ~7 steep miles. It is the park's most beloved day hike.", "answer": "Mist Trail", "distractors": [ "John Muir Trail", "Four Mile Trail", "Panorama Trail" ], "derivedFrom": "yose-fact-mist-trail", "uid": "nfb3utw0cagb" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-intro-pair-largest", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "record", "numbers" ], "statement": "\"Largest national park\" refers to \"Gateway Arch, Missouri (193 acres)\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Largest national park actually refers to Wrangell–St. Elias, Alaska (13.2 million acres).", "derivedFrom": "intro-pair-largest", "uid": "1dcbu3vynbtld" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-intro-pair-smallest", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "record", "numbers" ], "statement": "\"Smallest national park\" refers to \"Gateway Arch, Missouri (193 acres)\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Smallest national park refers to Gateway Arch, Missouri (193 acres).", "derivedFrom": "intro-pair-smallest", "uid": "1wygyoz15lclex" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-intro-pair-most-visited", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "record", "numbers" ], "statement": "\"Most-visited national park\" refers to \"Gateway Arch, Missouri (193 acres)\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Most-visited national park actually refers to Great Smoky Mountains (12.2 million in 2024).", "derivedFrom": "intro-pair-most-visited", "uid": "kib2f5g88yw7" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-flora-pair-everglades-ecosystem", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "ecosystem", "wetland", "park" ], "statement": "\"Subtropical sawgrass wetland ('river of grass')\" is Everglades NP.", "isTrue": true, "why": "Subtropical sawgrass wetland (\"river of grass\") is Everglades NP.", "derivedFrom": "flora-pair-everglades-ecosystem", "uid": "f1mpwp16g3oa7" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-rec-pair-yosemitefalls", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "record", "water", "park" ], "statement": "Yosemite Falls is \"Tallest waterfall in North America, plunging 2,425 ft in three tiers\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Yosemite Falls is Tallest waterfall in North America, plunging 2,425 ft in three tiers.", "derivedFrom": "rec-pair-yosemitefalls", "uid": "1pc7js2m7fsmc" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-rec-pair-redwoods", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "record", "flora", "park" ], "statement": "\"Tallest trees on Earth (coast redwoods)\" is Redwood National Park.", "isTrue": true, "why": "Tallest trees on Earth (coast redwoods) is Redwood National Park.", "derivedFrom": "rec-pair-redwoods", "uid": "13fgil818rl952" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-rec-pair-sequoia", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "record", "flora", "park" ], "statement": "\"Largest tree on Earth by volume (General Sherman)\" is Sequoia National Park.", "isTrue": true, "why": "Largest tree on Earth by volume (General Sherman) is Sequoia National Park.", "derivedFrom": "rec-pair-sequoia", "uid": "1gm1hg31fbhafd" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-rec-pair-newest", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "record", "history", "park" ], "statement": "\"Newest national park\" refers to Black Canyon of the Gunnison.", "isTrue": false, "why": "Newest national park actually refers to New River Gorge, West Virginia (2020).", "derivedFrom": "rec-pair-newest", "uid": "pq86oecck85c" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-rec-pair-samoa", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "record", "geography", "park" ], "statement": "\"Only park entirely south of the equator\" is National Park of American Samoa.", "isTrue": true, "why": "Only park entirely south of the equator is National Park of American Samoa.", "derivedFrom": "rec-pair-samoa", "uid": "1fie8sj187fcg9" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-rec-pair-firstpark", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "record", "history", "park" ], "statement": "\"World's first national park (1872)\" refers to \"New River Gorge, West Virginia (2020)\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "World's first national park (1872) actually refers to Yellowstone.", "derivedFrom": "rec-pair-firstpark", "uid": "1f5v3ki86fqtg" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-visit-pair-trailhead", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "glossary", "hiking" ], "statement": "\"Trailhead\" refers to \"The point where a trail begins\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Trailhead refers to The point where a trail begins.", "derivedFrom": "visit-pair-trailhead", "uid": "1yth98e19a84tc" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-visit-pair-gateway-town", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "glossary", "management" ], "statement": "\"Gateway town\" refers to \"A private company licensed to run lodges and tours inside a park\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Gateway town actually refers to A community at a park's entrance serving visitors.", "derivedFrom": "visit-pair-gateway-town", "uid": "4sf7s511wsxyz" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-visit-pair-concessioner", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "glossary", "management" ], "statement": "\"Concessioner\" refers to \"A community at a park's entrance serving visitors\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Concessioner actually refers to A private company licensed to run lodges and tours inside a park.", "derivedFrom": "visit-pair-concessioner", "uid": "rcdpca1vvncd8" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-visit-pair-preserve", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "glossary", "designation" ], "statement": "National Preserve is \"A protected unit that may allow some hunting or extraction\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "National Preserve is A protected unit that may allow some hunting or extraction.", "derivedFrom": "visit-pair-preserve", "uid": "94x69mj0q17g" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-pac-pair-sequoia-highpoint", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "statement": "\"Sequoia β€” high point\" refers to \"Underground marble cavern of stalactites\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Sequoia β€” high point actually refers to Mount Whitney (14,505 ft).", "derivedFrom": "pac-pair-sequoia-highpoint", "uid": "1r5aj4w7gg76i" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-pac-pair-olympic-highpoint", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "geology" ], "statement": "\"Olympic β€” high point\" refers to \"Granite dome climbed by 350+ stone steps\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Olympic β€” high point actually refers to Mount Olympus (7,980 ft).", "derivedFrom": "pac-pair-olympic-highpoint", "uid": "ccuhzov31tby" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-ak-pair-denali-meaning", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "indigenous" ], "statement": "\"Denali ('the high one')\" refers to \"Highest peak in North America (20,310 ft)\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Denali ('the high one') refers to Highest peak in North America (20,310 ft).", "derivedFrom": "ak-pair-denali-meaning", "uid": "in7kiy1pzo7cc" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-east-pair-smokies-state", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "numbers", "geography" ], "statement": "Great Smoky Mountains is \"Cherokee name meaning 'place of the blue smoke'\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Great Smoky Mountains actually is Tennessee & North Carolina.", "derivedFrom": "east-pair-smokies-state", "uid": "ju1sm1y0ml4" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-east-pair-shenandoah-highpoint", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "numbers", "highpoint" ], "statement": "\"Shenandoah's high point\" refers to \"Hawksbill (4,051 ft)\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Shenandoah's high point refers to Hawksbill (4,051 ft).", "derivedFrom": "east-pair-shenandoah-highpoint", "uid": "l82uz4qwaye2" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-east-pair-isle-royale-highpoint", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "numbers", "highpoint" ], "statement": "\"Isle Royale's high point\" refers to \"Tennessee & North Carolina\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Isle Royale's high point actually refers to Mount Desor (1,394 ft).", "derivedFrom": "east-pair-isle-royale-highpoint", "uid": "a0alr14rpz3p" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-intro-pair-first-park", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "intro", "history" ], "statement": "\"World’s first national park\" refers to \"Yellowstone (1872)\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "World’s first national park refers to Yellowstone (1872).", "derivedFrom": "intro-pair-first-park", "uid": "g7r5yfebna65" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-fun-pair-free-park", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "history", "record" ], "statement": "\"National park with no entrance fee\" is \"Mammoth Cave (Kentucky)\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "National park with no entrance fee actually is Great Smoky Mountains.", "derivedFrom": "fun-pair-free-park", "uid": "fsr0r013w0exi" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-fun-pair-longest-cave", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "history", "record" ], "statement": "\"World’s longest known cave system\" refers to \"Mammoth Cave (Kentucky)\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "World’s longest known cave system refers to Mammoth Cave (Kentucky).", "derivedFrom": "fun-pair-longest-cave", "uid": "ri4e99gmg02b" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-yell-pair-grandprismatic", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "geothermal", "feature" ], "statement": "Grand Prismatic Spring is \"Classic overlook of the Lower Falls and the yellow canyon walls\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Grand Prismatic Spring actually is Largest U.S. hot spring (~370 ft across), ringed in rainbow microbial mats.", "derivedFrom": "yell-pair-grandprismatic", "uid": "1s08moi17szbc4" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-yell-pair-canyon", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "feature", "geology" ], "statement": "Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone is \"The flat valley below the Tetons that dropped as the peaks rose\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone actually is ~1,000-ft-deep gorge carved in yellow rhyolite, home to the 308-ft Lower Falls.", "derivedFrom": "yell-pair-canyon", "uid": "633bdy1ry6d4o" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-yell-pair-hotspot", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "geology" ], "statement": "\"Yellowstone hotspot\" refers to \"Rising plume of crustal heat that powers the entire geothermal system\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Yellowstone hotspot refers to Rising plume of crustal heat that powers the entire geothermal system.", "derivedFrom": "yell-pair-hotspot", "uid": "92ukyxqzsgof" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-yell-pair-gye", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "ecosystem" ], "statement": "Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem is \"One of the largest intact temperate ecosystems on Earth, with the park at its core\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem is One of the largest intact temperate ecosystems on Earth, with the park at its core.", "derivedFrom": "yell-pair-gye", "uid": "1ttdt1j1hizg3h" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-yell-pair-tribes", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "history" ], "statement": "\"Tukudika (Sheep Eaters)\" refers to \"Shoshone people who lived in Yellowstone's high country year-round\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Tukudika (Sheep Eaters) refers to Shoshone people who lived in Yellowstone's high country year-round.", "derivedFrom": "yell-pair-tribes", "uid": "1c88mix1htn90v" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-yell-pair-artistpoint", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "feature" ], "statement": "Artist Point is \"Classic overlook of the Lower Falls and the yellow canyon walls\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Artist Point is Classic overlook of the Lower Falls and the yellow canyon walls.", "derivedFrom": "yell-pair-artistpoint", "uid": "mvjsj933nqwb" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-yell-pair-fairyfalls", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "recreation" ], "statement": "\"Fairy Falls trail\" refers to \"Easy-moderate ~5-mi hike passing the Grand Prismatic Overlook\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Fairy Falls trail refers to Easy-moderate ~5-mi hike passing the Grand Prismatic Overlook.", "derivedFrom": "yell-pair-fairyfalls", "uid": "1pjfb4otuv3mq" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-grca-pair-vishnu", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "glossary" ], "statement": "Vishnu Schist is \"Petrified ancient sand dunes that form Zion's red-and-cream cliffs\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Vishnu Schist actually is The dark, ~1.8-billion-year-old rock at the very bottom of the canyon.", "derivedFrom": "grca-pair-vishnu", "uid": "174pcsw1q1onm2" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-grca-pair-great-unconformity", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "glossary" ], "statement": "Great Unconformity is \"Half-mile-wide volcanic explosion crater, ~600 ft deep\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Great Unconformity actually is A gap in the walls where ~1 billion years of rock record is simply missing.", "derivedFrom": "grca-pair-great-unconformity", "uid": "f9k0kain1rws" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grca-pair-havasupai", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "people", "glossary" ], "statement": "Havasupai is \"'People of the blue-green water,' who still live in the canyon at Supai\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Havasupai is \"People of the blue-green water,\" who still live in the canyon at Supai.", "derivedFrom": "grca-pair-havasupai", "uid": "gijhqy1grvjws" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grca-pair-kaibab-squirrel", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "wildlife", "glossary" ], "statement": "\"Kaibab squirrel\" refers to \"A tassel-eared squirrel found only on the canyon's North Rim\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Kaibab squirrel refers to A tassel-eared squirrel found only on the canyon's North Rim.", "derivedFrom": "grca-pair-kaibab-squirrel", "uid": "d6snaz8t4efl" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grca-pair-mather-point", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "visit", "landmark" ], "statement": "Mather Point is \"The South Rim's classic first-look overlook, near the main visitor center\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Mather Point is The South Rim's classic first-look overlook, near the main visitor center.", "derivedFrom": "grca-pair-mather-point", "uid": "1hsfcy73sh2s" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grca-pair-bright-angel", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "visit", "hiking" ], "statement": "Bright Angel Trail is \"The South Rim's signature corridor trail, with water stops down to Havasupai Gardens\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Bright Angel Trail is The South Rim's signature corridor trail, with water stops down to Havasupai Gardens.", "derivedFrom": "grca-pair-bright-angel", "uid": "16z9detsznuhn" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grca-pair-phantom-ranch", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "visit", "landmark" ], "statement": "Phantom Ranch is \"The rustic lodge at the canyon bottom, reached only on foot, by mule, or by raft\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Phantom Ranch is The rustic lodge at the canyon bottom, reached only on foot, by mule, or by raft.", "derivedFrom": "grca-pair-phantom-ranch", "uid": "1f0r3g514faqln" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-yose-pair-ansel-adams", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "history", "person" ], "statement": "Ansel Adams is \"La Push tribe made famous as a setting in the Twilight novels\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Ansel Adams actually is Photographer whose black-and-white Yosemite prints made the park an icon of American wilderness.", "derivedFrom": "yose-pair-ansel-adams", "uid": "1j7lf1q15m32e8" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-yose-pair-ahwahneechee", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "history", "glossary" ], "statement": "\"Ahwahneechee\" refers to \"Vast subalpine meadow in the high country, ringed by granite domes and reached by the seasonal Tioga Road\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Ahwahneechee actually refers to The Native people who lived in the valley they called Ahwahnee, violently expelled in 1851.", "derivedFrom": "yose-pair-ahwahneechee", "uid": "1e7yr9bmog19x" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-yose-pair-firefall", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "waterfall" ], "statement": "\"Firefall\" refers to \"Mid-February sunset light that makes seasonal Horsetail Fall glow like flowing lava down El Capitan\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Firefall refers to Mid-February sunset light that makes seasonal Horsetail Fall glow like flowing lava down El Capitan.", "derivedFrom": "yose-pair-firefall", "uid": "q1c9gs1mg35ee" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-zion-pair-virgin-river", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology" ], "statement": "The Virgin River is \"Half-mile-wide volcanic explosion crater, ~600 ft deep\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "The Virgin River actually is The river that carved Zion Canyon and still deepens it today.", "derivedFrom": "zion-pair-virgin-river", "uid": "1bixxam1bp2g00" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-zion-pair-navajo-sandstone", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology" ], "statement": "Navajo Sandstone is \"Petrified ancient sand dunes that form Zion's red-and-cream cliffs\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Navajo Sandstone is Petrified ancient sand dunes that form Zion's red-and-cream cliffs.", "derivedFrom": "zion-pair-navajo-sandstone", "uid": "1nti65k1jgcpsi" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-zion-pair-mukuntuweap", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "history" ], "statement": "\"Mukuntuweap\" refers to \"Rolling dunes near Stovepipe Wells, the park's easiest to reach\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Mukuntuweap actually refers to The Southern Paiute name for the canyon, used by the 1909 national monument.", "derivedFrom": "zion-pair-mukuntuweap", "uid": "z9qc57zixy3l" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-zion-pair-narrows", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation" ], "statement": "The Narrows is \"The gateway town at Zion's south entrance\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "The Narrows actually is Slot-canyon hike where you wade upstream in the Virgin River.", "derivedFrom": "zion-pair-narrows", "uid": "ir7e2u3b12ko" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-zion-pair-zion-snail", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "wildlife" ], "statement": "\"Zion snail\" refers to \"A tassel-eared squirrel found only on the canyon's North Rim\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Zion snail actually refers to Tiny species found only in Zion's hanging gardens, nowhere else on Earth.", "derivedFrom": "zion-pair-zion-snail", "uid": "14xqlle54c4k" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-zion-pair-springdale", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation" ], "statement": "\"Springdale\" refers to \"The gateway town at Zion's south entrance\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Springdale refers to The gateway town at Zion's south entrance.", "derivedFrom": "zion-pair-springdale", "uid": "b9lhqxhpun3z" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-zion-pair-temple-sinawava", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "recreation" ], "statement": "Temple of Sinawava is \"Slot-canyon hike where you wade upstream in the Virgin River\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Temple of Sinawava actually is Last shuttle stop, where the trail into The Narrows begins.", "derivedFrom": "zion-pair-temple-sinawava", "uid": "16wd7wd196vfr7" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-glac-pair-horn", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "glossary" ], "statement": "\"Horn\" refers to \"Exposed ~11.8-mi route from Logan Pass along the Garden Wall arΓͺte\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Horn actually refers to Pyramid-shaped peak carved when glaciers gnaw a mountain from several sides.", "derivedFrom": "glac-pair-horn", "uid": "1j4wh3q16ktzm0" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-glac-pair-garden-wall", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "recreation" ], "statement": "Garden Wall is \"Glacier's most famous arΓͺte, traced by the exposed Highline Trail\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Garden Wall is Glacier's most famous arΓͺte, traced by the exposed Highline Trail.", "derivedFrom": "glac-pair-garden-wall", "uid": "p233jas8u5oo" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-glac-pair-salish-kootenai", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "history" ], "statement": "\"Salish, Pend d'Oreille & Kootenai\" refers to \"Naturalist called the 'Father of Rocky Mountain National Park'\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Salish, Pend d'Oreille & Kootenai actually refers to Peoples of the park's west side, with deep ties to its valleys.", "derivedFrom": "glac-pair-salish-kootenai", "uid": "18j4kd36ha2ot" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-glac-pair-highline", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "glossary" ], "statement": "Highline Trail is \"Exposed ~11.8-mi route from Logan Pass along the Garden Wall arΓͺte\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Highline Trail is Exposed ~11.8-mi route from Logan Pass along the Garden Wall arΓͺte.", "derivedFrom": "glac-pair-highline", "uid": "w3qwqbbauf0" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-glac-pair-vehicle-res", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "glossary" ], "statement": "\"Vehicle reservation\" refers to \"Very strenuous non-technical scramble up Longs Peak (~14–15 mi, ~5,000 ft gain)\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Vehicle reservation actually refers to Timed entry needed for Going-to-the-Sun & North Fork in peak season.", "derivedFrom": "glac-pair-vehicle-res", "uid": "niyoy81svwszu" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-jacksonhole", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "glossary" ], "statement": "Jackson Hole is \"The flat valley below the Tetons that dropped as the peaks rose\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Jackson Hole is The flat valley below the Tetons that dropped as the peaks rose.", "derivedFrom": "grte-pair-jacksonhole", "uid": "1m1f5vtsshjtb" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-faultblock", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "glossary" ], "statement": "\"Fault-block range\" refers to \"Mountains lifted along a fault as one block tilts up and another drops\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Fault-block range refers to Mountains lifted along a fault as one block tilts up and another drops.", "derivedFrom": "grte-pair-faultblock", "uid": "8sp9mmao9xg0" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-jennylake", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "recreation" ], "statement": "Jenny Lake is \"Glacier-carved lake at the foot of Cascade Canyon, with a boat shuttle\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Jenny Lake is Glacier-carved lake at the foot of Cascade Canyon, with a boat shuttle.", "derivedFrom": "grte-pair-jennylake", "uid": "kcce41bl5kuf" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-grte-pair-jacksonlake", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "recreation" ], "statement": "Jackson Lake is \"Glacier's most famous arΓͺte, traced by the exposed Highline Trail\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Jackson Lake actually is The largest of the park's lakes, beneath Mount Moran.", "derivedFrom": "grte-pair-jacksonlake", "uid": "1k3p4p01kpzpce" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-deltalake", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "geology" ], "statement": "Delta Lake is \"Strenuous off-trail climb to a turquoise glacier-fed lake (~2,300 ft gain)\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Delta Lake is Strenuous off-trail climb to a turquoise glacier-fed lake (~2,300 ft gain).", "derivedFrom": "grte-pair-deltalake", "uid": "1vrmzt5qgq873" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-grte-pair-cascade", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "recreation" ], "statement": "Cascade Canyon is \"Highest continuous paved road in the U.S. (crests 12,183 ft)\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Cascade Canyon actually is Moderate ~9–10 mi hike reached via the Jenny Lake boat shuttle.", "derivedFrom": "grte-pair-cascade", "uid": "fzezfh1fxyj43" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-schwabacher", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "recreation" ], "statement": "Schwabacher Landing is \"Quiet Snake River beaver ponds famous for mirror reflections of the peaks\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Schwabacher Landing is Quiet Snake River beaver ponds famous for mirror reflections of the peaks.", "derivedFrom": "grte-pair-schwabacher", "uid": "zxbm5917aj40j" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-parkway", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "history", "glossary" ], "statement": "John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway is \"The land corridor that links Grand Teton north to Yellowstone\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway is The land corridor that links Grand Teton north to Yellowstone.", "derivedFrom": "grte-pair-parkway", "uid": "69x6a41vkmrdy" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-romo-pair-enos-mills", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "person", "history" ], "statement": "Enos Mills is \"Peoples of the park's west side, with deep ties to its valleys\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Enos Mills actually is Naturalist called the \"Father of Rocky Mountain National Park\".", "derivedFrom": "romo-pair-enos-mills", "uid": "u08k72qhavf4" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-romo-pair-trail-ridge", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "record", "recreation" ], "statement": "Trail Ridge Road is \"Highest continuous paved road in the U.S. (crests 12,183 ft)\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Trail Ridge Road is Highest continuous paved road in the U.S. (crests 12,183 ft).", "derivedFrom": "romo-pair-trail-ridge", "uid": "1qob31z1xasr6l" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-romo-pair-alpine-tundra", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "flora", "alpine" ], "statement": "\"Alpine tundra\" refers to \"Treeless high-elevation zone covering over a third of the park\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Alpine tundra refers to Treeless high-elevation zone covering over a third of the park.", "derivedFrom": "romo-pair-alpine-tundra", "uid": "1wzxbra1q29a94" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-romo-pair-bighorn-sheep", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife" ], "statement": "\"Bighorn sheep\" refers to \"Tiny tundra-dwelling relative of the rabbit that stockpiles hay among the rocks\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Bighorn sheep actually refers to The official symbol of Rocky Mountain National Park.", "derivedFrom": "romo-pair-bighorn-sheep", "uid": "coia6q12kmoj8" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-romo-pair-pika", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife", "alpine" ], "statement": "\"Pika\" refers to \"Treeless high-elevation zone covering over a third of the park\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Pika actually refers to Tiny tundra-dwelling relative of the rabbit that stockpiles hay among the rocks.", "derivedFrom": "romo-pair-pika", "uid": "1g5rvg5vvh817" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-romo-pair-keyhole-route", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "recreation", "record" ], "statement": "Keyhole Route is \"Moderate ~9–10 mi hike reached via the Jenny Lake boat shuttle\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Keyhole Route actually is Very strenuous non-technical scramble up Longs Peak (~14–15 mi, ~5,000 ft gain).", "derivedFrom": "romo-pair-keyhole-route", "uid": "1bylhkc11ktnfa" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-deva-pair-badwater", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "record" ], "statement": "Badwater Basin is \"Among Earth's rarest fish, surviving in one geothermal pool\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Badwater Basin actually is Lowest point in North America, 282 ft below sea level.", "derivedFrom": "deva-pair-badwater", "uid": "azb1jgu37f12" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-deva-pair-mesquite", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology", "scenery" ], "statement": "Mesquite Flat Sand Dunes is \"Rolling dunes near Stovepipe Wells, the park's easiest to reach\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Mesquite Flat Sand Dunes is Rolling dunes near Stovepipe Wells, the park's easiest to reach.", "derivedFrom": "deva-pair-mesquite", "uid": "wxwfuvb6nx7h" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-deva-pair-ubehebe", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology" ], "statement": "Ubehebe Crater is \"The dark, ~1.8-billion-year-old rock at the very bottom of the canyon\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Ubehebe Crater actually is Half-mile-wide volcanic explosion crater, ~600 ft deep.", "derivedFrom": "deva-pair-ubehebe", "uid": "xrezy7186tr8l" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-deva-pair-dantes", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "scenery", "elevation" ], "statement": "Dante's View is \"Overlook 5,475 ft above the salt flats, a mile straight down\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Dante's View is Overlook 5,475 ft above the salt flats, a mile straight down.", "derivedFrom": "deva-pair-dantes", "uid": "1bojyck10e3gpq" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-deva-pair-pupfish", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "wildlife", "climate" ], "statement": "\"Devils Hole pupfish\" refers to \"Among Earth's rarest fish, surviving in one geothermal pool\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Devils Hole pupfish refers to Among Earth's rarest fish, surviving in one geothermal pool.", "derivedFrom": "deva-pair-pupfish", "uid": "8bn3sg18shm56" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-sequ-pair-sherman", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "flora", "record" ], "statement": "General Sherman is \"Highest peak in the contiguous US (14,505 ft)\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "General Sherman actually is Largest single-stem tree on Earth by volume.", "derivedFrom": "sequ-pair-sherman", "uid": "1dmf6br5aod6l" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-sequ-pair-giant-forest", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "flora", "park" ], "statement": "Giant Forest is \"Grove holding 5 of the 10 biggest trees on Earth\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Giant Forest is Grove holding 5 of the 10 biggest trees on Earth.", "derivedFrom": "sequ-pair-giant-forest", "uid": "vqyut61ovwqto" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-sequ-pair-whitney", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "record", "geology" ], "statement": "Mount Whitney is \"Underground marble cavern of stalactites\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Mount Whitney actually is Highest peak in the contiguous US (14,505 ft).", "derivedFrom": "sequ-pair-whitney", "uid": "ux35cikakqk4" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-sequ-pair-crystal-cave", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology" ], "statement": "Crystal Cave is \"Granite dome climbed by 350+ stone steps\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Crystal Cave actually is Underground marble cavern of stalactites.", "derivedFrom": "sequ-pair-crystal-cave", "uid": "wfs1firoimr4" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-sequ-pair-moro-rock", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "recreation" ], "statement": "Moro Rock is \"Granite dome climbed by 350+ stone steps\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Moro Rock is Granite dome climbed by 350+ stone steps.", "derivedFrom": "sequ-pair-moro-rock", "uid": "1ty26a6fav9kw" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-sequ-pair-kings-canyon", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "region" ], "statement": "Kings Canyon is \"Neighbor park managed jointly with Sequoia\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Kings Canyon is Neighbor park managed jointly with Sequoia.", "derivedFrom": "sequ-pair-kings-canyon", "uid": "1c5sg3g1iybrly" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-sequ-pair-tunnel-log", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation" ], "statement": "Tunnel Log is \"Drive-through tunnel cut in a fallen sequoia\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Tunnel Log is Drive-through tunnel cut in a fallen sequoia.", "derivedFrom": "sequ-pair-tunnel-log", "uid": "md4bbg15yxb2u" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-olym-pair-highpoint", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology", "feature" ], "statement": "Mount Olympus is \"The park's highest peak, at 7,980 ft, cloaked in glaciers\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Mount Olympus is The park's highest peak, at 7,980 ft, cloaked in glaciers.", "derivedFrom": "olym-pair-highpoint", "uid": "svvr221t8xhpo" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-olym-pair-1938", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "history" ], "statement": "\"1938\" refers to \"La Push tribe made famous as a setting in the Twilight novels\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "1938 actually refers to Year Olympic became a national park, championed by Franklin Roosevelt.", "derivedFrom": "olym-pair-1938", "uid": "yynxjitjp4ds" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-olym-pair-subduction", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "geology" ], "statement": "\"Subduction\" refers to \"Plate-diving that scraped up seafloor rock to build the Olympic Mountains\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Subduction refers to Plate-diving that scraped up seafloor rock to build the Olympic Mountains.", "derivedFrom": "olym-pair-subduction", "uid": "1vzbhu01946ooi" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-olym-pair-hoh", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "flora", "feature" ], "statement": "Hoh Rain Forest is \"Coastal beach famed for sea stacks and tide pools\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Hoh Rain Forest actually is One of the wettest spots in the Lower 48, with ~12–14 ft of rain a year.", "derivedFrom": "olym-pair-hoh", "uid": "qu5i0o1bs8es2" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-olym-pair-rubybeach", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "coast", "feature" ], "statement": "Ruby Beach is \"Deep, clear, glacier-carved lake on the park's north side\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Ruby Beach actually is Coastal beach famed for sea stacks and tide pools.", "derivedFrom": "olym-pair-rubybeach", "uid": "k3ksna1f62e94" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-olym-pair-hurricaneridge", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation", "feature" ], "statement": "Hurricane Ridge is \"Paved-road viewpoint into the high country above Port Angeles\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Hurricane Ridge is Paved-road viewpoint into the high country above Port Angeles.", "derivedFrom": "olym-pair-hurricaneridge", "uid": "1y4yumruwvz15" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-olym-pair-lakecrescent", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "feature" ], "statement": "Lake Crescent is \"Deep, clear, glacier-carved lake on the park's north side\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Lake Crescent is Deep, clear, glacier-carved lake on the park's north side.", "derivedFrom": "olym-pair-lakecrescent", "uid": "jwf1oevv5tsg" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-olym-pair-quileute", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "people", "history" ], "statement": "Quileute is \"La Push tribe made famous as a setting in the Twilight novels\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Quileute is La Push tribe made famous as a setting in the Twilight novels.", "derivedFrom": "olym-pair-quileute", "uid": "due8vo108pq9q" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-dena-pair-mckinley", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "alaska", "history", "glossary" ], "statement": "Mount McKinley is \"Mid-June to early September, when the road is open and summer peaks\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Mount McKinley actually is The peak's former official name, used until 2015.", "derivedFrom": "dena-pair-mckinley", "uid": "1clu5kanhaduk" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-dena-pair-alaska-range", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "alaska", "geology", "glossary" ], "statement": "Alaska Range is \"The arcing mountain chain, crowned by Denali, that rises along the Denali Fault\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Alaska Range is The arcing mountain chain, crowned by Denali, that rises along the Denali Fault.", "derivedFrom": "dena-pair-alaska-range", "uid": "d6g5ow1e3h716" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-dena-pair-taiga", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "alaska", "ecosystem", "glossary" ], "statement": "\"Taiga\" refers to \"The arcing mountain chain, crowned by Denali, that rises along the Denali Fault\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Taiga actually refers to The northern spruce-and-birch boreal forest of Denali's lower elevations.", "derivedFrom": "dena-pair-taiga", "uid": "1d0q7d91q0mjc3" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-dena-pair-wonderlake", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "glossary" ], "statement": "Wonder Lake is \"The peak's former official name, used until 2015\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Wonder Lake actually is A still lake deep in the park famed for mirror reflections of Denali.", "derivedFrom": "dena-pair-wonderlake", "uid": "ask1i61tcw1ow" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-dena-pair-bestseason", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "alaska", "recreation", "glossary" ], "statement": "\"Best season\" refers to \"Mid-June to early September, when the road is open and summer peaks\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Best season refers to Mid-June to early September, when the road is open and summer peaks.", "derivedFrom": "dena-pair-bestseason", "uid": "1a5edxn1v3zd1d" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-dena-pair-aurora", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "alaska", "recreation", "glossary" ], "statement": "\"Aurora season\" refers to \"The peak's former official name, used until 2015\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Aurora season actually refers to Late shoulder months, when dark skies bring the northern lights over the range.", "derivedFrom": "dena-pair-aurora", "uid": "1vmsp6d1oklonv" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-grsm-pair-shaconage", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "history" ], "statement": "\"Shaconage\" refers to \"Donated ~$5 million to help buy the land for the park\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Shaconage actually refers to Cherokee name meaning \"place of the blue smoke\".", "derivedFrom": "grsm-pair-shaconage", "uid": "1xohiutqkd8jv" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grsm-pair-clingmans-dome", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "geology" ], "statement": "Clingmans Dome is \"Highest point in the park and on the entire Appalachian Trail\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Clingmans Dome is Highest point in the park and on the entire Appalachian Trail.", "derivedFrom": "grsm-pair-clingmans-dome", "uid": "1kgbq1mlst664" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-grsm-pair-salamander-capital", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife" ], "statement": "Salamander Capital of the World is \"Pink wading bird with a flat, spoon-shaped bill it sweeps through shallow water\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Salamander Capital of the World actually is Nickname for the Smokies, home to 30+ salamander species.", "derivedFrom": "grsm-pair-salamander-capital", "uid": "1cjnewf27w1sl" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grsm-pair-rockefeller", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "history" ], "statement": "John D. Rockefeller Jr. is \"Donated ~$5 million to help buy the land for the park\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "John D. Rockefeller Jr. is Donated ~$5 million to help buy the land for the park.", "derivedFrom": "grsm-pair-rockefeller", "uid": "bstwzw1o44zd2" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grsm-pair-photinus", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife" ], "statement": "\"Photinus carolinus\" refers to \"The firefly species that blinks in synchrony in the Smokies\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Photinus carolinus refers to The firefly species that blinks in synchrony in the Smokies.", "derivedFrom": "grsm-pair-photinus", "uid": "1lftxwa6e46uk" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grsm-pair-eastern-band", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "history" ], "statement": "Eastern Band of Cherokee is \"Cherokee who remained, living on the adjacent Qualla Boundary\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Eastern Band of Cherokee is Cherokee who remained, living on the adjacent Qualla Boundary.", "derivedFrom": "grsm-pair-eastern-band", "uid": "e8qy7za9i2ol" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-grsm-pair-oconaluftee", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "history" ], "statement": "\"Oconaluftee\" refers to \"Donated ~$5 million to help buy the land for the park\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Oconaluftee actually refers to Southern entrance with a preserved Appalachian farmstead museum.", "derivedFrom": "grsm-pair-oconaluftee", "uid": "1sencrp3pomi3" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-grsm-pair-newfound-gap", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "recreation" ], "statement": "Newfound Gap is \"The scenic drive linking Acadia's coastal highlights\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Newfound Gap actually is Mountain pass and road crossing the TN–NC crest of the park.", "derivedFrom": "grsm-pair-newfound-gap", "uid": "rxd14vdpum51" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-grsm-pair-best-season", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "recreation" ], "statement": "\"Best season to visit the Smokies\" refers to \"October for peak fall color (and the biggest crowds)\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Best season to visit the Smokies refers to October for peak fall color (and the biggest crowds).", "derivedFrom": "grsm-pair-best-season", "uid": "1jt4g3ik6cphc" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-acad-pair-mdi", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "coast", "glossary" ], "statement": "Mount Desert Island is \"The large coastal-Maine island holding most of Acadia\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Mount Desert Island is The large coastal-Maine island holding most of Acadia.", "derivedFrom": "acad-pair-mdi", "uid": "dtip8fmdx3p" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-acad-pair-loop-road", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "glossary" ], "statement": "Park Loop Road is \"Maze of mangrove islets along the Gulf coast, prized for kayaking\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Park Loop Road actually is The scenic drive linking Acadia's coastal highlights.", "derivedFrom": "acad-pair-loop-road", "uid": "1yfoymt1jsdraz" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-acad-pair-popovers", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "history" ], "statement": "Jordan Pond House is \"Lakeside spot famous for tea and warm popovers since the 1890s\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Jordan Pond House is Lakeside spot famous for tea and warm popovers since the 1890s.", "derivedFrom": "acad-pair-popovers", "uid": "1f91qvk1tryne2" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-ever-pair-douglas", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "history", "person" ], "statement": "Marjory Stoneman Douglas is \"Writer-activist who named it the 'River of Grass' and led the fight to protect it\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Marjory Stoneman Douglas is Writer-activist who named it the \"River of Grass\" and led the fight to protect it.", "derivedFrom": "ever-pair-douglas", "uid": "1hezawahimfmk" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-ever-pair-okeechobee", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "geology", "ecosystem" ], "statement": "Lake Okeechobee is \"Tree island of dense broadleaf forest rising on slightly higher, drier ground\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Lake Okeechobee actually is Vast inland lake whose overflow once fed the entire Everglades sheet flow.", "derivedFrom": "ever-pair-okeechobee", "uid": "1w3zjf8106bkm6" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-ever-pair-sawgrass", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "flora", "ecosystem" ], "statement": "\"Sawgrass\" refers to \"Sharp-edged sedge that blankets the marsh and gives the 'River of Grass' its name\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Sawgrass refers to Sharp-edged sedge that blankets the marsh and gives the \"River of Grass\" its name.", "derivedFrom": "ever-pair-sawgrass", "uid": "1633ghlm9zy1r" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-ever-pair-hammock", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "flora", "ecosystem" ], "statement": "\"Hardwood hammock\" refers to \"Vast inland lake whose overflow once fed the entire Everglades sheet flow\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Hardwood hammock actually refers to Tree island of dense broadleaf forest rising on slightly higher, drier ground.", "derivedFrom": "ever-pair-hammock", "uid": "71vkuw17op3oi" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-ever-pair-spoonbill", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife", "birds" ], "statement": "\"Roseate spoonbill\" refers to \"Nickname for the Smokies, home to 30+ salamander species\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Roseate spoonbill actually refers to Pink wading bird with a flat, spoon-shaped bill it sweeps through shallow water.", "derivedFrom": "ever-pair-spoonbill", "uid": "eg2lce1xiqak0" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-ever-pair-anhinga", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife", "birds" ], "statement": "\"Anhinga\" refers to \"Pink wading bird with a flat, spoon-shaped bill it sweeps through shallow water\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Anhinga actually refers to Spear-billed \"snakebird\" that swims underwater, then spreads its wings to dry.", "derivedFrom": "ever-pair-anhinga", "uid": "1w7amit1htez63" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-ever-pair-manatee", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife" ], "statement": "\"West Indian manatee\" refers to \"Gentle, slow-moving 'sea cow' that grazes in the park's warm coastal waters\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "West Indian manatee refers to Gentle, slow-moving \"sea cow\" that grazes in the park's warm coastal waters.", "derivedFrom": "ever-pair-manatee", "uid": "10bhfuuazdgq0" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-ever-pair-wilderness", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "feature" ], "statement": "Wilderness Waterway is \"Lakeside spot famous for tea and warm popovers since the 1890s\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Wilderness Waterway actually is ~99-mile paddling route through mangroves between Flamingo and Everglades City.", "derivedFrom": "ever-pair-wilderness", "uid": "1o7njhqk8hn4w" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-ever-pair-tenthousand", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "feature" ], "statement": "Ten Thousand Islands is \"Maze of mangrove islets along the Gulf coast, prized for kayaking\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Ten Thousand Islands is Maze of mangrove islets along the Gulf coast, prized for kayaking.", "derivedFrom": "ever-pair-tenthousand", "uid": "13qgvodx3ohg3" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-sw-profiles-canyon-country-pair-park-hoodoos", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology", "bryce-canyon" ], "statement": "\"The densest concentration of hoodoos (rock spires) on Earth\" is Bryce Canyon.", "isTrue": true, "why": "The densest concentration of hoodoos (rock spires) on Earth is Bryce Canyon.", "derivedFrom": "sw-profiles-canyon-country-pair-park-hoodoos", "uid": "1cg5tmrk1jjih" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-pair-capitol-fold", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "park", "geology", "capitol-reef" ], "statement": "Capitol Reef is \"protects the Waterpocket Fold, a ~100-mile wrinkle in the Earth's crust\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Capitol Reef is protects the Waterpocket Fold, a ~100-mile wrinkle in the Earth's crust.", "derivedFrom": "sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-pair-capitol-fold", "uid": "q4hyof14wc4bp" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-pac-profiles-1-pair-sherman-tree", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "pacific", "park", "flora", "sequoia" ], "statement": "General Sherman Tree is \"Neighbor park managed jointly with Sequoia\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "General Sherman Tree actually is Largest single-stem tree on Earth by volume.", "derivedFrom": "pac-profiles-1-pair-sherman-tree", "uid": "jyxj67qxcrad" }, { "id": "tf-f-national-parks-l12-ak-profiles-1-pair-katmai-fatbear", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "alaska", "wildlife", "katmai", "fat-bear-week" ], "statement": "\"Katmai\" refers to \"Dick Proenneke's hand-built cabin at Upper Twin Lake\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Katmai actually refers to Brooks Falls brown bears of 'Fat Bear Week'.", "derivedFrom": "l12-ak-profiles-1-pair-katmai-fatbear", "uid": "1xe4aha1j17gao" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-l12-ak-profiles-2-pair-proenneke-cabin", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "alaska", "park", "lake-clark", "wildlife" ], "statement": "Lake Clark is \"Dick Proenneke's hand-built cabin at Upper Twin Lake\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Lake Clark is Dick Proenneke's hand-built cabin at Upper Twin Lake.", "derivedFrom": "l12-ak-profiles-2-pair-proenneke-cabin", "uid": "272c9aqqi8g0" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-east-profile-2-pair-cuyahoga-meaning", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "park", "recovery", "cuyahoga-valley" ], "statement": "\"Cuyahoga (Iroquoian word)\" refers to \"crooked river\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Cuyahoga (Iroquoian word) refers to crooked river.", "derivedFrom": "east-profile-2-pair-cuyahoga-meaning", "uid": "ycotrd1y217gf" }, { "id": "tf-t-national-parks-east-profile-3-pair-everglades-firsts", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "east", "park", "wetland", "everglades" ], "statement": "\"Everglades\" refers to \"First national park created to protect an ecosystem rather than scenery\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Everglades refers to First national park created to protect an ecosystem rather than scenery.", "derivedFrom": "east-profile-3-pair-everglades-firsts", "uid": "139viyibs5v64" }, { "id": "tf-d-national-parks-geo-def-shieldvolcano", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "geology", "volcanism", "glossary" ], "statement": "Shield volcano: A broad, gently sloping dome built from fluid basaltic lava that spreads far before cooling; Mauna Loa, the world's largest active example by volume, rises in Hawaii Volcanoes NP.", "isTrue": true, "why": "That definition is correct for \"Shield volcano\".", "derivedFrom": "geo-def-shieldvolcano", "uid": "1yydix11a6tcvv" }, { "id": "tf-df-national-parks-geo-def-geothermal", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "geology", "volcanism", "glossary" ], "statement": "Hoodoo: A geyser, hot spring, mudpot, or fumarole produced where groundwater is heated by shallow magma; Yellowstone holds about half of Earth's active geysers, roughly 500 of them.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Geothermal feature\", not \"Hoodoo\".", "derivedFrom": "geo-def-geothermal", "uid": "tl718s57ef7q" }, { "id": "tf-df-national-parks-geo-def-caldera", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "statement": "Batholith: A large basin-shaped depression that forms when a magma chamber empties in a huge eruption and the overlying ground collapses into the void; Crater Lake fills one left by Mount Mazama.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Caldera\", not \"Batholith\".", "derivedFrom": "geo-def-caldera", "uid": "t6neckudwpge" }, { "id": "tf-df-national-parks-geo-def-hoodoo", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "statement": "Shield volcano: A tall, thin spire of rock left standing as frost-wedging and rain dissolve softer limestone around it; Bryce Canyon has the densest concentration of them on Earth.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Hoodoo\", not \"Shield volcano\".", "derivedFrom": "geo-def-hoodoo", "uid": "2qfs8no7bin1" }, { "id": "tf-df-national-parks-geo-def-arch", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "statement": "Caldera: An opening formed where water and ice widen cracks in a sandstone fin until a hole breaks clean through; over 2,000 dot a single Utah park, including the 290-foot Landscape span.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Arch\", not \"Caldera\".", "derivedFrom": "geo-def-arch", "uid": "1dcz2m35hww0h" }, { "id": "tf-d-national-parks-geo-def-faultblock", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "statement": "Fault-block mountain: A range raised when stretching crust breaks and tilts upward along a fracture; the Tetons rose this way over 10 million years, leaping 7,000 feet from the valley with no foothills.", "isTrue": true, "why": "That definition is correct for \"Fault-block mountain\".", "derivedFrom": "geo-def-faultblock", "uid": "1qosz3818t4h3i" }, { "id": "tf-d-national-parks-geo-def-batholith", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "statement": "Batholith: A vast mass of granite that cooled slowly deep underground before being uplifted and exposed; the tilted Sierra Nevada is one, carrying Yosemite and Sequoia on its back.", "isTrue": true, "why": "That definition is correct for \"Batholith\".", "derivedFrom": "geo-def-batholith", "uid": "uj6zw1k7ti3r" }, { "id": "tf-df-national-parks-geo-def-naturalbridge", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "geology", "landform", "glossary" ], "statement": "Batholith: A rock span carved by a flowing stream that cuts through the base of a fin β€” the key difference from a seepage-and-frost arch; Rainbow Bridge was sculpted this way by running water.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Natural bridge\", not \"Batholith\".", "derivedFrom": "geo-def-naturalbridge", "uid": "8r1md01c09ha6" }, { "id": "tf-df-national-parks-flora-def-life-zone", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "ecosystem", "life-zone", "glossary" ], "statement": "Temperate rainforest: A band of plant and animal communities set by elevation and climate, so a single mountain stacks several from base to summit β€” the idea behind Merriam’s classic elevation bands.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Life zone\", not \"Temperate rainforest\".", "derivedFrom": "flora-def-life-zone", "uid": "lhf3eqci5r3o" }, { "id": "tf-df-national-parks-flora-def-temperate-rainforest", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "ecosystem", "rainforest", "glossary" ], "statement": "Life zone: A cool, very wet forest of the middle latitudes, fed by heavy rain or coastal fog, lush with mosses and ferns β€” as seen in Olympic's Hoh, not in the tropics.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Temperate rainforest\", not \"Life zone\".", "derivedFrom": "flora-def-temperate-rainforest", "uid": "1pwwbls198hkoa" }, { "id": "tf-d-national-parks-visit-def-national-park", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "glossary", "designation" ], "statement": "National Park: A protected area created by an act of Congress, generally barring hunting and resource extraction β€” the highest-profile designation in the federal system.", "isTrue": true, "why": "That definition is correct for \"National Park\".", "derivedFrom": "visit-def-national-park", "uid": "8wjmjz10qmn5x" }, { "id": "tf-df-national-parks-visit-def-national-monument", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "glossary", "designation" ], "statement": "Wilderness Area: A protected site that the president can proclaim directly under the Antiquities Act of 1906, without waiting for Congress β€” often later upgraded to full park status.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"National Monument\", not \"Wilderness Area\".", "derivedFrom": "visit-def-national-monument", "uid": "1bun29k18wlprm" }, { "id": "tf-df-national-parks-visit-def-wilderness", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "glossary", "designation" ], "statement": "National Park: The strictest federal land protection, barring roads, vehicles, and development so the land stays untrammeled by people.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Wilderness Area\", not \"National Park\".", "derivedFrom": "visit-def-wilderness", "uid": "182kxmi9i86z0" }, { "id": "tf-d-national-parks-visit-def-backcountry", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "glossary", "hiking" ], "statement": "Backcountry: The remote, undeveloped interior of a park beyond roads and front-country facilities, usually reached on foot or by boat and often requiring an overnight permit.", "isTrue": true, "why": "That definition is correct for \"Backcountry\".", "derivedFrom": "visit-def-backcountry", "uid": "173jruv1733vfx" }, { "id": "tf-d-national-parks-visit-def-switchback", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "glossary", "hiking" ], "statement": "Switchback: A sharp zigzag turn in a trail or road that eases a steep climb by lengthening the route and softening the grade.", "isTrue": true, "why": "That definition is correct for \"Switchback\".", "derivedFrom": "visit-def-switchback", "uid": "1ryyisg10irb7u" }, { "id": "tf-df-national-parks-grca-def-supai", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "southwest", "people", "glossary" ], "statement": "Batholith: The remote tribal village deep within the canyon, reachable only by foot, mule, or helicopter β€” the only such community inside a U.S.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Supai\", not \"Batholith\".", "derivedFrom": "grca-def-supai", "uid": "17o7c8x1b748xz" }, { "id": "tf-d-national-parks-romo-def-continental-divide", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "western", "geology", "glossary" ], "statement": "Continental Divide: The high ridgeline separating watersheds that drain to the Pacific from those draining to the Atlantic; it runs through the heart of the park.", "isTrue": true, "why": "That definition is correct for \"Continental Divide\".", "derivedFrom": "romo-def-continental-divide", "uid": "1s53j1wazifcu" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-wallace-stegner", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "park-history" ], "name": "Wallace Stegner", "clues": [ "This figure was a writer, not a politician or explorer, yet he shaped how Americans think about the parks.", "He described them as 'absolutely American, absolutely democratic,' reflecting us at our best rather than our worst.", "He coined the celebrated line that the national parks are 'the best idea we ever had.'" ], "uid": "16rxlac32nab2" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-ulysses-s-grant", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "park-history" ], "name": "Ulysses S. Grant", "clues": [ "As U.S. president, this man signed a genuinely radical, first-of-its-kind law into being.", "On March 1, 1872, his signature set aside wild land for everyone, in perpetuity.", "He established the world's very first national park, at Yellowstone." ], "uid": "fpek6zjx1yr5" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-thomas-moran", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "park-history" ], "name": "Thomas Moran", "clues": [ "Art, as much as science, convinced Congress to protect the first park β€” and this man supplied it.", "Traveling with the 1871 Hayden Survey, he brought back images proving the tales of geysers were real.", "This painter's canvases, beside a photographer's plates, helped protect a place lawmakers had never seen." ], "uid": "8pps16v0kk64" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-william-henry-jackson", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "park-history" ], "name": "William Henry Jackson", "clues": [ "He also joined the 1871 Hayden Survey, but he worked with a lens rather than a brush.", "His pictures of geysers and rainbow springs helped prove the wild tales were true.", "This photographer's plates, beside a painter's canvases, won protection for the world's first national park." ], "uid": "1lriaikrj1a52" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-woodrow-wilson", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "park-history" ], "name": "Woodrow Wilson", "clues": [ "Another U.S. president put his name to a landmark conservation law β€” but decades after the first park.", "On August 25, 1916, he signed the Organic Act, a date still marked as an agency's birthday.", "He created the National Park Service, charged with keeping the parks 'unimpaired for future generations.'" ], "uid": "1bltfla27isio" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-general-sherman", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "record-plants" ], "name": "General Sherman", "clues": [ "This living giant is the most massive single tree on Earth, measured by sheer volume of wood.", "It holds roughly 52,500 cubic feet of wood, stands about 275 feet tall, and is 2,200–2,700 years old.", "It is the champion giant sequoia, protected in Sequoia National Park." ], "uid": "8rt7wd1jyyhwz" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-hyperion", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "record-plants" ], "name": "Hyperion", "clues": [ "This is the single tallest living thing on the entire planet.", "A coast redwood, it survives by combing moisture straight out of the coastal fog.", "Rising about 380 feet in Redwood National Park, it stands nearly twice as tall as the Statue of Liberty." ], "uid": "8rnjlhb8beqj" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-methuselah", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "record-plants" ], "name": "Methuselah", "clues": [ "For sheer age, no non-clonal tree on Earth outlasts this one.", "A Great Basin bristlecone pine, it endures by growing painfully slowly in cold, windswept heights.", "Dated near 4,850 years old, it was already ancient long before the pyramids rose." ], "uid": "x10li842wwoq" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-joshua-tree", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "record-plants" ], "name": "Joshua tree", "clues": [ "This spiky desert plant is a giant yucca and the living symbol of the Mojave.", "It depends entirely on one partner β€” the yucca moth, the only creature that pollinates it.", "Its namesake park sits where the higher, cooler Mojave meets the lower, hotter Colorado desert." ], "uid": "1k0ly6w6xm2jm" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-badwater-basin", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "extremes" ], "name": "Badwater Basin", "clues": [ "This blinding white salt flat marks the lowest ground on an entire continent.", "It sits 282 feet below sea level, in the same park that holds the planet's heat record.", "A plain of salt left by evaporated water, it is the lowest point in North America β€” deep in Death Valley." ], "uid": "egke6qtkj2t0" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-furnace-creek", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "extremes" ], "name": "Furnace Creek", "clues": [ "This spot holds a temperature record that has never been beaten anywhere on Earth.", "On July 10, 1913, the air here soared to a scorching 134Β°F.", "It remains the highest reliably recorded air temperature ever measured on the planet, in Death Valley." ], "uid": "1na3dd62dsfjg" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-wizard-island", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "extremes" ], "name": "Wizard Island", "clues": [ "This small cinder cone is, in effect, a volcano rising inside another volcano.", "It pokes up from one side of the deepest lake in the United States.", "It stands within the collapsed caldera of Mount Mazama, in Oregon's Crater Lake." ], "uid": "17qnls11jbs48n" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-painted-wall", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "extremes" ], "name": "Painted Wall", "clues": [ "This sheer cliff exposes some of the oldest stone visible anywhere in the parks.", "Its dark rock has been dated at about 1.7 billion years old.", "It looms inside the steep, narrow gorge of Black Canyon of the Gunnison." ], "uid": "9qj4ad1hf3hrv" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-yosemite-falls", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "extremes" ], "name": "Yosemite Falls", "clues": [ "This ranks as the tallest waterfall anywhere in North America.", "It drops in three separate tiers rather than a single continuous plunge.", "Top to bottom, its water descends a full 2,425 feet." ], "uid": "y9mcwv3kij2d" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-going-to-the-sun-road", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "scenic-roads" ], "name": "Going-to-the-Sun Road", "clues": [ "This 50-mile marvel is counted among the great drives anywhere on Earth.", "Carved into cliff faces with waterfalls spilling onto the asphalt, it took about two decades to finish in 1932.", "It crosses the Continental Divide at Logan Pass and is the headline event of a Glacier visit." ], "uid": "4uoxy01x4icia" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-trail-ridge-road", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "scenic-roads" ], "name": "Trail Ridge Road", "clues": [ "This is the highest continuous paved route in the entire United States.", "Cresting at 12,183 feet, it runs for miles above treeline through fragile alpine tundra.", "Marmots whistle and elk graze beside it in Rocky Mountain National Park." ], "uid": "1mhk13v1p3gri9" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-tioga-road", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "scenic-roads" ], "name": "Tioga Road", "clues": [ "This seasonal high-country drive is sealed shut by snow for much of the year.", "It crests its namesake pass at 9,943 feet.", "It is the drive that climbs into the high country of Yosemite." ], "uid": "lyr1201mhtkiq" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-skyline-drive", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "scenic-roads" ], "name": "Skyline Drive", "clues": [ "This 105-mile route is beloved as a fall-foliage icon.", "Its many overlooks blaze with color once autumn arrives.", "It traces the entire length of Shenandoah National Park." ], "uid": "hprjav1k4qti5" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-cadillac-mountain-road", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "scenic-roads" ], "name": "Cadillac Mountain Road", "clues": [ "This short climb leads to a summit prized above all for one fleeting daily moment.", "Its summit is among the very first places in the U.S. to catch the sunrise.", "It ascends to the highest point in Acadia National Park." ], "uid": "1vggrhayn708g" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-hot-springs", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "fun-facts" ], "name": "Hot Springs", "clues": [ "This park earned the nickname 'The American Spa' long before the park system even existed.", "Visitors came to soak in its thermal waters, and grand bathhouses still line its historic row.", "It's one of the few parks where you can legally fill a bottle from public fountains β€” in Arkansas." ], "uid": "11gwg6ih9btos" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-national-park-of-american-samoa", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "fun-facts" ], "name": "National Park of American Samoa", "clues": [ "This is the only unit in the system where the United States does not own the land.", "It is leased from local villages, an arrangement found nowhere else in the parks.", "The lease protects rainforests, coral reefs, and fruit bats on a South Pacific territory." ], "uid": "6jl6glt8ksl7" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-racetrack-playa", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "fun-facts" ], "name": "Racetrack Playa", "clues": [ "At this eerie spot, heavy rocks leave long trails across dried mud, as if they had strolled off alone.", "The riddle of the moving stones baffled people for decades.", "In 2014, researchers filmed thin overnight ice sheets, nudged by wind, gliding the rocks across this Death Valley flat." ], "uid": "56tfzbob0tfx" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-jenny-lake", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "grand-teton", "glacial-lake" ], "name": "Jenny Lake", "clues": [ "One of a string of cold, clear glacial lakes strung along the base of the Teton Range.", "Mirror-still on calm mornings, it is the most photographed and most useful of the park's lakes.", "A boat shuttle ferries hikers across it to the mouth of Cascade Canyon." ], "uid": "phdjybs0h0wp" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-jackson-lake", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "grand-teton", "glacial-lake" ], "name": "Jackson Lake", "clues": [ "One of the glacial lakes dammed by moraines along the foot of the Teton Range.", "It is the largest lake in the park.", "Its broad waters spread directly beneath the summit of Mount Moran." ], "uid": "ijqk3w1h8p" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-delta-lake", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "grand-teton", "hike" ], "name": "Delta Lake", "clues": [ "A high lake reached not by maintained trail but by a steep off-trail scramble.", "The strenuous route gains about 2,300 feet to reach it.", "Fed by glacial flour, it glows a startling turquoise right under the face of Grand Teton." ], "uid": "sq2dcoj8fmxu" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-snake-river-overlook", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "grand-teton", "viewpoint" ], "name": "Snake River Overlook", "clues": [ "A roadside viewpoint of the park's most famous vista, a river curling in a silver bend toward the peaks.", "Ansel Adams photographed the scene here in 1942, creating a defining image of the American West.", "A copy of that black-and-white photo rode aboard the Voyager spacecraft toward the stars." ], "uid": "6t7e31k7s54j" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-mormon-row", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "grand-teton", "homestead" ], "name": "Mormon Row", "clues": [ "A dirt lane on the sagebrush flats where Latter-day Saint homesteaders settled in the early 1900s.", "The pioneers dug irrigation ditches and raised barns in the shadow of the peaks.", "Its T.A. Moulton Barn is often called one of the most photographed barns in America." ], "uid": "vfczpr1shjxyt" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-longs-peak", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "rocky-mountain", "summit" ], "name": "Longs Peak", "clues": [ "The park's highest summit and its only 'fourteener,' a magnet for climbers.", "At 14,259 feet it towers over all 77-plus of the park's named summits above 12,000 feet.", "The lung-busting Keyhole Route scrambles roughly 14 to 15 miles and 5,000 feet to its top." ], "uid": "4ahz2lhvdt6b" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-continental-divide", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "rocky-mountain", "geography" ], "name": "Continental Divide", "clues": [ "A great ridgeline that runs the entire length of the park.", "The ancient Front Range peaks that carry it were uplifted and glacier-carved long before it settled on their crest.", "It is the watershed where water parts ways, draining west to the Pacific and east to the Atlantic." ], "uid": "6uqyvg6d0e1i" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-moraine-park", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "rocky-mountain", "meadow" ], "name": "Moraine Park", "clues": [ "Broad meadows that stage one of the park's great autumn spectacles.", "At dawn and dusk each September, bull elk bugle and clash antlers here as crowds line the roads.", "These frost-rimmed grasslands are also the park's prime spot for golden aspen color." ], "uid": "bot6nrh1qfq5" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-bear-lake", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "rocky-mountain", "lake" ], "name": "Bear Lake", "clues": [ "The park's most beloved trailhead, a glassy subalpine pool ringed by spruce and rock.", "Reached by road, it anchors an easy loop and a famous chain-of-lakes hike.", "From here the Emerald Lake trail strings past Nymph and Dream lakes in 3.6 miles round trip." ], "uid": "ou7n755vtrsn" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-zabriskie-point", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "death-valley", "badlands" ], "name": "Zabriskie Point", "clues": [ "An overlook above a sea of golden badlands β€” wrinkled ridges of ancient lakebed mud.", "A dark spire called Manly Beacon rises from its center.", "At dawn the low light sets it glowing amber, making it the park's most photographed sunrise." ], "uid": "65c8tq1weqp4g" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-artists-palette", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "death-valley", "geology" ], "name": "Artists Palette", "clues": [ "A hillside along a one-way scenic loop that erupts in unexpected color.", "Pink, mint green, lavender, and gold are splashed across the rock β€” none of it paint.", "The hues come from weathered volcanic minerals: iron oxides, chlorite, and manganese." ], "uid": "edno1t1njvq3b" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-ubehebe-crater", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "death-valley", "volcanic" ], "name": "Ubehebe Crater", "clues": [ "A raw pit in the park's remote volcanic north, roughly 600 feet deep.", "It was blasted out only a few thousand years ago, one of the park's youngest features.", "Rising magma flashed groundwater into steam, and the blast hollowed its half-mile-wide bowl." ], "uid": "7iec2vm3yqc" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-giant-forest", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "sequoia", "grove" ], "name": "Giant Forest", "clues": [ "The park's premier sequoia grove, home to five of the ten largest trees on Earth.", "The naturalist John Muir walked into it in 1875 and judged it the grandest grove he had ever seen.", "General Sherman anchors it, and the paved Congress Trail winds among its towering trunks." ], "uid": "19duj4r14z4fv5" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-mount-whitney", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "sequoia", "summit" ], "name": "Mount Whitney", "clues": [ "On Sequoia's eastern boundary rises the literal roof of the lower 48.", "At 14,505 feet, it is the highest peak in the contiguous United States.", "Its bare granite summit, reached by a ~22-mile round trip and a lottery permit, looks east over the Owens Valley." ], "uid": "ihjksj2d0z3d" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-moro-rock", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "sequoia", "granite-dome" ], "name": "Moro Rock", "clues": [ "A great granite dome bulging from a forested ridge, a summit almost anyone can earn.", "A stairway of more than 350 steps, built by Civilian Conservation Corps crews in the 1930s, climbs its flank.", "The half-mile climb opens a panorama over the Great Western Divide and the Middle Fork Kaweah River." ], "uid": "c0njwb1ey0dc1" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-crystal-cave", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "sequoia", "cave" ], "name": "Crystal Cave", "clues": [ "A cool underground wonder dissolved by water through karst rock beneath the granite peaks.", "Its polished marble chambers are hung with stalactites, stalagmites, and draped flowstone.", "Open only seasonally and by guided tour, it is a pale counterpoint to the red sequoias above." ], "uid": "1v4zi5l1eciq1b" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-congress-trail", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "sequoia", "trail" ], "name": "Congress Trail", "clues": [ "A paved loop of about two miles through the heart of the Giant Forest.", "It threads past named clusters called the House and the Senate, where sequoias stand shoulder to shoulder.", "Starting at General Sherman, it passes the towering President Tree β€” the easiest walk among Earth's largest living things." ], "uid": "1qnpl2cou5qpa" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-mount-olympus", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "olympic", "summit" ], "name": "Mount Olympus", "clues": [ "The park's high point, buried in snow and ice despite standing under 8,000 feet.", "At 7,980 feet it sits squarely in the path of Pacific storms, feeding more than 60 glaciers.", "Reaching its Blue Glacier is a long backcountry trek up the Hoh River Trail." ], "uid": "5tppqlm4669v" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-hoh-rain-forest", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "olympic", "rainforest" ], "name": "Hoh Rain Forest", "clues": [ "A drenched western valley, one of the wettest places in the contiguous United States.", "Soaking up 12 to 14 feet of rain a year, it grows moss-draped Sitka spruce and hemlock past 200 feet.", "Its easy Hall of Mosses loop, about 0.8 miles, threads through soft green light." ], "uid": "ccvbrz16oigxx" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-ruby-beach", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "olympic", "coast" ], "name": "Ruby Beach", "clues": [ "A wild stretch of Olympic's coastal strip, framed by fog and driftwood.", "Sea stacks rise offshore like the ruined towers of a drowned coast.", "At low tide its pools brim with sea stars, anemones, and urchins β€” the park's postcard shore." ], "uid": "ik8kb91id84qj" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-hurricane-ridge", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "olympic", "alpine" ], "name": "Hurricane Ridge", "clues": [ "The easiest way to stand among Olympic's high country, reached by a paved road from Port Angeles.", "Its subalpine meadows climb nearly a mile above the sea, with summer wildflowers and deep winter snow.", "A short trail from the meadows opens wider views north across the Strait of Juan de Fuca toward Canada." ], "uid": "10ww6i11e2vpo" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-lake-crescent", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "olympic", "lake" ], "name": "Lake Crescent", "clues": [ "A large body of water on the park's north side, ringed by forested ridges and a historic lodge.", "Carved deep by glaciers, it is famous for exceptional clarity.", "In sunlight its pure water glows a striking turquoise." ], "uid": "wcdhywng7xmq" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-grand-prismatic-spring", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "yellowstone", "geothermal" ], "name": "Grand Prismatic Spring", "clues": [ "Yellowstone holds roughly 10,000 hydrothermal features, and this is among the most photographed of them all.", "It is the largest hot spring in the United States, roughly 370 feet across.", "Heat-loving microbes paint its water in vivid rainbow rings of blue, green, orange, and red." ], "uid": "1kd6cs0qm7vnu" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-steamboat-geyser", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "yellowstone", "geothermal" ], "name": "Steamboat Geyser", "clues": [ "Yellowstone has about 500 geysers, nearly half the active geysers on the whole planet.", "This one is the world's tallest active geyser.", "Its rare, unpredictable major eruptions can blast water past 300 feet into the sky." ], "uid": "1az5labjd04ux" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-mammoth-hot-springs", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "yellowstone", "geothermal" ], "name": "Mammoth Hot Springs", "clues": [ "At Yellowstone's north end sits a geothermal feature quite unlike the park's geysers.", "Here hot water rich in dissolved limestone deposits soft travertine as it cools.", "It builds pale, tiered terraces like a frozen waterfall, never quite the same from one year to the next." ], "uid": "y9fkpgimce9a" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-lower-falls", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "yellowstone", "waterfall" ], "name": "Lower Falls", "clues": [ "The centerpiece of the Yellowstone River, famously viewed from Artist Point.", "This 308-foot waterfall drops nearly twice the height of Niagara.", "Its white plume plunges into the gold and orange walls of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone." ], "uid": "ezmac1bus0v2" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-bright-angel-trail", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "grand-canyon", "hiking" ], "name": "Bright Angel Trail", "clues": [ "A South Rim corridor route most hikers use to descend toward the Colorado River.", "It is the signature way down, prized for its shade and seasonal water stops.", "It passes Havasupai Gardens, about 9 miles round trip, on the way toward the river." ], "uid": "1ok736u167tqi0" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-south-kaibab-trail", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "grand-canyon", "hiking" ], "name": "South Kaibab Trail", "clues": [ "One of the two corridor trails carrying hikers down toward the Colorado River.", "It trades water for views, riding an open ridgeline with no shade, so carry every drop you need.", "Its overlooks include Ooh Aah Point and Skeleton Point." ], "uid": "10nyw3t1egy74f" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-phantom-ranch", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "grand-canyon", "lodging" ], "name": "Phantom Ranch", "clues": [ "A rustic lodge deep at the very bottom of the canyon, beside the river.", "It can be reached only on foot, by mule, or by raft.", "Its overnight beds are awarded by a lottery months ahead." ], "uid": "1u9euv688jj0k" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-desert-view-watchtower", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "grand-canyon", "landmark" ], "name": "Desert View Watchtower", "clues": [ "A historic South Rim landmark that anchors many first visits, alongside Mather Point.", "It was designed by the architect Mary Colter." ], "uid": "1l3fug26o6o78" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-bridalveil-fall", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "yosemite", "waterfall" ], "name": "Bridalveil Fall", "clues": [ "A slender waterfall at the mouth of Yosemite Valley.", "A 620-foot ribbon that blows sideways so easily its plume seems to float rather than drop.", "It frames the right side of the classic Tunnel View, opposite El Capitan." ], "uid": "tf692s1wvwie6" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-vernal-fall", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "yosemite", "waterfall" ], "name": "Vernal Fall", "clues": [ "The lower of the two waterfalls reached by Yosemite's beloved Mist Trail.", "A roughly 3-mile round-trip climb up granite steps reaches its brink, soaked in spray.", "From Glacier Point you gaze down on it and its taller upstream neighbor." ], "uid": "54g2wa14q1e4" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-nevada-fall", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "yosemite", "waterfall" ], "name": "Nevada Fall", "clues": [ "The upper and taller of the two waterfalls along Yosemite's Mist Trail.", "Reaching its top stretches the hike to about 7 steep miles.", "Glacier Point looks straight down on it and its lower neighbor." ], "uid": "1opbbho1hvpfw6" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-horsetail-fall", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "yosemite", "waterfall" ], "name": "Horsetail Fall", "clues": [ "A seasonal waterfall on the sheer flank of El Capitan.", "In mid-February a rare trick of light makes it glow like flowing lava at sunset.", "This 'Firefall' spectacle now draws enormous crowds each winter." ], "uid": "u23psgwwrqlm" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-angels-landing", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "zion", "hiking" ], "name": "Angels Landing", "clues": [ "One of Zion's two most famous hikes, the one that climbs a knife-edge of rock into the sky.", "About 5 miles round trip up Refrigerator Canyon and Walter's Wiggles to a final chained ridge with sheer drops on both sides.", "After fatal falls, since 2022 the Park Service requires a permit, awarded by lottery, to make the climb." ], "uid": "t1y12bxrhs6x" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-the-narrows", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "zion", "hiking" ], "name": "The Narrows", "clues": [ "The Zion hike where the trail is the river itself.", "The canyon pinches to just 20 to 30 feet wide, so you wade upstream in the Virgin River, shin- to waist-deep.", "The bottom-up route can run up to about 9.4 miles, with no high ground to retreat to if storms strike." ], "uid": "xxdw8tl1omeb" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-emerald-pools", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "zion", "water" ], "name": "Emerald Pools", "clues": [ "A softer Zion wonder, born where water seeps through porous sandstone.", "Springs ooze from the cliffs to feed them, tinted green by algae.", "Waterfalls trickle over their rims amid hanging gardens of fern and moss." ], "uid": "1dbsjl3q5jn0t" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-temple-of-sinawava", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "zion", "shuttle" ], "name": "Temple of Sinawava", "clues": [ "The last stop on Zion's canyon shuttle line, at the head of the scenic drive.", "The trailhead where hikers leave dry ground and wade upstream into the Virgin River's slot." ], "uid": "nhm9c0oyw57e" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-triple-divide-peak", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "glacier", "geology" ], "name": "Triple Divide Peak", "clues": [ "One of the most remarkable hydrological points on the planet, high in Glacier National Park.", "A snowflake landing on its slopes can end up in any of three different oceans.", "Water shed here may flow to the Pacific, to Hudson Bay and the Arctic, or down the Missouri-Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico." ], "uid": "nstl0avqkp24" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-grinnell-glacier", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "glacier", "ice" ], "name": "Grinnell Glacier", "clues": [ "The park's most-visited ice, tucked high in the Many Glacier valley.", "Named, like the park's 'Crown of the Continent' nickname, for a famous conservationist.", "A strenuous 10.6-mile round-trip hike ends at its turquoise meltwater lake, dotted with small icebergs." ], "uid": "m06lep7mwe3b" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-lake-mcdonald", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "glacier", "lake" ], "name": "Lake McDonald", "clues": [ "The largest lake in Glacier National Park, on its wetter, forested west side.", "About 10 miles long and 472 feet deep, with a historic lodge on its shore.", "Its shoreline is a bed of smooth red and green pebbles, colored by iron in billion-year-old Belt rock." ], "uid": "sxdhv7gsjpnd" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-dall-sheep", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "wildlife", "denali" ], "name": "Dall sheep", "clues": [ "A white, curl-horned mammal of Denali's high, rocky slopes β€” one of the park's 'Big Five.'", "Market hunters supplying the era's mining camps once threatened it, and protecting this animal was the very reason the park was founded in 1917." ], "uid": "el674e4i6yj4" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-moose", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "wildlife", "denali" ], "name": "moose", "clues": [ "One of Denali's 'Big Five' β€” a large mammal of the open subarctic country, often spotted from the park bus.", "Picture a bull of this species wading a pond out in the open tundra." ], "uid": "kyydfu13xa0u4" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-caribou", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "wildlife", "denali" ], "name": "caribou", "clues": [ "One of Denali's 'Big Five' large mammals of the open tundra, best watched from a window seat on the park bus.", "The brief subarctic summer sets the timing of this animal's spring calving." ], "uid": "4nf3eb1m6066h" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-clingmans-dome", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "smokies", "landmark" ], "name": "Clingmans Dome", "clues": [ "The highest point in the entire park, and the highest peak in the state of Tennessee.", "At 6,643 feet it also tops the whole 2,190-mile Appalachian Trail, its cool spruce-fir summit often lost in fog.", "A spiral concrete observation tower lifts visitors above the trees into a 360-degree panorama of blue ridges." ], "uid": "aqvbvsmez10i" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-cades-cove", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "smokies", "landmark" ], "name": "Cades Cove", "clues": [ "A broad green valley ringed by mountains β€” the park's most beloved corner.", "An 11-mile one-way loop road circles it, passing preserved log cabins, churches, and a working grist mill.", "At dawn and dusk deer, wild turkey, and black bears graze its meadows β€” and a bear can bring the loop to a standstill." ], "uid": "9avqhzosxff1" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-newfound-gap", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "smokies", "landmark" ], "name": "Newfound Gap", "clues": [ "A high mountain pass whose scenic road crosses the crest between Tennessee and North Carolina.", "Tennessee's donation of this road came with a permanent condition that keeps the busiest U.S. national park free to enter forever.", "On peak fall weekends, the drive over it can slow to bumper-to-bumper traffic." ], "uid": "ymbdxm1v6zta4" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-oconaluftee", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "smokies", "heritage" ], "name": "Oconaluftee", "clues": [ "A park entrance and valley on the southern, North Carolina side, a good place to see reintroduced elk in autumn.", "Here a preserved Appalachian farmstead museum β€” log cabins, a barn, split-rail fences β€” honors the mountain settlers the park displaced." ], "uid": "1qhpl6316vycqp" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-elkmont", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "smokies", "wildlife" ], "name": "Elkmont", "clues": [ "A spot in the park at the heart of a rare late-spring spectacle, so sought-after the park runs a lottery for viewing.", "In early June, viewing spaces near here are drawn by lottery to watch thousands of Photinus carolinus flash in unison." ], "uid": "vhviso10k354y" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-cadillac-mountain", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "acadia", "landmark" ], "name": "Cadillac Mountain", "clues": [ "A bald granite summit that, for much of the year, is among the first places in the United States to catch the sunrise.", "At 1,530 feet it is the highest point on the entire U.S. Atlantic coast.", "In peak season you need a timed vehicle reservation just to drive its summit road." ], "uid": "fkz7ri1gmcs0" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-somes-sound", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "acadia", "landmark" ], "name": "Somes Sound", "clues": [ "A long arm of seawater that nearly slices Mount Desert Island in two.", "Often called the only true fjord on the U.S. East Coast β€” though geologists insist it is really a shallower 'fjard.'" ], "uid": "15kkq8vn171x1" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-jordan-pond", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "acadia", "landmark" ], "name": "Jordan Pond", "clues": [ "Acadia's clearest water β€” a glacial tarn so transparent you can peer more than 40 feet down.", "Swimming is banned to guard its clarity; at its north end rise two rounded granite knobs called the Bubbles.", "The house on its south lawn has served tea and warm popovers since the 1890s." ], "uid": "kve9pxnhdk57" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-thunder-hole", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "acadia", "landmark" ], "name": "Thunder Hole", "clues": [ "A narrow granite inlet on the Park Loop Road where the ocean performs on cue.", "An incoming wave traps air in a small sea cave and β€” a few hours before high tide β€” blasts it back with a booming roar and a tower of spray." ], "uid": "9g7ehf4i1exl" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-american-crocodile", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "wildlife", "everglades" ], "name": "American crocodile", "clues": [ "One of two big reptiles that share the Everglades β€” the rarer of the pair.", "Grayish-green and narrow-snouted, it tolerates the brackish coast where freshwater marsh meets salty mangrove.", "The park is the only place on Earth where this animal lives side by side with its broad-snouted, freshwater-loving cousin the alligator." ], "uid": "6hejbfm5130h" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-florida-panther", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "wildlife", "everglades" ], "name": "Florida panther", "clues": [ "A tawny subspecies of cougar that once ranged across the whole Southeast.", "Hunting pushed it to the brink; today only about 200 survive, most in and around the Everglades.", "A single wide-ranging cat may patrol some 200 square miles, and roadside collisions still set back its slow recovery." ], "uid": "b4gyb6fx15lg" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-burmese-python", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "wildlife", "everglades" ], "name": "Burmese python", "clues": [ "The Everglades' gravest modern threat is an animal that doesn't belong here at all.", "A giant constrictor native to Southeast Asia, released from the pet trade, it has exploded across the wetland since the 1990s.", "With no natural predators it devours native mammals β€” raccoons and rabbits have nearly vanished in places β€” and is now hunted through state removal programs." ], "uid": "kuagzhandotf" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-roseate-spoonbill", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "wildlife", "everglades" ], "name": "roseate spoonbill", "clues": [ "A wading bird whose vivid pink plumage makes it unmistakable in the Everglades shallows.", "It feeds by sweeping its flattened, rounded beak from side to side as it wades." ], "uid": "fz9edg1uvcg7i" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-west-indian-manatee", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "wildlife", "everglades" ], "name": "West Indian manatee", "clues": [ "A gentle, slow-moving giant that glides through the Everglades' warm coastal waters.", "Nicknamed the 'sea cow,' it grazes peacefully on beds of seagrass." ], "uid": "pwlh8geru7pm" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-alaska-range", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "denali", "mountains" ], "name": "Alaska Range", "clues": [ "This arcing chain of mountains sweeps across the interior of the 49th state.", "It is anchored by 'the high one,' North America's highest peak, and rides a great fracture line named for that summit." ], "uid": "jrrttm1f6fruk" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-wonder-lake", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "denali", "landmark" ], "name": "Wonder Lake", "clues": [ "Deep along Denali's single 92-mile road lies this still body of water surrounded by tundra.", "On a calm morning it holds a perfect mirror image of the snow-covered peak, the whole giant doubled on its surface." ], "uid": "1be3f6p1w9nvbb" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-mount-mckinley", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "denali", "history" ], "name": "Mount McKinley", "clues": [ "In 1896 a prospector attached this U.S. president's name to North America's highest peak.", "The federal government kept this name on the map until 2015, when the mountain's original Koyukon name was restored." ], "uid": "hm63dh1wlomfv" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-bass-harbor-head-light", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "acadia", "lighthouse" ], "name": "Bass Harbor Head Light", "clues": [ "On the quiet southwestern tip of Mount Desert Island, this small white tower with a red roof has guided mariners since 1858.", "Perched above pink-granite ledges and framed by spruce, it is one of Maine's most photographed beacons, glowing warm at sunset." ], "uid": "w425gpg6v3qn" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-anhinga", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "everglades", "birds" ], "name": "Anhinga", "clues": [ "Nicknamed the 'snakebird,' this Everglades bird swims underwater to spear fish.", "After a dive it perches with wings spread wide to dry, and a famous boardwalk trail near the main entrance is named for it." ], "uid": "4rbxbx1mvhiwj" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-bighorn-sheep", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "wildlife", "rocky-mountain" ], "name": "bighorn sheep", "clues": [ "A sure-footed grazer of the high country, at home where the alpine tundra meets bare rock.", "It picks its way across steep cliffs on the fringe of the treeless zone.", "The park chose this cliff-dweller as its official symbol." ], "uid": "1i9nw6f1hynlkt" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-pika", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "wildlife", "rocky-mountain" ], "name": "pika", "clues": [ "A tiny, round-eared cousin of the rabbit that lives high in the mountains.", "It makes its home tucked among high-elevation rock piles.", "All summer it stockpiles 'haystacks' of dried plants to outlast the long alpine winter." ], "uid": "p174zczaieh" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-elk", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "wildlife", "rocky-mountain" ], "name": "elk", "clues": [ "Each autumn the broad meadows of Moraine Park stage this animal's great rutting spectacle.", "Bulls gather and defend harems of cows, clashing antlers in the frosted grass while crowds watch.", "The males announce themselves with the bugle, a haunting whistle rising to a guttural grunt at dawn and dusk." ], "uid": "1g7wu73oixj39" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-new-river-gorge", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "superlatives" ], "name": "New River Gorge", "clues": [ "The most recently designated national park in the entire system.", "It was redesignated as a full national park in 2020.", "It sits in the state of West Virginia." ], "uid": "1fpbnzon3dhym" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-grand-canyon-of-the-yellowstone", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "yellowstone", "canyon" ], "name": "Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone", "clues": [ "East of the geyser basins, a river has carved a deep gorge nearly 1,000 feet down.", "Its walls of soft, sulfur-yellow rhyolite glow gold and orange, best seen from the Artist Point overlook.", "Its centerpiece, the Lower Falls, plunges 308 feet β€” nearly twice the height of Niagara." ], "uid": "hhzl711r0o437" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-mather-point", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "grand-canyon", "overlook" ], "name": "Mather Point", "clues": [ "The classic first look at the canyon for most arriving South Rim visitors.", "It sits right beside the park's main visitor center and shuttle hub.", "One of two anchor overlooks β€” this is the busy one by the visitor center, not the historic stone lookout to the east." ], "uid": "1ujadj43wlat6" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-zion-canyon", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "zion", "canyon" ], "name": "Zion Canyon", "clues": [ "This glowing gorge is the park's beating heart, carved by the Virgin River.", "Its cliffs, banded in red, pink, and cream, rise up to about 2,000 feet off the valley floor.", "A free shuttle runs its scenic drive, since the gorge is far too tight to absorb millions of cars." ], "uid": "7p8onj1y7by0l" }, { "id": "concept-rw-national-parks-wild-goose-island", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "glacier", "lake" ], "name": "Wild Goose Island", "clues": [ "Perhaps the single most-photographed scene in the whole park.", "From a roadside overlook on the Going-to-the-Sun Road, a tiny tree-tufted speck floats in St. Mary Lake.", "Barely an acre across, this lonely little dot of rock and trees anchors a view of peaks mirrored in still dawn water." ], "uid": "11t95xol0gkfq" }, { "id": "ot-founding-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yellowstone", "dates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Yellowstone established as the world's first national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1916" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1890" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1906" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1872" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Yellowstone was signed into law on March 1, 1872 β€” the world's first national park. 1906 was the year of the Antiquities Act and 1916 created the National Park Service, so those later dates are wrong.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "3qp7zh6v5t5v" }, { "id": "ot-founding-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yellowstone", "people" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which U.S. president signed the act establishing Yellowstone in 1872?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Abraham Lincoln" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ulysses S. Grant" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Woodrow Wilson" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Ulysses S. Grant signed the act creating Yellowstone on March 1, 1872. None of the other three presidents signed that 1872 law.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ogv7gf1qh38vp" }, { "id": "ot-founding-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "nps", "organic-act" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which 1916 law created the National Park Service?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Homestead Act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Antiquities Act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Wilderness Act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Organic Act" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Organic Act of 1916 created the NPS to conserve parks 'unimpaired for future generations.' The Antiquities Act (1906) instead let presidents proclaim monuments.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ewvku23hqqss" }, { "id": "ot-founding-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "nps", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "For how many years did the national parks exist before an agency was created to run them?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "44 years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "100 years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "20 years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "63 years" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "From 1872 to 1916 β€” 44 years β€” the parks had no agency; the U.S. Cavalry even guarded Yellowstone until the NPS was formed.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1vd0zjo1og43ji" }, { "id": "ot-idea-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stegner", "idea" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which writer called the national parks 'the best idea we ever had'?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Wallace Stegner" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Henry David Thoreau" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ansel Adams" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Wallace Stegner gave the parks their famous phrase β€” 'absolutely American, absolutely democratic.' Muir was a naturalist; Adams a photographer.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "eyxz0ai6hin0" }, { "id": "ot-idea-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "moran", "art" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Whose paintings from the 1871 Hayden Survey helped convince Congress to protect Yellowstone?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Frederic Church" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Thomas Cole" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Thomas Moran" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Albert Bierstadt" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Painter Thomas Moran traveled with the 1871 Hayden Survey and brought back images proving Yellowstone's wonders were real. The others are landscape painters not on that survey.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1pu9ihj1u4zdyl" }, { "id": "ot-idea-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "jackson", "photography" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which photographer traveled with the 1871 Hayden Survey and captured the first photos of Yellowstone?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "William Henry Jackson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ansel Adams" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Carleton Watkins" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Edward Weston" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "William Henry Jackson was the 1871 Hayden Survey's photographer, working alongside painter Thomas Moran. Ansel Adams, Carleton Watkins, and Edward Weston shot other subjects and later eras.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "hq6bzg6gubba" }, { "id": "ot-idea-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yellowstone", "proof" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What did Thomas Moran and William Henry Jackson provide that convinced Congress to protect Yellowstone?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A written petition signed by settlers", "short": "A written petition from settlers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Financial backing for the new park", "short": "Financial backing for the park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The first images proving its geysers and springs were real", "short": "First images proving it real" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Detailed survey maps of park boundaries", "short": "Detailed maps of the boundaries" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Their paintings and photographs were the first images proving the tales of geysers and rainbow springs were true, so lawmakers protected the place sight unseen.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "72oxmm1jf6ggw" }, { "id": "ot-idea-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stegner", "compare" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which figure gave the national-park idea its language rather than its visual proof?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Ferdinand Hayden" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Thomas Moran" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "William Henry Jackson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wallace Stegner" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Writer Wallace Stegner supplied the words ('the best idea we ever had'); Moran and Jackson supplied the images, and Hayden led the survey.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1vyc5dx186nnaj" }, { "id": "ot-antiq-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "antiquities-act", "dates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was the Antiquities Act passed?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1872" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1916" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1890" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1906" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Antiquities Act was passed in 1906. 1872 was Yellowstone; 1916 created the NPS.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "i6ri0i1mrgrlg" }, { "id": "ot-antiq-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "antiquities-act", "monuments" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Antiquities Act let presidents instantly protect a place by proclaiming it as what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A state park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A wildlife refuge" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A national monument" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A national park" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The act let presidents declare national monuments by proclamation, sidestepping Congress. Many monuments were later upgraded to national parks.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "10mrhph6zuaaj" }, { "id": "ot-antiq-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "roosevelt", "antiquities-act" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which president first used the Antiquities Act, protecting Devils Tower?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Woodrow Wilson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ulysses S. Grant" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Theodore Roosevelt, the 'Conservation President,' used the Antiquities Act first on Devils Tower, then the Grand Canyon.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1hdxzk51uvo8uz" }, { "id": "ot-antiq-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "count", "63" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many national parks are there in the United States today?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "63" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "100" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "400" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "50" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Only 63 units carry the full 'national park' title, though the Park Service manages over 400 units in all.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "c5vjgzk60b2h" }, { "id": "ot-antiq-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "new-river-gorge", "count" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which was the most recent addition, redesignated the 63rd national park in December 2020?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Indiana Dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gateway Arch" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "White Sands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "New River Gorge" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "New River Gorge in West Virginia became the 63rd national park in December 2020 β€” the newest on the list.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "20sn6u1613qt4" }, { "id": "ot-size-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "largest", "size" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the largest U.S. national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Denali" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Death Valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wrangell–St. Elias" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Wrangell–St. Elias is the largest U.S. national park, about 13.2 million acres β€” larger than several marquee parks combined. Yellowstone, Denali, and Death Valley are all far smaller.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1l0f7718pqiop" }, { "id": "ot-size-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "smallest", "size" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the smallest U.S. national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Congaree" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Acadia" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gateway Arch" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hot Springs" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Gateway Arch in St. Louis β€” essentially a monument and its surrounding grounds β€” is the smallest national park, dwarfed by giants such as Wrangell–St. Elias.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1sygw3o195zani" }, { "id": "ot-size-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "gateway-arch", "acres" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many acres does the smallest national park, Gateway Arch, cover?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "13.2 million acres" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "5,000 acres" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "50,000 acres" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "193 acres" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Gateway Arch is just 193 acres. 13.2 million acres is the largest park, Wrangell–St. Elias β€” the opposite extreme.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "rx4dp57md4in" }, { "id": "ot-size-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "largest", "scale" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Wrangell–St. Elias is so vast that the guide compares it to being larger than which country?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Switzerland" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Iceland" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Portugal" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ireland" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "At about 13.2 million acres (~53,000 sq km), Wrangell–St. Elias is larger than Switzerland β€” the comparison the guide uses. Iceland, Ireland, and Portugal are each bigger, so 'larger than' them would be false.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "19lkueaxji6ok" }, { "id": "ot-visit-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "most-visited", "smokies" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which is the most-visited U.S. national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Smoky Mountains" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Great Smoky Mountains, on the Tennessee–North Carolina border, draws by far the most visitors β€” more than double its nearest rival.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "iyuqbm195ax4k" }, { "id": "ot-visit-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "most-visited", "numbers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many visits did Great Smoky Mountains receive in 2024?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "50 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "12.2 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "800,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "5 million" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Smokies logged about 12.2 million visits in 2024, more than double the next-busiest park.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "jtensn1lf20nx" }, { "id": "ot-visit-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "denali", "highest" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the highest point in any U.S. national park (and in North America)?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Teton" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Whitney" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Rainier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Denali" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Denali in Alaska is the highest point in any U.S. national park and the tallest peak in North America.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "3485j419hrxbe" }, { "id": "ot-visit-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "denali", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Denali, the highest peak in any U.S. national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "20,310 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "29,032 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "14,505 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "13,175 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Denali rises to 20,310 feet. 14,505 ft is Mount Whitney; 29,032 ft is Everest β€” both tempting but wrong.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "wr7a931ggt0d9" }, { "id": "ot-visit-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "smokies", "fee" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Besides its location, what helps explain the huge crowds at Great Smoky Mountains?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the first national park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is the largest park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It charges no entrance fee" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It has the tallest peak" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Smokies charge no entrance fee β€” a permanent condition of the land's 1930s donation β€” which, with its accessible location, drives the crowds.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "4hu86g10sdg9u" }, { "id": "ot-founders-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "muir", "sierra-club", "founders" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who founded the Sierra Club in 1892 and is called the 'Father of the National Parks'?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Stephen Mather" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "George Bird Grinnell" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Scottish-born John Muir founded the Sierra Club in 1892 and earned the title 'Father of the National Parks.' Mather ran the NPS, Grinnell championed Glacier, and Roosevelt was the Conservation President.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1hqndfe1ijjaa4" }, { "id": "ot-founders-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "roosevelt", "yosemite", "presidents" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which president camped three nights in the Yosemite backcountry with John Muir in May 1903 and later signed the Antiquities Act?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Abraham Lincoln" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jimmy Carter" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Franklin Roosevelt" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Theodore Roosevelt, the 'Conservation President,' camped with Muir in 1903 and signed the Antiquities Act of 1906. Lincoln signed the Yosemite Grant Act (1864); Carter signed ANILCA (1980).", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "15mlw3mcogyfo" }, { "id": "ot-founders-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mather", "nps", "administrators" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who became the first Director of the National Park Service in 1917, even paying ranger salaries from his own pocket?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "George Bird Grinnell" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John D. Rockefeller Jr." }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ferdinand Hayden" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Stephen Mather" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Borax millionaire Stephen Mather was the first NPS Director (1917–1929) and professionalized the parks. Grinnell edited Forest and Stream, Hayden was a geologist, and Rockefeller was a donor.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "13j7ley1rd6a2k" }, { "id": "ot-founders-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "grinnell", "audubon", "glacier" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who edited Forest and Stream, founded the first Audubon Society in 1886, and championed Glacier National Park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Aldo Leopold" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Stephen Mather" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "George Bird Grinnell" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "George Bird Grinnell edited Forest and Stream, founded the first Audubon Society (1886), and championed Glacier. Mather directed the NPS, Leopold wrote of the 'land ethic,' and Muir founded the Sierra Club.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "12fcyuw16vti2q" }, { "id": "ot-founders-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "roosevelt", "achievements", "not" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which was NOT one of Theodore Roosevelt's conservation achievements during his presidency?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Proclaiming 18 national monuments" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Founding the National Park Service" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Signing the Antiquities Act of 1906" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Safeguarding some 230 million acres", "short": "Safeguarding 230 million acres" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The National Park Service was created by the 1916 Organic Act, after Roosevelt left office; Stephen Mather became its first director. Roosevelt did sign the Antiquities Act, proclaim 18 monuments, and protect ~230 million acres.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "izxj46uruf6w" }, { "id": "ot-voices-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "carson", "silent-spring", "ddt" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Whose 1962 book Silent Spring launched the modern environmental movement and led to the DDT ban?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Rachel Carson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Marjory Stoneman Douglas" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Aldo Leopold" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ansel Adams" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Rachel Carson's Silent Spring (1962) launched the modern environmental movement and the DDT ban. Douglas wrote of the Everglades, Leopold gave the 'land ethic,' and Adams was a photographer.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1n6wiis1jx4fy" }, { "id": "ot-voices-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "douglas", "everglades", "river-of-grass" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who reframed the Everglades as a 'River of Grass' in her 1947 book?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Aldo Leopold" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Marjory Stoneman Douglas" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rachel Carson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Marjory Stoneman Douglas reframed the Everglades as a 'River of Grass' (1947). Carson wrote Silent Spring, Leopold A Sand County Almanac, and Muir founded the Sierra Club.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "10upbwqgf7ngs" }, { "id": "ot-voices-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "adams", "photography", "yosemite" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which photographer made Yosemite immortal in black-and-white images?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Ansel Adams" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "George Bird Grinnell" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Thomas Moran" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "William Henry Jackson" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Ansel Adams made Yosemite immortal in black and white. Jackson photographed and Moran painted the 1871 Hayden survey of Yellowstone; Grinnell was an editor and conservationist.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "pdyzf6181d838" }, { "id": "ot-voices-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "douglas", "writers", "matching" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which writer-and-work pairing is correct?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir β€” 'River of Grass'" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Aldo Leopold β€” 'Silent Spring'" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Marjory Stoneman Douglas β€” 'River of Grass'", "short": "Douglas β€” 'River of Grass'" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rachel Carson β€” 'A Sand County Almanac'", "short": "Carson β€” 'A Sand County Almanac'" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Douglas reframed the Everglades as a 'River of Grass' (1947). A Sand County Almanac was Leopold's, Silent Spring was Carson's, and Muir founded the Sierra Club rather than writing 'River of Grass.'", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "m3vqkvtd4mu" }, { "id": "ot-givers-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "rockefeller", "donor", "grand-teton" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who quietly bought and donated land for Grand Teton, Acadia, and Great Smoky Mountains, doubling Grand Teton?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Jimmy Carter" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Stephen Mather" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John D. Rockefeller Jr." }, { "modality": "text", "value": "George Bird Grinnell" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "John D. Rockefeller Jr. bought and donated land for Grand Teton, Acadia, and Great Smoky Mountains; his gifts doubled Grand Teton. Mather directed the NPS, Carter signed ANILCA, and Grinnell championed Glacier.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "mqz951uikphb" }, { "id": "ot-givers-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "carter", "anilca", "lawmakers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which president more than doubled the entire park system in 1980 by signing ANILCA?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Abraham Lincoln" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Franklin Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jimmy Carter" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Jimmy Carter signed ANILCA in 1980, more than doubling the park system in a single act. Roosevelt signed the Antiquities Act, and Lincoln signed the Yosemite Grant Act.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "16cvu6xx7a8zj" }, { "id": "ot-givers-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hayden", "yellowstone", "survey" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which geologist led the 1871 survey of Yellowstone that gave Congress the proof to create the first national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Stephen Mather" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "George Bird Grinnell" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ferdinand Hayden" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Geologist Ferdinand Hayden led the 1871 Yellowstone survey; his report, illustrated by Moran and Jackson, birthed the first national park in 1872. Mather, Grinnell, and Muir were not survey geologists.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "sof24cygyeme" }, { "id": "ot-givers-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "young", "buffalo-soldiers", "sequoia" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who led the Buffalo Soldiers' Sequoia detachment in 1903 and became the first Black acting superintendent of a national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "George Bird Grinnell" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ferdinand Hayden" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Captain Charles Young" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Stephen Mather" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Captain Charles Young led the Sequoia detachment in 1903 and became the first Black acting superintendent of any national park. Hayden was a geologist, Grinnell an editor, and Mather the first NPS Director.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1kkqglaetzgc0" }, { "id": "ot-givers-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "buffalo-soldiers", "rangers", "soldiers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Before the National Park Service existed, which group served as some of the first rangers in Yosemite and Sequoia?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Buffalo Soldiers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Sierra Club" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Audubon Society" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Civilian Conservation Corps" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Buffalo Soldiers β€” African American U.S. Army cavalry β€” patrolled Yosemite and Sequoia in the early 1900s as some of the first park rangers. The Sierra Club and Audubon Society were advocacy groups.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1hexu0x11g0knb" }, { "id": "ot-early-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hot-springs", "1832", "timeline" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Congress reserve Hot Springs, Arkansas as a federal reservation to protect its thermal waters?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1864" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1906" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1872" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1832" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Congress reserved Hot Springs in 1832 β€” an early instance of the federal government holding land for the public. 1864 was the Yosemite Grant, 1872 Yellowstone, and 1906 the Antiquities Act.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ryt5n3a25pt1" }, { "id": "ot-early-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yosemite-grant", "lincoln", "1864" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Lincoln sign the Yosemite Grant Act, the first time scenic land was protected for the people's use?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1832" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1864" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1872" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1916" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Lincoln signed the Yosemite Grant Act in 1864, mid–Civil War. Hot Springs was reserved in 1832, Yellowstone became the first national park in 1872, and the NPS was created in 1916.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "yhzs991h0qr03" }, { "id": "ot-early-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "antiquities-act", "1906", "monuments" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was the Antiquities Act passed, letting presidents proclaim national monuments on the spot?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1864" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1916" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1906" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1872" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Antiquities Act passed in 1906. Yellowstone was 1872, the Organic Act creating the NPS was 1916, and the Yosemite Grant was 1864.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ugil45lwi4ez" }, { "id": "ot-early-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "order", "timeline", "milestones" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which sequence correctly orders these milestones from earliest to latest?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Antiquities Act β†’ Hot Springs reservation β†’ Yosemite Grant Act", "short": "Antiquities β†’ Hot Springs β†’ Yosemite" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hot Springs reservation β†’ Yosemite Grant Act β†’ Antiquities Act", "short": "Hot Springs β†’ Yosemite β†’ Antiquities" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hot Springs reservation β†’ Antiquities Act β†’ Yosemite Grant Act", "short": "Hot Springs β†’ Antiquities β†’ Yosemite" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite Grant Act β†’ Hot Springs reservation β†’ Antiquities Act", "short": "Yosemite β†’ Hot Springs β†’ Antiquities" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The order is Hot Springs (1832) β†’ Yosemite Grant Act (1864) β†’ Antiquities Act (1906). The other sequences scramble those dates.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ur32kcebg8cm" }, { "id": "ot-early-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hot-springs", "first", "order" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these federal land-protection milestones came first?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Antiquities Act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Hot Springs reservation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Yosemite Grant Act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone national park" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Hot Springs reservation (1832) came first, decades before the Yosemite Grant (1864), Yellowstone (1872), and the Antiquities Act (1906).", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "nu0h5n9ndak1" }, { "id": "ot-modern-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "esa", "1973", "species" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which 1973 law became the legal backbone for restoring wolves, grizzlies, and condors?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Antiquities Act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Endangered Species Act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Wilderness Act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Organic Act" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is the legal backbone for restoring wolves, grizzlies, and condors. The Wilderness Act (1964) protected backcountry; the Antiquities Act (1906) and Organic Act (1916) came earlier.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "41n17o1uzvkjy" }, { "id": "ot-modern-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "new-river-gorge", "2020", "63rd" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which West Virginia site became the 63rd national park in 2020, the newest chapter in the story?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "New River Gorge" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kenai Fjords" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kobuk Valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gates of the Arctic" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "New River Gorge in West Virginia became the 63rd national park in 2020. Gates of the Arctic, Kobuk Valley, and Kenai Fjords are Alaskan parks created or expanded by ANILCA in 1980.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ud1aumjnztuo" }, { "id": "ot-modern-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "anilca", "1980", "alaska" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which 1980 act more than doubled the entire National Park System with vast Alaskan parklands?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Endangered Species Act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Wilderness Act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "ANILCA (Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act)", "short": "The Alaska lands act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Organic Act" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "ANILCA (1980) more than doubled the park system's acreage β€” the biggest expansion of protected land in U.S. history. The Wilderness Act (1964), ESA (1973), and Organic Act (1916) did other things.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "jw3wn814oeom6" }, { "id": "ot-modern-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wolves", "trophic-cascade", "yellowstone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1995 return of gray wolves to Yellowstone triggered what textbook ecological phenomenon?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A population bottleneck" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A keystone extinction" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An invasive collapse" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A trophic cascade" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Restoring wolves set off a trophic cascade: elk were thinned, willows and aspen rebounded, beavers and songbirds returned, and riverbanks stabilized. The other terms describe unrelated ecological processes.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "7mdcpm19jrhfg" }, { "id": "ot-forces-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "subduction", "cascades" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which force built the volcanic arc of the Cascade Range β€” Rainier, Lassen, and North Cascades?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Karst dissolution" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Subduction, one plate diving beneath another", "short": "Subduction" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind deposition" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fault-block uplift" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Subduction, where one plate dives beneath another, builds volcanic arcs like the Cascades. Fault-block uplift raised the Tetons, and karst and wind shaped caves and dunes, not volcanoes.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "w2dgpsg31ypm" }, { "id": "ot-forces-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "fault-block", "tetons" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The foothill-less Teton Range was raised by which process?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Karst dissolution" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fault-block uplift" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hotspot volcanism" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Subduction" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Fault-block uplift, where stretching crust breaks and tilts upward, raised the Tetons with no foothills. Subduction builds the Cascades; karst hollows caves; a hotspot drives Yellowstone.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1qp8w8tvdziar" }, { "id": "ot-forces-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "karst", "mammoth-cave" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park was hollowed out by karst β€” acidic water slowly dissolving limestone?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Teton" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "North Cascades" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Sand Dunes" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Karst dissolved limestone to hollow out Mammoth Cave, the longest cave system on Earth. Great Sand Dunes formed from wind-blown sand, North Cascades from glacial carving of uplifted terrain, and Grand Teton from fault-block uplift β€” different processes, different parks.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "rb12s0pjh9oa" }, { "id": "ot-forces-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wind", "dunes" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Sand Dunes, the tallest dunes in North America, were built by which force?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Subduction" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Karst dissolution" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind trapping sand against a barrier", "short": "Aeolian deposition" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacial deposition" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Wind trapping sand against a barrier built the Great Sand Dunes, the tallest in North America. Glaciers, subduction, and karst shaped valleys, volcanoes, and caves instead.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1yi9w4e9f7kow" }, { "id": "ot-forces-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "matching", "review" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which force-and-park pairing is INCORRECT?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Fault-block uplift β€” Teton Range" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind β€” Great Sand Dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Subduction β€” Great Sand Dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Karst β€” Mammoth Cave" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Great Sand Dunes were built by wind, not subduction β€” subduction built the Cascade Range. The other three pairings are correct.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "7s6rh0prp0ym" }, { "id": "ot-volc-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "shield-volcano", "definition" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What best defines a shield volcano?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A broad, gently sloping dome built from fluid basaltic lava", "short": "A broad dome of fluid lava" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A basin left when a magma chamber empties and collapses", "short": "A basin left as magma drains" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A steep cone built from explosive ash", "short": "A steep cone of explosive ash" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A thin spire left standing by frost-wedging", "short": "A thin spire left by frost-wedging" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "A shield volcano is a broad, gently sloping dome of fluid basaltic lava that spreads far before cooling. A collapse basin is a caldera; a frost-wedged spire is a hoodoo.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "13k1mfgo6rrxi" }, { "id": "ot-volc-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mauna-loa", "shield-volcano" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which peak is the world's largest active shield volcano by volume?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mauna Loa" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Rainier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Mazama" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Lassen Peak" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Mauna Loa, in Hawaii Volcanoes NP, is the world's largest active shield volcano by volume. Rainier and Lassen are Cascade arc volcanoes, and Mazama collapsed to form Crater Lake.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "mx1xapxo969j" }, { "id": "ot-volc-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geothermal", "definition" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A geyser, hot spring, mudpot, or fumarole is an example of what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A hoodoo" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A geothermal feature" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A caldera" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A shield volcano" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Geysers, hot springs, mudpots, and fumaroles are all geothermal features, produced where groundwater is heated by shallow magma. A caldera is a collapse basin; a hoodoo is an eroded spire.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "rj1ful15wkyzn" }, { "id": "ot-volc-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geothermal", "yellowstone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone holds about half of Earth's active geysers β€” roughly how many?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 5,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 100" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 500" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 50" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Yellowstone holds roughly 500 geysers, about half of Earth's total, all driven by groundwater heated by the shallow hotspot magma.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ehn37n1tlvb0p" }, { "id": "ot-volc-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geothermal", "magma" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Geothermal features form where groundwater is heated by what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Dissolving limestone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind friction" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacial ice" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Shallow magma" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Geothermal features arise where shallow magma heats groundwater into geysers, hot springs, and fumaroles. Ice, wind, and limestone drive glaciation, dunes, and karst instead.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "tdyvdq1qriqww" }, { "id": "ot-cic-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "caldera", "formation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How does a caldera form?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind piles sand against a barrier", "short": "Wind piles sand against a barrier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ice grinds a V-shaped valley into a U", "short": "Ice grinds a V-valley into a U" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The ground collapses into the void after a magma chamber empties", "short": "Ground sinks as magma chamber empties" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A river cuts downward through uplifted rock", "short": "River cuts down through uplifted rock" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "A caldera is a collapse inward: when a magma chamber empties in a huge eruption, the ground above caves into the void β€” the opposite of an outward-blasted crater. Crater Lake fills one.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "2lu9a1xp487z" }, { "id": "ot-cic-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "crater-lake", "depth" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How deep is Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "2,943 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1,943 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1,150 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1,493 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Crater Lake reaches 1,943 feet deep, making it the deepest lake in the United States, after rain and snowmelt filled the caldera left by Mount Mazama.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ye6jyj13ibyb5" }, { "id": "ot-cic-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "glaciers", "u-valley" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How do glaciers reshape mountain valleys as they move?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "They grind a sharp V-shaped valley into a broad U", "short": "They grind a V-valley into a U" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They collapse the ground into a basin", "short": "They collapse ground to a basin" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They dissolve limestone into a honeycomb", "short": "They dissolve limestone honeycomb" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They pile sand into towering dunes" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Glaciers grind V-shaped valleys into broad U shapes, as at Yosemite, while scooping cirques and sharpening horns. Collapse basins, honeycomb, and dunes come from other forces.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ag85ak1x5lk3q" }, { "id": "ot-cic-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "canyon", "grand-canyon" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Grand Canyon exists because the Colorado River did what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Deposited sand against a barrier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Dissolved limestone with acidic water", "short": "Dissolved by acidic water" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Collapsed after a magma chamber emptied", "short": "Collapsed after magma emptied" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cut downward faster than its walls could erode back", "short": "Cut down faster than walls erode" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "A canyon forms when a river cuts downward faster than its walls erode back β€” most dramatic in uplifted rock in a dry climate. The Colorado did this over 5–6 million years.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1a5c4471mnzmcd" }, { "id": "ot-terms-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hoodoo", "definition" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is a hoodoo?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A range tilted upward along a fault", "short": "A range tilted along a fault" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A tall, thin spire left standing as softer rock dissolves around it", "short": "A spire left as rock erodes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An opening broken clean through a sandstone fin", "short": "An opening through a sandstone fin" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A granite mass cooled deep underground", "short": "A granite mass cooled deep down" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "A hoodoo is a tall, thin spire left as frost-wedging and rain dissolve the softer rock around it; Bryce Canyon has the densest concentration. The other choices define a fault-block, batholith, and arch.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "162smubckbnih" }, { "id": "ot-terms-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "natural-bridge", "arch" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What distinguishes a natural bridge from an arch?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A natural bridge is always larger than any arch", "short": "A bridge is larger than an arch" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A natural bridge forms underground; an arch above ground", "short": "A bridge is under, an arch above" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A natural bridge is cut by a flowing stream; an arch by seepage and frost", "short": "A bridge is stream-cut, arch frost" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A natural bridge is granite; an arch is limestone", "short": "A bridge is granite, arch limestone" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The difference is the sculptor: a natural bridge is cut by a flowing stream gnawing through a fin's base (Rainbow Bridge), while an arch is shaped by seepage and frost.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "7qh5qq1lb0x1w" }, { "id": "ot-terms-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "batholith", "definition" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is a batholith?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A honeycomb of thin calcite fins", "short": "A honeycomb of calcite fins" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A range lifted and tilted along a fracture", "short": "A range tilted along a fracture" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A vast granite mass that cooled slowly deep underground before being uplifted", "short": "A granite mass cooled deep, uplifted" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A basin left by a collapsed magma chamber", "short": "A basin from a collapsed chamber" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "A batholith is a vast mass of granite that cooled slowly deep underground before uplift and exposure β€” the Sierra Nevada is one. A collapse basin is a caldera; a tilted range is a fault-block.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1lfauto8tx0va" }, { "id": "ot-terms-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "fault-block", "tetons" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Tetons, which rose 7,000 feet with no foothills, are a classic example of which landform?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Shield volcano" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Batholith" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fault-block mountain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hoodoo field" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Tetons are a fault-block mountain, raised where stretching crust broke and tilted upward over 10 million years, leaping 7,000 feet from the valley with no foothills.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1l4bi3thoi04v" }, { "id": "ot-terms-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "review", "definitions" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these terms is defined INCORRECTLY?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Hoodoo β€” a rock span cut by a flowing stream through a fin", "short": "Hoodoo β€” a stream-cut rock span" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fault-block mountain β€” a range broken and tilted upward along a fracture", "short": "Fault-block β€” tilted on a fracture" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Batholith β€” a vast granite mass cooled deep underground then uplifted", "short": "Batholith β€” deep granite, uplifted" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Arch β€” an opening where water and ice widen cracks in a sandstone fin", "short": "Arch β€” ice widens cracks in a fin" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "That definition describes a natural bridge, not a hoodoo. A hoodoo is a thin spire left as softer rock erodes away. The other three definitions are correct.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "p140nedosfy4" }, { "id": "ot-form-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "half-dome", "yosemite" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which formation is the glacially sliced granite landmark rising over Yosemite Valley?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Old Faithful" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Landscape Arch" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Half Dome" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Delicate Arch" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Half Dome is the glacially sliced granite landmark over Yosemite Valley. Delicate Arch and Landscape Arch are in Utah, and Old Faithful is Yellowstone's geyser.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "pbjwrr1ywgznh" }, { "id": "ot-form-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "old-faithful", "geyser" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Old Faithful, Yellowstone's clockwork landmark, is what kind of feature?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A freestanding sandstone arch" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A glacial horn" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A limestone hoodoo" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A geyser driven by magma-heated groundwater", "short": "A magma-heated geyser" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Old Faithful is a geyser, a geothermal feature driven by groundwater heated by shallow magma. Arches, horns, and hoodoos are erosional rock features, not geothermal.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "x93xns1ljwo36" }, { "id": "ot-form-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mammoth-cave", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Cave in Kentucky holds which record?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Tallest dunes in North America" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Densest hoodoos on Earth" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Longest known passage network on Earth" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Deepest lake in the United States", "short": "Deepest lake in the U.S." } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Mammoth Cave, a karst labyrinth, is the longest cave on Earth with over 426 miles mapped. The other records belong to Crater Lake, Great Sand Dunes, and Bryce Canyon.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1syang31kf3yjt" }, { "id": "ot-form-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "boxwork", "wind-cave" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave in South Dakota holds an estimated 95% of the world's supply of which rare cave decoration?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Hoodoos" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Petrified logs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Stalactites" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Boxwork" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Wind Cave holds about 95% of all known boxwork β€” a delicate honeycomb of calcite fins left jutting out after softer rock dissolved. Hoodoos, stalactites, and petrified logs form elsewhere.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "hvwjr317l5lgl" }, { "id": "ot-mammal-parks-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "bison", "yellowstone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park holds the largest wild, free-ranging bison herd on Earth?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rocky Mountain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Yellowstone's herd of roughly 4,000-6,000 is the largest wild, free-ranging bison herd on Earth. Wind Cave and Theodore Roosevelt protect smaller, genetically important herds.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1b7vxbs1ifsyf6" }, { "id": "ot-mammal-parks-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "moose", "isle-royale" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "At which park has the moose-wolf predator-prey system been studied continuously since 1958?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Isle Royale" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Isle Royale moose-wolf study, running since 1958, is the longest-running predator-prey study in the world. Yellowstone's wolves returned only in 1995-96.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "2lhdd9t4y26r" }, { "id": "ot-mammal-parks-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "elk", "rocky-mountain" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "At which park is the autumn elk rut, with bull elk bugling across the meadows, a famous spectacle?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Rocky Mountain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Voyageurs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Everglades" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Katmai" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Rocky Mountain National Park's elk rut draws crowds each autumn to hear bull elk bugle. Everglades, Voyageurs, and Katmai are known for other wildlife.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "3k176i16gpvwc" }, { "id": "ot-mammal-parks-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mountain-goat", "glacier" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The mountain goat and bighorn sheep, two high-country look-alikes, both roam which park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Voyageurs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Everglades" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Isle Royale" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Both the all-white mountain goat and the brown, curl-horned bighorn sheep range through Glacier (and Rocky Mountain). The others are wetland or northern-forest parks.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "975x0c1kqeq1i" }, { "id": "ot-mammal-parks-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "pairing", "review" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which mammal-to-park pairing is INCORRECT?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mountain goat & bighorn sheep - Glacier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grizzly bears - Great Smoky Mountains" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bugling elk rut - Rocky Mountain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "American bison - Yellowstone" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Great Smoky Mountains is famous for BLACK bears β€” grizzlies live in Yellowstone, Glacier and Alaska, not the southern Appalachians. The other three pairings are all correct.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "utkot4126bouq" }, { "id": "ot-identify-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "grizzly", "field-marks" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which trait is NOT a field mark of a grizzly bear?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Tall, prominent ears" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A dished, concave face" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A muscular shoulder hump" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Long front claws" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Tall, prominent ears mark a black bear, not a grizzly. A grizzly shows a shoulder hump, a dished face, and long front claws built for digging.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "8l5i331ukznk5" }, { "id": "ot-identify-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "pronghorn", "speed" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which animal is the fastest land animal in the Western Hemisphere, sprinting around 55 mph?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Elk" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gray wolf" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bighorn sheep" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Pronghorn" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The pronghorn clocks around 55 mph across the sagebrush of Yellowstone and Grand Teton, making it the Western Hemisphere's fastest land animal.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1gj2s5ckre82y" }, { "id": "ot-identify-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "bison", "recovery" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Once 30 to 60 million strong but hunted to fewer than 1,000 by the 1880s, which animal is the living symbol of the American wilderness?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "American bison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gray wolf" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grizzly bear" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Roosevelt elk" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The bison numbered 30-60 million before 1880s hunting cut it below 1,000; Yellowstone became its refuge and it is the enduring symbol of the American wilderness. The others never suffered that near-total collapse.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "5i7qa0a6gs82" }, { "id": "ot-identify-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wolf", "trophic-cascade" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Whose reintroduction to Yellowstone in 1995-96 became the textbook example of a trophic cascade?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Grizzly bear" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "American bison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gray wolf" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Pronghorn" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Reintroduced gray wolves thinned and moved elk herds, letting willows and aspen recover, which brought back beavers and songbirds - one predator rippling through the whole food web.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1wl4xnb1ypqhh9" }, { "id": "ot-keystone-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "keystone", "definition" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The term \"keystone species\" borrows its name from what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The first cornerstone laid in construction", "short": "The first cornerstone laid" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The largest stone in a building's foundation", "short": "The largest stone in a foundation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A stone used to grind grain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The wedge stone at the top of an arch", "short": "Wedge stone atop an arch" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "A keystone is the wedge-shaped stone at the top of an arch; remove it and the arch collapses. A keystone species holds its ecosystem together the same way.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "52mn8do4g7oj" }, { "id": "ot-keystone-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "beaver", "keystone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which keystone engineer builds dams that flood meadows into wetlands sheltering fish, birds, and moose?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "California condor" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Pronghorn" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bighorn sheep" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Beaver" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The beaver is a keystone engineer: its dams create wetlands for countless other species. Pronghorn, bighorn sheep, and condors do not engineer habitat this way.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "vep51y19ec57s" }, { "id": "ot-keystone-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "alligator", "keystone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In the Everglades, which keystone species digs \"gator holes\" that hold water and life through the dry season?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Gray wolf" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "American crocodile" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "West Indian manatee" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "American alligator" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The American alligator is a keystone species whose gator holes retain water through the dry season. Crocodiles and manatees share the wetlands but do not dig them.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "su1go8325e1u" }, { "id": "ot-keystone-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "keystone", "review" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which animal is NOT cited in the guide as a keystone species?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Beaver" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Pronghorn" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Prairie dog" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gray wolf" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The guide names the wolf, beaver, and prairie dog as keystone species. The pronghorn is celebrated for speed, not for holding an ecosystem together.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "q421j81br0ae6" }, { "id": "ot-comeback-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "condor", "pinnacles" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Wild California condor flocks now soar over which of these parks?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Pinnacles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Voyageurs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Isle Royale" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Katmai" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Recovered condor flocks fly over Pinnacles, the Grand Canyon and Zion country, and Big Sur. Isle Royale, Voyageurs, and Katmai are known for other wildlife.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1rshz181jgia4m" }, { "id": "ot-comeback-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "alligator-crocodile" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park is the only place on Earth where American alligators and American crocodiles live side by side?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Everglades" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Canyon" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Everglades uniquely hosts both American alligators and crocodiles together. Tell them apart by color and snout: alligators are dark with broad snouts, crocodiles grayish with narrow ones.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "rl8733b63abp" }, { "id": "ot-comeback-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "roosevelt-elk", "olympic" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Roosevelt elk, largest of all elk subspecies, thrives in the temperate rainforests of which parks?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Everglades and Big Cypress" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone and Grand Teton" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic and Redwood" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier and Rocky Mountain" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Roosevelt elk is at home in the misty rainforests of Olympic and Redwood. The other pairs are drier or wetland habitats without these elk.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "k3o4c7zzrpy" }, { "id": "ot-comeback-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "roosevelt-elk", "olympic-history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic National Park was originally proposed under what name, to protect its wapiti herds?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Roosevelt National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cascade National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rainforest National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Elk National Park" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Olympic's elk were so central to its creation that the park was first proposed as 'Elk National Park' explicitly to protect the herds.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1p33rug17bu1oi" }, { "id": "ot-comeback-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "condor", "recovery" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "By 1982, how many California condors remained alive, prompting biologists to capture every wild bird?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "22" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "136" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "560" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "87" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Only 22 condors remained by 1982, so biologists took every wild bird into captive breeding. 136 was the 1975 Yellowstone grizzly count, 560 is today's total condor population, and 87 isn't tied to any of the guide's other counts β€” it's simply another specific number to rule out.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "3p4qic44wfv2" }, { "id": "ot-record-trees-sherman-ht", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "general-sherman", "sequoia", "height" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how tall is General Sherman, the giant sequoia and largest single-stem tree on Earth?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 180 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 380 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 500 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 275 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "General Sherman stands roughly 275 feet tall with ~52,500 cubic feet of wood. The taller 380-foot figure belongs to Hyperion the coast redwood; sequoias win on bulk, not height.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1l1c1f11pm1bs3" }, { "id": "ot-record-trees-hyperion-ht", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hyperion", "redwood", "height" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hyperion, the tallest living tree on Earth, reaches about how tall?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 450 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 250 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 380 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 275 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Hyperion, a coast redwood in Redwood NP, tops out near 380 feet β€” taller than the Statue of Liberty stacked nearly twice. General Sherman the sequoia is only ~275 feet.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "3c3npe5wmtx0" }, { "id": "ot-record-trees-methuselah-age", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "methuselah", "bristlecone", "age" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how old is Methuselah, the famous Great Basin bristlecone pine?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 2,700 years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1,500 years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 8,000 years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 4,850 years" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Methuselah is about 4,850 years old β€” older than the pyramids. The 2,200–2,700 range describes General Sherman the sequoia, a much younger (though larger) tree.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "16ubkut1jllmyz" }, { "id": "ot-record-trees-tallest", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "superlative", "redwood", "tallest" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Among the record-breaking trees, which is celebrated as the tallest living thing on Earth?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Giant sequoia (General Sherman)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Basin bristlecone pine (Methuselah)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Coast redwood (Hyperion)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Joshua tree" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Coast redwoods grow tall and slender, making Hyperion the tallest tree (~380 ft). The giant sequoia wins on wood volume and the bristlecone pine on age, not height.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1wk2uk1ml096e" }, { "id": "ot-plant-parks-sequoia", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sequoia-np", "pairing" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which national park protects General Sherman, the giant sequoia?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Basin NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Redwood NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sequoia NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite NP" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "General Sherman grows in Sequoia NP on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada. Redwood NP protects the tall coast redwoods; Great Basin protects bristlecone pines.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1auhv2m17edpi8" }, { "id": "ot-plant-parks-redwood", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "redwood-np", "pairing" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hyperion, the record-holding coast redwood, is found in which national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sequoia NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Redwood NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kings Canyon NP" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Hyperion, the tallest tree on Earth, grows in Redwood NP along California's far north coast, where coastal fog sustains the redwoods. Sequoia NP protects the bulkier giant sequoias.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1nawpjkgq3zu2" }, { "id": "ot-plant-parks-bristlecone", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "great-basin-np", "bristlecone", "pairing" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Ancient bristlecone pines like Methuselah are protected in which national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Joshua Tree NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rocky Mountain NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Saguaro NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Basin NP" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Great Basin NP in Nevada protects ancient bristlecone groves on the flanks of Wheeler Peak. Joshua Tree and Saguaro protect desert plants, not high-country pines.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "j7fa36hfz3sk" }, { "id": "ot-plant-parks-saguaro-desert", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "saguaro", "sonoran", "desert" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The giant saguaro cactus, emblem of Saguaro NP, grows wild only in which desert?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Chihuahuan Desert" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mojave Desert" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sonoran Desert" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Colorado Desert" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The saguaro grows wild only in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona. The Mojave is the Joshua tree's home; the Colorado Desert is the lower, hotter zone meeting the Mojave at Joshua Tree NP.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "14c7gto1p69som" }, { "id": "ot-plant-parks-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "pairing", "not-question" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which plant-to-park pairing is INCORRECT?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Giant sequoia β€” Sequoia NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Saguaro cactus β€” Saguaro NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Joshua tree β€” Joshua Tree NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Coast redwood β€” Sequoia NP" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Coast redwoods belong to Redwood NP, not Sequoia NP. Sequoia NP protects the giant sequoias; the other three pairings are all correct.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "126bqag7z7saq" }, { "id": "ot-life-zones-define", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "life-zone", "definition" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is a 'life zone' in park ecology?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A cool, very wet forest of the middle latitudes", "short": "A cool, wet mid-latitude forest" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A fenced boundary marking a park's protected area", "short": "A fence marking protected land" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The desert that always sits at a mountain's base", "short": "The desert at a mountain's base" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A band of plant and animal communities set by elevation and climate", "short": "Life bands set by elevation" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "A life zone is a band of plant and animal communities tied to a particular elevation and climate β€” the idea behind Merriam's classic bands. That's why one tall mountain can stack several.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "19fwfco1l8dkj6" }, { "id": "ot-life-zones-temp-drop", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "elevation", "temperature" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "As you climb a mountain, the air cools by roughly how much for every 1,000 feet of elevation?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 20Β°F" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 10–15Β°F" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 3–5Β°F" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1Β°F" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Air cools about 3–5Β°F per 1,000 feet gained. This rapid cooling is why climbing 1,000 feet up mimics traveling roughly 600 miles north and lets one park stack multiple life zones.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "kt182y1ehvvzg" }, { "id": "ot-life-zones-order", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "life-zone", "sequence" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Climbing a tall park from base to summit, in what order do the life zones typically stack?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Alpine tundra, subalpine, montane forest, desert" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Subalpine, desert, alpine tundra, montane forest" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Desert, montane forest, subalpine, alpine tundra" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Montane forest, desert, alpine tundra, subalpine" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Because it cools with height, a tall park stacks desert at the base, then montane forest, then subalpine, then treeless alpine tundra near the summit β€” coldest zones highest.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1knfs4f1iylh8l" }, { "id": "ot-life-zones-alpine", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "alpine-tundra", "life-zone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which best describes the alpine tundra life zone?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A fog-fed forest of towering moss-draped redwoods", "short": "Fog-fed forest of tall redwoods" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A subtropical wetland of sawgrass and mangrove", "short": "A subtropical sawgrass wetland" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The hot desert band at a mountain's base", "short": "Hot desert at a mountain's base" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A treeless zone of low, hardy plants above where trees can survive", "short": "Hardy low plants above trees" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Alpine tundra is a treeless zone of low, hardy cushion plants above tree line, famously crossed by Rocky Mountain NP's Trail Ridge Road. The other options describe wetland, rainforest, and desert.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1j065xeovw5o4" }, { "id": "ot-ecosystems-everglades", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "pairing" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The subtropical 'river of grass' sawgrass wetland is the signature ecosystem of which park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Everglades NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Congaree NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Biscayne NP" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Everglades NP is the 'river of grass' named by Marjory Stoneman Douglas β€” a shallow sheet of water flowing through sawgrass, mangrove, and cypress found nowhere else in the US.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ub6xl899la6u" }, { "id": "ot-ecosystems-olympic", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "olympic", "hoh", "pairing" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Hoh Rain Forest, a temperate rainforest, is protected in which national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Rainier NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sequoia NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Redwood NP" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Olympic NP's Hoh Rain Forest is the signature American temperate rainforest, soaked by 12–14 feet of rain a year and draped in moss and ferns.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "oq7kv8nbn8fi" }, { "id": "ot-ecosystems-tundra-park", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "rocky-mountain", "alpine-tundra", "pairing" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Alpine tundra crossed by the high Trail Ridge Road is a signature ecosystem of which park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Canyon NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rocky Mountain NP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sequoia NP" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Rocky Mountain NP's Trail Ridge Road famously crosses treeless alpine tundra. Grand Canyon and Sequoia stack life zones too, but the tundra-and-Trail-Ridge pairing is Rocky Mountain's.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "18jzdfd1h1b8bj" }, { "id": "ot-ecosystems-define-rainforest", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "temperate-rainforest", "definition" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What defines a temperate rainforest?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A treeless high-elevation zone of cushion plants", "short": "A treeless zone of cushion plants" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A subtropical marsh of sawgrass and mangrove", "short": "A subtropical sawgrass marsh" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A hot, humid jungle near the equator", "short": "A hot, humid jungle at the equator" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A cool, very wet forest of the middle latitudes fed by heavy rain or fog", "short": "A cool, very wet mid-latitude forest" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "A temperate rainforest is a cool, extremely wet forest of the middle latitudes β€” 'rainforest' refers to rainfall, not latitude. Olympic's Hoh is the classic American example, not a tropical jungle.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "5cc1cp1mdl90f" }, { "id": "ot-ecosystems-hoh-rain", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hoh", "rainfall" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic's Hoh Rain Forest, one of the wettest places in the contiguous US, receives roughly how much rain a year?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 6–7 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 2–3 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 30–40 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 12–14 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Hoh gets roughly 12–14 feet of rain a year, producing its dripping, moss-draped canopy β€” among the wettest spots in the contiguous United States.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1xdfopqtkrkuo" }, { "id": "ot-extremes-depth", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "crater-lake", "depth" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How deep is Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "2,425 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1,943 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "282 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1,530 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Crater Lake reaches 1,943 feet, the deepest in the U.S. The distractors are other park figures: Cadillac Mountain (1,530 ft), Yosemite Falls (2,425 ft), and Badwater's depth below sea level (282 ft).", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "qfg9a9ihsvh3" }, { "id": "ot-extremes-temp", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "death-valley", "temperature" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the highest air temperature ever reliably recorded on Earth, set at Furnace Creek in 1913?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "134Β°F" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "141Β°F" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "120Β°F" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "129Β°F" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "On July 10, 1913, Furnace Creek in Death Valley hit 134Β°F, still Earth's highest reliably recorded air temperature. The others are hot but fall short of the record.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1260xr7j37ap5" }, { "id": "ot-extremes-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "death-valley", "records" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which extreme does Death Valley NOT hold?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Lowest point in North America" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Driest place in the United States" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Longest cave system on Earth", "short": "The longest cave system on Earth" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hottest air temperature on Earth" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Death Valley owns the lowest point (Badwater, -282 ft), the hottest temperature (134Β°F), and is the driest place in the U.S. The longest cave belongs to Mammoth Cave in Kentucky.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "w1jnd9vb7i7" }, { "id": "ot-extremes-dunes", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "great-sand-dunes", "height" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how tall are the dunes at Great Sand Dunes, the tallest in North America?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1,943 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "282 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "426 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "741 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Great Sand Dunes rise about 741 feet from base to crest against Colorado's Sangre de Cristo peaks. The distractors are Badwater's depth, Mammoth Cave's mileage, and Crater Lake's depth.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "30qsm71i7ibvp" }, { "id": "ot-living-redwoods", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "redwood", "trees" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which national park shelters the tallest trees on Earth, the coast redwoods?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Redwood National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Basin National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sequoia National Park" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Redwood National Park protects the coast redwoods, the tallest trees on Earth. Sequoia holds the largest tree by volume, not the tallest.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "lkkfexipdt27" }, { "id": "ot-living-sherman", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sequoia", "trees" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The General Sherman, the largest tree on Earth by volume, grows in which park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Kings Canyon National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sequoia National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Redwood National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Basin National Park" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Sequoia National Park holds the General Sherman, largest tree by volume. Redwood has the tallest trees; the two records belong to different parks.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1tmy0y6vow5ls" }, { "id": "ot-living-bristlecone", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "great-basin", "bristlecone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Where do the oldest non-clonal trees on Earth, bristlecone pines nearly 5,000 years old, cling to the heights?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Basin National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Redwood National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Sand Dunes National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sequoia National Park" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Great Basin's high slopes hold bristlecone pines nearly 5,000 years old, the oldest non-clonal trees on Earth.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "6dgoal196r52r" }, { "id": "ot-living-paintedrock", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "black-canyon", "ancient-rock" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Painted Wall, exposing rock about 1.7 billion years old, rises in which park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Zion National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Black Canyon of the Gunnison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Canyonlands National Park" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Black Canyon of the Gunnison's Painted Wall exposes rock about 1.7 billion years old, among the oldest stone visible in the parks.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "zbj7cb1f20y8x" }, { "id": "ot-living-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "records", "matching" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which record is NOT correctly matched to its park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Tallest trees on Earth β€” Redwood" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Tallest waterfall in North America β€” Yellowstone", "short": "Tallest waterfall β€” Yellowstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Largest tree by volume β€” Sequoia" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Oldest bristlecone pines β€” Great Basin", "short": "Oldest bristlecones β€” Great Basin" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The tallest waterfall in North America, Yosemite Falls (2,425 ft), is in Yosemite, not Yellowstone. The other three pairings are correct.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "s2onixgdgda7" }, { "id": "ot-firsts-yellowstone", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yellowstone", "first" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Signed into existence in 1872, which park was the world's first national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sequoia" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Yellowstone, established in 1872, was the world's first national park β€” the original from which every later park descends.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1nf1qqn91y7th" }, { "id": "ot-firsts-newest", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "new-river-gorge", "newest" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which is the newest national park, redesignated in 2020?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "New River Gorge" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "White Sands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Indiana Dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gateway Arch" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "New River Gorge in West Virginia became the newest national park when it was redesignated in 2020.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "cv9v3ze08vp1" }, { "id": "ot-firsts-samoa", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "american-samoa", "only" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which is the only national park lying entirely south of the equator?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Haleakala National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Virgin Islands National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "National Park of American Samoa", "short": "American Samoa National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Everglades National Park" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The National Park of American Samoa, scattered across South Pacific islands and reef, is the only park entirely south of the equator.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "18dxx6svp459a" }, { "id": "ot-firsts-largest", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wrangell-st-elias", "largest" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which is the single largest national park, alone bigger than the country of Switzerland?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Gates of the Arctic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Denali" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wrangell–St. Elias" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Wrangell–St. Elias in Alaska is the largest national park β€” larger than all of Switzerland. Gates of the Arctic is the second-largest; Denali and Yellowstone are far smaller.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "lm9xd2c63jg8" }, { "id": "ot-firsts-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "alaska", "largest" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park is NOT one of the four largest (all Alaskan) national parks?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Denali" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier Bay" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wrangell–St. Elias" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gates of the Arctic" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The four largest national parks are Wrangell–St. Elias, Gates of the Arctic, Denali, and Katmai β€” all in Alaska. Glacier Bay (~3.22 million acres) ranks about sixth, behind Death Valley, so it is not among the top four.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "108arwp19m7qa7" }, { "id": "ot-lonely-least", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "gates-of-the-arctic", "least-visited" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which is the least-visited national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "North Cascades" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Isle Royale" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Katmai" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gates of the Arctic" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Gates of the Arctic in northern Alaska is the least-visited park, with no roads, trails, or facilities β€” about 11,900 visitors in 2024. Isle Royale is low but higher.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "7cgn0d4fnucz" }, { "id": "ot-lonely-visits", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "gates-of-the-arctic", "visitors" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many people visited Gates of the Arctic in 2024?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 500,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1,900" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 119,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 11,900" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Gates of the Arctic recorded about 11,900 visitors in 2024 β€” fewer in a year than Great Smoky Mountains sees in a few hours.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "12ilrgv1swekut" }, { "id": "ot-lonely-year", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "acadia", "1919" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Acadia established as the first national park east of the Mississippi?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1919" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1872" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1906" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1890" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Acadia was established in 1919 on the coast of Maine, the first national park east of the Mississippi River. 1872 was Yellowstone's founding year.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "k8rl9h1rzw8a3" }, { "id": "ot-lonely-donated", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "acadia", "donated-land" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Besides being first in the East, Acadia was unusual because it was assembled largely from what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Land purchased from a railroad" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Former military land" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Reclaimed farmland" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Land donated by private citizens", "short": "Land donated by citizens" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Unlike western parks reserved from the federal domain, Acadia was the first assembled largely from land donated by private citizens.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "fisds7qtz0zh" }, { "id": "ot-signature-wizard", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wizard-island", "crater-lake" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A small cinder cone rising from the water inside Crater Lake's caldera β€” a volcano within a volcano β€” is called what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Mazama" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wizard Island" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Painted Wall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Star Dune" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Wizard Island, a cinder cone, rises from one side of Crater Lake β€” a volcano within a volcano. Mount Mazama is the collapsed volcano that formed the caldera.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "sd97ca10szwzg" }, { "id": "ot-signature-painted", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "painted-wall", "black-canyon" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In Black Canyon of the Gunnison, which dark cliff exposes rock about 1.7 billion years old?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Painted Wall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "El Capitan" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Half Dome" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Angels Landing" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Painted Wall in Black Canyon of the Gunnison exposes rock about 1.7 billion years old. El Capitan and Half Dome are in Yosemite; Angels Landing is in Zion.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "14s3oe41smbsqe" }, { "id": "ot-signature-falls", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yosemite-falls", "waterfall" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which feature is the tallest waterfall in North America, dropping 2,425 feet in three tiers?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite Falls" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bridalveil Fall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Multnomah Falls" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone Falls" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Yosemite Falls is the tallest waterfall in North America, dropping 2,425 feet in three tiers. The others are real but far shorter.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "u2h66fzkwv3x" }, { "id": "ot-signature-badwater", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "badwater-basin", "death-valley" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The blinding white plain of salt flats at the lowest point in North America is known as what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Badwater Basin" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wizard Island" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Furnace Creek" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Star Dune" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Badwater Basin in Death Valley, 282 feet below sea level, is a white salt plain and the lowest point in North America. Furnace Creek is the nearby site of the heat record.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1f73jqo17e80mi" }, { "id": "ot-signature-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "features", "matching" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which signature feature is NOT paired with its correct park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Badwater Basin β€” Great Sand Dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wizard Island β€” Crater Lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Painted Wall β€” Black Canyon of the Gunnison", "short": "Painted Wall β€” Black Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite Falls β€” Yosemite" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Badwater Basin is in Death Valley, not Great Sand Dunes. The other three features are correctly paired with their parks.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1o95o8h1ini19j" }, { "id": "ot-roads-tioga", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "scenic-roads", "yosemite" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Tioga Road, which crests Tioga Pass at 9,943 feet, is a seasonal high-country drive in which park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rocky Mountain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kings Canyon" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Tioga Road crosses Tioga Pass (9,943 ft) in Yosemite. Trail Ridge Road is Rocky Mountain's high road and Going-to-the-Sun is Glacier's, so those are the tempting mix-ups.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "16sxd1v1skkfp5" }, { "id": "ot-roads-gts", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "scenic-roads", "glacier" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Going-to-the-Sun Road, crossing the Continental Divide at Logan Pass, is the headline drive of which park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "North Cascades" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Teton" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The 50-mile Going-to-the-Sun Road climbs to Logan Pass (6,646 ft) in Glacier National Park, completed in 1932. The other Rockies-region parks lack this specific road.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "xqzayc1piqjku" }, { "id": "ot-roads-fireflies", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "seasonal-events", "great-smoky" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The lottery-access synchronous fireflies of early June are a signature spectacle of which park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Congaree" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Shenandoah" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Smoky Mountains" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Great Smoky Mountains hosts the lottery-access synchronous firefly event in early June. Yosemite's mid-February Firefall is the other rare seasonal spectacle mentioned.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "18664a0rwc02q" }, { "id": "ot-roads-notmatch", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "scenic-roads", "matching" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which scenic road is NOT correctly matched to its park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Trail Ridge Road β€” Rocky Mountain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cadillac Mountain Road β€” Acadia" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Skyline Drive β€” Shenandoah" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Going-to-the-Sun Road β€” Yosemite" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Going-to-the-Sun Road is in Glacier, not Yosemite (whose seasonal high road is Tioga Road). The other three pairings are correct.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ud73lfp0qxa1" }, { "id": "ot-safety-water", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "safety", "water" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In desert parks, how much water does the NPS recommend carrying per person per day?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Half a gallon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "One gallon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "One quart" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Two gallons" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The guidance is a full gallon of water per person per day in desert heat, paired with hiking before 10 a.m. and avoiding midday exertion.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1wsgeeyi2smoc" }, { "id": "ot-safety-bear", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "safety", "wildlife-distance" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How far back does the NPS rule say to stay from bears and wolves?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "50 yards" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "25 yards" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "10 yards" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "100 yards" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Stay 100 yards (about a football field) from bears and wolves. The 25-yard rule applies to bison, elk, and other large animals.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "vbx3gj13z9le1" }, { "id": "ot-safety-heat", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "safety", "heat" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which action best follows NPS guidance for surviving desert-park heat?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Start at noon when the trails are least crowded", "short": "Start at noon, when trails are empty" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hike before 10 a.m. and avoid midday exertion", "short": "Hike before 10 a.m., avoid midday" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Save most of your water for the hike back", "short": "Save most of your water for the return" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rest in the sun to let your body acclimate", "short": "Rest in the sun to acclimatize slowly" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Heat is the desert's quiet killer, so hike early and avoid midday exertion. Rationing water or starting at noon invites heat illness.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "pbghnb16e9a3h" }, { "id": "ot-safety-notrule", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "safety", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these is NOT one of the parks' core safety rules?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Stay 100 yards from bears and wolves" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Feed wildlife small, natural snacks" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Carry bear spray in grizzly country" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Never feed wildlife", "short": "Never feed wildlife, ever" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Feeding wildlife any snacks breaks the one rule with no exceptions β€” never feed wildlife β€” since a fed animal becomes bold, dependent, and often doomed. The other three are genuine NPS rules.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1v4ahpzeqkiv1" }, { "id": "ot-desig-congress", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "designations", "national-park" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A national park is a protected area created by what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "An act of Congress" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A presidential proclamation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A state legislature" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A Wilderness Act designation" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "National parks are created by an act of Congress and generally bar hunting and extraction. A presidential proclamation instead creates a national monument.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1iht77v1nf9w5d" }, { "id": "ot-desig-wilderness", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "designations", "wilderness" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which designation is the strictest federal land protection, barring roads, vehicles, and permanent development?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "National Preserve" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Backcountry" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wilderness Area" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "National Monument" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "A designated wilderness area is the strictest protection, keeping land 'untrammeled by man' under the 1964 Wilderness Act. A preserve is the loosest, permitting some hunting.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "17nf0evlz8h7x" }, { "id": "ot-desig-preserve", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "designations", "preserve" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which designation is a protected unit that may permit some hunting or resource extraction?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "National Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "National Preserve" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wilderness Area" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "National Monument" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "A national preserve may allow some hunting or extraction; several places are combined 'Park & Preserve' units. National parks and wilderness areas bar such uses.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1jprib4nvd8qy" }, { "id": "ot-desig-false", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "designations", "monument" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about park designations is FALSE?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A national preserve may permit some hunting", "short": "A preserve may permit some hunting" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A national park generally bars hunting and extraction", "short": "A park bars hunting and extraction" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Grand Canyon began life as a national monument", "short": "Grand Canyon began as a monument" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A national monument requires an act of Congress", "short": "A monument needs Congress" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "A national monument needs no act of Congress β€” the president can proclaim it directly under the 1906 Antiquities Act. The other three statements are true.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "jr7gmwx6z8aa" }, { "id": "ot-trail-backcountry", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "trail-vocab", "backcountry" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What term names the remote, undeveloped interior of a park beyond roads and front-country facilities?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Backcountry" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wilderness Area" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Inholding" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Frontcountry" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The backcountry is the remote interior, reached on foot, horse, or boat, with overnight stays usually needing a permit. Wilderness is a legal protection layer, not this term.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ux3tmf12b4hgd" }, { "id": "ot-trail-switchback", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "trail-vocab", "switchback" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A sharp zigzag turn in a trail or road that eases a steep climb by lengthening the route is a:" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Traverse" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cairn" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cutback" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Switchback" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "A switchback softens the grade so hikers and vehicles can climb slopes impossible to ascend straight on β€” the secret behind roads like Going-to-the-Sun.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "mdi1q2knny4" }, { "id": "ot-trail-cairn", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "trail-vocab", "cairn" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A deliberate stack of stones that marks a route across bare rock where no worn path shows is a:" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Switchback" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cairn" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Inholding" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Trailhead" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "A cairn marks the way across rock or open terrain. The rule is to follow existing cairns, not build rogue ones, since false cairns can lead hikers astray.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1qlluve1mbrv8s" }, { "id": "ot-trail-inholding", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "trail-vocab", "inholding" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Privately owned land that sits within a park's boundaries is called an:" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Gateway" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Concession" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Easement" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Inholding" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "An inholding is private land inside park boundaries β€” a leftover from before the park was drawn β€” that can complicate management and access.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1mr7afgqbfac6" }, { "id": "ot-trail-notdef", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "trail-vocab", "matching" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which trail term is INCORRECTLY defined?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Cairn β€” a stack of stones marking a route", "short": "Cairn β€” a stack marking a route" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Backcountry β€” a park's developed visitor-center area", "short": "Backcountry β€” the visitor area" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Inholding β€” private land within park boundaries", "short": "Inholding β€” private land in a park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Switchback β€” a zigzag turn easing a steep climb", "short": "Switchback β€” a zigzag easing a climb" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Backcountry is the remote, UNdeveloped interior beyond the roads and visitor centers β€” the opposite of a developed front-country area. The other three definitions are correct.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ddea8uaaklu8" }, { "id": "ot-fac-trailhead", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "facility-vocab", "trailhead" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What term names the point where a trail begins?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Backcountry" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gateway" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Trailhead" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cairn" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The trailhead is simply where a trail starts. A gateway town is the community at a park's entrance, and a cairn marks a route across open rock.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "uxbjmp12ez6zb" }, { "id": "ot-fac-gateway", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "facility-vocab", "gateway-town" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A community at a park's entrance that feeds and beds its visitors is a:" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Trailhead" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gateway town" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Concessioner" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Inholding" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "A gateway town sits at a park's entrance serving visitors. A concessioner, by contrast, is a company operating services inside the park itself.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "4yvrwflojnq" }, { "id": "ot-fac-concessioner", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "facility-vocab", "concessioner" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A private company licensed to run the lodges, tours, and services inside a park is a:" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Ranger station" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gateway town" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Inholding" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Concessioner" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "A concessioner is licensed to run lodges and tours inside the park. A gateway town is the outside community at the entrance, not an in-park operator.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "gknhnv13tya9" }, { "id": "ot-fac-match", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "facility-vocab", "matching" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which facility term is correctly matched to its meaning?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Inholding β€” a community at a park's entrance", "short": "Inholding β€” town at a park entrance" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gateway town β€” the point where a trail begins", "short": "Gateway town β€” where a trail begins" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Trailhead β€” private land inside a park", "short": "Trailhead β€” private land in a park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Concessioner β€” a private company running park lodges and tours", "short": "Concessioner β€” runs park lodges" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Only the concessioner pairing is right. A trailhead is where a trail begins, an inholding is private in-park land, and a gateway town is the entrance community.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "6qai51u3ddv" }, { "id": "ot-fac-notdesc", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "facility-vocab", "concessioner" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which facility term is INCORRECTLY described?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Inholding β€” privately owned land within a park", "short": "Inholding β€” private land in a park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Concessioner β€” a community at a park's entrance serving visitors", "short": "Concessioner β€” town at the entrance" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Trailhead β€” the point where a trail begins", "short": "Trailhead β€” where a trail begins" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gateway town β€” a community at a park's entrance serving visitors", "short": "Gateway town β€” town at the entrance" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "A concessioner is a private company running lodges and tours inside a park β€” not the entrance community, which is the gateway town. The other three are correct.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "y4wlku16yawe8" }, { "id": "ot-facts-windcave-yr", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wind-cave", "dates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Wind Cave, in South Dakota, become the world's first cave designated a national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1903" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1926" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1916" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1872" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Wind Cave was the first cave anywhere designated a national park, back in 1903 β€” famous for its rare honeycomb-like 'boxwork' formations.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1e32c2210fe6jw" }, { "id": "ot-facts-longest-cave", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mammoth-cave", "caves" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which national park protects the longest known cave system on Earth β€” one that keeps getting longer as explorers connect new passages?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave (South Dakota)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Carlsbad Caverns (New Mexico)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Cave (Kentucky)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jewel Cave (South Dakota)" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Mammoth Cave in Kentucky is the longest known cave system on Earth, and no one has mapped a natural end to it β€” the record is still being written underground.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1no9qt7y8w63" }, { "id": "ot-facts-yellowstone-risk", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yellowstone", "supervolcano" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone's 'supervolcano' fuels doomsday headlines, but what does the U.S. Geological Survey β€” which monitors it constantly β€” say about a major near-term eruption?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It is likely within 50 years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The risk is very low" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The risk is rising sharply" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An eruption is overdue" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The USGS, which monitors Yellowstone constantly, rates the chance of a major near-term eruption as very low. The ground breathes and small quakes are routine, but on any human timescale it's a slow, closely watched giant.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ihifci1y8nuqs" }, { "id": "ot-facts-not-true", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mixed", "not", "caves" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these surprising cave facts is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave is the longest known cave system on Earth", "short": "Wind Cave β€” longest cave on Earth" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave, in South Dakota, was the first cave designated a national park", "short": "Wind Cave β€” first cave park (SD)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Cave keeps getting longer as explorers connect new passages", "short": "Mammoth Cave keeps growing" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Smoky Mountains has never charged an entrance fee", "short": "Great Smokies never charged a fee" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Mammoth Cave β€” not Wind Cave β€” is the longest known cave system on Earth. Wind Cave's claim to fame is being the first cave designated a national park (1903). The other three facts are all accurate.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1rue5s41g01e7y" }, { "id": "ot-places-hotsprings-bottle", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hot-springs", "water" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "At which national park, nicknamed 'The American Spa,' can visitors legally fill their own bottles straight from public thermal-spring fountains?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hot Springs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Death Valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Cave" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Hot Springs, Arkansas, is one of the few parks where you can legally collect the resource itself β€” public fountains let visitors fill bottles from the thermal springs.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "se2ibfguk275" }, { "id": "ot-places-racetrack-where", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "racetrack-playa", "death-valley" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "On which Death Valley feature do heavy rocks leave long trails across dried mud, as if they had strolled off on their own?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Badwater Basin" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bathhouse Row" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bonneville Salt Flats" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Racetrack Playa" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "On Death Valley's Racetrack Playa, heavy 'sailing stones' leave trails across the dried mud. Badwater Basin is Death Valley's low point, but the walking-rocks puzzle belongs to the Racetrack.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1v1y11n1gz24up" }, { "id": "ot-places-samoa-leased", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "american-samoa", "place" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which unusual park is leased from local villages rather than owned by the federal government, protecting rainforests, coral reefs, and fruit bats?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "National Park of American Samoa", "short": "American Samoa" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hot Springs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gateway Arch" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Racetrack Playa" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The National Park of American Samoa is leased from local villages β€” proof a national park need not be federal property to be protected.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "kks1i8iphz3u" }, { "id": "ot-places-racetrack-cause", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "racetrack-playa", "science" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In 2014 researchers finally filmed what moves the 'sailing stones' of Racetrack Playa. What was it?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Flash-flood water currents" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Thin overnight ice sheets nudged by light wind", "short": "Thin overnight ice nudged by wind" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Seismic tremors shaking the playa" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Strong underground magnetic fields" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "In 2014 researchers filmed the answer: thin sheets of overnight ice, nudged by light wind, glide the stones across the slick surface.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "rytkj7jknq7t" }, { "id": "ot-places-not-pair", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "places", "not" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which pairing of an unusual place with its claim to fame is INCORRECT?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Racetrack Playa β€” the first cave designated a national park", "short": "Racetrack Playa β€” first cave park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "American Samoa β€” leased from local villages", "short": "American Samoa β€” leased from villages" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Racetrack Playa β€” rocks leave trails as if they walked", "short": "Racetrack Playa β€” rocks leave trails" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hot Springs β€” visitors can legally bottle its thermal spring water", "short": "Hot Springs β€” bottle its spring water" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Racetrack Playa is Death Valley's walking-stones site, not a cave β€” the first cave designated a national park was Wind Cave (1903). The other three pairings are correct.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "2nvame12yjuwo" }, { "id": "ot-quotes-stegner", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "stegner", "quotes" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who called the national parks 'the best idea we ever had... Absolutely American, absolutely democratic, they reflect us at our best'?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wallace Stegner" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Novelist Wallace Stegner gave the parks their most-quoted endorsement in 1983; the power of the line is in that word 'democratic.'", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1z0kj2k12wgdee" }, { "id": "ot-quotes-muir-hitched", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "muir", "quotes" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who wrote, 'When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe'?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wallace Stegner" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "John Muir wrote it in My First Summer in the Sierra (1911) β€” it reads like a one-sentence summary of ecology, written before the word was in common use.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "13zb26d10bspbv" }, { "id": "ot-quotes-fdr-people", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "fdr", "quotes" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who declared in 1936, 'There is nothing so American as our national parks... the country belongs to the people'?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Wallace Stegner" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Franklin D. Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Franklin D. Roosevelt (1936) framed the parks as a national birthright. Theodore Roosevelt's famous park line was 'Leave it as it is,' at the Grand Canyon in 1903.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1emcqdol90vie" }, { "id": "ot-quotes-two-roosevelts", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "roosevelt", "attribution" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The parks moved two presidents named Roosevelt. Which statement correctly separates them?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore spoke at the Grand Canyon in 1903; Franklin called the parks the people's in 1936", "short": "Theodore 1903; Franklin 1936" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Franklin spoke at the Grand Canyon in 1903; Theodore in 1936", "short": "Franklin 1903; Theodore 1936" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore declared 'the country belongs to the people' in 1936", "short": "Theodore said it in 1936" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Both quotations came from Theodore Roosevelt", "short": "Both quotes came from Theodore" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Theodore Roosevelt stood at the Grand Canyon rim in 1903 ('Leave it as it is'); Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaimed the parks the people's own in 1936.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "526r7l1ycw7if" }, { "id": "ot-hr-teton-jackson", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "grand-teton", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which High Rockies park is a range of young fault-block mountains that rise straight from Jackson Hole with no foothills to soften the climb?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Rocky Mountain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Teton" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Sand Dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Teton Range lifts about 7,000 feet of granite straight out of Jackson Hole along the Teton Fault, with no foothills. Rocky Mountain and Glacier are older, foothill-fringed ranges.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "11633991uq2pw3" }, { "id": "ot-hr-glacier-crown", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "glacier", "nickname" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "George Bird Grinnell dubbed which Montana park the 'Crown of the Continent'?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Rocky Mountain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Teton" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Grinnell's 'Crown of the Continent' name for Glacier endures, fitting its horns, aretes, ~700 lakes, and billion-year-old Belt Supergroup rock.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1v7phmk19pbuli" }, { "id": "ot-hr-rocky-trailridge", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "rocky-mountain", "roads" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park is served by Trail Ridge Road, the highest continuous paved road in the United States, running for miles above treeline?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Sand Dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Teton" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rocky Mountain" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Trail Ridge Road crests at 12,183 feet in Rocky Mountain National Park, where more than a third of the park lies above treeline. Glacier's high road is Going-to-the-Sun over Logan Pass.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "13zm3spiwydrj" }, { "id": "ot-hr-yellowstone-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yellowstone", "geothermal" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these does NOT describe Yellowstone National Park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Sits atop a supervolcano caldera" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Old Faithful erupts every 60 to 90 minutes", "short": "Old Faithful erupts every hour or so" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rises abruptly from the floor of Jackson Hole", "short": "Rises abruptly from Jackson Hole" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Holds nearly half of Earth's active geysers", "short": "Holds half of Earth's active geysers" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Rising from Jackson Hole with no foothills describes Grand Teton, not Yellowstone. Yellowstone is the supervolcano park with ~500 geysers and Old Faithful.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "mrviva1dyvevs" }, { "id": "ot-ccp-blackcanyon-painted", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "black-canyon", "cliffs" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park contains the Painted Wall, Colorado's tallest cliff at roughly 2,250 feet, dropping straight from the rim?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mesa Verde" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Badlands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Black Canyon of the Gunnison" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Painted Wall plunges ~2,250 feet in Black Canyon of the Gunnison, where the Gunnison River cut through 1.7-billion-year-old gneiss and schist.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "7k93jtynbgin" }, { "id": "ot-ccp-mesaverde-cliffpalace", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mesa-verde", "cultural" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park protects Cliff Palace, the largest cliff dwelling in North America, built by the Ancestral Puebloans?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Black Canyon of the Gunnison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Badlands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mesa Verde" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Cliff Palace, with about 150 rooms, is the largest cliff dwelling in North America and sits in Mesa Verde, the first park created to preserve 'the works of man.'", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ag9ky3uf8l8h" }, { "id": "ot-ccp-windcave-boxwork", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wind-cave", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park holds about 95% of the world's discovered 'boxwork,' delicate honeycomb fins of calcite?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mesa Verde" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Black Canyon of the Gunnison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Badlands" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Wind Cave, the world's first park created to protect a cave, contains roughly 95% of all boxwork ever found β€” more than all other known caves combined.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1myzdnlxmnuh3" }, { "id": "ot-ccp-badlands-fossils", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "badlands", "fossils" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park, called Mako Sica by the Lakota, holds one of the world's richest Oligocene mammal fossil beds and erodes about an inch a year?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Black Canyon of the Gunnison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Badlands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Badlands' fast-eroding buttes surrender new Oligocene mammal fossils after nearly every rainstorm. Theodore Roosevelt is also badlands terrain but lacks this fossil claim.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "l326581k3n9zq" }, { "id": "ot-idw-blackcanyon-sunlight", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "black-canyon", "clue" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A gorge so narrow, sheer, and deep that parts of its floor receive only about 33 minutes of sunlight a day. Which park is it?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mesa Verde" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Black Canyon of the Gunnison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Black Canyon of the Gunnison is so deep and narrow that some of its floor gets only ~33 minutes of daily sun β€” the source of its name.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1fs0hjwbpmffq" }, { "id": "ot-idw-windcave-breathes", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wind-cave", "clue" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Lakota call it Maka Oniye for the air that whistles in and out of its small entrance. Which park is it?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Badlands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mesa Verde" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Wind Cave is named for the 'breathing' air that rushes through its entrance as pressure shifts β€” Maka Oniye, the Lakota place of emergence.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1rw3r0n1ut13jx" }, { "id": "ot-idw-yellowstone-supervolcano", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yellowstone", "clue" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "It spreads across Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho atop a supervolcano and holds nearly half of Earth's active geysers. Which park is it?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Teton" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rocky Mountain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Yellowstone, the world's first national park, sits on the Yellowstone Caldera across three states and holds about half of all active geysers on Earth.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1603jsdq7tj43" }, { "id": "ot-idw-mesaverde-dwellings", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mesa-verde", "clue" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The first park created to preserve 'the works of man,' with over 600 cliff dwellings built into sandstone alcoves. Which park is it?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mesa Verde" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Black Canyon of the Gunnison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Badlands" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Mesa Verde protects over 5,000 archaeological sites and some 600 cliff dwellings of the Ancestral Puebloans β€” the first park made to preserve human heritage.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "f0t0zo1wd9xq" }, { "id": "ot-pk-longs-elev", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "rocky-mountain", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Longs Peak, the high point of Rocky Mountain National Park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "14,259 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "10,466 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "12,183 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "13,775 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Longs Peak tops out at 14,259 feet. 13,775 is Grand Teton, 12,183 is the Trail Ridge Road crest, and 10,466 is Glacier's Mount Cleveland.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "gfv6533awxu5" }, { "id": "ot-pk-teton-elev", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "grand-teton", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the elevation of the summit of Grand Teton, the range's namesake peak?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "13,775 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "10,466 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "14,259 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "12,183 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Grand Teton crests at 13,775 feet. 14,259 is Longs Peak, 12,183 the Trail Ridge Road crest, and 10,466 Glacier's Mount Cleveland.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1vd7lcydwb9mc" }, { "id": "ot-pk-cleveland-elev", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "glacier", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Mount Cleveland, the high point of Glacier National Park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "12,183 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "13,775 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "14,259 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "10,466 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Mount Cleveland reaches 10,466 feet, the lowest of these Western high points. The others are the Trail Ridge crest, Grand Teton, and Longs Peak.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1fld3ap38582v" }, { "id": "ot-pk-rocky-rank", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "rocky-mountain", "visitation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Rocky Mountain drew about 4.15 million visitors in 2024. Where did that rank among U.S. national parks?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "8th-most-visited" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "5th-most-visited" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1st-most-visited" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "3rd-most-visited" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Rocky Mountain's 4.15 million visitors made it the 5th-most-visited national park in 2024, just behind Yellowstone at 4th.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "87yc6nyhzrdx" }, { "id": "ot-st-yellowstone-three", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yellowstone", "states" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone National Park spreads across which three states?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Colorado, Utah, Wyoming" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wyoming, Montana, Idaho" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Montana, Idaho, Washington" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Yellowstone sprawls across Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho atop its volcanic hotspot, with most of the park in Wyoming.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "19b06bj1sjajqd" }, { "id": "ot-st-glacier-montana", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "glacier", "states" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In which state is Glacier National Park, the 'Crown of the Continent'?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Colorado" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Montana" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "North Dakota" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wyoming" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Glacier sits in northern Montana on the Canadian border, joined with Waterton Lakes to form the first International Peace Park.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1p5s9b7k8tgqx" }, { "id": "ot-st-theodore-nd", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "theodore-roosevelt", "states" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt National Park, the only park named for one person, lies in which state?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Montana" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wyoming" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "South Dakota" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "North Dakota" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Theodore Roosevelt National Park is in the North Dakota badlands along the Little Missouri River, home to Roosevelt's Maltese Cross and Elkhorn ranches.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "krrks6ydj9p4" }, { "id": "ot-st-not-colorado", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "states", "colorado" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these Western parks is NOT in Colorado?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Black Canyon of the Gunnison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mesa Verde" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Sand Dunes" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Glacier is in Montana. Mesa Verde, Great Sand Dunes, and Black Canyon of the Gunnison are all in Colorado.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "t3kbgm8r6czc" }, { "id": "ot-st-windcave-badlands-sd", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "states", "south-dakota" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave and Badlands National Parks both lie in which state?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "South Dakota" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "North Dakota" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Colorado" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nebraska" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Wind Cave sits in the Black Hills of South Dakota, and Badlands rises from South Dakota's mixed-grass prairie, its South Unit within the Pine Ridge Reservation.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "3gwr62zu3u98" }, { "id": "ot-canyon-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "grand-canyon", "measurement" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how long is the Grand Canyon, measured along the Colorado River that carved it?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "190 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "18 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "400 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "277 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Colorado runs ~277 miles through the canyon. 18 miles is its maximum width, not its length.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1yrd79c1q4nw96" }, { "id": "ot-canyon-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "zion", "visitation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which canyon-country park was Utah's first national park (1919) and its busiest, drawing ~4.95 million visitors in 2024?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Arches" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Canyonlands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bryce Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Zion" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Zion (1919) was Utah's first park and, at ~4.95M visitors in 2024, the 2nd-most-visited in the country.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ip3l5819bz2w6" }, { "id": "ot-canyon-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "colorado-plateau", "headliners" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these is NOT one of the five canyon-country headliners of the Colorado Plateau?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Canyonlands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Arches" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Saguaro" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Zion" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The canyon-country headliners are Grand Canyon, Zion, Bryce, Arches, and Canyonlands. Saguaro is a Sonoran Desert cactus park, not a Colorado Plateau canyon.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "yp3owdfe1vmr" }, { "id": "ot-rwc-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "capitol-reef", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Capitol Reef National Park was set aside to protect what geological feature?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Capitan Reef" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Vishnu Schist" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Painted Desert badlands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Waterpocket Fold, a ~100-mile wrinkle in the crust", "short": "The Waterpocket Fold" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Capitol Reef protects the Waterpocket Fold, a ~100-mile monocline. The Vishnu Schist is in the Grand Canyon; the Capitan Reef underlies Carlsbad and Guadalupe.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "18kk5xrc9sv6d" }, { "id": "ot-rwc-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "petrified-forest", "fossilization" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "By what process did the logs at Petrified Forest turn to rainbow-colored quartz?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind grinding of dried crystals" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Permineralization β€” silica-rich groundwater replaced the wood cell by cell", "short": "Permineralization" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sulfuric-acid dissolution" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Freeze-thaw wedging of the wood" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Silica-rich groundwater replaced the wood cell by cell (permineralization); iron and manganese tinted the agate. Freeze-thaw carves hoodoos; sulfuric acid carved Carlsbad.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "128csgu10amtdc" }, { "id": "ot-rwc-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "joshua-tree", "mutualism" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Joshua tree survives through a strict mutualism, being pollinated exclusively by which organism?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The yucca moth" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The lesser long-nosed bat" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Honeybees" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Brazilian free-tailed bat" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Joshua tree (a giant yucca) is pollinated only by the yucca moth. The lesser long-nosed bat pollinates saguaro and agave, honeybees are generalist foragers but not obligate partners, and free-tailed bats roost in caves like Carlsbad Caverns.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1h1kcmk1vhn252" }, { "id": "ot-rwc-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "saguaro", "cactus" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about the giant saguaro cactus is accurate?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It grows across all four southwestern deserts", "short": "It grows in all four deserts" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Its blossom opens in December" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It waits until age 50–75 to sprout its first arm", "short": "Its first arm comes at age 50–75" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It typically lives only about 50 years", "short": "It lives only about 50 years" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Saguaros live 150–200 years and may not grow a first arm until 50–75. They grow only in the Sonoran Desert, and the blossom opens in May–June.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "xn4yyl18f6kub" }, { "id": "ot-cave-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "carlsbad-caverns", "cave-formation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Carlsbad Caverns' Big Room formed unusually. What dissolved the limestone from the inside out?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Sulfuric acid rising from oil and gas deposits below", "short": "Sulfuric acid rising from below" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rainwater seeping down from above", "short": "Rainwater seeping from above" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Rio Grande's floodwaters" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A retreating glacier" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Sulfuric acid, rising from oil and gas below, ate the Permian reef from within β€” unlike ordinary caves carved by rainwater seeping down.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "11vg87q1qfueeg" }, { "id": "ot-cave-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "capitan-reef", "guadalupe-mountains" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Guadalupe Mountains and Carlsbad Caverns are both part of what ~265-million-year-old feature?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Permian Capitan Reef" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Waterpocket Fold" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Vishnu Schist" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Colorado Plateau" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Both expose the Permian Capitan Reef β€” Guadalupe as desert mountains above, Carlsbad as caverns below. The Waterpocket Fold is at Capitol Reef.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "o924pcc2g2re" }, { "id": "ot-cave-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "death-valley", "badwater" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Death Valley's Badwater Basin is the lowest point in North America. At what elevation does it sit?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Exactly at sea level" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "βˆ’512 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "βˆ’136 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "βˆ’282 ft" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Badwater Basin lies 282 ft below sea level, the lowest point in North America. From there the park rises two miles to 11,049-ft Telescope Peak.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "wxrl64vb04qu" }, { "id": "ot-cave-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "big-bend", "rio-grande" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Along which river, forming the U.S.–Mexico border, does Big Bend National Park sit?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Virgin River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Rio Grande" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Colorado River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Green River" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Big Bend hugs the Rio Grande's 'big bend' on the Mexico border. The Green and Colorado carve Canyonlands; the Virgin River carved Zion.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "y4yyjgx3asp2" }, { "id": "ot-idp-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "zion", "identify" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park is known for towering Navajo Sandstone cliffs and the knife-edge Angels Landing hike above the Virgin River?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Bryce Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Zion" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Capitol Reef" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Canyonlands" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Zion's Navajo Sandstone cliffs, Angels Landing, and the Virgin River's Narrows are its signatures. Bryce is hoodoos; Canyonlands is river-carved districts.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ozczdfh8vey1" }, { "id": "ot-idp-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "arches", "identify" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Utah park protects over 2,000 natural sandstone spans, including the famous Delicate Arch on the state license plate?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Arches" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Capitol Reef" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Canyonlands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bryce Canyon" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Arches, near Moab, holds the greatest density of natural arches on Earth, including the 52-ft Delicate Arch on Utah's plate.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "omul4lcqpwd7" }, { "id": "ot-idp-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "carlsbad-caverns", "identify" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park's chambers empty each summer evening as hundreds of thousands of Brazilian free-tailed bats stream out at dusk?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Carlsbad Caverns" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Guadalupe Mountains" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Basin" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Big Bend" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Carlsbad Caverns' bat flights are famous; a teenage Jim White first saw them as 'smoke.' Great Basin has Lehman Caves but not the bat flights.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "15jjro61vz007s" }, { "id": "ot-idp-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "grand-canyon", "identify" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park exposes nearly 2 billion years of Earth's history β€” down to the 1.8-billion-year-old Vishnu Schist β€” in walls over a mile deep?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Zion" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Canyonlands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bryce Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Canyon" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Grand Canyon's mile-deep walls expose ~2 billion years of history, with the Vishnu Schist at the bottom. Zion's rock is only ~180 million years old.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "gjgyth1hnwv1n" }, { "id": "ot-idp-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "death-valley", "identify" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park holds Badwater Basin β€” the lowest point in North America β€” and the hottest air temperature ever reliably recorded on Earth?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Basin" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Guadalupe Mountains" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Big Bend" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Death Valley" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Death Valley holds Badwater Basin (βˆ’282 ft) and the 134Β°F Furnace Creek record of 1913 β€” the lowest, hottest, driest park. It is also the largest park in the contiguous U.S.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "f2q52wk9ij6" }, { "id": "ot-num-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wheeler-peak", "great-basin" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Wheeler Peak, the high point of Great Basin National Park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "8,751 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "13,065 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "9,115 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "11,049 ft" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Wheeler Peak reaches 13,065 ft. 11,049 ft is Death Valley's Telescope Peak, 9,115 ft is Bryce's Rainbow Point, and 8,751 ft is Guadalupe Peak.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "dc3gl5fllphr" }, { "id": "ot-num-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "guadalupe-peak", "texas" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Guadalupe Peak, the highest point in Texas, rises to what elevation?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "13,065 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "11,049 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "8,751 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "6,000 ft" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Guadalupe Peak tops out at 8,751 ft, the highest point in Texas. 11,049 ft and 13,065 ft are Telescope Peak and Wheeler Peak.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "lmfdqruh0x89" }, { "id": "ot-num-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "great-basin", "states" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In which state is Great Basin National Park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Nevada" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Utah" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "New Mexico" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Great Basin sits in remote east-central Nevada and holds the state's only glacier. Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico each host other Southwest parks.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1pcb0539icfgt" }, { "id": "ot-num-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "states", "matching" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park–state pairing is correct?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Big Bend β€” Texas" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Saguaro β€” New Mexico" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Canyon β€” Utah" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Basin β€” Arizona" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Big Bend is in Texas. Grand Canyon and Saguaro are in Arizona, and Great Basin is in Nevada.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1yopr9ir2envs" }, { "id": "ot-cal-giants-sherman", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sequoia", "trees" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What distinction does the General Sherman Tree in Sequoia National Park hold?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The widest tree canopy on Earth", "short": "The widest canopy on Earth" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The largest single-stem tree on Earth by volume", "short": "The largest single-stem tree" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The tallest tree on Earth" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The oldest living tree on Earth" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The General Sherman is the largest single-stem tree on Earth by volume (~52,500 cubic feet). The tallest trees are the coast redwoods in Redwood, not Sequoia.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "5pyoe47dv96e" }, { "id": "ot-cal-giants-falls", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yosemite", "waterfall" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How far does Yosemite Falls, the tallest waterfall in North America, plunge?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1,943 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "4,737 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "3,000 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2,425 ft" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Yosemite Falls drops 2,425 ft. 3,000 ft is El Capitan's face, 4,737 ft is Half Dome above the valley, and 1,943 ft is Crater Lake's depth.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "5uxor19wfkwh" }, { "id": "ot-cal-giants-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sequoia", "distinguish" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about Sequoia National Park is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Its coast redwoods are the tallest trees on Earth", "short": "Its redwoods are Earth's tallest" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was established in 1890" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The General Sherman is the largest single-stem tree by volume", "short": "Sherman: largest tree by volume" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Whitney rises on its eastern boundary", "short": "Whitney rises on its east edge" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Coast redwoods, the tallest trees, grow in Redwood National Park, not Sequoia. Sequoia's fame is the giant sequoia General Sherman, and Mount Whitney sits on its eastern boundary.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "57lcpe1dvlwsk" }, { "id": "ot-cal-giants-redwood", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "redwood", "trees" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which far-northern California park protects the tallest trees on Earth, including Hyperion at about 380 ft?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Redwood" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sequoia" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kings Canyon" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Redwood National and State Parks protect the coast redwoods, the tallest trees on Earth. Sequoia's giant sequoias are largest by volume, not tallest.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "19wtdadr5lkcr" }, { "id": "ot-coast-nw-galapagos", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "channel-islands", "endemic" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park off the Southern California coast is nicknamed the 'GalΓ‘pagos of North America' for its roughly 150 endemic species?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Pinnacles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "North Cascades" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Channel Islands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Channel Islands' isolation drove about 150 endemic species, earning it the 'GalΓ‘pagos of North America' nickname and a famous island-fox recovery.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1nf1faqaxge5g" }, { "id": "ot-coast-nw-rainier", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "rainier", "volcano" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How is Mount Rainier best described?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A caldera lake formed by a collapsing summit", "short": "A caldera lake from a collapse" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A shield volcano built over the Hawaiian hotspot", "short": "A shield volcano on a hotspot" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An active, glacier-clad stratovolcano and the most heavily glaciated peak in the contiguous U.S.", "short": "A glacier-clad stratovolcano" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A plug-dome volcano that last erupted in 1917", "short": "A plug dome, last erupted 1917" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Mount Rainier is an active, glacier-clad stratovolcano wearing ~26 glaciers. The plug-dome is Lassen, shield volcanoes are Hawaiian, and the caldera lake is Crater Lake.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1c7hk1mtcn3fw" }, { "id": "ot-coast-nw-cascades", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "north-cascades", "glaciers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "North Cascades, 'the American Alps,' holds about one-third of the glaciers in the Lower 48. How many glaciers is that?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "More than 300" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Approximately 26" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nearly 150" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly 60" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "North Cascades holds more than 300 glaciers, roughly a third of those in the Lower 48. 26 is Rainier's glacier count and 60-plus is Mount Olympus's.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "dy8tue11wwabs" }, { "id": "ot-coast-nw-olympic", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "olympic", "ecosystems" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Washington park lets you touch a glacier, a rainforest, and a wild ocean beach in a single day?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "North Cascades" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Rainier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Pinnacles" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Olympic packs glaciated mountains, the Hoh temperate rainforest, and ~73 miles of Pacific coastline into one park, so all three are reachable in a day.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "hqg9vu17y1gvg" }, { "id": "ot-vol-crater-depth", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "crater-lake", "depth" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How deep is Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "2,215 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1,450 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "900 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1,943 ft" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Crater Lake reaches 1,943 ft, the deepest in the U.S., fed only by rain and snowmelt in Mount Mazama's caldera.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "bmwa06lchgqw" }, { "id": "ot-vol-crater-form", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "crater-lake", "caldera" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How did the basin that holds Crater Lake form?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The caldera collapsed when Mount Mazama erupted ~7,700 years ago", "short": "A caldera collapse after Mazama" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A glacier gouged out a deep U-shaped valley", "short": "A glacier carved a U-shaped valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A fault dropped a block of crust below sea level", "short": "A fault dropped a crustal block" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A meteor impact blasted the crater", "short": "A meteor blasted out the crater" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Crater Lake fills the caldera left when Mount Mazama erupted and collapsed about 7,700 years ago, then filled with rain and snowmelt.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "tcc0bhxoz37" }, { "id": "ot-vol-haleakala", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "haleakala", "hawaii" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Haleakalā, the dormant shield volcano on Maui, has a name that translates to what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mountain of Fire" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "House of the Moon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "House of the Sun" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Home of the Gods" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Haleakalā means 'House of the Sun'; Hawaiian tradition says the demigod Māui lassoed the sun there to slow its journey across the sky.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ds6r1gplhwvi" }, { "id": "ot-vol-shield", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hawaii-volcanoes", "shield" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "KΔ«lauea and Mauna Loa, built by fluid basaltic lava welling up over the Hawaiian hotspot, are both what type of volcanic edifice?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Cinder cones" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Stratovolcanoes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Plug-dome volcanoes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Shield volcanoes" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Both Hawaiian volcanoes are shield volcanoes, built by fluid basaltic lava over the stationary Hawaiian hotspot. Stratovolcanoes and plug domes are steeper Cascade types.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1k9cdtk1p57hgi" }, { "id": "ot-pac-id-craterlake", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "crater-lake", "identify" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park is the deepest lake in the U.S., filling the caldera of Mount Mazama with no inlet or outlet?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "North Cascades" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Channel Islands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Crater Lake" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Crater Lake fills Mount Mazama's caldera and, fed only by rain and snowmelt, is the deepest lake in the United States.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ez2pcg1kjfly2" }, { "id": "ot-pac-id-olympic", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "olympic", "identify" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park squeezes three worlds β€” glaciated mountains, the Hoh rainforest, and 73 miles of Pacific coast β€” into one?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "North Cascades" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Rainier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Redwood" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Olympic combines glaciated peaks, the soaking Hoh temperate rainforest, and wild Pacific coastline in a single Washington park.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1vkismq14jqk9w" }, { "id": "ot-pac-id-channel", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "channel-islands", "identify" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park is the 'GalΓ‘pagos of North America,' home to the recovered dwarf island fox?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Pinnacles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Haleakalā" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "American Samoa" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Channel Islands" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Channel Islands, the 'GalΓ‘pagos of North America,' saw its house-cat-sized island fox rebound to be delisted in 2016.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1p6pnj79h9kc9" }, { "id": "ot-pac-id-cascades", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "north-cascades", "identify" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park is 'the American Alps,' with more than 300 glaciers yet only about 40,000 visitors a year?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Rainier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Lassen Volcanic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "North Cascades" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "North Cascades, 'the American Alps,' holds more than 300 glaciers but draws roughly 40,000 visitors a year, among the least-visited Lower 48 parks.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "322podlaqs4z" }, { "id": "ot-pac-num-rainier", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "rainier", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the summit elevation of Mount Rainier, the most heavily glaciated peak in the contiguous U.S.?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "14,505 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "13,681 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "10,457 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "14,410 ft" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Mount Rainier stands 14,410 ft. 14,505 ft is Mount Whitney, 13,681 ft is Mauna Loa, and 10,457 ft is Lassen Peak.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1l1suz41slg1wa" }, { "id": "ot-pac-num-yos-visits", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yosemite", "visitation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many people visit Yosemite National Park each year?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "4.1 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "12 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "40,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1.9 million" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "About 4.1 million visitors come to Yosemite each year. 40,000 is North Cascades' annual total.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1u3ngtnwcwvo1" }, { "id": "ot-pac-state-ca", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "state", "california" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks are both located in which state?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Nevada" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "California" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Washington" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Oregon" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Both parks sit in California's Sierra Nevada. Crater Lake is in Oregon, and Rainier, Olympic, and North Cascades are in Washington.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "xorhly10ni220" }, { "id": "ot-pac-highpoint-olympic", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "olympic", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Olympus, the high point of Olympic National Park, rises to what elevation?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "14,505 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "14,410 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "10,023 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "7,980 ft" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Mount Olympus reaches 7,980 ft. 10,023 ft is Haleakalā, 14,410 ft is Rainier, and 14,505 ft is Mount Whitney.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1h7wt8z6mbmo9" }, { "id": "ot-ak-set1-denali-elev", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "denali", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Denali, the highest peak in North America, reaches what summit elevation above sea level?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "18,008 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "20,310 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "14,505 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "15,300 ft" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Denali tops out at 20,310 ft. 18,008 ft is Mount St. Elias, 15,300 ft is Mount Fairweather in Glacier Bay, and 14,505 ft is Mount Whitney in the Lower 48.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "pda9pim107hk" }, { "id": "ot-ak-set1-bigfive-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "denali", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Denali shelters the 'Big Five.' Which animal is NOT one of them?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Caribou" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Dall sheep" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gray wolves" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Denali's 'Big Five' are grizzly bears, gray wolves, moose, caribou, and Dall sheep. Bison are not among them; the park was in fact created in 1917 to protect Dall sheep.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "14daqmldb5csj" }, { "id": "ot-ak-set1-novarupta", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "katmai", "novarupta" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Katmai's Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes was created by which 1912 event, the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Redoubt eruption" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Krakatoa eruption" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount St. Helens eruption" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Novarupta eruption" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The 1912 Novarupta eruption ejected about 30 times the volume of Mount St. Helens (a 1980 event) and formed the ash plain of the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "18bbg99f4ys6b" }, { "id": "ot-ak-set1-gb-retreat", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "glacier-bay", "retreat" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Since Captain Vancouver found the bay ice-choked in 1794, Glacier Bay's glaciers have retreated roughly how far?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "200 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "65 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "10 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "25 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Glacier Bay's ice has retreated about 65 miles since 1794, one of the fastest documented retreats anywhere, exposing fresh land that undergoes primary succession.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1p4hnro1ul0s0u" }, { "id": "ot-ak-set2-largest", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wrangell", "size" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "At roughly 13.2 million acres, which is the largest national park in the United States?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Wrangell–St. Elias" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gates of the Arctic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kobuk Valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Denali" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Wrangell–St. Elias is the largest U.S. national park, bigger than Switzerland. Gates of the Arctic (~7.5M acres) is second-largest; Denali is about 6 million acres.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "15pxdb01bwz3cm" }, { "id": "ot-ak-set2-st-elias", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wrangell", "st-elias" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount St. Elias, the nation's second-highest peak, in Wrangell–St. Elias, stands at what height?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "13,175 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "15,300 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "18,008 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "20,310 ft" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Mount St. Elias reaches 18,008 ft, the second-highest in the U.S. behind Denali's 20,310 ft. 15,300 ft is Mount Fairweather, not St. Elias.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1da47dh3kqujf" }, { "id": "ot-ak-set2-proenneke", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "lake-clark", "proenneke" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Dick Proenneke's hand-built cabin at Upper Twin Lake, filmed in 'Alone in the Wilderness,' stands in which park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Kobuk Valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Lake Clark" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kenai Fjords" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Katmai" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Proenneke built his cabin at Upper Twin Lake in Lake Clark, where he lived alone about 30 years. Lake Clark also guards the Bristol Bay sockeye fishery.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1cvtmdktr2p7m" }, { "id": "ot-ak-set2-harding", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "kenai-fjords", "harding-icefield" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Kenai Fjords is built around the Harding Icefield, a ~700-square-mile Ice Age remnant that feeds roughly how many glaciers?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "40" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "400" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "4" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "12" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Harding Icefield feeds about 40 glaciers, including the road-accessible Exit Glacier, whose roadside markers show the ice's retreat within living memory.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1qmhpk31t1xua1" }, { "id": "ot-ak-id-denali-kennel", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "denali", "identify" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park has the only working sled-dog kennel in the National Park Service and a single ~92-mile road to its interior?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Katmai" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Denali" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gates of the Arctic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Lake Clark" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Denali runs the Park Service's only working sled-dog kennel, reached by one ~92-mile road where private vehicles are limited and most visitors ride park buses.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "5eslod13c1esz" }, { "id": "ot-ak-id-glacier-bay", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "glacier-bay", "identify" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park's glaciers have retreated about 65 miles since 1794, and whose visitors mostly arrive by cruise ship?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier Bay" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kenai Fjords" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Katmai" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wrangell–St. Elias" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Glacier Bay's tidewater ice has retreated ~65 miles since Vancouver's 1794 visit, and most of its ~700,000 yearly visitors arrive by cruise ship.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "3fedlv10v3x7d" }, { "id": "ot-ak-id-katmai", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "katmai", "identify" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park protects roughly 2,200 brown bears at Brooks Falls and inspired the online 'Fat Bear Week'?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Denali" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Lake Clark" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kobuk Valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Katmai" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Katmai holds about 2,200 brown bears that fish for sockeye at Brooks Falls, the setting of 'Fat Bear Week.' Lake Clark also has bears but far fewer.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "6owd1fuweknt" }, { "id": "ot-ak-id-wrangell-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wrangell", "identify" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which clue does NOT describe Wrangell–St. Elias?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Nine of the 16 highest U.S. peaks" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kennecott copper-mine ghost town" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Harding Icefield feeds about 40 glaciers", "short": "Harding Icefield's 40 glaciers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Malaspina Glacier larger than Rhode Island", "short": "Malaspina Glacier, huge as a state" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Harding Icefield belongs to Kenai Fjords, not Wrangell–St. Elias. Wrangell holds nine of the 16 highest U.S. peaks, the Kennecott mines, and the Malaspina Glacier.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1baw4jpy17w97" }, { "id": "ot-ak-num-gates-visits", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "gates", "visitation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many people visit Gates of the Arctic, the least-visited national park, each year?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "~400,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "~2 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "~11,000–12,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "~700,000" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Gates of the Arctic draws only ~11,000–12,000 visitors a year, the fewest of any national park β€” it has no roads, trails, or facilities and is reached by bush plane.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "o6k3b21snt1a8" }, { "id": "ot-ak-num-denali-rise", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "denali", "rise" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Denali has the greatest base-to-summit rise of any mountain on land β€” roughly how much?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "~18,000 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "~12,000 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "~29,000 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "~6,000 ft" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Denali rises about 18,000 ft from base to summit, exceeding Everest's rise above its surrounding plateau. ~29,000 ft is Everest's total elevation above sea level.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1pj3hoz58gvop" }, { "id": "ot-ak-num-denali-meaning", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "denali", "name" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In the Koyukon Athabascan language, what does the name 'Denali' mean?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "'Home of the sun'" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "'White mountain'" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "'The high one'" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "'Great river'" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Koyukon Athabascan called the peak Denali, 'the high one.' It was officially renamed from Mount McKinley in 2015.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "lzu8egmoqmj6" }, { "id": "ot-ak-num-kobuk-temp", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "kobuk", "dunes" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Despite their Arctic setting, the Great Kobuk Sand Dunes' surface can reach what temperature in summer?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "70Β°F" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "100Β°F" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "130Β°F" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "50Β°F" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Great Kobuk Sand Dunes' surface can reach 100Β°F in summer β€” Ice Age sand improbably forming a desert above the Arctic Circle across ~25 square miles.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "91mpmc1r3mmji" }, { "id": "ot-appalachian-cave", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mammoth-cave", "caves" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Appalachian park protects the longest known network of underground passages on Earth?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "New River Gorge" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Shenandoah" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Smoky Mountains" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Cave" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Mammoth Cave, beneath the Kentucky hills, has over 426 miles mapped β€” more than twice the next-longest, making it the longest known cave system on Earth.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1pkt48j145ig5l" }, { "id": "ot-appalachian-skyline", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "shenandoah", "skyline-drive" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park's defining feature is Skyline Drive, running 105 miles with 75 overlooks along the Blue Ridge crest?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "New River Gorge" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Shenandoah" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Acadia" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Shenandoah, along Virginia's Blue Ridge, is defined by Skyline Drive β€” 105 miles and 75 overlooks tracing the very crest of the mountains.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1im8v5h3gzmzf" }, { "id": "ot-appalachian-newest", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "new-river-gorge", "newest" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which West Virginia park, designated December 27, 2020, became the 63rd national park overall β€” the newest in the system?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "New River Gorge" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cuyahoga Valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Shenandoah" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "New River Gorge, West Virginia's first national park, was designated on December 27, 2020 as the 63rd and newest national park.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1i8u2zz15m5e2d" }, { "id": "ot-appalachian-not-group", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "appalachian", "classification" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these is NOT one of the Appalachian Heart parks?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Shenandoah" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Isle Royale" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Smoky Mountains" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Isle Royale is a remote Lake Superior island in the Midwest group. Great Smoky Mountains, Shenandoah, and Mammoth Cave are all Appalachian Heart parks.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "77b2rbiis8t9" }, { "id": "ot-greatlakes-cuyahoga-fire", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "cuyahoga-valley", "clean-water-act" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The river that infamously caught fire in 1969, helping spark the Clean Water Act, flows through which national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Cuyahoga Valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Voyageurs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Indiana Dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Isle Royale" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Cuyahoga Valley, between Cleveland and Akron, wraps the Cuyahoga River, whose 1969 fire helped galvanize the Clean Water Act and modern environmental movement.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "c8r6uu19w939k" }, { "id": "ot-greatlakes-isle-royale", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "isle-royale", "wolves-moose" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which remote Lake Superior island park hosts the world's longest-running predator-prey study, tracking wolves and moose since 1958?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Indiana Dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Voyageurs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Isle Royale" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gateway Arch" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Isle Royale, reachable only by boat or seaplane, hosts the world's longest-running predator-prey study of wolves and moose, begun in 1958.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1m0an7e1r4m1ws" }, { "id": "ot-greatlakes-voyageurs", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "voyageurs", "fur-trade" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Minnesota park on the Canadian border is a roadless, water-based park named for 18th-century French-Canadian fur-trade canoemen?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Voyageurs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Indiana Dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Isle Royale" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cuyahoga Valley" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Voyageurs, on Minnesota's Canadian border, is navigated by boat and named for the French-Canadian fur-trade canoemen β€” the voyageurs β€” who paddled these waters.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1yacqrs37xjm" }, { "id": "ot-greatlakes-not-midwest", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "midwest", "classification" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "All of these are Midwest / Great Lakes parks in this lesson EXCEPT one. Which?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Indiana Dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Voyageurs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Acadia" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Isle Royale" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Acadia is on Maine's coast, in the Appalachian Heart group. Voyageurs, Indiana Dunes, and Isle Royale are all Great Lakes / Midwest parks.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "xi8aaia7bwek" }, { "id": "ot-tropics-everglades-first", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "ecosystem-first" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Established in 1947, which park was the first national park created to protect an ecosystem rather than scenery?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Dry Tortugas" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Everglades" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Biscayne" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Congaree" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Everglades (1947), a vast 'River of Grass,' was the first national park created to protect an ecosystem rather than scenic landscape.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1lycifnrcxjd5" }, { "id": "ot-tropics-hot-springs", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hot-springs", "oldest" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which park, federally protected in 1832 β€” 40 years before Yellowstone β€” is the oldest area in the entire National Park System?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Hot Springs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Virgin Islands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Everglades" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Congaree" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Hot Springs, Arkansas, was federally protected in 1832, making it the oldest area in the National Park System, a full 40 years before Yellowstone.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1pw18wlzk9mej" }, { "id": "ot-tropics-dry-tortugas", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "dry-tortugas", "fort-jefferson" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Fort Jefferson, the largest masonry structure in the Americas, sits about 70 miles west of Key West in which park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Dry Tortugas" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Biscayne" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Virgin Islands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Everglades" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Dry Tortugas, ~70 miles west of Key West and ~99% water, is centered on Fort Jefferson, a massive brick fortress and the largest masonry structure in the Americas.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "qsdueb77n6q1" }, { "id": "ot-tropics-congaree", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "congaree", "floodplain-forest" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Congaree protects the largest intact tract of old-growth bottomland hardwoods in the U.S. It is best described as which of these?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A thermal spring basin" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A floodplain forest" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A tropical coral reef" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A desert slot canyon" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Congaree is a floodplain forest β€” not a swamp β€” where periodic river flooding feeds some of the tallest trees in the eastern U.S.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1dizwl1eqp9zf" }, { "id": "ot-eastclue-smokies", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "great-smoky-mountains", "biodiversity" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Called the 'Salamander Capital of the World,' this is the most biodiverse U.S. national park. Which is it?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Shenandoah" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Smoky Mountains" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Congaree" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Great Smoky Mountains, with over 19,000 documented species, is the most biodiverse U.S. national park and the self-proclaimed 'Salamander Capital of the World.'", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "90yr7k1218ga2" }, { "id": "ot-eastclue-mammoth", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mammoth-cave", "stephen-bishop" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "An enslaved Black guide named Stephen Bishop explored and mapped much of this park in the 1840s–50s, crossing its 'Bottomless Pit.' Which park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Hot Springs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "New River Gorge" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Isle Royale" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Stephen Bishop mapped much of Mammoth Cave, crossing the 'Bottomless Pit' to become one of its most famous early explorers.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "tewoab97rs7d" }, { "id": "ot-eastclue-newriver", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "new-river-gorge", "bridge-day" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Each October on Bridge Day, hundreds of BASE jumpers legally leap from a record steel arch bridge in which park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Shenandoah" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "New River Gorge" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Acadia" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "New River Gorge's bridge β€” the longest single-span steel arch bridge in the Western Hemisphere β€” hosts Bridge Day, when BASE jumpers legally leap from its deck.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1rnm26exue2vs" }, { "id": "ot-eastclue-gateway", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "gateway-arch", "st-louis" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A 630-ft stainless-steel catenary curve, as wide as it is tall, towers over downtown St. Louis as the centerpiece of which national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Gateway Arch" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cuyahoga Valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Voyageurs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hot Springs" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Gateway Arch National Park in St. Louis centers on Eero Saarinen's 630-ft stainless-steel catenary monument commemorating westward expansion.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "l560gx1e2mggn" }, { "id": "ot-numstate-smokies-state", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "great-smoky-mountains", "states" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Smoky Mountains straddles the border of which two states?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "North Carolina & Georgia" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kentucky & Virginia" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Tennessee & North Carolina" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Virginia & West Virginia" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Smokies straddle the Tennessee–North Carolina border on some of the oldest mountains on the planet.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "19yru5hql1qkb" }, { "id": "ot-numstate-shenandoah-hp", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "shenandoah", "high-point" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which summit is Shenandoah's high point?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Cadillac Mountain (1,530 ft)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Clingmans Dome (6,643 ft)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hawksbill (4,051 ft)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Desor (1,394 ft)" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Hawksbill (4,051 ft) is Shenandoah's high point. Clingmans Dome is in the Smokies, Cadillac in Acadia, and Mount Desor on Isle Royale.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1pwsqzo11qea32" }, { "id": "ot-numstate-isle-royale-hp", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "isle-royale", "high-point" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which summit is Isle Royale's high point?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Clingmans Dome (6,643 ft)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cadillac Mountain (1,530 ft)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hawksbill (4,051 ft)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Desor (1,394 ft)" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Mount Desor (1,394 ft) is Isle Royale's high point. Hawksbill belongs to Shenandoah, Clingmans Dome to the Smokies, and Cadillac to Acadia.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "18a1dsbcjp83l" }, { "id": "ot-numstate-smokies-visits", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "great-smoky-mountains", "visitation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many people visited Great Smoky Mountains β€” the most-visited national park β€” in 2024?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "630,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "12.19 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2.9 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "28,800" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "With 12.19 million visits in 2024, the Smokies are by far the most-visited national park β€” more than the next two combined. 2.9M is Cuyahoga; 28,800 is Isle Royale.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "c5u78n1fx28lp" }, { "id": "ot-yell-geo-age", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "caldera", "supervolcano" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how long ago did the eruption that formed the Yellowstone Caldera occur?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "2.2 million years ago" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "64 million years ago" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "640,000 years ago" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "6,400 years ago" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The caldera formed about 640,000 years ago when a supervolcano erupted and the ground collapsed into the emptied magma chamber. 2.2 million is the park's acreage, not its age.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1qcawld1bsjh8n" }, { "id": "ot-yell-geo-hotspot", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hotspot", "geothermal" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What ultimately powers Yellowstone's geysers, hot springs, and other geothermal features?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A shallow reservoir of trapped seawater", "short": "A trapped reservoir of seawater" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Friction from two colliding tectonic plates", "short": "Friction from colliding plates" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Heat released by melting glaciers", "short": "Heat from melting glaciers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Yellowstone hotspot, a rising plume of crustal heat", "short": "The Yellowstone hotspot" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Yellowstone hotspot is a plume of heat rising through the crust; it feeds the entire geothermal system, venting through some 10,000 hydrothermal features.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "yimyd3ordql" }, { "id": "ot-yell-geo-geysers", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geysers", "geothermal" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many geysers does Yellowstone hold β€” nearly half of all the active geysers on Earth?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "100" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "500" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "10,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "5,000" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Yellowstone has about 500 geysers, roughly half the world's active total. The 10,000 figure counts all hydrothermal features, not just geysers.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "nxt14edudue8" }, { "id": "ot-yell-geo-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "supervolcano", "hotspot" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about the Yellowstone supervolcano system is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The park holds Earth's greatest concentration of geothermal features", "short": "Earth's greatest geothermal cluster" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The caldera formed when ground collapsed into an emptied magma chamber", "short": "Caldera formed over emptied magma" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The last major eruption was about 640,000 years ago", "short": "Last major eruption ~640,000 BP" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The hotspot has cooled and no longer produces geothermal activity", "short": "The hotspot has cooled and stopped" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The hotspot is still active β€” it powers roughly 10,000 hydrothermal features. The other three statements are all accurate.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1j8gc6214vcmbw" }, { "id": "ot-yell-thermal-prismatic", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "grand-prismatic", "hot-spring" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which feature is the largest hot spring in the U.S., about 370 feet across and ringed in rainbow microbial mats?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Old Faithful" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Hot Springs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Steamboat Geyser" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Prismatic Spring" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Grand Prismatic Spring is the largest U.S. hot spring (~370 ft across), its rainbow rings painted by heat-loving microbes. Steamboat and Old Faithful are geysers.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1pdhsbhr9bq7n" }, { "id": "ot-yell-thermal-steamboat", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "steamboat", "geyser" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The world's tallest active geyser, which can blast water past 300 feet, is:" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Steamboat Geyser" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Old Faithful" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Prismatic Spring" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Lower Falls" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Steamboat Geyser is the world's tallest active geyser, with major eruptions exceeding 300 ft. Old Faithful is famous for reliability, not height (106–185 ft).", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "10xqqjuf33wcs" }, { "id": "ot-yell-thermal-oldfaithful", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "old-faithful", "geyser" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how often does Old Faithful erupt?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Once a day" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Every 6 hours" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Every 10 minutes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Every 60 to 90 minutes" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Old Faithful erupts roughly every 60–90 minutes, sending boiling water 106–185 feet up. Rangers can predict each eruption within about ten minutes.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1y4zyt01hyewgu" }, { "id": "ot-yell-thermal-lowerfalls", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "lower-falls", "canyon" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Lower Falls of the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone drops how far β€” nearly twice the height of Niagara?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "106 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1,000 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "308 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "185 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Lower Falls drops 308 feet. 1,000 feet is the canyon's depth; 106 and 185 feet are Old Faithful's eruption range.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1extbxm16gpq30" }, { "id": "ot-yell-thermal-canyon", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "canyon", "rhyolite" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone is carved through what soft, sulfur-yellow rock that gives the park its name?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Rhyolite" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Limestone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sandstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Granite" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The canyon cuts through soft, sulfur-yellow rhyolite β€” the rock that gives Yellowstone its name. Limestone is what forms Mammoth's travertine terraces.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "m2n0sv1gtnftx" }, { "id": "ot-yell-wild-bison", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "bison", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many animals make up Yellowstone's bison herd, the largest wild herd in the United States?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "around 1,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "nearly 100,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "4,000 to 6,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "roughly 27" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Yellowstone's herd numbers roughly 4,000–6,000 bison, the last continuously wild population in the country. ~1,000 is the grizzly count; 27 is the number of associated tribes.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1d5y8641l1japy" }, { "id": "ot-yell-wild-wolfyear", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wolves", "reintroduction" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year were wolves reintroduced to Yellowstone, triggering the famous trophic cascade?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1872" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1920" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1995" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1966" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Wolves were reintroduced in 1995. 1872 is the park's founding, wolves were exterminated by the 1920s, and 1966 is when Thermus aquaticus was collected.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ylnrgs1y0xdbq" }, { "id": "ot-yell-wild-valleys", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "lamar", "hayden", "serengeti" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which broad grasslands are so rich in visible wildlife that Yellowstone is nicknamed \"America's Serengeti\"?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Washburn and Fairy meadows" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Lamar and Hayden valleys" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth and Norris terraces" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Upper and Lower Geyser basins" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Lamar and Hayden valleys hold abundant, visible wildlife β€” bison, elk, wolves, and grizzlies. The geyser basins and Mammoth terraces are thermal, not grassland, areas.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "idobxv9pgfrt" }, { "id": "ot-yell-wild-tukudika", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tukudika", "tribes" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which people lived in Yellowstone's high country year-round, hunting bighorn sheep and crafting bows from their horns?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Tukudika (Sheep Eaters), a band of Shoshone", "short": "The Tukudika" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Bannock" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Blackfeet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The ApsΓ‘alooke (Crow)" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Tukudika, or Sheep Eaters β€” a Shoshone band β€” were unusual in living in the high country year-round. The other tribes are among the 27 associated with Yellowstone but used the plateau seasonally.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "2z775o1tx6ply" }, { "id": "ot-yell-visit-mammoth", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mammoth", "travertine" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Yellowstone feature builds pale, terraced travertine from limestone-rich hot water, changing shape year to year?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Old Faithful" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Prismatic Spring" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Steamboat Geyser" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Hot Springs" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "At the park's north end, Mammoth Hot Springs deposits travertine into shifting tiered terraces. Grand Prismatic is a flat hot spring; Steamboat and Old Faithful are geysers.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "xvqd2wjo1pg2" }, { "id": "ot-yell-visit-season", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "season", "planning" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When does Yellowstone offer full road access and open facilities?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Summer, June through September" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Year-round with no seasonal limits", "short": "Year-round, with no seasonal limits" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Spring only" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Winter, December through February", "short": "Winter, December to February" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Summer (June–September) brings full road access and open facilities. In winter the interior can be reached only by snowcoach or snowmobile.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "7gldgp1tzwtvj" }, { "id": "ot-yell-visit-bison", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "safety", "bison" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which animal injures more visitors than any other in Yellowstone, usually when people approach too closely?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Grizzly bears" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wolves" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Elk" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Bison injure more visitors than any other animal, almost always because someone crept too close for a photo. Stay at least 25 yards from bison and elk, 100 yards from bears and wolves.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1w82ykr1v0ci81" }, { "id": "ot-yell-visit-artistpoint", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "artist-point", "overlook" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which overlook offers the classic view of the Lower Falls against the yellow canyon walls?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mammoth Hot Springs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Artist Point" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Washburn" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fairy Falls trail" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Artist Point is the classic overlook of the Lower Falls and the gold-and-orange canyon walls. Fairy Falls trail overlooks Grand Prismatic; Washburn is a summit hike.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "lflbm71a1n53p" }, { "id": "ot-scale-depth-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "scale", "depth" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How far does the Grand Canyon drop from its rim down to the Colorado River?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 10,000 feet β€” nearly two miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 3,000 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 6,000 feet β€” over a mile" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1,000 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The canyon plunges over a mile β€” roughly 6,000 feet β€” from rim to river. That depth, combined with its breadth, is part of its scale.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "65een31y907r9" }, { "id": "ot-scale-vishnu-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geology", "vishnu-schist" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how old is the Vishnu Schist, the dark rock at the very bottom of the inner gorge?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 5 to 6 million years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 2 million years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 500 million years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1.8 billion years" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Vishnu Schist is roughly 1.8 billion years old β€” the basement of the canyon. The 5–6 million year figure is how long the river has been carving, not the rock's age.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "rreopnx1q41d" }, { "id": "ot-scale-unconformity-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geology", "great-unconformity" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In the canyon's geology, what does the Great Unconformity refer to?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A gap where roughly a billion years of rock record is simply missing", "short": "A billion years of rock gone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The boundary line dividing the South Rim from the North Rim", "short": "The line dividing the two rims" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The single oldest, darkest rock layer at the canyon floor", "short": "The oldest, darkest layer below" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The point where the Colorado River changes direction", "short": "Where the Colorado changes course" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Great Unconformity is a place in the walls where about a billion years of history are gone β€” eroded away β€” leaving young rock resting directly on very old rock.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ghf0ob1spwrf5" }, { "id": "ot-scale-not-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "scale", "myth" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about the Grand Canyon's scale is FALSE?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Its walls expose nearly 2 billion years of Earth's history", "short": "Walls expose 2 billion years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is the deepest canyon in the United States", "short": "The deepest canyon in America" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It runs about 277 river miles along the Colorado River", "short": "Roughly 277 river miles long" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It drops over a mile from rim to river", "short": "It drops over a mile to the river" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Grand Canyon is NOT the deepest U.S. canyon β€” Hells Canyon cuts deeper. What sets it apart is its breadth and the sweep of time in its walls, not raw depth.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "39zf8m8d9hg8" }, { "id": "ot-life-tribes-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "people", "tribes" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many tribes are traditionally associated with the Grand Canyon?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Twenty-two" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Eight" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Eleven" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Five" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Eleven tribes are traditionally tied to the canyon, including the Hualapai, Navajo, Hopi, Zuni, Southern Paiute, and Havasupai. (Twenty-two was the condor's low point, not tribes.)", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ncmuyn6i1c3p" }, { "id": "ot-life-condor-wing-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wildlife", "condor" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how wide is the wingspan of the California condor, North America's largest land bird?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Close to 4 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Around 12 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly 6 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nearly 9.5 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The California condor's wingspan reaches nearly 9.5 feet, making it North America's largest land bird β€” a giant now soaring again on the canyon's thermals.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1v24cst1p8mhpf" }, { "id": "ot-life-kaibab-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wildlife", "kaibab-squirrel" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The tassel-eared Kaibab squirrel lives naturally in only one place on Earth. Where?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Only the Grand Canyon's North Rim" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Along the Colorado River at the canyon bottom" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "On both rims in equal numbers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Only the Grand Canyon's South Rim" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Kaibab squirrel is found only on the cool, forested North Rim, isolated there so long it evolved into its own distinct form found nowhere else.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ayjp776zzf21" }, { "id": "ot-life-havasupai-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "people", "havasupai" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Grand Canyon tribe is known as the 'people of the blue-green water' and still lives inside the canyon?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Havasupai" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hualapai" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Navajo (DinΓ©)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hopi" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Havasupai, 'people of the blue-green water,' still live inside the canyon in the village of Supai, reachable only by foot, mule, or helicopter.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "5xq3qx1lac7jz" }, { "id": "ot-visit-count-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "visitation", "2024" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many people visited Grand Canyon National Park in 2024?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly 10 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nearly 4.9 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Around 277,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Close to 1.2 million" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Nearly 4.9 million people visited in 2024, making the Grand Canyon the country's third-most-visited national park. (1.2 million is roughly its acreage, not visitors.)", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ap36rzvcak91" }, { "id": "ot-visit-southrim-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "visitation", "south-rim" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About what share of Grand Canyon visitors head for the South Rim rather than the North Rim?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 10 percent" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 50 percent" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 90 percent" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 75 percent" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Roughly 90 percent of visitors go to the lower, year-round South Rim, where the lodges, visitor center, and Rim Trail are concentrated. The North Rim draws the rest.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "vi7yxb1rn0ool" }, { "id": "ot-visit-safety-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "safety", "hiking" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the park's single firmest safety warning for hikers?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Never hike from the rim to the river and back in one day", "short": "Never go rim to river and back in a day" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Never hike the North Rim in winter" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Never hike without a wilderness permit" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Never ride the mule trains alone" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The way down is optional; the way up is not. The descent feels easy, but the heat-soaked climb back out sends hikers into rescue every year β€” so never do rim-to-river-and-back in a day.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "7fl6tn1dnzxch" }, { "id": "ot-visit-trail-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "trails", "south-kaibab" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which South Rim corridor trail rides an open ridgeline with sweeping views but has no water along the way?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Rim Trail" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Desert View Trail" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "South Kaibab Trail" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bright Angel Trail" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The South Kaibab Trail trades water for views along an open ridgeline to Ooh Aah and Skeleton Points. The Bright Angel Trail, by contrast, has shade and seasonal water stops.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "mfvrehh2gr7j" }, { "id": "ot-land-mather-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "landmarks", "mather-point" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which South Rim overlook is the classic first look at the canyon, sitting beside the main visitor center?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Skeleton Point" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mather Point" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Desert View Watchtower" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ooh Aah Point" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Mather Point is the classic first-look overlook next to the main visitor center. Ooh Aah and Skeleton Points are viewpoints down the South Kaibab Trail, not rim overlooks.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "sizj751hyjkdz" }, { "id": "ot-land-watchtower-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "landmarks", "watchtower" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The historic Desert View Watchtower on the South Rim was designed by which architect?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Stephen Mather" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mary Colter" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Frank Lloyd Wright" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Architect Mary Colter designed the Desert View Watchtower. Stephen Mather led the early Park Service (Mather Point's namesake), and Roosevelt protected the canyon β€” neither designed it.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ovo4z41yxsr4a" }, { "id": "ot-land-phantom-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "landmarks", "phantom-ranch" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which landmark is the rustic lodge at the canyon bottom, reachable only on foot, by mule, or by raft?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Phantom Ranch" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Skeleton Point" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Havasupai Gardens" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Supai" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Phantom Ranch sits deep at the canyon floor, its beds awarded by lottery months ahead. Supai is the Havasupai village; Havasupai Gardens is a water stop on the Bright Angel Trail.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1cmryrreywir1" }, { "id": "ot-land-brightangel-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "landmarks", "bright-angel" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which signature corridor trail offers shade and seasonal water stops down to Havasupai Gardens?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Bright Angel Trail" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "South Kaibab Trail" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Desert View Trail" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rim Trail" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Bright Angel Trail is the signature route, with shade and seasonal water down to Havasupai Gardens. The South Kaibab Trail, by contrast, has views but no water.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "2z88b3ufcs5h" }, { "id": "ot-land-kaibab-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "landmarks", "south-kaibab" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Ooh Aah Point and Skeleton Point are viewpoints along which Grand Canyon trail?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Rim Trail" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bright Angel Trail" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Phantom Ranch Trail" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "South Kaibab Trail" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The South Kaibab Trail rides an open ridgeline past Ooh Aah Point (~1.8 mi) and Skeleton Point (~6 mi round trip). Bright Angel leads instead to Havasupai Gardens.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1fca9tujo9xlg" }, { "id": "ot-granite-el-cap-ht", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "el-capitan", "granite" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how tall is El Capitan's sheer, nearly vertical granite wall above the Yosemite Valley floor?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "2,425 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "4,737 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "3,000 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "620 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "El Capitan rises about 3,000 feet of monolithic granite, the largest exposed granite monolith in the world. 4,737 ft is Half Dome's crown; 2,425 ft is Yosemite Falls; 620 ft is Bridalveil.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1vwnfik1fy5jza" }, { "id": "ot-granite-halfdome-shape", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "half-dome", "exfoliation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What gave Half Dome its rounded back and steep, flat northwest face?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A missing half that broke off and crashed down", "short": "A missing half broke off and fell" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind erosion over millions of years", "short": "Wind erosion over ages" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Layers of hardened volcanic lava", "short": "Layers of hardened lava" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Exfoliation of curved granite sheets plus glacial plucking", "short": "Exfoliation plus glacial plucking" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Half Dome was shaped by exfoliation (curved granite sheets flaking off like an onion) combined with glacial plucking. No missing half ever fell.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "b6r7tcua1h1m" }, { "id": "ot-granite-batholith", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "batholith", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the batholith from which Yosemite's domes and walls are carved?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A layer of volcanic ash from an ancient eruption", "short": "A layer of ancient volcanic ash" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A huge granite mass cooled deep underground, then uplifted", "short": "A granite mass cooled deep down" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A glacier that still fills the high country", "short": "A glacier filling the high country" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A river that cut the original canyon", "short": "A river that cut the first canyon" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "A batholith is a vast body of granite that cooled slowly deep underground before being lifted skyward with the Sierra Nevada. Ice later exposed and sculpted it.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1mx0tfc1je1upe" }, { "id": "ot-granite-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "granite", "half-dome" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about Yosemite's granite features is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "El Capitan is the largest exposed granite monolith in the world", "short": "El Capitan: largest granite monolith" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Half Dome's missing half broke off and crashed down", "short": "Half Dome's other half fell" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The valley's U-shape was carved by glaciers, not volcanism", "short": "Glaciers, not lava, carved the valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite Falls drops 2,425 feet in three tiers", "short": "Yosemite Falls drops 2,425 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "No missing half ever fell from Half Dome; its shape comes from exfoliation and glacial plucking. The other three statements are all accurate.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "u6p1jqhpq2qw" }, { "id": "ot-founding-sequoias", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sequoias", "mariposa-grove" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Mariposa Grove shelters about 500 of what β€” the most massive living things on Earth by volume?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Coast redwoods" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bristlecone pines" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Giant sequoias" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Douglas firs" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Giant sequoias are the most massive living things by volume, bulkier even than the taller coast redwoods. The Grizzly Giant is over 2,000 years old.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1rz0i2l1u2pjzn" }, { "id": "ot-founding-muir", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "john-muir", "sierra-club" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Whose writing and lobbying helped win Yosemite full national-park status in 1890 and led to co-founding the Sierra Club in 1892?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Abraham Lincoln" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ansel Adams" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "John Muir, who called the Sierra the 'Range of Light,' championed Yosemite and co-founded the Sierra Club in 1892. Adams was a later photographer; Lincoln signed the 1864 grant.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "12vbna3fpg6u9" }, { "id": "ot-founding-expelled", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "ahwahneechee", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Ahwahneechee, who called the valley Ahwahnee, were violently expelled during the Mariposa War in what year?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1864" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1890" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1851" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1872" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Ahwahneechee were expelled in 1851. 1864 was the Yosemite Grant, 1872 was Yellowstone, and 1890 was Yosemite's national-park status.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "9216ipv43ebr" }, { "id": "ot-founding-adams", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "ansel-adams", "photography" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Whose luminous black-and-white prints of Yosemite's cliffs and storms made the park an enduring icon of American wilderness?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Ansel Adams" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Abraham Lincoln" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Photographer Ansel Adams carried the conservation torch with his black-and-white Yosemite images. Muir was the naturalist; Lincoln and Roosevelt were presidents.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "73r82lvqlpkz" }, { "id": "ot-visit-firefall-month", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "firefall", "timing" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In which month does the rare Firefall make Horsetail Fall glow like flowing lava down El Capitan at sunset?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "October" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "February" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "May" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "July" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Firefall is a mid-February trick of sunset light on seasonal Horsetail Fall. It is a winter event, not a spring, summer, or autumn one.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1yjgcnl4i9umv" }, { "id": "ot-visit-cables", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "half-dome", "permit" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "To climb the final pitch up the Half Dome cables, what must a hiker obtain?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A ranger-guided tour booking" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A permit issued by lottery" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A first-come parking pass" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nothing β€” it is open to all" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The final cabled stretch of Half Dome requires a permit issued by lottery, so hikers must plan months ahead.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1p3pejwp363di" }, { "id": "ot-visit-hd-gain", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "half-dome", "hiking" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how much elevation does the strenuous 14-16 mile Half Dome day hike gain?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "3,200 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "620 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "4,800 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2,425 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Half Dome hike gains about 4,800 feet. 3,200 ft is Glacier Point's height above the valley, not the hike's gain.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1i1j431989mwp" }, { "id": "ot-visit-highcountry", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "timing", "high-country" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Once Tioga Road clears of snow, which season is best for exploring Yosemite's high country?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Midwinter" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Early spring" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Summer and early fall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Late spring" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Summer and early fall are best for the high country, after Tioga Road clears. Late spring is best for roaring waterfalls, not the snowbound high country.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "14ttuubcs76qh" }, { "id": "ot-water-bridalveil", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "bridalveil-fall", "identify" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which waterfall is a slender 620-foot ribbon at the valley's mouth whose plume blows sideways in the wind?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite Falls" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Vernal Fall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bridalveil Fall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nevada Fall" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Bridalveil Fall is the 620-foot ribbon at the valley's mouth that seems to float sideways in the wind. Yosemite Falls is the 2,425-foot giant.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "bzlt86gf9m9k" }, { "id": "ot-water-horsetail", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "horsetail-fall", "firefall" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which seasonal waterfall glows like flowing lava down El Capitan during the mid-February Firefall?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Vernal Fall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bridalveil Fall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Horsetail Fall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite Falls" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Seasonal Horsetail Fall is the one lit like lava during the Firefall. Bridalveil and Yosemite Falls are elsewhere in the valley.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ptkzoi17pw95g" }, { "id": "ot-water-misttrail", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mist-trail", "vernal-nevada" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Mist Trail climbs past which two waterfalls, drenching hikers with spray?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Nevada and Yosemite Falls" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bridalveil and Horsetail Falls" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Vernal and Nevada Falls" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite and Bridalveil Falls" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Mist Trail passes Vernal Fall (~3 miles) then Nevada Fall (~7 miles), soaking hikers in spray. The other pairs are scattered around the valley.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "g22q1a1sxzdc" }, { "id": "ot-water-vernal", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "vernal-fall", "mist-trail" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Mist Trail's shorter, ~3-mile round trip climbs to the top of which waterfall?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Nevada Fall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Vernal Fall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bridalveil Fall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Horsetail Fall" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The ~3-mile round trip tops out at Vernal Fall; pushing on to Nevada Fall stretches the hike to about 7 steep miles.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "zwb2cpshamsv" }, { "id": "ot-navajo-cliff", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geology", "cliffs", "numbers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high do Zion's tallest Navajo Sandstone cliffs rise above the canyon floor?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 3,666 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 2,000 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 8,726 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1,000 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Zion Canyon's walls soar up to roughly 2,000 feet off the floor. 8,726 ft is Horse Ranch Mountain (the park's summit) and 3,666 ft is the canyon-floor elevation, not the cliff height.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1mzt7zwxjznqu" }, { "id": "ot-navajo-age", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geology", "sandstone", "age" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how old is the Navajo Sandstone that forms Zion's cliffs?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 500 million years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 65 million years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 2 million years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 180 million years" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The sandstone formed from a Sahara-scale desert about 180 million years ago. The other figures are plausible geologic ages but not the age of Zion's dune-built rock.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "47n6i6jhqy9c" }, { "id": "ot-navajo-highpoint", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geology", "elevation", "summit" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the elevation of Horse Ranch Mountain, Zion's highest point?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "8,726 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2,000 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "4,940 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "3,666 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Horse Ranch Mountain tops out at 8,726 feet, far above the canyon floor near 3,666 feet. 2,000 ft is the cliff height above the floor, not a summit elevation.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1o24wfy1th90i8" }, { "id": "ot-navajo-crossbeds", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geology", "cross-beds", "dunes" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The slanting cross-beds visible in Zion's exposed cliffs are best understood as the frozen record of what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Layers of volcanic ash falls" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ripples of ancient wind-blown sand dunes", "short": "Ripples of wind-blown sand dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ripple marks from an ancient seafloor" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Silt bands left by Virgin River floods" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Navajo Sandstone is lithified dune sand, so its cross-beds preserve the slanting ripples of ancient wind-blown dunes, not marine, volcanic, or river deposits.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1p1whzi40e4d" }, { "id": "ot-names-mukuntuweap", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "names", "paiute", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What name did the Southern Paiute give the canyon that is now Zion?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Sinawava" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kolob" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Springdale" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mukuntuweap" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Southern Paiute called the canyon Mukuntuweap, which named the 1909 national monument. Sinawava and Kolob are other Zion place-names; Springdale is the gateway town.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "16dfdkj1b6anl5" }, { "id": "ot-names-year", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "names", "history", "year" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was the monument enlarged and renamed Zion National Park, Utah's first?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1919" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1909" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1929" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1916" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Zion became a national park in 1919. The monument was set aside in 1909, and Angels Landing was named in 1916 β€” nearby dates meant to tempt.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1mup7i9pv6quf" }, { "id": "ot-names-monument", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "names", "monument", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Before it was a national park, Zion was first federally protected in 1909 under what name?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Zion National Monument" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kolob Canyons National Monument" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Virgin River National Monument" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mukuntuweap National Monument" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The 1909 monument took the Paiute name, Mukuntuweap National Monument, a decade before the 1919 renaming to Zion.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "z0lk8818k3pte" }, { "id": "ot-names-angels", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "landmarks", "angels-landing", "hikes" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Zion landmark is a knife-edge fin of rock that hikers climb by clinging to bolted chains?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Court of the Patriarchs" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Angels Landing" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Emerald Pools" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Narrows" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Angels Landing is the fin with a chained knife-edge spine and sheer drops. The Narrows is the river slot canyon; the Emerald Pools are spring-fed pools, not a ridge climb.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "159eq5j8kilsd" }, { "id": "ot-names-narrows", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "landmarks", "narrows", "hikes" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Zion landmark is the slot-canyon hike where the trail IS the Virgin River?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Temple of Sinawava" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Angels Landing" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Narrows" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Emerald Pools" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "In The Narrows the canyon pinches so tight that hikers wade upstream in the river itself. Angels Landing is the chained ridge; the Temple of Sinawava is where the trail begins.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1q1rpb71jcly9l" }, { "id": "ot-adv-distance", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "angels-landing", "distance", "numbers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how long is the Angels Landing hike, round trip?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 9.4 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 2 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 5 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1.5 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Angels Landing runs roughly 5 miles round trip and gains about 1,500 feet. 9.4 miles is the full Narrows route; 1,500 is the elevation gain, not a distance.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1mw88htom4dsn" }, { "id": "ot-adv-narrows-len", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "narrows", "distance", "numbers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "At its full length, how far does the bottom-up Narrows hike run before turning back?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 9.4 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 2 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 20 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 5 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The bottom-up Narrows can run up to about 9.4 miles. 5 miles is the Angels Landing round trip; the 20–30 feet figure describes how narrow the walls get, not the length.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1wgrvufwe3xb1" }, { "id": "ot-adv-permit", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "angels-landing", "permit", "2022" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Since 2022, a lottery permit has been required to hike which Zion route?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Angels Landing" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Emerald Pools" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Narrows" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Court of the Patriarchs" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Crowds on the exposed Angels Landing spine led the Park Service to require a lottery permit since 2022. The Narrows and Emerald Pools need no such permit.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "69nk7hqj5d9" }, { "id": "ot-adv-snail", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "zion-snail", "hanging-gardens", "endemic" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The endemic Zion snail, found nowhere else on Earth, lives in what habitat?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The forests atop Horse Ranch Mountain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The seep-fed hanging gardens on the cliff faces", "short": "The seep-fed hanging gardens" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The cold current of the Virgin River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The dry sandstone crest of Angels Landing" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The tiny Zion snail lives only in the dripping, spring-fed hanging gardens where water seeps from the sandstone β€” not in the river current or dry uplands.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "odsi07ve6txp" }, { "id": "ot-visit-count", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "visitation", "2024", "numbers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many visitors did Zion receive in 2024?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1.5 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "8.7 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "4.94 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2.0 million" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Zion drew 4.94 million visitors in 2024. The other figures echo unrelated Zion numbers (its rank, summit height) rather than its visitation.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "b9kc091xkcci7" }, { "id": "ot-visit-rank", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "visitation", "rank" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Where does Zion rank among U.S. national parks by visitation?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The busiest overall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "5th-most-visited" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2nd-most-visited" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "10th-most-visited" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "With 4.94 million visitors in 2024, Zion is the 2nd-most-visited national park β€” remarkable for a park centered on one narrow canyon.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "jddl1up29zx0" }, { "id": "ot-visit-springdale", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "springdale", "gateway", "planning" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the name of the gateway town just outside Zion's south entrance?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Springdale" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Moab" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kolob" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sinawava" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Springdale sits at the south entrance and runs its own connecting shuttle. Moab is the gateway to Arches/Canyonlands; Sinawava and Kolob are Zion place-names, not towns.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "2r99st1cdjvur" }, { "id": "ot-visit-season", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "season", "planning", "shuttle" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which season does the guide recommend as the best time to visit Zion?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Deep winter" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The monsoon season" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Spring and fall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Midsummer" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Spring and fall bring mild temperatures and the running shuttle. Summers are hot, crowded, and prone to monsoon storms; winter is quiet but cold.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "gi6za2ghjgjw" }, { "id": "ot-crown-gtsr-snow", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "going-to-the-sun-road", "snow" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Each spring, plow crews chew through snowdrifts up to how deep to reopen the Going-to-the-Sun Road?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "150 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "80 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "45 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "20 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Spring plows clear drifts up to 80 feet deep to reopen the road, whose high stretch typically opens only from late June to mid-October.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "8x62dp18838j7" }, { "id": "ot-crown-logan", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "going-to-the-sun-road", "logan-pass" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Going-to-the-Sun Road tops the Continental Divide at Logan Pass. What is Logan Pass's elevation?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "10,466 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "3,150 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "5,280 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "6,646 ft" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Logan Pass sits at 6,646 ft, the road's high point on the Continental Divide. 10,466 ft is Mount Cleveland, the park's highest peak; 3,150 ft is roughly the park's low point.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "46hgnb1qqvpfh" }, { "id": "ot-crown-length", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "going-to-the-sun-road", "distance" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many miles long is the Going-to-the-Sun Road that crosses the entire park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "72 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "50 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "25 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "105 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Going-to-the-Sun Road runs 50 miles clean across Glacier, crossing the Divide at Logan Pass. It is the single most popular thing to do in the park.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "zcfgsriqea9t" }, { "id": "ot-crown-lakes", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "lakes", "glacial-landforms" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Ice Age glaciers left Glacier National Park with roughly how many lakes?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "250" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "150" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "70" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "700" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "About 700 lakes dot the park, many an unreal turquoise from glacial flour in the meltwater. 150 is the count of glaciers around 1850, not lakes.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "117yh0p1bu0jzj" }, { "id": "ot-crown-arete", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "glacial-landforms", "arete" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the term for the knife-edge ridge left when two glaciers grind a mountain from opposite sides?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Horn" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "ArΓͺte" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cirque" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Moraine" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "An arΓͺte is the knife-edge ridge between two glaciers β€” Glacier's Garden Wall is one. A horn is instead a pyramid-shaped peak carved from several sides.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "19due3x18wkxir" }, { "id": "ot-geo-triple", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "triple-divide-peak", "hydrology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "From which point in Glacier can a single snowflake's meltwater end up flowing to three different oceans?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Triple Divide Peak" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Logan Pass" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grinnell Point" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Cleveland" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Triple Divide Peak is the continent's hydrological apex, sending water toward the Pacific, Hudson Bay/Arctic, and the Gulf of Mexico. Mount Cleveland is merely the tallest peak.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "fzx4fc1fq9m2q" }, { "id": "ot-geo-oceans", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "triple-divide-peak", "watersheds" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Water shed at Triple Divide Peak may reach the Pacific and the Gulf of Mexico. What is the third destination?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Great Lakes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Caribbean Sea" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Atlantic via the St. Lawrence" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hudson Bay and the Arctic" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The third watershed drains north to Hudson Bay and the Arctic. The other two paths are west to the Pacific and down the Missouri–Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "vc7xetjpfkcr" }, { "id": "ot-geo-garden-wall", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "garden-wall", "arete" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier's most famous arΓͺte, a knife-edge ridge traced by the Highline Trail, is known as the what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Belt Supergroup" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Continental Divide" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Garden Wall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Lewis Overthrust" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Garden Wall is the park's celebrated arΓͺte, followed by the exposed Highline Trail. The Lewis Overthrust is the fault that thrust older rock atop younger; the Belt Supergroup is the rock itself.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1qwjlgtxb5wk3" }, { "id": "ot-geo-grinnell", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "grinnell-glacier", "landmarks" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the name of the park's most-visited glacier, sitting above a turquoise meltwater lake in the Many Glacier valley?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Sperry Glacier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Blackfoot Glacier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jackson Glacier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grinnell Glacier" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Grinnell Glacier β€” named, like the park's nickname, for George Bird Grinnell β€” is the most-visited ice, reached by a strenuous ~10.6-mile round-trip hike.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1t4pqeawm8jfo" }, { "id": "ot-geo-wild-goose", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wild-goose-island", "st-mary-lake" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A tiny, tree-tufted, roughly one-acre island in St. Mary Lake, perhaps the park's most-photographed scene, is called what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Heron Island" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Goose Neck Rock" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Swiftcurrent Isle" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wild Goose Island" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Wild Goose Island is the barely-an-acre speck in St. Mary Lake, framed by peaks mirrored in still dawn water β€” likely the single most-photographed view in Glacier.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "4bxqod1htbf4z" }, { "id": "ot-ice-1850", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "vanishing-glaciers", "climate" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Around 1850, at the close of the Little Ice Age, about how many glaciers gripped Glacier's mountains?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "150" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "700" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "25" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "50" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Roughly 150 glaciers existed around 1850. Only about 25 named glaciers larger than 25 acres remain today, and they keep shrinking.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "951mvwfti79i" }, { "id": "ot-ice-today", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "vanishing-glaciers", "climate" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "By USGS counts, about how many named glaciers larger than 25 acres remain in the park today?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "25" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "60" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "150" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "5" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Only about 25 named glaciers larger than 25 acres remain, down from roughly 150 around 1850 β€” and scientists project they will largely vanish in coming decades.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1vssdnm1pzbrj8" }, { "id": "ot-ice-blackfeet", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "indigenous-peoples", "blackfeet" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which people, on the park's east side, call the high peaks the 'Backbone of the World'?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Blackfeet (Niitsitapi)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Salish" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kootenai (Kalispel)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Pend d'Oreille" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Blackfeet (Niitsitapi), to the east, hold the peaks sacred as the 'Backbone of the World.' The Salish, Pend d'Oreille, and Kootenai are tied to the western valleys.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1cnyvpzjebakd" }, { "id": "ot-ice-wildlife-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wildlife", "ecosystem" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which animal is NOT named in the guide as part of Glacier's intact wild community?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Lynx" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wolverine" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Moose" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The guide lists grizzly and black bears, moose, wolverines, and lynx β€” plus mountain goats and bighorn sheep. Bison, iconic to Yellowstone, is not among Glacier's roster here.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "e2wcrk1geoe16" }, { "id": "ot-visit-mcdonald", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "lake-mcdonald", "lakes" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Lake McDonald, the park's largest lake on the forested west side, is about how many miles long?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "10 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "25 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "4 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "50 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Lake McDonald is about 10 miles long and 472 ft deep, the park's largest lake, famous for its red and green iron-tinted shoreline pebbles.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1hbok6025c6ki" }, { "id": "ot-visit-highline", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "highline-trail", "hiking" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Highline Trail runs about how many miles from Logan Pass along the Garden Wall?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "6.6 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "10.6 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "11.8 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "50 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Highline Trail is about 11.8 miles, moderate but thrillingly exposed. The ~10.6-mile figure is the strenuous Grinnell Glacier round trip.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "i6g4be1qqf8c" }, { "id": "ot-visit-peace-park", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "peace-park", "waterton" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Glacier and Alberta's Waterton Lakes become the world's first International Peace Park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1910" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1972" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1895" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1932" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The two nations joined the parks in 1932 as the world's first International Peace Park. 1910 is when Glacier itself was established.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "su9o1x1tpv11n" }, { "id": "ot-visit-reservation", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "vehicle-reservation", "planning" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "To drive the Going-to-the-Sun and North Fork corridors in peak season, what do visitors now need?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A state fishing license" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nothing β€” entry is first-come" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A timed vehicle reservation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A backcountry camping permit" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Peak-season access to those corridors requires a timed vehicle reservation (check NPS yearly). A backcountry permit is for overnight camping, not driving the road.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1onxf0ws66rfu" }, { "id": "ot-foothills-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "grand-teton", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high does Grand Teton, the range's tallest peak, crest?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "13,775 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "12,183 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "10,000 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "14,505 ft" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Grand Teton crests at 13,775 ft β€” the sharp granite pyramid that gives the park its name.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "gb9hi0jwnaeq" }, { "id": "ot-foothills-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "relief", "foothills" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Teton Range climbs roughly how many vertical feet straight out of Jackson Hole?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "3,000 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "13,775 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "10,000 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "7,000 ft" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The range rises ~7,000 vertical feet with no foothills β€” one of the most abrupt mountain fronts in North America. 13,775 ft is Grand Teton's summit height, not the relief.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1pgysq21d2t2sc" }, { "id": "ot-foothills-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "fault-block", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "As the Teton Fault slips, how do the two blocks move?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Two blocks slide sideways past each other", "short": "Blocks slide sideways past each other" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The mountain block tilts up while the valley block drops down", "short": "Mountain block tilts up, valley drops" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Both blocks push upward together", "short": "Both blocks push upward together" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The valley rises as the peaks erode away", "short": "Valley rises as peaks erode away" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "It is a seesaw along one fault: the peaks rose as Jackson Hole sank, which is exactly why there are no foothills.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "13kps691qs8dlj" }, { "id": "ot-foothills-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "fault", "age" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Over roughly how long has the Teton Fault uplifted the range, making it one of the youngest Rockies?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1 billion years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "500,000 years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "10 million years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "100 million years" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Built along the Teton Fault over roughly 10 million years, the Tetons are geologically young for the Rocky Mountains.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ntjmnh6j5p1" }, { "id": "ot-lakes-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "lakes", "jackson-lake" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which is the largest lake in the park, spreading beneath Mount Moran?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "String Lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jackson Lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Leigh Lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jenny Lake" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Jackson Lake is the largest, beneath Mount Moran; Jenny is smaller but the most photographed.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ivjhcvvit0l" }, { "id": "ot-lakes-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "jenny-lake", "cascade-canyon" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A boat shuttle ferries hikers across which lake to the mouth of Cascade Canyon?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Jackson Lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jenny Lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Leigh Lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "String Lake" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Jenny Lake, the most photographed, has a boat shuttle that turns the long approach to Cascade Canyon into a short one.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1gu4rql1d3bvb7" }, { "id": "ot-lakes-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "moraines", "glaciers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What did each canyon glacier leave behind that dammed the meltwater into lakes?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Moraines β€” piles of ground-up rock", "short": "Moraines β€” rock piles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fresh lava flows" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind-blown sand dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Limestone reefs" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Glaciers dumped rubble piles called moraines, which acted as natural dams behind which the lakes pooled.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "q1oju579si3n" }, { "id": "ot-lakes-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "lakes", "which-not" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these is NOT one of the string of glacial lakes along the base of the range?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Crater Lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jenny Lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Leigh Lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jackson Lake" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Jenny, Jackson, Leigh, and String line the range's base; Crater Lake is in Oregon, not the Tetons.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ipmzra1ve7uo8" }, { "id": "ot-lakes-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "lakes", "leigh-string" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Along with Jenny and Jackson, which two lakes does the guide name in the string at the range's base?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Crater and Tahoe" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bear and Trout" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Leigh and String" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Louise and Moraine" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The guide names Jenny, Jackson, Leigh, and String among the necklace of glacial lakes; Crater, Tahoe, Louise, and Moraine lie in other regions entirely.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "150v1381wxqhqm" }, { "id": "ot-icons-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mormon-row", "moulton-barn" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which weathered landmark on Mormon Row is called one of the most photographed barns in America?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Menor's Ferry" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cunningham Cabin" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Chapel of the Transfiguration" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "T.A. Moulton Barn" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The T.A. Moulton Barn on Mormon Row, framed by the full sweep of the Tetons, is famously one of America's most photographed barns.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "13kiwnt18ccqxb" }, { "id": "ot-icons-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "ansel-adams", "snake-river" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Whose famous 1942 black-and-white photograph immortalized the view from Snake River Overlook?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Edward Weston" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Dorothea Lange" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Carleton Watkins" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ansel Adams" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Ansel Adams photographed the Snake River bend in 1942; a copy later rode aboard the Voyager spacecraft toward the stars.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ntzocd1ot3sk3" }, { "id": "ot-icons-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wildlife", "elk" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which animal gathers by the thousands on the refuge south of the park each winter, driven down by deep snow?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Bison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Elk" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Pronghorn" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Moose" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Roughly 7,000–10,000 elk winter on the National Elk Refuge near Jackson β€” one of North America's great seasonal mammal gatherings.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1999c3j9p74ol" }, { "id": "ot-icons-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "delta-lake", "hiking" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The strenuous off-trail scramble to Delta Lake ends at a lake of what startling color, from glacial flour?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Dark navy" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Milky white" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Slate gray" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Turquoise" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Delta Lake glows turquoise from suspended glacial flour, reached by a strenuous ~2,300-ft off-trail climb under Grand Teton.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "vrcpdp1ei2whv" }, { "id": "ot-icons-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "schwabacher", "reflections" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which spot is known for quiet beaver ponds that mirror the peaks at sunrise?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Cascade Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Schwabacher Landing" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Snake River Overlook" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mormon Row" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Schwabacher Landing's glassy Snake River beaver ponds give the classic mirror reflection of the Tetons at sunrise.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "3lwtuf1lc46ul" }, { "id": "ot-rock-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "parkway", "yellowstone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway links Grand Teton north to which neighboring park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Rocky Mountain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yellowstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Zion" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glacier" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The parkway is a land corridor stitching Grand Teton to Yellowstone into a single wild route.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "u9pjhfvx8fih" }, { "id": "ot-rock-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "history", "1950" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did the expansion fold Rockefeller's donated ranchland into Grand Teton National Park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1929" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1950" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1972" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1916" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The park was established in 1929; a 1950 expansion added Rockefeller's quietly purchased Jackson Hole land.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "6vwbmzfeqpcx" }, { "id": "ot-rock-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "rockefeller", "land-gift" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How did John D. Rockefeller Jr. help enlarge Grand Teton?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "He built the Jenny Lake boat shuttle", "short": "He built the Jenny Lake shuttle" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He lobbied Congress to raise entry fees", "short": "He lobbied to raise entry fees" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He funded mapping of the Teton Fault", "short": "He funded Teton Fault mapping" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He quietly bought up Jackson Hole ranchland and donated it", "short": "He bought and gave the ranchland" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Rockefeller quietly purchased Jackson Hole ranchland and gave it to the park; the parkway still bears his name.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "59viisztw24e" }, { "id": "ot-rock-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "rockefeller", "which-not" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about the Rockefeller connection to Grand Teton is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Rockefeller Parkway is a scenic railroad line", "short": "The Parkway is a scenic railroad" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The parkway links Grand Teton north to Yellowstone", "short": "The parkway links to Yellowstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A 1950 expansion folded his donated land into the park", "short": "A 1950 law folded in his land" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rockefeller quietly bought up Jackson Hole ranchland", "short": "He quietly bought Jackson Hole land" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The parkway is a land corridor, not a railroad. Rockefeller did quietly buy and donate Jackson Hole ranchland, added by the 1950 expansion, and the parkway links the park to Yellowstone.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1bf3l1lxoaaj3" }, { "id": "ot-roof-founder", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "founder", "enos-mills" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who is remembered as the \"Father of Rocky Mountain National Park\"?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Enos Mills" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ferdinand Hayden" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Stephen Mather" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Naturalist and innkeeper Enos Mills lobbied for years until Congress created the park in 1915. Muir, Mather, and Hayden shaped other parks but not this one's founding.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "3aoidd1jdndgn" }, { "id": "ot-roof-established", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "founding", "year" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Rocky Mountain National Park established?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1919" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1872" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1915" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1890" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The park was established in 1915 after Enos Mills's campaign. 1872 was Yellowstone, 1890 Yosemite, and 1919 Grand Canyon and Acadia.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "e8djtcy23p9m" }, { "id": "ot-roof-longs", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "longs-peak", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Longs Peak, the park's only \"fourteener\"?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "12,183 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "14,505 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "14,259 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "13,528 ft" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Longs Peak rises to 14,259 ft. 12,183 ft is where Trail Ridge Road crests, and 14,505 ft is California's Mt. Whitney β€” not in this park.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1gf4gdjr835p" }, { "id": "ot-roof-trailridge", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "trail-ridge-road", "record" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What distinction does Trail Ridge Road hold?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Steepest railway grade in Colorado" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Longest tunnel of any national park", "short": "Longest tunnel of any park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Only toll road in the U.S. park system", "short": "The only toll road in the system" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Highest continuous paved road in the United States", "short": "Highest continuous paved route" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Trail Ridge Road is the highest continuous paved road in the U.S., cresting at 12,183 ft with miles above treeline. The other distinctions are invented.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1s2e3qgx90qoy" }, { "id": "ot-divide-separates", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "continental-divide", "watershed" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What does the Continental Divide separate as it runs through the park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Montane forest from alpine tundra", "short": "Montane forest from alpine tundra" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "National park land from national forest", "short": "Park land from national forest" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The United States from Canada", "short": "The United States from Canada" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Watersheds draining to the Pacific from those draining to the Atlantic", "short": "Pacific vs Atlantic watersheds" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Continental Divide is the hydrologic ridgeline where water parts β€” west toward the Pacific, east toward the Atlantic. It is not a political or land-use boundary.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "13shvr148r1qr" }, { "id": "ot-tundra-def", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "alpine-tundra", "definition" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which best defines the alpine tundra of Rocky Mountain National Park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A chain of glacier-fed lakes below Bear Lake", "short": "Glacier-fed lakes below Bear Lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A dense spruce-and-fir subalpine forest", "short": "Dense spruce-and-fir subalpine forest" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A treeless high-elevation zone covering over a third of the park", "short": "Treeless high-elevation third" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A belt of Precambrian granite cliffs", "short": "A belt of Precambrian granite cliffs" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Alpine tundra is the treeless, frost-sculpted zone above treeline that blankets over a third of the park. The forest, lakes, and granite are separate features.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "10ik9smjq1mfc" }, { "id": "ot-divide-spine", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "continental-divide", "location" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which best describes where the Continental Divide lies within the park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It runs the length of the park along its high spine", "short": "It runs along the park's high spine" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It rings the shore of Bear Lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It marks the Colorado–Wyoming state line", "short": "It marks the Colorado–Wyoming line" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It forms the park's eastern boundary at Estes Park", "short": "It forms the eastern park boundary" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The divide runs the spine of the park, the ridgeline threading its high country. It is a hydrologic crest, not a park boundary, a lakeshore, or a state line.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "x9mro11w6fc1z" }, { "id": "ot-tundra-fraction", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "alpine-tundra", "proportion" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how much of the park lies above treeline as windswept tundra?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "More than a third" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Around half" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly three-quarters" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Under a tenth" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "More than a third of the park's 265,000 acres sits above treeline as alpine tundra β€” a defining share, but not half or more.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "70av3xkartf" }, { "id": "ot-tundra-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "alpine-tundra", "not-question" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about the park's alpine tundra is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It endures harsh, windswept weather" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is densely forested with tall spruce", "short": "It is densely forested with spruce" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is treeless" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It covers over a third of the park" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Alpine tundra is by definition treeless β€” the forest gives out where it begins β€” so \"densely forested\" is false. The other three all describe it accurately.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "pe91bsoh3z36" }, { "id": "ot-wild-pika", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "pika", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which description best fits the pika?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A large antlered member of the deer family", "short": "Large antlered deer-family member" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A whistling ground squirrel of the meadows", "short": "Whistling meadow ground squirrel" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A cliff-dwelling wild sheep and the park's symbol", "short": "Cliff-dwelling wild sheep, park symbol" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A tiny round-eared rabbit relative that stockpiles hay among high rock piles", "short": "Round-eared rabbit kin; hoards hay" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The pika is a small, round-eared relative of the rabbit that gathers \"haystacks\" of dried plants in alpine rock piles. The antlered animal is elk; the cliff sheep is the bighorn.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1f8x2uxvo8wxr" }, { "id": "ot-wild-keyhole", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "keyhole-route", "longs-peak" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the Keyhole Route?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A paved scenic drive across the divide" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An easy loop trail around Bear Lake", "short": "An easy loop around Bear Lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A very strenuous non-technical scramble up Longs Peak", "short": "A strenuous scramble up Longs Peak" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A boat-shuttle trail to a hidden lake" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Keyhole Route is a 14–15 mile, ~5,000-ft scramble with serious exposure up Longs Peak, the park's only fourteener. The easy loop is Bear Lake and the drive is Trail Ridge Road.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "rqdq03iw0rt5" }, { "id": "ot-wild-bugle", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "elk", "bugle", "rut" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "During the autumn rut, the elk \"bugle\" is best described as what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A marmot's sharp alarm whistle" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A songbird's dawn call echoing off the peaks", "short": "Songbird's dawn call off the peaks" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A bull elk's haunting high-pitched whistle that rises to a guttural grunt", "short": "Bull elk's high whistle to a grunt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A ranger's signal horn warning of crowds", "short": "Ranger's signal horn for crowds" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The bugle is the bull elk's haunting, high-pitched whistle rising to a grunt, carrying across Moraine Park at dawn and dusk as bulls defend harems. It is made by the elk, not other animals.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1u5eko9iuzqan" }, { "id": "ot-wild-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wildlife", "not-question" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which animal is NOT described as living in Rocky Mountain National Park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mule deer" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Moose" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Marmot" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Alligator" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Elk share the park's slopes with moose, mule deer, and marmots. Alligators are wetland reptiles found nowhere in this cold, high-altitude park.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ojl59g17edl8u" }, { "id": "ot-visit-2024", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "visitation", "crowds" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many people visited Rocky Mountain National Park in 2024?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "12 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "700,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "4.15 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1.2 million" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Roughly 4.15 million visitors came in 2024, making it the 5th-most-visited national park β€” high enough to prompt timed-entry reservations.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1mcpbmg1bg6f6q" }, { "id": "ot-visit-emerald", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "emerald-lake", "hiking" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How long is the round-trip hike from Bear Lake to Emerald Lake?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "14–15 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "48 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "3.6 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "9 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Emerald Lake trail is a gentle 3.6-mile round trip past Nymph and Dream lakes. Sky Pond is ~9 miles, the Keyhole Route 14–15, and Trail Ridge Road spans 48.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ilvhv919dbji3" }, { "id": "ot-visit-september", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "elk-rut", "season" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which month is the prime window for the elk rut and golden aspen color?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "June" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "March" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "September" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "December" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "September stages the elk rut in Moraine Park and doubles as peak aspen color β€” the sweet spot for a fall visit. The other months miss both.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1p7bvqh1jgvu9r" }, { "id": "ot-visit-timed", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "timed-entry", "planning" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "To manage peak-season crowds, what does the park require just to drive in?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A timed-entry reservation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A wildlife-viewing license" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A guided-tour booking" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A backcountry lottery permit" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Recent peak seasons have used a timed-entry reservation system to drive in, so checking the NPS site before a trip is essential. The other permits are not part of this system.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "xs6gpiyqsr48" }, { "id": "ot-visit-moraine", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "moraine-park", "elk-rut" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Where do crowds gather to watch the autumn elk rut spectacle?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Sky Pond" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Longs Peak" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Moraine Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Lake" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The broad meadows of Moraine Park stage the elk rut each September. Sky Pond and Longs Peak are high hiking destinations, and Grand Lake anchors the park's west end.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "712mzpe3vtln" }, { "id": "ot-deva-extremes-badwater", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "badwater", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Badwater Basin, the lowest point in North America, sits how far below sea level?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1,024 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "550 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "86 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "282 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Badwater Basin lies 282 feet below sea level β€” the lowest point in North America. A sign high on the cliff above marks true sea level, showing how deep the salt-crusted basin really is.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1qiflm417c3e86" }, { "id": "ot-deva-extremes-heat", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "heat-record", "furnace-creek" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What was the hottest air temperature ever reliably recorded on Earth, measured at Furnace Creek on July 10, 1913?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "129Β°F" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "122Β°F" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "134Β°F" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "118Β°F" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The thermometer at Furnace Creek hit 134Β°F in 1913 β€” still the hottest air temperature reliably recorded anywhere on Earth. The below-sea-level basin traps and concentrates the heat like a bowl.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ufzbtawajaww" }, { "id": "ot-deva-extremes-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "records", "superlatives" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which superlative does Death Valley NOT hold?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Hottest air temperature on Earth" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wettest place in North America" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Largest national park in the contiguous U.S." }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Lowest point in North America" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Death Valley is the driest place in North America (about 2 inches of rain a year), not the wettest. It genuinely is the lowest, hottest, and largest contiguous park all at once.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1t8ykkzq9x32h" }, { "id": "ot-deva-extremes-telescope", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "telescope-peak", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Telescope Peak rises 11,049 ft above the βˆ’282 ft salt of Badwater. Roughly how much vertical relief does the park pack into that gradient?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Nearly four miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "More than two miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly half a mile" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Around one mile" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "From Badwater (βˆ’282 ft) to Telescope Peak (11,049 ft) is more than two vertical miles β€” one of the most extreme elevation gradients in the U.S. park system, with snow up top and a salt pan below.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1u6fkv67n7y2c" }, { "id": "ot-deva-geology-zabriskie", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "zabriskie-point", "badlands" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Zabriskie Point, the park's most photographed sunrise, overlooks a sea of what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Pastel volcanic hillsides" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Golden badlands of ancient lakebed mud", "short": "Badlands of lakebed mud" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rolling sand dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A white salt-flat pan" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Zabriskie Point overlooks golden badlands β€” wrinkled ridges of ancient lakebed mud carved by erosion, with Manly Beacon rising from the center. It glows amber at sunrise.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1nan7wnq9ahjx" }, { "id": "ot-deva-geology-artists", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "artists-palette", "minerals" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What gives Artists Palette its pink, green, and purple hues along Artists Drive?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Weathered volcanic minerals like iron oxides and manganese", "short": "Weathered volcanic minerals" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Blooms of desert algae" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Paint applied by early park artists" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Layers of colored salt deposits" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The colors are weathered volcanic minerals: iron oxides tint the reds and pinks, mica and chlorite the greens, manganese the purples β€” exposed because no vegetation covers the rock. None of it is paint.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "748tobh9bva" }, { "id": "ot-deva-geology-sailing", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sailing-stones", "racetrack-playa" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Time-lapse cameras revealed how the sailing stones of Racetrack Playa move. What actually pushes them?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Thin floating ice panes nudged by a light breeze", "short": "Thin ice panes nudged by a breeze" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Magnetic forces in the playa" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Powerful windstorms dragging them over dry mud", "short": "Windstorms dragging them on dry mud" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Small earthquakes jolting the surface" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "On rare freezing nights thin ice sheets form, break up in morning sun, and β€” floating and nudged by a light breeze β€” glide the stones across the slick wet mud, etching trails behind them.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ynajnjm9wl51" }, { "id": "ot-deva-geology-ubehebe", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "ubehebe-crater", "volcanic" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The half-mile-wide, ~600-ft-deep Ubehebe Crater was blasted out by what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A collapsed volcanic caldera" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A steam explosion when magma flashed groundwater to steam", "short": "A steam explosion from magma" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Salt dissolving and sinking the ground" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A meteor impact" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Only a few thousand years ago, rising magma flashed groundwater into steam and exploded, blasting out the ~600-ft-deep pit. It is a steam (phreatic) explosion crater, not an impact or caldera.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ma6mw21utwudg" }, { "id": "ot-deva-visit-season", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "season", "winter" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When is the ideal season to visit Death Valley?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "September only (early fall)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "June through August (midsummer)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "April through May (spring)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "November through March (winter)" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "November through March brings mild, clear days ideal for the salt flats and badlands. Summer is genuinely dangerous β€” the NPS warns against hiking below sea level after 10 a.m.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "fwx3eb15t41xl" }, { "id": "ot-deva-visit-timbisha", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "timbisha-shoshone", "tumpisa" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Timbisha Shoshone call the valley TΓΌmpisa. What does the name refer to?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The snow on Telescope Peak" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A sacred desert spring" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The vast salt flats" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Red ochre paint made from local clay", "short": "Red ochre paint from clay" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "TΓΌmpisa means 'red ochre paint,' after the pigment made from local clay. The Timbisha Shoshone have lived here over a thousand years, and their reservation lies within the park near Furnace Creek.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "d7mrwfgvh7zp" }, { "id": "ot-deva-visit-established", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "national-park", "1994" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Death Valley designated a full national park, after decades as a national monument?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1872" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1994" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1964" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1933" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Death Valley became a national monument in 1933 and a full national park in 1994. It now draws about 1.1 million visitors a year, hubbed at Furnace Creek.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1spszvjqm0t51" }, { "id": "ot-deva-visit-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "safety", "visiting" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about visiting Death Valley is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It holds Gold Tier dark-sky certification", "short": "It holds Gold Tier dark-sky status" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Winter is the ideal season to visit" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Timbisha Shoshone reservation lies within the park", "short": "The Timbisha reservation is inside the park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The NPS recommends midday summer hikes on the valley floor", "short": "The NPS advises midday summer hikes" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The opposite is true: the NPS warns AGAINST hiking below sea level after 10 a.m. in summer, when the floor becomes a lethal oven. The other three statements are all accurate.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "fpigv3ek7gl" }, { "id": "ot-biggest-height", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "general-sherman", "measurements" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how tall does the General Sherman Tree stand?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "350 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "145 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "275 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "500 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "General Sherman stands about 275 feet tall. Its record isn't height β€” coast redwoods are taller β€” but the sheer volume of wood packed into its single trunk.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "eldbbq7ckqmg" }, { "id": "ot-biggest-volume", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "general-sherman", "volume" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how much wood, by volume, makes up the General Sherman Tree?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "5,250 cubic feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "14,505 cubic feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "275,000 cubic feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "52,500 cubic feet" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "General Sherman holds roughly 52,500 cubic feet of wood β€” the most of any single-stem tree on Earth, which is exactly what makes it the largest tree by volume.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "21ejh9fuesxv" }, { "id": "ot-biggest-giant-forest", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "giant-forest", "john-muir" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What distinction does Sequoia's Giant Forest hold among sequoia groves?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It is the tallest stand of coast redwoods" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is the only grove outside California", "short": "The only grove outside California" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is the oldest grove of bristlecone pines", "short": "The oldest grove of bristlecone pines" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It holds five of the ten largest trees on Earth", "short": "It has five of the ten largest trees" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Giant Forest, named by John Muir in 1875, is home to five of the ten largest trees on Earth, including General Sherman. Bristlecones and redwoods are different species entirely.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "l0fe8o15shoki" }, { "id": "ot-biggest-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "giant-sequoia", "records" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about the giant sequoia is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It is the tallest tree species on Earth" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Its cinnamon-red bark can grow over a foot thick" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is the largest living thing by volume" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It grows naturally only in California's Sierra Nevada" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Giant sequoias are the most massive trees but not the tallest β€” that record belongs to the coast redwoods. The other three statements are all accurate.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ty4tu6kprl40" }, { "id": "ot-roof-whitney-ft", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mount-whitney", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Mount Whitney, the highest peak in the contiguous United States?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "12,505 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "14,505 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "14,000 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "20,320 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Mount Whitney rises 14,505 feet on Sequoia's eastern boundary β€” the roof of the lower 48. (20,320 feet is closer to Denali in Alaska.)", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1bgcsbv13w79xt" }, { "id": "ot-roof-crystal-cave", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "crystal-cave", "geology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which best describes Sequoia's Crystal Cave?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A marble cavern of stalactites carved by water through karst", "short": "A marble cavern of water-carved karst" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A granite dome climbed by stone steps" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The summit of the Sierra Nevada batholith", "short": "The summit of the Sierra batholith" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A grove of the park's largest sequoias", "short": "A grove of the park's biggest sequoias" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Crystal Cave is a cool marble cavern dissolved through karst rock, hung with stalactites and flowstone β€” a stark contrast to the granite peaks above. The dome is Moro Rock.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1uv1hy81itdj5m" }, { "id": "ot-roof-moro-desc", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "moro-rock", "landmarks" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which best describes Moro Rock?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "An underground marble cavern of stalactites", "short": "An underground cavern of stalactites" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A drive-through passage cut in a fallen tree", "short": "A passage cut in a fallen tree" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A granite dome reached by a stairway of 350+ stone steps", "short": "A granite dome with 350+ stone steps" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The highest granite peak in the lower 48", "short": "The highest granite peak in the 48" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Moro Rock is a granite dome climbed by a stairway of more than 350 steps for a panorama over the Great Western Divide. The cavern is Crystal Cave; the peak is Mount Whitney.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "f4fknn8yzvhl" }, { "id": "ot-roof-range", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "elevation-range", "ecosystems" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "From its foothills near 1,300 feet up to Mount Whitney, Sequoia climbs a vertical range of more than how many feet?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "22,000 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "13,000 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "5,000 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "8,000 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Rising from about 1,300 feet to Whitney's 14,505-foot summit is a gain of more than 13,000 feet, stacking whole ecosystems from foothill chaparral to alpine granite.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "2w55oar5morw" }, { "id": "ot-visit-congress", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "congress-trail", "hiking" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the Congress Trail that most Sequoia visitors walk after seeing General Sherman?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A paved ~2-mile loop through the Giant Forest", "short": "The paved 2-mile Giant Forest loop" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The guided tour route inside Crystal Cave", "short": "The guided tour route in Crystal Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The stone stairway up Moro Rock" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The ~22-mile route to Mount Whitney's summit", "short": "The 22-mile route to Mount Whitney" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Congress Trail is a paved two-mile loop through the Giant Forest past clusters like the House and Senate β€” the easiest way to walk among the giants. The Whitney and Moro routes are separate.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "102y7nl17lz2lj" }, { "id": "ot-visit-tunnel-log", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tunnel-log", "quirks" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is Sequoia's Tunnel Log?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A passage cut through a fallen sequoia that cars drive under", "short": "A fallen sequoia cars drive under" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A natural rock arch over a park road", "short": "A natural rock arch over a road" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A highway tunnel bored through a granite ridge", "short": "A tunnel bored through granite" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A living tree with a hole carved through its standing trunk", "short": "A living tree with a hole in its trunk" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "After a sequoia fell across a road in 1937, crews cut an 8-by-17-foot passage through the fallen trunk β€” the Tunnel Log β€” which visitors still drive beneath. The tree is down, not standing.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "9vchktbsddyr" }, { "id": "ot-visit-bears", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "black-bears", "food-storage" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How does Sequoia require visitors to store food and scented items in bear country?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Sealed in a cooler inside a parked car" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hung from a high tree branch" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Locked in steel bear boxes or approved canisters", "short": "In bear boxes or approved canisters" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Buried a short distance from camp" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The park requires food, trash, and scented items to be locked in steel bear boxes or approved canisters. A determined bear can peel open a car door for a cooler, so cars are not allowed.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "jfu8cokbedhe" }, { "id": "ot-visit-kings-canyon", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "kings-canyon", "planning" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Sequoia is managed jointly with which neighboring national park to its north?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Lassen Volcanic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Death Valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kings Canyon" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Sequoia and Kings Canyon are run together as one continuous wild landscape under two names, easily explored on a single trip. The other parks are elsewhere in California.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "qmc2kw319tbu" }, { "id": "ot-three-parks-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "ecosystems", "three-parks" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic's fame rests on three stacked ecosystems within one boundary. Which trio are they?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Swamp, mangrove, and coral reef" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Desert, prairie, and alpine tundra" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glaciers, temperate rainforest, and Pacific coast", "short": "Glaciers, rainforest, coast" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Volcanoes, geysers, and hot springs" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Olympic stacks glaciated peaks, drenched temperate rainforest, and wild Pacific coast into one park β€” a traveler can touch all three in a day.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "qn1jpiuw4jmg" }, { "id": "ot-three-parks-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "coast", "numbers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many miles of undeveloped Pacific coastline does Olympic protect?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 73 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 450 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 12 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 200 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Roughly 73 miles of wild coast run along the park's edge, one of the longest wilderness shorelines left in the Lower 48.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "sv0zmch3z0z2" }, { "id": "ot-three-parks-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "acres", "size" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how much land does Olympic National Park cover, making it the 13th-largest U.S. national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 3.7 million acres" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 73,000 acres" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 922,650 acres" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 7,980 acres" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Olympic spans about 922,650 acres. 3.7 million is the 2024 visitor count and 7,980 is Mount Olympus's height in feet β€” not the park's acreage.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1grz0yj1yp4uw1" }, { "id": "ot-three-parks-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "glaciers", "numbers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many glaciers cling to the Olympic Mountains, fed by relentless Pacific storms?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "More than 60" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly 12" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Around 8" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "More than 600" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "More than 60 glaciers cling to the range. Storm-fed snow buries Mount Olympus despite its modest 7,980-foot height.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "11qawrj1emgbyd" }, { "id": "ot-three-parks-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "unesco", "recognition" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Olympic's intact wildness earned it rare international recognition. Which two honors does it hold?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "State Natural Area and Marine Sanctuary" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site", "short": "Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Dark Sky Park and UNESCO Geopark" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "National Historic Landmark and Ramsar Wetland", "short": "National Historic Landmark and Ramsar" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Olympic is recognized as both a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and a World Heritage Site, prized for its intact wildness.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1idlvko11zum5u" }, { "id": "ot-protection-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "protection", "history" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Congress redesignate the area a national park, a campaign championed by Franklin Roosevelt?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1972" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1909" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1938" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1890" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Olympic became a national park in 1938. 1909 was when Theodore Roosevelt declared the earlier Mount Olympus National Monument.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1cbmncc1gimbjq" }, { "id": "ot-protection-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mount-olympus", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Mount Olympus, the park's glaciated high point?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "12,340 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "7,980 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "14,411 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "5,280 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Mount Olympus reaches 7,980 feet β€” modest next to Mount Rainier, yet buried in ice thanks to storm-fed snow.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "k14uwxoakwzr" }, { "id": "ot-protection-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hurricane-ridge", "landmarks" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Olympic landmark is a paved-road viewpoint into the high country above Port Angeles?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Hurricane Ridge" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hoh Rain Forest" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Lake Crescent" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ruby Beach" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Hurricane Ridge is reached by a paved road climbing from Port Angeles to nearly a mile high, with views toward Mount Olympus.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "2vvcjuq3tdf0" }, { "id": "ot-protection-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "ruby-beach", "landmarks" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Olympic landmark is the postcard of offshore sea stacks and tide pools?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Hurricane Ridge" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sol Duc Falls" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Olympus" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ruby Beach" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Ruby Beach is celebrated for sea stacks and tide pools. Hurricane Ridge is a mountain overlook and Sol Duc Falls is a waterfall.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "16t8fo2s9ldp0" }, { "id": "ot-rainforest-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hoh", "rainfall" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how much rain does the Hoh Rain Forest soak up each year, making it one of the wettest spots in the contiguous U.S.?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "12 to 14 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "12 to 14 inches" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "40 to 50 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "3 to 4 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Hoh receives about 12 to 14 feet of rain a year β€” feet, not inches β€” building its cathedral of moss and towering conifers.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "xaya511fp6e8b" }, { "id": "ot-rainforest-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hall-of-mosses", "trails" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how long is the easy Hall of Mosses loop through the heart of the Hoh?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 0.8 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 5 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 3.2 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 12 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Hall of Mosses loop runs roughly 0.8 miles. 3.2 miles is the Hurricane Hill trail up at Hurricane Ridge.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "g53rjqexxnnc" }, { "id": "ot-rainforest-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "roosevelt-elk", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What distinction do the Roosevelt elk that graze the Hoh and Quinault valleys hold?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "An endangered species found only on the coast", "short": "Endangered, found only on the coast" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "North America's largest elk; the park was nearly named for them", "short": "Largest elk, nearly the namesake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The smallest deer species in North America", "short": "Smallest deer species in N. America" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Elk introduced from Yellowstone in the 1960s", "short": "Introduced from Yellowstone, 1960s" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Roosevelt elk are the continent's largest elk, and protecting them was so central that Olympic was nearly named for the elk.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "4zur979ag7xt" }, { "id": "ot-rainforest-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "coast", "not-question" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these is NOT a feature of Olympic's wild coast?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Tide pools with sea stars and anemones" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Offshore sea stacks" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A turquoise glacier-carved lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Driftwood and fog" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The turquoise glacier-carved lake is Lake Crescent, inland on the north side. The coast is defined by sea stacks, tide pools, driftwood, and fog.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "18grs48gcw36q" }, { "id": "ot-highone-height", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "denali", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the elevation of Denali's summit, the highest point in North America?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "20,310 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "18,000 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "29,032 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "14,411 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Denali's summit stands at 20,310 ft. 18,000 ft is its base-to-summit rise, not its elevation; 29,032 ft is Everest, which is higher above sea level.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1qb1fam1bh439c" }, { "id": "ot-highone-meaning", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "denali", "name" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In the Koyukon Athabascan language, what does the name 'Denali' mean?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The high one" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The white peak" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Father of rivers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The great ice" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Denali is Koyukon Athabascan for 'the high one' (or 'the tall one'), the name Alaska Native peoples used long before it was called Mount McKinley.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1gskayk1tu0e9y" }, { "id": "ot-highone-restored", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "denali", "name", "year" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was the mountain's official name changed back to Denali?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "2015" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1917" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1896" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1980" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The name was officially restored in 2015. In 1896 a prospector attached 'Mount McKinley'; 1917 is when the park was first established.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "15oldui19vm3zw" }, { "id": "ot-highone-rise", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "denali", "base-rise" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how far does Denali climb from base to summit, the greatest vertical relief of any mountain on land?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 12,000 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 20,310 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 18,000 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 29,000 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Denali rises about 18,000 ft from near-tundra to summit. 20,310 ft is its elevation above sea level, not its rise above its own base.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1n4pxthhleh9n" }, { "id": "ot-landmarks-range", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "alaska-range", "landmark" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Denali is the crowning peak of which mountain chain that sweeps across Alaska's interior?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Chugach Mountains" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Rocky Mountains" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Brooks Range" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Alaska Range" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Denali anchors the Alaska Range, the arcing chain that rises along the Denali Fault across the state's interior.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "v3fv8x6ntsyf" }, { "id": "ot-landmarks-formername", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mckinley", "name" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "By what official name was Denali known until 2015?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount McKinley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Elias" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Rainier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mount Whitney" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The peak carried the official name Mount McKinley on the map until 2015, when 'Denali' was restored.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1rii2u1yumjoo" }, { "id": "ot-landmarks-bigfive-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "big-five", "animals" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which animal is NOT one of Denali's 'Big Five'?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Gray wolf" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Elk" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Grizzly bear" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Caribou" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Denali's Big Five are grizzly bears, caribou, moose, Dall sheep, and gray wolves. Elk is not among them.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "5aqtt4cbjpky" }, { "id": "ot-landmarks-bigfive-yes", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "big-five", "animals" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which large mammal IS one of Denali's 'Big Five'?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Moose" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Elk" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mountain goat" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bison" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Denali's Big Five are grizzly bears, caribou, moose, Dall sheep, and gray wolves. Moose is one of them; bison, mountain goats, and elk are not.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "ftfif31nn4t7p" }, { "id": "ot-landmarks-dallsheep", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "dall-sheep", "animals" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of the Big Five is a white, curl-horned wild sheep of Denali's high slopes?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Caribou" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Moose" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Dall sheep" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gray wolf" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Dall sheep are the white, curl-horned wild sheep of the high slopes, and the animal Denali was first created to protect.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "6p2n0ipfnbf8" }, { "id": "ot-wild-taiga", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "taiga", "ecosystem" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the name for the spruce-and-birch boreal forest that grows in Denali's valleys?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Alpine tundra" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Taiga" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Steppe" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Chaparral" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Taiga is the northern boreal forest of spruce and birch in the valleys. Alpine tundra is the treeless ground above the tree line.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "9hstrn11w2dk9" }, { "id": "ot-wild-tundra", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tundra", "ecosystem" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Above Denali's tree line stretches treeless, low-growing terrain known as what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Boreal forest" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wetland marsh" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Taiga" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Alpine tundra" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Alpine tundra is the treeless, low-growing ground above the tree line, carpeted in dwarf shrubs. Taiga is the spruce-birch forest below it.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1n0ja721qv8ro0" }, { "id": "ot-wild-road", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "road", "access" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many miles long is the single road that runs into Denali's wilderness?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 92 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 20 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 250 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 500 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "One road, about 92 miles long, is the only route into the roughly six-million-acre wilderness.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1o47nh016xdhcu" }, { "id": "ot-wild-acres", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "acres", "size" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Denali National Park and Preserve covers roughly how much land?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1 million acres" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 6 million acres" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 500,000 acres" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 20 million acres" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The park spans about six million acres of subarctic wilderness, larger than the state of New Hampshire.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1er6ijr15l0vzh" }, { "id": "ot-visit-plan-days", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "planning", "weather", "30-percent" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Since Denali so often wraps itself in cloud, what is the smartest way to improve your odds of seeing the full peak?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Plan one visit at midday" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Stay in your vehicle the whole trip" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Come only in deep midwinter" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Give yourself several days rather than a single afternoon", "short": "Give yourself several days" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Only about 30% of summer visitors ever see the full peak, so the guide's advice is to give yourself several days and treat a clear view as a gift, not a guarantee.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "w6j2b6do6x1w" }, { "id": "ot-visit-pct", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "30-percent", "weather" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About what share of summer visitors actually get to see Denali's full peak?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 60%" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 90%" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 30%" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 10%" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Only about 30% of summer visitors ever see the full peak, since the mountain wraps itself in cloud; the lucky ones join the '30% Club.'", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1gya95i1f4r3zc" }, { "id": "ot-visit-bus", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "park-bus", "access" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How do most visitors travel the Denali park road beyond its first stretch?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "By park bus" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "On foot only" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "By rental RV" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "By private car" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Private vehicles are limited to the first stretch of road; beyond that, nearly everyone travels by park bus, which keeps traffic light and wildlife calm.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "y3vmpg1mr8mem" }, { "id": "ot-visit-aurora", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "aurora", "season" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When are visitors most likely to catch the aurora over the Alaska Range?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Peak midsummer" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Late June" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Only at midday" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The dark shoulder months" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The dark shoulder months bring clear black skies for the northern lights. Midsummer's round-the-clock daylight hides the aurora.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "c4qykq1qto87w" }, { "id": "ot-blue-smoke-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "blue-haze", "vocs" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What actually creates the perpetual blue haze that gives the Smokies their name?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Emissions from nearby coal plants" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Smoke from frequent wildfires" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Forest VOCs scattering blue light, mixed with fog", "short": "Forest VOCs scattering blue light" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Salt mist drifting inland from the coast", "short": "Salt mist drifting in from the coast" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The dense Appalachian vegetation exhales volatile organic compounds that scatter blue light; blended with forest fog it reads as a smoke-like veil. No fire is involved.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "eng4ndve6byn" }, { "id": "ot-blue-smoke-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "clingmans-dome", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How high is Clingmans Dome, the highest point in the park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "8,751 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "4,229 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "5,280 ft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "6,643 ft" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "At 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome is the highest point in the park, in Tennessee, and along the entire 2,190-mile Appalachian Trail.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "19ps9blq2otev" }, { "id": "ot-blue-smoke-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "history", "1934" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Great Smoky Mountains fully established as a national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1919" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1950" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1872" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1934" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The park was assembled in 1934 from thousands of private parcels bought and donated. 1872 is Yellowstone's founding, not the Smokies'.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1e02sct11wfckj" }, { "id": "ot-blue-smoke-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geology", "ancient-mountains" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Smokies' soft, rounded summits are a clue to what about the range?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "They were carved by glaciers in the last century", "short": "They were carved by recent glaciers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They are active volcanic cones" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They are young, recently uplifted peaks" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They are among Earth's oldest mountains, worn down over eons", "short": "They are among Earth's oldest" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The rounded silhouette marks the eroded roots of a once-Himalayan range raised 480–300 million years ago. Where the Rockies are young and jagged, the Appalachians are old and worn.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1rolp0i1j9bzl0" }, { "id": "ot-smoky-firsts-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "rockefeller", "donation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which philanthropist donated roughly $5 million toward buying land for the park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "John D. Rockefeller Jr." }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Andrew Carnegie" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Henry Ford" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The park was assembled from private land in 1934 with help from a ~$5 million gift by John D. Rockefeller Jr. John Muir was a naturalist, not a donor here.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1t3bskl1kxsdej" }, { "id": "ot-smoky-firsts-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "salamanders", "land", "not" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about the Smokies is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It hosts more than 30 salamander species", "short": "Hosts more than 30 salamander species" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It charges a steep entrance fee that funds salamander research", "short": "A steep entrance fee funds it" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The park is nicknamed the 'Salamander Capital of the World'", "short": "Nicknamed 'Salamander Capital of the World'" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Its land was assembled from private parcels, bought and donated", "short": "Land assembled from private parcels" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Smokies have never charged an entrance fee. The rest are true: the 'Salamander Capital' nickname, 30-plus salamander species, and land assembled from bought-and-donated private parcels.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1akjc6q1vsctsk" }, { "id": "ot-smoky-firsts-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "salamanders", "nickname" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What nickname has the Smokies earned for hosting 30-plus species of one small, tailed amphibian?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Newt Nation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Frog Capital of America" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Amphibian Kingdom of the East", "short": "The Amphibian Kingdom of the East" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Salamander Capital of the World" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "With 30-plus salamander species, the Smokies are nicknamed the 'Salamander Capital of the World.' Salamanders are the tailed amphibians behind the title.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "9xbz8y11a9404" }, { "id": "ot-smoky-firsts-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "salamanders", "count" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "At least how many salamander species earn the Smokies their 'capital' title?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "15" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "8" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "60" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "30" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The park hosts 30-plus salamander species, the standout group behind its status as the most biodiverse U.S. national park.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "v5so39v8i5zv" }, { "id": "ot-smoky-firsts-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "founding", "land" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How was the land for Great Smoky Mountains National Park acquired?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Carved directly from federal public domain like western parks", "short": "Carved from federal public domain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bought from thousands of private parcels and donated", "short": "Bought from private parcels, donated" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Purchased entirely with federal funds" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Donated whole by a single timber company", "short": "Donated whole by one timber company" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Unlike western parks carved from public land, the Smokies were assembled in 1934 from thousands of private parcels bought and donated, aided by Rockefeller's ~$5 million gift.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "i2oj4axoie9o" }, { "id": "ot-forests-fireflies-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "fireflies", "photinus" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which firefly species stages the Smokies' rare synchronous light show?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Lampyris noctiluca" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Pyractomena angulata" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Photuris pennsylvanica" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Photinus carolinus" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Thousands of Photinus carolinus fireflies blink in unison for about two weeks in late spring, one of only a few places on Earth where this species synchronizes.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "9qb0sbfg61sx" }, { "id": "ot-forests-fireflies-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "cherokee", "trail-of-tears" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year were most Cherokee forced west on the Trail of Tears?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1804" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1890" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1776" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1838" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "In 1838 most Cherokee were forced west on the Trail of Tears, though some resisted and remained as the Eastern Band.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "6p0vbvockjsh" }, { "id": "ot-forests-fireflies-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "cherokee", "qualla-boundary" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Eastern Band of Cherokee, descendants of those who resisted removal, live on which adjacent land?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Qualla Boundary" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind River Reservation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cherokee Strip" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Pine Ridge Reservation" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Eastern Band still lives on the Qualla Boundary at the park's southern edge. The others are unrelated western lands.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "443my811tau62" }, { "id": "ot-forests-fireflies-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "biodiversity", "species-count" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many species have been documented in the Smokies, the most biodiverse U.S. park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Close to 2,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Over 19,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Over 100,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly 500" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "More than 19,000 species are confirmed, with scientists estimating the true total at 80,000 or more β€” the most of any U.S. national park.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "17sppr31mumyv9" }, { "id": "ot-visiting-smokies-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "visitation", "2024" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many visitors did the Smokies receive in 2024, ranking #1 among U.S. national parks?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "8.3 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "4.7 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "25 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "12.19 million" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "12.19 million people visited in 2024 β€” more than the next two parks combined β€” making it the most-visited national park by a wide margin.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1udn5y3oqe0r5" }, { "id": "ot-visiting-smokies-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "cades-cove", "loop" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How long is the one-way loop road around Cades Cove?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "25 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "50 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "5 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "11 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Cades Cove is circled by an 11-mile one-way loop road lined with preserved cabins, churches, and a grist mill.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1hvvl73u023k5" }, { "id": "ot-visiting-smokies-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "parking-tag", "fees" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What fee, the first of any kind in the park's history, began in 2023?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A camping surcharge" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A paid parking tag" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An entrance fee" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A shuttle fare" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Since 2023 a paid parking tag is required to stop anywhere in the park for over 15 minutes. Entry itself remains free by a permanent no-fee condition.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "sff8ba1ual854" }, { "id": "ot-visiting-smokies-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "fall-color", "season" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A visitor hoping for peak fall color and bugling elk should plan to come in which month?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "July" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "October" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "April" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "January" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "October is the showcase month: fall color ripples down the mountains for weeks and elk bugle through the autumn rut in Oconaluftee and Cataloochee.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "16szy6rjdadah" }, { "id": "ot-smoky-places-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "cades-cove", "place-id" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which place is a broad green valley circled by an 11-mile loop, with preserved cabins and a working grist mill?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Oconaluftee" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Newfound Gap" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cades Cove" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Elkmont" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Cades Cove is the park's most beloved corner β€” a valley ringed by mountains, looped by an 11-mile road, and prime for spotting deer, turkey, and bears.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ixl0371ll8uh" }, { "id": "ot-smoky-places-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "newfound-gap", "place-id" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which landmark is the mountain pass and road crossing the TN–NC crest of the park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Elkmont" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Clingmans Dome" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Newfound Gap" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cades Cove" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Newfound Gap is the pass and road crossing the Tennessee–North Carolina crest; deeding it over set the park's permanent no-entrance-fee condition.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1szweip15mwgd3" }, { "id": "ot-smoky-places-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "oconaluftee", "place-id" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which southern entrance features a preserved Appalachian farmstead museum of log cabins and split-rail fences?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Newfound Gap" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cades Cove" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Elkmont" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Oconaluftee" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "At the Oconaluftee entrance, a preserved farmstead museum tells the story of the mountain settlers the park displaced.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "xmiw0o109tquq" }, { "id": "ot-smoky-places-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "elkmont", "fireflies" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Near which area does the park run an early-June lottery for synchronous firefly viewing?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Oconaluftee" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Newfound Gap" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Elkmont" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cades Cove" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Demand to see the Photinus carolinus display is so intense the park runs a lottery for viewing spots near Elkmont in early June.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "uw8rv31xj9p0l" }, { "id": "ot-smoky-places-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "clingmans-dome", "place-id" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which landmark is the park's highest point, topped by a spiral concrete observation tower?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Newfound Gap" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Clingmans Dome" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Oconaluftee" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cades Cove" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Clingmans Dome (6,643 ft) is the highest point in the park and on the Appalachian Trail; its spiral tower lifts visitors to a 360-degree panorama of blue ridges.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1wa5a11r2iob" }, { "id": "ot-mms-cadillac", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "cadillac", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Cadillac Mountain, the highest point on the entire U.S. Atlantic coast?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "2,407 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1,530 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "865 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "6,288 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Cadillac Mountain rises 1,530 feet β€” modest for a mountain but the highest point on the U.S. Atlantic coast, which is why it catches such early sunrises.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1cv04n7nhmaq1" }, { "id": "ot-mms-acres", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "acadia", "size" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how large is Acadia National Park by area?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "~49,000 acres" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "~3,000 acres" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "~500,000 acres" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "~1.2 million acres" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "At about 49,000 acres Acadia ranks 50th of 63 parks by size, yet packs in sea cliffs, forest, a fjard, and a mile-high summit.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "13095501fz7uim" }, { "id": "ot-mms-fjard", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "somes-sound", "fjard" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Somes Sound is often called the East Coast's only fjord, but geologists say it is really what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A true fjord" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A glacial tarn" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A tidal estuary" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A fjard" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Somes Sound is a fjard β€” a shallower glacier-carved sea inlet that lacks a true fjord's great depth. A tarn is a mountain pond, not a sea inlet.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1s711jw1qdz9ba" }, { "id": "ot-mms-not-true", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "acadia", "firsts" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about Acadia National Park is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the first national park east of the Mississippi" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was assembled entirely from donated private land" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It ranks among the largest national parks by area" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It sits mainly on Mount Desert Island in Maine" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Acadia is one of the smallest parks (~49,000 acres, 50th of 63). It is the first park east of the Mississippi and the first built entirely from donated private land.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "7e35te167r6s4" }, { "id": "ot-land-cadillac", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "cadillac", "landmark" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Acadia landmark is the bare granite summit crowds climb before dawn to catch the first U.S. sunrise?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Bass Harbor Head Light" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Somes Sound" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jordan Pond" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cadillac Mountain" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Cadillac Mountain's height (1,530 ft) and far-eastern position make it a first spot in the U.S. to see sunrise; a timed reservation is needed to drive up in peak season.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1vs8rzrdurcf1" }, { "id": "ot-land-somes", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "somes-sound", "landmark" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which landmark is the long arm of seawater that nearly cuts Mount Desert Island in two?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Thunder Hole" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Somes Sound" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jordan Pond" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cadillac Mountain" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Somes Sound is the glacier-carved sea inlet (a fjard) that nearly splits Mount Desert Island. Thunder Hole and Jordan Pond are separate coastal features.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1xn07pk164zg0i" }, { "id": "ot-land-jordan", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "jordan-pond", "landmark" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which landmark is a glacial tarn so clear that swimming is banned, with the twin Bubbles rising at its north end?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Jordan Pond" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bass Harbor Head Light" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Somes Sound" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Thunder Hole" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Jordan Pond is Acadia's clearest water β€” visibility over 40 feet β€” framed by the Bubbles and the Jordan Pond House. Somes Sound is saltwater, not a pond.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "m8rxgmkr5n5k" }, { "id": "ot-land-thunder", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "thunder-hole", "landmark" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which landmark is a narrow granite inlet where a wave traps air in a sea cave, then bursts out with a booming clap?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Cadillac Mountain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Somes Sound" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Thunder Hole" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jordan Pond" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Thunder Hole booms when incoming waves β€” often a few hours before high tide β€” trap and explode a pocket of air. Jordan Pond is a still, clear tarn.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "zj579h1nwa37f" }, { "id": "ot-land-bass", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "bass-harbor", "lighthouse" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Acadia landmark is a white tower with a red roof on pink-granite ledges that has guided mariners since 1858?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Jordan Pond House" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bass Harbor Head Light" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Thunder Hole" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cadillac Mountain" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Bass Harbor Head Light, on Mount Desert Island's quiet southwestern tip, is one of Maine's most photographed lighthouses, especially at sunset.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1jwwob6134zkpw" }, { "id": "ot-visit-miles", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "carriage-roads", "distance" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many miles of car-free, broken-stone carriage roads did Rockefeller fund in Acadia?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "8 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "27 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "45 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "120 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Between 1913 and 1940, Rockefeller funded 45 miles of carriage roads with seventeen stone-faced bridges β€” built for horses, walkers, and bikes, never cars.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "js4gc2s9ubbo" }, { "id": "ot-visit-who", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "carriage-roads", "rockefeller" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who funded and personally supervised Acadia's network of car-free carriage roads?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "George B. Dorr" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John D. Rockefeller Jr." }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Stephen Mather" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "John D. Rockefeller Jr. built the 45 miles of carriage roads from 1913 to 1940. George B. Dorr was the 'Father of Acadia' who assembled the park's land, not the roads.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "7fkgjt7z79q7" }, { "id": "ot-visit-roads-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "carriage-roads", "rules" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Rockefeller's Acadia carriage roads were built for β€” and are still restricted to β€” everyone EXCEPT which of these?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Walkers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cars" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Horses" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bicycles" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The carriage roads were deliberately built for horses, walkers, and bicycles, never cars β€” and that car-free rule still holds today.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "hron0f3f20d1" }, { "id": "ot-visit-popovers", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "jordan-pond-house", "popovers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Since the 1890s, the lakeside Jordan Pond House has been a visiting tradition famous for serving what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Clam chowder" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Lobster rolls" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Blueberry pie" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Tea and warm popovers" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Jordan Pond House has served tea and warm popovers on its lawn since the 1890s β€” a tradition as much a part of an Acadia visit as the trail around the pond.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "sswf551pz748f" }, { "id": "ot-rog-year", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "dates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Everglades established as a national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1968" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1947" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1916" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1934" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Everglades was established on December 6, 1947. 1916 is the founding of the National Park Service, not this park.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1fc3d3y93di5s" }, { "id": "ot-rog-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "facts" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about the Everglades is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Its River of Grass is roughly 60 miles wide" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was established in 1847" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the first U.S. park created to protect an ecosystem" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It covers about 1.5 million acres" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Everglades was established in 1947, not 1847. The other statements are all accurate: ~1.5 million acres, a ~60-mile-wide sheet flow, and the first park set aside for an ecosystem.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1gucrtj1dc1yx9" }, { "id": "ot-rog-douglas", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "people" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who named the Everglades the \"River of Grass\" and led the decades-long fight to protect it?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Rachel Carson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Marjory Stoneman Douglas" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John Muir" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ansel Adams" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Writer-activist Marjory Stoneman Douglas gave the Everglades its defining name, the \"River of Grass,\" and championed its protection.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1816qhbnvy6t" }, { "id": "ot-rog-okeechobee", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "hydrology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Historically, the Everglades' slow sheet flow began as the overflow of which body of water?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "the Gulf of Mexico" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Lake Okeechobee" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Florida Bay" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "the St. Johns River" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The vast inland Lake Okeechobee overflowed to feed the entire sheet flow. Florida Bay is where that fresh water flows TO, at the southern end.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1genkxl1bdrvf3" }, { "id": "ot-hab-sawgrass", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "habitats" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is sawgrass, the plant that gives the \"River of Grass\" its name?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A towering dome of bald cypress" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A sharp-edged sedge that carpets the open marsh", "short": "A sharp-edged marsh sedge" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A broadleaf tree of the forest islands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A salt-tolerant coastal mangrove" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Sawgrass is the sharp-edged sedge that blankets the open marsh prairie. Mangroves and cypress are separate Everglades habitats.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "nzagxhth3urv" }, { "id": "ot-hab-hammock", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "habitats" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is a hardwood hammock in the Everglades?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "An open prairie of sharp-edged sedge", "short": "Open prairie of sharp sedge" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A dome of bald cypress standing in water", "short": "A dome of bald cypress in water" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A tree island of dense broadleaf forest on slightly higher, drier ground", "short": "Broadleaf island, drier ground" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A coastal tangle of salt-tolerant mangroves", "short": "Coastal tangle of mangroves" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Hardwood hammocks are tree islands of dense broadleaf forest perched on ground just inches higher and drier than the surrounding marsh.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1btdwh81gstvhy" }, { "id": "ot-hab-elevation", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "habitats" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Why does the nearly flat Everglades hold so many distinct habitats side by side?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Wide swings in annual temperature between zones", "short": "Wide annual temperature swings" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Steep canyon walls that trap separate microclimates", "short": "Steep canyon walls trap climates" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Tiny changes in elevation, sometimes only inches, create entirely different worlds", "short": "Tiny elevation changes of inches" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Volcanic soils of sharply differing mineral content", "short": "Volcanic soils, differing minerals" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Because the land is so flat, elevation changes of just inches shift a spot from sawgrass marsh to a drier tree island, producing wildly different habitats.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1bnoz5419utmua" }, { "id": "ot-hab-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "habitats" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of the following is NOT one of the Everglades' habitats?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Sawgrass prairie" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Coastal mangroves" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Alpine tundra above the treeline", "short": "Alpine tundra above tree line" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hardwood hammock tree islands" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Everglades sits barely above sea level, so it has no alpine tundra. Sawgrass prairie, hardwood hammocks, and coastal mangroves are all real habitats there.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1209ztr1sspan9" }, { "id": "ot-hab-highpoint", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "elevation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Everglades ranges from sea level to a high point of only about how many feet, making it one of the flattest parks?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "8,000 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "800 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "8 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "80 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The park's highest ground is only about 8 feet above sea level, which is exactly why inches-scale elevation changes matter so much for its habitats.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1aa1ai7cnsso5" }, { "id": "ot-gc-panthers", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "panther" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many endangered Florida panthers survive today, most in and around the Everglades?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 750" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1,500" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 200" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 90" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Only around 200 Florida panthers survive, making this tawny subspecies of cougar one of the rarest large cats in North America.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "upbiqfke3sj1" }, { "id": "ot-gc-honor", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "unesco" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Everglades' rare triple UNESCO honor consists of which three designations?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "World Heritage Site, Biosphere Reserve, and Wetland of International Importance", "short": "World Heritage, Biosphere, Intl. Wetland" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "World Heritage Site, National Seashore, and Wilderness Area", "short": "World Heritage, Nat'l Seashore, Wilderness" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Dark Sky Reserve, Geopark, and Ramsar buffer zone", "short": "Dark Sky Reserve, Geopark, Ramsar zone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "National Monument, State Park, and Marine Sanctuary", "short": "Nat'l Monument, State Park, Marine Sanctuary" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Everglades holds all three at once: World Heritage Site, International Biosphere Reserve, and Wetland of International Importance, a combination rarely held together.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1y2t5tl1td7rtb" }, { "id": "ot-gc-croc", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "crocodile" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How is the rarer American crocodile distinguished from the alligator in the Everglades?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Grayish-green, narrow-snouted, and tolerant of the brackish coast", "short": "Gray-green, narrow snout, brackish" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A giant constrictor with no natural predators here", "short": "Giant constrictor, no predators" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Salt-tolerant but dark and broad-snouted", "short": "Salt-tolerant but dark, broad snout" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Dark, broad-snouted, and restricted to fresh water", "short": "Dark, broad snout, freshwater" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The crocodile is grayish-green, narrow-snouted, and tolerates brackish coastal water. Dark, broad-snouted, freshwater-favoring describes the alligator.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1k15ki91cn35xz" }, { "id": "ot-gc-onlyplace", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "reptiles" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What makes the Everglades unique among all places on Earth regarding these two reptiles?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It is the only place where American alligators and American crocodiles live side by side", "short": "Only place gators and crocs coexist" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is the only U.S. park that has any crocodiles", "short": "Only U.S. park with any crocodiles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is where alligators and crocodiles interbreed", "short": "Where gators and crocs interbreed" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It holds the world's largest alligator population", "short": "World's largest alligator population" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Everglades is the only place on Earth where American alligators and American crocodiles coexist, overlapping where freshwater marsh meets salty mangrove.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "f6ex983w3myu" }, { "id": "ot-bi-spoonbill", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "birds" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Everglades wading bird is vivid pink and sweeps a flat, spoon-shaped bill through the shallows?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Wood stork" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Anhinga" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Roseate spoonbill" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great blue heron" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The roseate spoonbill is unmistakable: a bright pink bird that sweeps its flat, spoon-shaped bill side to side to feed in shallow water.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1xajk3js2ivol" }, { "id": "ot-bi-anhinga", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "birds" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The \"snakebird\" that swims underwater to spear fish, then perches with wings spread to dry, is the:" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Great blue heron" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great egret" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Anhinga" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Roseate spoonbill" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The anhinga, or \"snakebird,\" swims submerged to spear fish, then perches with wings held wide open to dry them.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "nvamoj1ljtcs9" }, { "id": "ot-bi-python", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "invasive" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the gravest modern invasive threat to the Everglades, a giant constrictor native to Southeast Asia?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Nile monitor" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Burmese python" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Florida panther" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "American crocodile" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Released or escaped Burmese pythons, native to Southeast Asia, have exploded across the Everglades since the 1990s, devouring native mammals and birds.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "nsqad44dpj4y" }, { "id": "ot-bi-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "invasive" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these Everglades animals is an invasive species that does NOT belong there naturally?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "American alligator" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Burmese python" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Roseate spoonbill" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Florida panther" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Burmese python is a non-native invader from Southeast Asia. The panther, spoonbill, and alligator are all native to the Everglades.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1qtw57j4wcwbp" }, { "id": "ot-bi-manatee", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "manatee" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The gentle, slow-moving \"sea cow\" that grazes on seagrass in the Everglades' warm coastal waters is the:" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "American crocodile" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Florida panther" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "West Indian manatee" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Anhinga" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The West Indian manatee is the gentle \"sea cow\" that grazes on seagrass in the park's warm coastal waters.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "15921zir87h6o" }, { "id": "ot-vis-anhinga", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "trails" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how long is the Anhinga Trail, the wildlife-packed boardwalk near the Everglades' main entrance?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "2.5 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "0.8 mile" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "6 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "12 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Anhinga Trail is a flat, easy boardwalk of about 0.8 mile looping over a freshwater slough, famous for close wildlife in the dry season.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1y4ih7e1vm5rv0" }, { "id": "ot-vis-shark", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "shark-valley" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Shark Valley's paved loop, ridden by bike or open-air tram, is about how long, ending at a 65-foot observation tower?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "0.8 mile" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "99 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "65 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "15 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Shark Valley centers on a 15-mile paved loop leading to a 65-foot observation tower with a rare high view over the flat River of Grass.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "c7lq86s5qwqg" }, { "id": "ot-vis-wilderness", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "paddling" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The roughly 99-mile Wilderness Waterway paddling route winds through mangroves between which two points?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "the Anhinga Trail and Miami" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Shark Valley and Florida Bay" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Key West and Everglades City" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Flamingo and Everglades City" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The ~99-mile Wilderness Waterway threads through mangroves between Flamingo and Everglades City, a route prized by paddlers.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "171bvs01dcjqii" }, { "id": "ot-vis-airboat", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "everglades", "visiting" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about visiting the Everglades is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The best season is the dry winter, December through April" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Airboats operate throughout the park's core" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Shark Valley has a 65-foot observation tower" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Ten Thousand Islands are prized by kayakers" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Airboats operate in adjacent areas, not the park's core. The dry winter is the best season, the Ten Thousand Islands draw kayakers, and Shark Valley's tower is 65 feet.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "180u5bo1pnmy0e" }, { "id": "ot-olyvisit-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hurricane-ridge", "planning" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The paved road up to Hurricane Ridge's high-country meadows climbs from which peninsula town?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "La Push" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Port Angeles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Port Townsend" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Forks" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Hurricane Ridge is reached by a paved road that climbs from Port Angeles to nearly a mile above the sea.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "p4afjq1tdl6nc" }, { "id": "ot-olyvisit-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "lake-crescent", "planning" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What best describes Lake Crescent, a highlight on Olympic's north side?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A deep, glacier-carved lake glowing turquoise" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A moss-draped rainforest valley of giant spruce" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A subalpine meadow of summer wildflowers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A fog-wrapped beach of sea stacks and tide pools" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Lake Crescent is a deep, glacier-carved lake so clear its water glows turquoise in sunlight, ringed by forested ridges and a historic lodge.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "o8cfl217pe408" }, { "id": "ot-olyvisit-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "season", "planning" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "For a trip into Olympic's high country, which months are the dependable dry window?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "October through November" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "April through May" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "July through September" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "January through March" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "July through September is Olympic's reliable dry season for the high country; the coast and rainforest stay open year-round but wet.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1qc1nh5q09p5r" }, { "id": "ot-olyvisit-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hurricane-ridge", "trails" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how long is the Hurricane Hill trail, which climbs to wider views above Hurricane Ridge?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 0.8 miles round trip" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 3.2 miles round trip" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1.6 miles round trip" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 5.4 miles round trip" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Hurricane Hill trail runs about 3.2 miles round trip, climbing from Hurricane Ridge to wider views north across the Strait of Juan de Fuca.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "zmf552w7zq48" }, { "id": "ot-denvisit-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "visiting", "season", "planning" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "To catch the park road open and summer at full strength, when should you time a Denali visit?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Late September to October" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Early May to mid-June" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mid-July to late November" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mid-June to early September" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The guide names mid-June to early September as Denali's best season, when the road is open and summer is at full strength.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "hfpzgp18ixwpr" }, { "id": "fi-ot-visit-3", "tags": [ "denali", "highest" ], "title": "Denali", "body": "Denali in Alaska is the highest point found in any U.S. national park β€” and the tallest peak on the entire North American continent.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Denali", "imagePrompt": "Denali. Denali in Alaska is the highest point found in any U.S. national park β€” and the tallest peak on the entire North American continent.", "alt": "Denali", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Denali Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali", "subject": "Denali's snow-capped twin-summit massif reflected in the still water of Wonder Lake, tundra shrubs in the foreground under a partly cloudy sky β€” the lead photograph of Wikipedia's 'Denali' article.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-visit-3.webp" }, "uid": "1bymdhx1lwfdff" }, { "id": "fi-mcq-rw-intro-p2-numbers", "tags": [ "geography", "superlatives", "alaska" ], "title": "Alaska's big four", "body": "The four largest national parks in the U.S. system are all located in Alaska, where the sheer scale of the land dwarfs the Lower 48 states.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Alaska wilderness vast landscape", "imagePrompt": "A vast, rugged Alaskan wilderness landscape with glaciers and mountains stretching to the horizon.", "alt": "Alaska's big four", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· John De Leon Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/majestic-mountains-and-lake-landscape-13038403/", "subject": "Layered vista of a pyramidal snow-capped peak and range above green foothills, a broad misty braided-river valley, and spruce forest in the foreground under a blue sky with clouds", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-mcq-rw-intro-p2-numbers.webp" }, "uid": "1qj2jaxekfdkv" }, { "id": "fi-ot-visit-2", "tags": [ "most-visited", "numbers" ], "title": "The Smokies in 2024", "body": "Great Smoky Mountains National Park logged about 12.2 million visits in 2024 β€” more than double the visitor count of the next-busiest national park.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Smokies in 2024", "imagePrompt": "The Smokies in 2024. Great Smoky Mountains National Park logged about 12.2 million visits in 2024 β€” more than double the visitor count of the next-busiest national park.", "alt": "The Smokies in 2024", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Great Smoky Mountains National Park Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park", "subject": "A wide daytime panorama from a high overlook in Great Smoky Mountains NP: blue sky, sun flare, forested ridges receding to the horizon.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-visit-2.webp" }, "uid": "osmbxj13mgz59" }, { "id": "fi-mcq-rw-story-p1-people", "tags": [ "conservationists", "land-ethic", "leopold" ], "title": "The Green Fire", "body": "Aldo Leopold watched 'the green fire' fade from a dying wolf's eyes and renounced his youthful war on wolves, articulating the 'land ethic' in his 1949 book A Sand County Almanac.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "wolf eyes close-up", "imagePrompt": "A close-up of a wolf's intense eyes catching the light in a forest setting.", "alt": "The Green Fire", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Ellie Burgin Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-of-the-wolfs-eye-19492337/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-mcq-rw-story-p1-people.webp" }, "uid": "j939701ec6bjq" }, { "id": "fi-ot-founders-4", "tags": [ "grinnell", "audubon", "glacier" ], "title": "Forest and Stream's Editor", "body": "George Bird Grinnell edited the magazine Forest and Stream, founded the first Audubon Society in 1886, and championed the creation of Glacier National Park.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "George Bird Grinnell portrait", "imagePrompt": "A formal late-1800s portrait of a mustached conservationist and magazine editor in a suit.", "alt": "Forest and Stream's Editor", "depictable": true, "credit": "AI-generated (gpt-image-1.5)", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-founders-4.webp" }, "uid": "vk6kzi1aos0ts" }, { "id": "fi-ot-voices-1", "tags": [ "carson", "silent-spring", "ddt" ], "title": "Silent Spring, 1962", "body": "Rachel Carson's 1962 book Silent Spring launched the modern environmental movement and directly led to the banning of the pesticide DDT.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Rachel Carson portrait author", "imagePrompt": "A black-and-white portrait of author and biologist Rachel Carson outdoors near a marshland.", "alt": "Silent Spring, 1962", "depictable": true, "credit": "USDAgov (Openverse) Β· pdm 1.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/41284017@N08/7803227436", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-voices-1.webp" }, "uid": "1cpefkt1m79dvn" }, { "id": "fi-mcq-rw-story-p2-timeline", "tags": [ "legislation", "wilderness-act", "timeline" ], "title": "Off Limits Forever", "body": "The Wilderness Act of 1964 created the National Wilderness Preservation System, closing the wildest backcountry areas to roads and machines for good.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "untouched wilderness backcountry landscape", "imagePrompt": "A remote roadless wilderness landscape of untouched forest and mountains with no trails or structures visible.", "alt": "Off Limits Forever", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Kirill Lazarev Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/landscape-of-mountains-9933591/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-mcq-rw-story-p2-timeline.webp" }, "uid": "wwzx5510dyrqn" }, { "id": "fi-ot-early-1", "tags": [ "hot-springs", "1832", "timeline" ], "title": "Before Yellowstone", "body": "In 1832, decades before Yellowstone existed, Congress reserved Hot Springs, Arkansas as a federal reservation to protect its thermal waters β€” an early instance of the government holding land for the public.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Hot Springs Arkansas bathhouse", "imagePrompt": "Historic bathhouse row buildings with steam rising from thermal springs nearby.", "alt": "Before Yellowstone", "depictable": true, "credit": "Ken Lund (Openverse) Β· by-sa 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/75683070@N00/5070129969", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-early-1.webp" }, "uid": "15j9iqgc23she" }, { "id": "fi-ot-modern-2", "tags": [ "new-river-gorge", "2020", "63rd" ], "title": "The Newest Chapter", "body": "New River Gorge in West Virginia became the National Park System's 63rd national park in 2020, the newest chapter in the story so far.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "New River Gorge Bridge", "imagePrompt": "The long steel arch of a bridge spanning a deep forested canyon in West Virginia.", "alt": "The Newest Chapter", "depictable": true, "credit": "JaGa (Openverse) Β· by-sa 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3138998", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-modern-2.webp" }, "uid": "3l1cnf1grkbtt" }, { "id": "fi-ot-forces-2", "tags": [ "fault-block", "tetons" ], "title": "No Foothills", "body": "The Teton Range was thrust upward by fault-block uplift, where stretching crust breaks and tilts β€” a process abrupt enough that the mountains rise straight from the valley floor with no foothills.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Teton Range no foothills", "imagePrompt": "Jagged mountain peaks rising abruptly from a flat valley floor with no foothills in between.", "alt": "No Foothills", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Misty Conaway Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/scenic-view-of-the-grand-teton-mountains-in-wyoming-30020596/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-forces-2.webp" }, "uid": "b2rslu6kscb" }, { "id": "fi-mcq-rw-geo-p2-formations", "tags": [ "arches", "sandstone", "formations" ], "title": "Landscape Arch's 290 Feet", "body": "Arches National Park in Utah has catalogued more than 2,000 natural stone arches, openings formed as water and ice widen cracks in a sandstone fin until a hole breaks clean through. Its slender Landscape Arch spans 290 feet.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Landscape Arch's 290 Feet", "imagePrompt": "Landscape Arch's 290 Feet. Arches National Park in Utah has catalogued more than 2,000 natural stone arches, openings formed as water and ice widen cracks in a sandstone fin until a hole breaks clean through", "alt": "Landscape Arch's 290 Feet", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Landscape Arch Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_Arch", "subject": "A very thin, elongated, low-arcing natural sandstone arch spanning between two red rock formations, photographed from below against blue sky β€” the well-known lead photo of Landscape Arch on its Wikipedia article, consistent with the card's famously thin 290-foot span.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-mcq-rw-geo-p2-formations.webp" }, "uid": "1pjsibx1ds7m2b" }, { "id": "fi-ot-terms-4", "tags": [ "fault-block", "tetons" ], "title": "Ten Million Years of Uplift", "body": "The Tetons are a classic fault-block mountain range, raised where stretching crust broke and tilted upward over 10 million years. They leap 7,000 feet above the valley floor with no foothills in between.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Teton mountains valley", "imagePrompt": "A sheer granite mountain wall rising straight up from a flat valley floor.", "alt": "Ten Million Years of Uplift", "depictable": true, "credit": "James St. John Β· CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Teton_Range_%26_Jackson_Hole_Valley_(Grand_Teton_National_Park,_Wyoming,_USA)_6_(19933289906).jpg", "subject": "Sharp landscape frame of the snow-streaked Cathedral Group (Grand Teton under a cumulus cloud) rising from a flat green Jackson Hole meadow, forested lower slopes at its base, blue sky with white clouds", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-terms-4.webp" }, "uid": "19rhsa7m65jet" }, { "id": "fi-ot-form-2", "tags": [ "old-faithful", "geyser" ], "title": "Heated From Below", "body": "Old Faithful, Yellowstone's clockwork landmark, is a geyser β€” a geothermal feature driven by groundwater heated by shallow magma, unlike erosional rock features such as arches and hoodoos.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Old Faithful geyser eruption", "imagePrompt": "A geyser erupting in a tall plume of steam and water against a blue sky.", "alt": "Heated From Below", "depictable": true, "credit": "YellowstoneNPS (Openverse) Β· pdm 1.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/80223459@N05/11226616993", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-form-2.webp" }, "uid": "qrjbkrd9u401" }, { "id": "fi-ot-life-zones-define", "tags": [ "life-zone", "definition" ], "title": "Merriam's Bands", "body": "In park ecology, a life zone is a band of plant and animal communities tied to a particular elevation and climate. The concept, based on Merriam's classic bands, explains why a single tall mountain can stack several distinct zones.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "mountain vegetation elevation zones", "imagePrompt": "A tall mountain showing distinct horizontal bands of vegetation changing from forest at the base to bare rock near the summit.", "alt": "Merriam's Bands", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Timur Kozmenko Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/scenic-view-of-a-mountain-slope-8543955/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-life-zones-define.webp" }, "uid": "ow9rnw1fbdvzq" }, { "id": "fi-ot-life-zones-alpine", "tags": [ "alpine-tundra", "life-zone" ], "title": "Trail Ridge Road", "body": "Alpine tundra is a treeless life zone of low, hardy cushion plants found above the tree line. Rocky Mountain National Park's Trail Ridge Road is famous for crossing straight through it.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Trail Ridge Road alpine tundra", "imagePrompt": "A winding mountain road crossing treeless alpine tundra dotted with low cushion plants.", "alt": "Trail Ridge Road", "depictable": true, "credit": "NPS Photo Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cars_driving_Trail_Ridge_Road_(0260dcbe-1dd8-b71b-0bf5-9143a72c59ba).jpg", "subject": "A paved two-lane road making a long S-curve across open treeless brown-green alpine tundra, three or four cars on it, with bare grey-brown mountain ridges and peaks filling the background. NPS photo titled 'Cars driving Trail Ridge Road'.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-life-zones-alpine.webp" }, "uid": "87rvs31urr6u1" }, { "id": "fi-mcq-rw-rec-p1-extremes", "tags": [ "crater-lake", "geology", "records" ], "title": "No Rivers In or Out", "body": "Crater Lake sits inside the caldera of Mount Mazama, a volcano that erupted and collapsed about 7,700 years ago. With no river flowing in or out, only rain and snowmelt fill the basin, leaving the water famously clear and deep blue.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Crater Lake caldera blue water", "imagePrompt": "The deep blue water of a volcanic caldera lake, seen from the crater rim.", "alt": "No Rivers In or Out", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Ambient Vista Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/crater-lake-national-park-27254711/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-mcq-rw-rec-p1-extremes.webp" }, "uid": "pv0w5f4f3c9l" }, { "id": "fi-ot-firsts-yellowstone", "tags": [ "yellowstone", "first" ], "title": "Where It All Began", "body": "Yellowstone was established in 1872, making it the world's first national park β€” the original from which every national park that came later descends.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Yellowstone National Park scenery", "imagePrompt": "A wide view of a geyser basin with mineral terraces and steaming pools.", "alt": "Where It All Began", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Tranquil river meandering through lush green meadow in Yellowstone National Park.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/serene-river-landscape-in-yellowstone-national-park-33145841/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-firsts-yellowstone.webp" }, "uid": "cng3ft11ovgj3" }, { "id": "fi-ot-firsts-newest", "tags": [ "new-river-gorge", "newest" ], "title": "Freshly Minted", "body": "New River Gorge, in West Virginia, became the United States' newest national park when it was redesignated in 2020.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "New River Gorge canyon river", "imagePrompt": "A forested canyon with whitewater rapids flowing far below a high bridge.", "alt": "Freshly Minted", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Breathtaking winter landscape of the Genesee River canyon in Letchworth State Park, New York.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/scenic-winter-view-of-letchworth-state-park-canyon-30102577/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-firsts-newest.webp" }, "uid": "bqoxjs1dxc9b6" }, { "id": "fi-mcq-rw-visit-p2-timing-safety", "tags": [ "wildlife-safety", "bison", "yellowstone" ], "title": "Not the Bears", "body": "Despite bears' fearsome reputation, bison injure more Yellowstone visitors than any other animal, almost always people who edged too close for a photo. Because a bison can outrun a person and pivot instantly, the NPS rule is to stay 25 yards back.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "bison near road Yellowstone", "imagePrompt": "A large American bison standing close to a park road with tourists and cars nearby.", "alt": "Not the Bears", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Spectacular landscape of Yellowstone National Park featuring a bison near a bridge under a bright blue sky.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/scenic-view-of-yellowstone-with-bison-and-bridge-29344910/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-mcq-rw-visit-p2-timing-safety.webp" }, "uid": "e9qntzlvd8gt" }, { "id": "fi-fun-mcq-grandcanyon-quote", "tags": [ "history", "person", "quote" ], "title": "Roosevelt at the Canyon", "body": "Standing at the Grand Canyon in 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt urged Americans to \"Leave it as it is,\" warning that the ages had shaped the canyon and people could only mar it.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Theodore Roosevelt Grand Canyon", "imagePrompt": "A man in early-1900s attire standing at the rim of the Grand Canyon, gazing over the vast expanse.", "alt": "Roosevelt at the Canyon", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theodore.watts-dunton.jpeg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-fun-mcq-grandcanyon-quote.webp" }, "uid": "d5aave1wt8slo" }, { "id": "fi-ot-quotes-stegner", "tags": [ "stegner", "quotes" ], "title": "A Novelist's Praise", "body": "Novelist Wallace Stegner gave the parks their most-quoted endorsement in 1983, calling them \"the best idea we ever had... Absolutely American, absolutely democratic, they reflect us at our best.\"", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Wallace Stegner author portrait", "imagePrompt": "A portrait of a mid-1900s American novelist seated at a desk with Western landscape paintings behind him.", "alt": "A Novelist's Praise", "depictable": true }, "uid": "1fzvswm1a33kt4" }, { "id": "fi-ot-quotes-muir-hitched", "tags": [ "muir", "quotes" ], "title": "Muir on Connection", "body": "In 'My First Summer in the Sierra' (1911), John Muir wrote, \"When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe\" β€” a line that reads like ecology before the word existed.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Sierra Nevada wilderness scenery", "imagePrompt": "A sweeping view of interconnected forests, granite peaks, and meadows in a high mountain wilderness.", "alt": "Muir on Connection", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:El_Vellon_(_Madrid_).jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-quotes-muir-hitched.webp" }, "uid": "1hf7j1b135jgcl" }, { "id": "fi-ot-quotes-fdr-people", "tags": [ "fdr", "quotes" ], "title": "FDR's Declaration", "body": "In 1936, Franklin D. Roosevelt declared, \"There is nothing so American as our national parks... the country belongs to the people,\" framing the parks as a national birthright.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Franklin Roosevelt national park", "imagePrompt": "A 1930s-era president speaking outdoors to a gathered crowd at a national park.", "alt": "FDR's Declaration", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Explore the rolling landscapes of Theodore Roosevelt National Park under a bright summer sky.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/scenic-view-of-theodore-roosevelt-national-park-31317396/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-quotes-fdr-people.webp" }, "uid": "1bbsztt1skwtnr" }, { "id": "fi-ot-vol-haleakala", "tags": [ "haleakala", "hawaii" ], "title": "Māui Lassoed the Sun", "body": "Haleakalā, the dormant shield volcano on Maui, gets its name from Hawaiian tradition holding that the demigod Māui lassoed the sun there to slow its journey across the sky.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Haleakala volcanic crater Maui", "imagePrompt": "The vast reddish volcanic crater of a dormant shield volcano at sunrise with clouds filling the valley below.", "alt": "Māui Lassoed the Sun", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· View of Haleakalā Crater with scattered clouds and vibrant terrain in Maui's volcanic landscape.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/volcanic-landscape-in-fluffy-white-clouds-15994585/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-vol-haleakala.webp" }, "uid": "1r4d7gu1uv8kxs" }, { "id": "fi-ot-ak-set1-bigfive-not", "tags": [ "denali", "wildlife" ], "title": "Not for Bison", "body": "Denali shelters a 'Big Five' of grizzly bears, gray wolves, moose, caribou, and Dall sheep β€” but not bison. The park was in fact established in 1917 specifically to protect Dall sheep.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Dall sheep Denali mountains", "imagePrompt": "A white Dall sheep standing on a rocky mountain slope.", "alt": "Not for Bison", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Dall_2016_Vegesack.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-ak-set1-bigfive-not.webp" }, "uid": "vej93w1umtp1i" }, { "id": "fi-ot-ak-set2-proenneke", "tags": [ "lake-clark", "proenneke" ], "title": "Alone in the Wilderness", "body": "Dick Proenneke hand-built his cabin at Upper Twin Lake in Lake Clark National Park, where he lived alone for about 30 years β€” a story later filmed as 'Alone in the Wilderness.'", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "log cabin Alaska lake", "imagePrompt": "A small hand-built log cabin on the shore of a remote Alaskan lake surrounded by wilderness.", "alt": "Alone in the Wilderness", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bruket.JPG", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-ak-set2-proenneke.webp" }, "uid": "7jbusk6d6d4e" }, { "id": "fi-ot-yell-geo-geysers", "tags": [ "geysers", "geothermal" ], "title": "Half of Earth's Geysers", "body": "Yellowstone has about 500 geysers, roughly half of all the active geysers on Earth. That count is different from its roughly 10,000 total hydrothermal features, which also includes hot springs and mudpots.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Yellowstone geyser basin steam", "imagePrompt": "Multiple steaming geysers erupting across a wide thermal basin.", "alt": "Half of Earth's Geysers", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Captivating geyser eruption with steam at Yellowstone National Park, perfect for travel and nature themes.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/dramatic-geyser-eruption-at-yellowstone-park-34576341/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-yell-geo-geysers.webp" }, "uid": "2dc69k8sh9ua" }, { "id": "fi-ot-yell-thermal-prismatic", "tags": [ "grand-prismatic", "hot-spring" ], "title": "Colored by Microbes", "body": "Grand Prismatic Spring, about 370 feet across, is the largest hot spring in the United States. Its rainbow rings of color come from heat-loving microbes living in the water, not the water itself.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Prismatic Spring colors", "imagePrompt": "The rainbow-colored ring pattern of a large hot spring viewed from above, with steam drifting across the surface.", "alt": "Colored by Microbes", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Vibrant colors of Grand Prismatic Spring with tourists at Yellowstone National Park.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/boardwalks-at-the-hot-springs-in-yellowstone-national-park-13672790/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-yell-thermal-prismatic.webp" }, "uid": "jkxctgo4b9em" }, { "id": "fi-ot-yell-wild-bison", "tags": [ "bison", "wildlife" ], "title": "The Last Wild Herd", "body": "Yellowstone's bison herd numbers roughly 4,000 to 6,000 animals, the largest wild herd in the United States and the country's last continuously wild population.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Yellowstone bison herd grazing", "imagePrompt": "A large herd of American bison grazing on an open Yellowstone grassland with steam vents in the distance.", "alt": "The Last Wild Herd", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Scenic view of a herd of American bison grazing in a lush green pasture, surrounded by trees and hills.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/herd-of-brown-cows-on-green-grass-field-5006450/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-yell-wild-bison.webp" }, "uid": "1iey3tusg1c3o" }, { "id": "fi-ot-yell-wild-tukudika", "tags": [ "tukudika", "tribes" ], "title": "The Sheep Eaters", "body": "The Tukudika, or Sheep Eaters, a band of Shoshone, were unusual among Yellowstone's associated tribes for living in the high country year-round, hunting bighorn sheep and crafting bows from their horns.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "bighorn sheep mountain herd", "imagePrompt": "A group of bighorn sheep with curled horns standing on a rocky mountainside in high country.", "alt": "The Sheep Eaters", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Close-up image of a bighorn sheep herd captured in black and white, emphasizing texture.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-flock-of-bighorn-sheep-18185890/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-yell-wild-tukudika.webp" }, "uid": "16gbhl51cadfe7" }, { "id": "fi-ot-yell-wild-wolfyear", "tags": [ "wolves", "reintroduction" ], "title": "The Trophic Cascade", "body": "Yellowstone's wolves, exterminated by the 1920s, were reintroduced to the park in 1995 β€” the event that triggered the famous trophic cascade reshaping the ecosystem.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "gray wolf Yellowstone reintroduction", "imagePrompt": "A gray wolf standing alert in a snowy landscape.", "alt": "The Trophic Cascade", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Gray wolf standing in the snowy landscape of West Yellowstone, Montana.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/majestic-gray-wolf-in-snowy-montana-wilderness-31661820/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-yell-wild-wolfyear.webp" }, "uid": "smmr1p1jl64cz" }, { "id": "fi-yell-mcq-rank", "tags": [ "western", "record", "recreation" ], "title": "4.74 Million Visits", "body": "Yellowstone drew about 4.74 million recreation visits in 2024, ranking it the fourth most-visited national park in the country that year.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "crowds visiting Yellowstone park", "imagePrompt": "Tourists gathered along a boardwalk overlooking a geothermal feature during peak season.", "alt": "4.74 Million Visits", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%22Street_scene_with_advertising_hoardings%22_but_where%3F_Corner_of_Summerhill_and_Langrishe_Place!_(9155805097).jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-yell-mcq-rank.webp" }, "uid": "1lzgxws1m8qol2" }, { "id": "fi-ot-yell-visit-season", "tags": [ "season", "planning" ], "title": "Snowcoach or Snowmobile Only", "body": "Yellowstone offers full road access and open facilities only in summer, from June through September. In winter, the interior can be reached only by snowcoach or snowmobile.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Snowcoach or Snowmobile Only", "imagePrompt": "Snowcoach or Snowmobile Only. Yellowstone offers full road access and open facilities only in summer, from June through September. In winter, the interior can be reached only by snowcoach or snowmobile.", "alt": "Snowcoach or Snowmobile Only", "credit": "Pexels Β· Syed Qaarif Andrabi Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/people-riding-snowmobiles-10730735/", "subject": "A small group of people standing by/riding snowmobiles on an open snowy hillside, apparently on a guided recreational snowmobile outing; clear, well-lit, multiple riders and machines visible.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-yell-visit-season.webp" }, "uid": "bhvufn1g3q43d" }, { "id": "fi-ot-yell-visit-artistpoint", "tags": [ "artist-point", "overlook" ], "title": "One of the Most Photographed", "body": "Artist Point is the classic overlook for viewing the Lower Falls set against the canyon's gold-and-orange walls, one of Yellowstone's most photographed views.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Artist Point Yellowstone Falls", "imagePrompt": "A tall waterfall viewed from a canyon overlook, framed by gold and orange canyon walls.", "alt": "One of the Most Photographed", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Breathtaking view of Lower Falls cascading into the Yellowstone River.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/majestic-lower-falls-in-yellowstone-national-park-34686763/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-yell-visit-artistpoint.webp" }, "uid": "ecsuh21b9gu7c" }, { "id": "fi-ot-scale-depth-1", "tags": [ "scale", "depth" ], "title": "Over a Mile Down", "body": "From its rim down to the Colorado River, the Grand Canyon plunges about 6,000 feet, over a mile of vertical drop. That depth, combined with the canyon's breadth, is central to its scale.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Canyon deep vertical walls", "imagePrompt": "A dramatic view down the Grand Canyon's layered walls to a river far below.", "alt": "Over a Mile Down", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emetteur_fort_lachaux.JPG", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-scale-depth-1.webp" }, "uid": "1s52pie1v29s94" }, { "id": "fi-ot-scale-unconformity-3", "tags": [ "geology", "great-unconformity" ], "title": "A Billion Missing Years", "body": "In the canyon's walls, the Great Unconformity marks a gap where roughly a billion years of rock record are simply missing, eroded away so that young rock rests directly on much older rock.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Canyon rock layers", "imagePrompt": "A close-up of the Grand Canyon's striped rock layers showing an abrupt boundary where different colored rock types meet.", "alt": "A Billion Missing Years", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Capture of the Grand Canyon's vast and intricate rock formations at sunrise, showcasing geological beauty.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/canyons-on-a-desert-19330651/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-scale-unconformity-3.webp" }, "uid": "13zeiitggm50r" }, { "id": "fi-ot-scale-not-4", "tags": [ "scale", "myth" ], "title": "Not the Deepest", "body": "Despite its fame, the Grand Canyon is not the deepest canyon in the United States β€” Hells Canyon cuts deeper. What sets it apart is its breadth and the vast sweep of geologic time exposed in its walls, not raw depth.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Hells Canyon Snake River", "imagePrompt": "The steep, deep gorge of a river canyon framed by rugged rock walls.", "alt": "Not the Deepest", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Captivating view of Snake River canyon and rocky cliffs in Twin Falls, Idaho on a clear day.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/canyon-with-river-17782103/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-scale-not-4.webp" }, "uid": "1weoa5l1n7h5i7" }, { "id": "fi-ot-life-tribes-1", "tags": [ "people", "tribes" ], "title": "Eleven Tribes", "body": "Eleven tribes are traditionally associated with the Grand Canyon, including the Hualapai, Navajo, Hopi, Zuni, Southern Paiute, and Havasupai.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Canyon ancestral landscape", "imagePrompt": "A wide view of the Grand Canyon's layered cliffs and mesas under a golden late-afternoon sky.", "alt": "Eleven Tribes", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Breathtaking landscape of Grand Canyon West under a clear blue sky.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/bryce-canyon-by-jeremyhann-13641027/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-life-tribes-1.webp" }, "uid": "13i8u2zvoch35" }, { "id": "fi-ot-life-kaibab-3", "tags": [ "wildlife", "kaibab-squirrel" ], "title": "Found Nowhere Else", "body": "The tassel-eared Kaibab squirrel exists naturally in only one place on Earth: the cool, forested North Rim of the Grand Canyon, where it evolved in isolation into its own distinct form.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Kaibab squirrel tassel-eared", "imagePrompt": "A tassel-eared squirrel with dark fur and a white tail perched on a pine branch.", "alt": "Found Nowhere Else", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cliffs_along_N_Kaibab_Trail.JPG", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-life-kaibab-3.webp" }, "uid": "iwq2dovfkgue" }, { "id": "fi-ot-life-havasupai-4", "tags": [ "people", "havasupai" ], "title": "People of Blue-Green Water", "body": "The Havasupai, whose name means 'people of the blue-green water,' still live inside the Grand Canyon in the village of Supai, reachable only by foot, mule, or helicopter.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Havasu Falls turquoise water", "imagePrompt": "Vivid blue-green waterfalls cascading into a pool deep within a desert canyon.", "alt": "People of Blue-Green Water", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Explore the stunning turquoise pool of Havasu Falls nestled in an Arizona canyon amid lush greenery and rugged cliffs.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/breathtaking-havasu-falls-oasis-in-arizona-canyon-38570867/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-life-havasupai-4.webp" }, "uid": "b4opxjoe09p9" }, { "id": "fi-grca-mcq-best-season", "tags": [ "southwest", "visit", "climate" ], "title": "100 to 115 Degrees", "body": "Spring and fall bring the mildest temperatures for hiking below the Grand Canyon's rim. Summer can turn the inner canyon dangerously hot, often 100 to 115Β°F, while winter ices over the rim trails.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Canyon inner canyon trail", "imagePrompt": "A dusty desert trail deep in an inner gorge under harsh midday sun.", "alt": "100 to 115 Degrees", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Explore the rugged beauty of the Grand Canyon's iconic hiking trail with stunning canyon vistas and vibrant desert flora.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/majestic-views-on-grand-canyon-hiking-trail-32290301/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-grca-mcq-best-season.webp" }, "uid": "1acxqhl1a2nw5b" }, { "id": "fi-ot-land-mather-1", "tags": [ "landmarks", "mather-point" ], "title": "The First View", "body": "Mather Point, on the South Rim beside the main visitor center, is the classic first overlook where most visitors get their first view of the canyon.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Mather Point South Rim", "imagePrompt": "Visitors standing at a railing overlooking the vast expanse of the Grand Canyon.", "alt": "The First View", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Discover the scenic Mather Point Overlook along the Rim Trail at the Grand Canyon.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/explore-mather-point-overlook-at-grand-canyon-33104419/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-land-mather-1.webp" }, "uid": "p4jkjgn2jnly" }, { "id": "fi-ot-granite-batholith", "tags": [ "batholith", "geology" ], "title": "The Batholith", "body": "Yosemite's domes and walls are carved from a batholith, a vast body of granite that cooled slowly deep underground before the Sierra Nevada lifted it toward the sky. Ice later exposed and sculpted the rock into today's cliffs and domes.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Batholith", "imagePrompt": "The Batholith. Yosemite's domes and walls are carved from a batholith, a vast body of granite that cooled slowly deep underground before the Sierra Nevada lifted it toward the sky. Ice later expo", "alt": "The Batholith", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Batholith Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batholith", "subject": "Half Dome in Yosemite, a granite dome exposed from the Sierra Nevada Batholith and sculpted by glaciers, viewed from Glacier Point on a clear day (Wikipedia lead image for 'Batholith')", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-granite-batholith.webp" }, "uid": "fsxw0pgdpcqn" }, { "id": "fi-ot-founding-expelled", "tags": [ "ahwahneechee", "history" ], "title": "Driven From Ahwahnee", "body": "The Ahwahneechee, who called the valley Ahwahnee, were driven out during the Mariposa War in 1851 β€” more than a decade before the 1864 Yosemite Grant set the land aside for protection.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Yosemite Valley Ahwahnee landscape", "imagePrompt": "The meadows and granite cliffs of Yosemite Valley in soft morning light.", "alt": "Driven From Ahwahnee", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Stunning landscape of Yosemite Valley with El Capitan and lush forest below.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/el-capitan-rock-formation-in-yosemite-national-park-19977696/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-founding-expelled.webp" }, "uid": "1ijvk1t68qk2v" }, { "id": "fi-ot-founding-adams", "tags": [ "ansel-adams", "photography" ], "title": "Through Ansel Adams's Lens", "body": "Photographer Ansel Adams captured Yosemite's cliffs and storms in luminous black-and-white prints, and his images helped cement the park as an enduring symbol of American wilderness.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Ansel Adams photographer portrait", "imagePrompt": "A photographer standing with a large-format camera on a tripod, framing a Yosemite cliff in black and white.", "alt": "Through Ansel Adams's Lens", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ford_A2942_NLGRF_photo_contact_sheet_(1975-01-27)(Gerald_Ford_Library).jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-founding-adams.webp" }, "uid": "lg794w1pw72ru" }, { "id": "fi-ot-visit-firefall-month", "tags": [ "firefall", "timing" ], "title": "Glowing Like Lava", "body": "In mid-February, sunset light hits seasonal Horsetail Fall at just the right angle to make it glow like flowing lava down El Capitan β€” a rare phenomenon called the Firefall.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Horsetail Fall Yosemite", "imagePrompt": "Horsetail Fall on El Capitan glowing orange like flowing lava in the light of sunset.", "alt": "Glowing Like Lava", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Capture the mesmerizing glow of Horsetail Fall in Yosemite at sunset, creating a natural firefall effect.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/forest-over-waterfall-on-rocks-in-winter-25972588/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-visit-firefall-month.webp" }, "uid": "mh26gc1s16suu" }, { "id": "fi-ot-visit-cables", "tags": [ "half-dome", "permit" ], "title": "Win the Lottery First", "body": "The last pitch to the top of Half Dome is a steep, cable-assisted climb, and hikers must obtain a permit issued by lottery before attempting it β€” so a trip up the cables takes months of advance planning.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Half Dome cables climb", "imagePrompt": "Hikers climbing the steep cable-assisted route up the final pitch of a granite dome.", "alt": "Win the Lottery First", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Breathtaking view of Half Dome in Yosemite National Park, showcasing majestic rocky formations and lush greenery.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/scenic-view-of-rocky-mountains-10278721/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-visit-cables.webp" }, "uid": "lhiy3zsdqazp" }, { "id": "fi-ot-navajo-cliff", "tags": [ "geology", "cliffs", "numbers" ], "title": "2,000 Feet Above the Floor", "body": "Zion Canyon's sandstone walls soar up to roughly 2,000 feet above the canyon floor, towering over a canyon floor that itself sits around 3,666 feet above sea level.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Zion Canyon sandstone walls", "imagePrompt": "Towering red and white sandstone cliffs rising steeply above the floor of a narrow canyon.", "alt": "2,000 Feet Above the Floor", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Air_views_of_Palestine._Jerusalem_from_the_air_(the_Old_City)._Mount_Zion_from_the_south_LOC_matpc.15845.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-navajo-cliff.webp" }, "uid": "ra06071c298e5" }, { "id": "fi-ot-navajo-highpoint", "tags": [ "geology", "elevation", "summit" ], "title": "8,726 Feet Up", "body": "Horse Ranch Mountain is the highest point in Zion National Park at 8,726 feet, towering far above the canyon floor, which sits near 3,666 feet.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Horse Ranch Mountain Zion", "imagePrompt": "A high forested summit rising above the sandstone canyons of a desert park.", "alt": "8,726 Feet Up", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Am_Paint_Horse.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-navajo-highpoint.webp" }, "uid": "12zrmnw1hxyf9y" }, { "id": "fi-ot-names-mukuntuweap", "tags": [ "names", "paiute", "history" ], "title": "Mukuntuweap", "body": "Before it was Zion, the canyon was known by its Southern Paiute name, Mukuntuweap β€” the name later given to the national monument established here in 1909.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Zion Canyon red rock", "imagePrompt": "Dramatic red-rock canyon walls glowing at sunrise.", "alt": "Mukuntuweap", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Towering red sandstone cliffs under a bright blue sky in Zion National Park.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/red-sandstone-mountain-22803977/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-names-mukuntuweap.webp" }, "uid": "zd38ej15lj575" }, { "id": "fi-ot-adv-distance", "tags": [ "angels-landing", "distance", "numbers" ], "title": "1,500 Feet of Climbing", "body": "Round trip, the Angels Landing hike covers about 5 miles and climbs roughly 1,500 feet β€” a short but strenuous climb to the fin's chained summit ridge.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Angels Landing trail hikers", "imagePrompt": "Hikers ascending a steep switchback trail leading up to a narrow rock ridge.", "alt": "1,500 Feet of Climbing", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abramelin.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-adv-distance.webp" }, "uid": "8w997q1xnyed4" }, { "id": "fi-ot-adv-narrows-len", "tags": [ "narrows", "distance", "numbers" ], "title": "Nearly Twice as Long", "body": "Hiked bottom-up, the Narrows can stretch to about 9.4 miles before turning back β€” nearly twice the length of the Angels Landing round trip.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "The Narrows Zion hike", "imagePrompt": "Hikers wading through a shallow river inside towering slot-canyon walls.", "alt": "Nearly Twice as Long", "depictable": true, "credit": "ZionNPS (Openverse) Β· by 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/54168808@N03/5204965221", "subject": "Four hikers with poles wading upstream through a narrow slot canyon between towering fluted sandstone walls β€” the Narrows' Wall Street section, titled 'The Narrows' by the official ZionNPS Flickr account.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-adv-narrows-len.webp" }, "uid": "18r1av81pqug1q" }, { "id": "fi-ot-visit-springdale", "tags": [ "springdale", "gateway", "planning" ], "title": "At Zion's Doorstep", "body": "Springdale sits right at Zion's south entrance and runs its own connecting shuttle, making it the main gateway town for visitors entering the park.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "At Zion's Doorstep", "imagePrompt": "At Zion's Doorstep. Springdale sits right at Zion's south entrance and runs its own connecting shuttle, making it the main gateway town for visitors entering the park.", "alt": "At Zion's Doorstep" }, "uid": "1drtv8117m8ibr" }, { "id": "fi-ot-visit-season", "tags": [ "season", "planning", "shuttle" ], "title": "Monsoon Season", "body": "Spring and fall bring mild temperatures and the running shuttle to Zion, while summer is hot and crowded with monsoon storms, and winter is quiet but cold.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Zion Canyon monsoon storm", "imagePrompt": "Dark storm clouds and rain over red sandstone cliffs during monsoon season.", "alt": "Monsoon Season", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Zion Canyon Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zion_Canyon", "subject": "Wide sunset panorama of Zion Canyon shot from the Angels Landing/Overlook viewpoint β€” red sandstone cliffs framing a green valley floor with a road and stream below, clear sky with scattered lit clouds; no storm. Wikipedia's lead image for the 'Zion Canyon' article.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-visit-season.webp" }, "uid": "1xjz6sau72g8s" }, { "id": "fi-ot-crown-gtsr-snow", "tags": [ "going-to-the-sun-road", "snow" ], "title": "80-Foot Snowdrifts", "body": "Every spring, plow crews dig through snowdrifts as deep as 80 feet to reopen the Going-to-the-Sun Road, whose high stretch typically stays open only from late June to mid-October.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Going-to-the-Sun Road snowdrift", "imagePrompt": "A snowplow carving a path through towering snowdrifts along a high mountain road.", "alt": "80-Foot Snowdrifts", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Going_To_The_Sun_Road_Bridge.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-crown-gtsr-snow.webp" }, "uid": "10trpwb5h7pwx" }, { "id": "fi-ot-ice-blackfeet", "tags": [ "indigenous-peoples", "blackfeet" ], "title": "Backbone of the World", "body": "On the park's east side, the Blackfeet (Niitsitapi) hold the high peaks sacred, calling them the 'Backbone of the World.'", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Glacier National Park peaks", "imagePrompt": "Sharp, snow-capped mountain peaks rising above a turquoise glacial lake.", "alt": "Backbone of the World", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Breathtaking view of a rugged mountain peak in Glacier National Park, Montana, captured on a summer day.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/majestic-mountain-landscape-in-glacier-national-park-35757692/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-ice-blackfeet.webp" }, "uid": "ukmszh1rm8xsz" }, { "id": "fi-ot-ice-wildlife-not", "tags": [ "wildlife", "ecosystem" ], "title": "Glacier's wild community", "body": "Beyond its famous mountain goats and bighorn sheep, Glacier is home to an intact wild community that includes grizzly and black bears, moose, wolverines, and lynx.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "grizzly bear Glacier National Park", "imagePrompt": "A grizzly bear foraging in a wildflower meadow below high mountains.", "alt": "Glacier's wild community", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grizzly_-_Polaroids_-_Cover.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-ice-wildlife-not.webp" }, "uid": "bjtkqo1bdrf0q" }, { "id": "fi-ot-visit-highline", "tags": [ "highline-trail", "hiking" ], "title": "Above Sheer Drop-Offs", "body": "From Logan Pass, the Highline Trail traces the Garden Wall for about 11.8 miles β€” a moderate but thrillingly exposed route above sheer drop-offs.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Highline Trail Garden Wall", "imagePrompt": "Hikers walking a narrow trail along a sheer cliff face with mountains in the distance.", "alt": "Above Sheer Drop-Offs", "depictable": true, "credit": "GlacierNPS Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Highline_Trail_along_Garden_Wall.jpg", "subject": "A wide, high view of the long snow-covered Garden Wall escarpment in Glacier NP, with a thin trail (the Highline Trail) visibly cut horizontally across the sheer rock face β€” trail and drop-off both clearly legible.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-visit-highline.webp" }, "uid": "rajtas6p2tq6" }, { "id": "fi-ot-foothills-1", "tags": [ "grand-teton", "elevation" ], "title": "13,775 Feet", "body": "Grand Teton, the sharp granite pyramid that gives the park its name, rises to 13,775 feet β€” the tallest summit in the range.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Teton granite peak", "imagePrompt": "A sharp granite pyramid summit rising above surrounding mountain peaks.", "alt": "13,775 Feet", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Majestic view of Grand Teton peak in summer, captured with lush greenery and blue skies.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/stunning-view-of-grand-teton-mountain-34031083/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-foothills-1.webp" }, "uid": "1aqwi381k8dxbi" }, { "id": "fi-ot-foothills-3", "tags": [ "fault-block", "geology" ], "title": "The Teton Fault", "body": "As the Teton Fault slips, the mountain block tilts upward while the valley block drops down β€” a geologic seesaw that is exactly why the range has no foothills.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Teton Fault", "imagePrompt": "The Teton Fault. As the Teton Fault slips, the mountain block tilts upward while the valley block drops down β€” a geologic seesaw that is exactly why the range has no foothills.", "alt": "The Teton Fault" }, "uid": "lvcrx4p9e0nm" }, { "id": "fi-grte-mcq-quarter", "tags": [ "western", "history" ], "title": "The Jackson Hole Buyer", "body": "John D. Rockefeller Jr. quietly bought up ranch land in Jackson Hole and donated it, and a 1950 expansion folded that land into Grand Teton National Park β€” the Rockefeller Parkway still bears his name.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Jackson Hole ranch valley", "imagePrompt": "A historic ranch homestead on an open sagebrush plain with a jagged mountain range behind it.", "alt": "The Jackson Hole Buyer", "depictable": true, "credit": "Library of Congress Β· Ranch fencing in Jackson Hole, locals' term for a valley, in Β· No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2017884248/", "subject": "A weathered log barn with a rusted metal roof beside a buck-and-rail ranch fence, a small creek through green pasture, and the snow-capped Teton peaks (Grand Teton visible) in the background under a blue sky", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-grte-mcq-quarter.webp" }, "uid": "1yusksu90de8g" }, { "id": "fi-ot-roof-founder", "tags": [ "founder", "enos-mills" ], "title": "Enos Mills' Years of Lobbying", "body": "Naturalist and innkeeper Enos Mills lobbied for years before Congress finally created Rocky Mountain National Park, earning him the title 'Father of Rocky Mountain National Park.'", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Enos Mills naturalist portrait", "imagePrompt": "A portrait of an early-1900s naturalist standing outdoors in a rocky mountain landscape.", "alt": "Enos Mills' Years of Lobbying", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Illustrations_of_diurnal_Lepidoptera_38.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-roof-founder.webp" }, "uid": "1rite1ul8ve2c" }, { "id": "fi-ot-roof-longs", "tags": [ "longs-peak", "elevation" ], "title": "The Only Fourteener", "body": "Longs Peak is Rocky Mountain National Park's only 'fourteener' β€” a peak that tops 14,000 feet β€” cresting at 14,259 feet above sea level.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Longs Peak Rocky Mountain", "imagePrompt": "A rugged granite mountain summit towering above a surrounding alpine landscape.", "alt": "The Only Fourteener", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Black and white majestic view of Longs Peak in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/majestic-view-of-longs-peak-in-colorado-35792940/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-roof-longs.webp" }, "uid": "kacmw1crdzuq" }, { "id": "fi-romo-mcq-park-symbol", "tags": [ "western", "wildlife" ], "title": "Not Elk or Moose", "body": "The bighorn sheep serves as the official emblem of Rocky Mountain National Park, even though elk, moose, and other animals share its slopes too.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "bighorn sheep Rocky Mountain", "imagePrompt": "A bighorn sheep with large curled horns standing on a rocky alpine ledge in Rocky Mountain National Park.", "alt": "Not Elk or Moose", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Two bighorn sheep in a serene mountain landscape, exemplifying wildlife in nature.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-ram-walking-on-green-grass-while-peeing-5339026/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-romo-mcq-park-symbol.webp" }, "uid": "17yfniw5r7wi" }, { "id": "fi-ot-wild-pika", "tags": [ "pika", "wildlife" ], "title": "The Hay Hoarder", "body": "The pika is a small, round-eared relative of the rabbit that gathers 'haystacks' of dried plants among the high alpine rock piles of Rocky Mountain National Park.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "pika gathering hay", "imagePrompt": "A small round-eared pika perched among alpine rocks, carrying a mouthful of dried grass to its haystack.", "alt": "The Hay Hoarder", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Poprava_Ga%C5%A1para_Piku.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-wild-pika.webp" }, "uid": "1u7kypg1nxf18u" }, { "id": "fi-ot-wild-keyhole", "tags": [ "keyhole-route", "longs-peak" ], "title": "The Keyhole Route", "body": "The Keyhole Route is a very strenuous, non-technical scramble to the summit of Longs Peak, the park's only fourteener, covering 14 to 15 miles with about 5,000 feet of climbing and serious exposure.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Longs Peak Keyhole Route", "imagePrompt": "Hikers scrambling along an exposed rocky ridge on the Keyhole Route near the summit of Longs Peak.", "alt": "The Keyhole Route", "depictable": true }, "uid": "1ovi3px8elz2j" }, { "id": "fi-mcq-rw-deva-p1-extremes", "tags": [ "death-valley", "heat" ], "title": "The Bowl Effect", "body": "Sunlight heats Death Valley's dark, below-sea-level floor; the hot air rises, cools, then sinks back down and compresses, and the surrounding steep walls trap it like the bottom of a bowl β€” concentrating heat to record-setting extremes.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Death Valley basin floor", "imagePrompt": "Heat shimmering above Death Valley's below-sea-level desert floor, ringed by steep, sunbaked mountain walls.", "alt": "The Bowl Effect", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Expansive view of the salt flats in Badwater Basin, Death Valley, under a clear blue sky.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/badwater-basin-under-blue-sky-11183594/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-mcq-rw-deva-p1-extremes.webp" }, "uid": "14s1w71jy9zub" }, { "id": "fi-ot-deva-extremes-not", "tags": [ "records", "superlatives" ], "title": "Never the Wettest", "body": "Despite its record heat, Death Valley is the driest place in North America, receiving only about 2 inches of rain a year β€” it genuinely is the lowest, hottest, and largest contiguous park all at once, but never the wettest.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Death Valley arid desert", "imagePrompt": "The parched, sun-cracked desert floor of Death Valley stretching toward barren mountains under a cloudless sky.", "alt": "Never the Wettest", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Breathtaking landscape view of Death Valley National Park at sunset, showcasing vast desert terrain.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/desert-under-beautiful-sky-11745567/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-deva-extremes-not.webp" }, "uid": "ll2fywds1zhe" }, { "id": "fi-deva-mcq-graben", "tags": [ "southwest", "geology" ], "title": "Still Sinking", "body": "Death Valley owes its depth to being a graben β€” a block of crust sinking between two faults as the region stretches and pulls apart. The valley is still deepening today.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Death Valley fault mountains", "imagePrompt": "Death Valley's deep desert basin flanked by steep, fault-block mountain ranges rising sharply on either side.", "alt": "Still Sinking", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· A breathtaking aerial shot of Death Valley's arid desert landscape with rugged terrain and distant mountains.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/aerial-view-of-brown-mountain-13453963/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-deva-mcq-graben.webp" }, "uid": "1jdj1l1vuyx8r" }, { "id": "fi-ot-deva-geology-ubehebe", "tags": [ "ubehebe-crater", "volcanic" ], "title": "Ubehebe Crater", "body": "Only a few thousand years ago, rising magma flashed underground water into steam, and the resulting explosion blasted out the half-mile-wide, roughly 600-foot-deep Ubehebe Crater.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Ubehebe Crater", "imagePrompt": "Ubehebe Crater. Only a few thousand years ago, rising magma flashed underground water into steam, and the resulting explosion blasted out the half-mile-wide, roughly 600-foot-deep Ubehebe Crater.", "alt": "Ubehebe Crater", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Ubehebe Crater Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubehebe_Crater", "subject": "Wide color photo looking into a large volcanic crater with layered orange, tan and gray banded walls, desert mountains and blue sky beyond β€” Wikipedia's lead image for the 'Ubehebe Crater' article.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-deva-geology-ubehebe.webp" }, "uid": "9jqr2ef137uw" }, { "id": "fi-ot-deva-visit-established", "tags": [ "national-park", "1994" ], "title": "A Six-Decade Wait", "body": "Death Valley was first protected as a national monument in 1933, then upgraded to full national park status in 1994 β€” a six-decade wait before it gained the highest level of protection.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Death Valley National Park landscape", "imagePrompt": "A wide desert vista of Death Valley National Park with rippled sand dunes and distant mountains.", "alt": "A Six-Decade Wait", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Black and white landscape of sand dunes with mountains in the background at Death Valley National Park.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/monochrome-sand-dunes-in-death-valley-national-park-32112971/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-deva-visit-established.webp" }, "uid": "sg12u1xx4aaw" }, { "id": "fi-ot-biggest-height", "tags": [ "general-sherman", "measurements" ], "title": "Not Even the Tallest", "body": "The General Sherman Tree stands roughly 275 feet tall, but height isn't its record β€” coast redwoods grow taller. What makes it the largest tree on Earth is the sheer volume of wood packed into its single trunk.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "General Sherman Tree trunk", "imagePrompt": "The massive, wide trunk of the General Sherman giant sequoia rising through a forest canopy.", "alt": "Not Even the Tallest", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Majestic view of General Sherman tree, the world's largest tree by volume, in Sequoia National Park.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/view-of-a-tree-8552721/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-biggest-height.webp" }, "uid": "1omhgb9kx0i2z" }, { "id": "fi-mcq-rw-sequ-p2-high-sierra", "tags": [ "sequoia", "moro-rock", "history" ], "title": "Over 350 Steps", "body": "During the New Deal in the 1930s, Civilian Conservation Corps crews carved and built the more-than-350-step stairway into Moro Rock's granite dome, opening a half-mile climb to sweeping views of the Great Western Divide.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Moro Rock stairway granite", "imagePrompt": "A narrow stone stairway carved into the granite dome of Moro Rock, climbing toward panoramic mountain views.", "alt": "Over 350 Steps", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Majestic Moro Rock stands tall amidst lush greenery in Sequoia National Park, California.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/stunning-view-of-moro-rock-in-sequoia-national-park-36101159/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-mcq-rw-sequ-p2-high-sierra.webp" }, "uid": "8rt2gq1rhiq3g" }, { "id": "fi-sequ-mcq-best-season", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation" ], "title": "The Visiting Window", "body": "Sequoia's high country stays snowed in for much of the year, opening up only in summer and early fall. The Giant Forest itself stays accessible most of the year, though chains may be required in winter.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Sequoia National Park high country", "imagePrompt": "Snow-covered high-country peaks in Sequoia National Park towering above a giant sequoia grove still open below.", "alt": "The Visiting Window", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Sequoia National Park Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park", "subject": "The General Sherman Tree in Sequoia National Park's Giant Forest, a massive sequoia trunk with a wooden sign reading 'GENERAL SHERMAN' at its base and two visitors for scale; Wikipedia's lead image for 'Sequoia National Park'.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-sequ-mcq-best-season.webp" }, "uid": "1kd68nqstceig" }, { "id": "fi-ot-visit-kings-canyon", "tags": [ "kings-canyon", "planning" ], "title": "One Landscape, Two Names", "body": "Sequoia and Kings Canyon are run together as one continuous wild landscape under two separate names, making it easy to explore both parks on a single trip.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Kings Canyon National Park", "imagePrompt": "The steep granite walls and forested valley floor of Kings Canyon National Park.", "alt": "One Landscape, Two Names", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Low angle view of a majestic Giant Sequoia in Kings Canyon National Park, California.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/low-angle-photo-of-a-tree-4224525/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-visit-kings-canyon.webp" }, "uid": "1yajuwf1ijhx6d" }, { "id": "fi-ot-three-parks-3", "tags": [ "acres", "size" ], "title": "922,650 Acres", "body": "Olympic National Park covers roughly 922,650 acres, making it the 13th-largest national park in the United States.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Olympic National Park wilderness", "imagePrompt": "A sweeping view of Olympic National Park's wilderness, spanning forested mountains toward a distant coastline.", "alt": "922,650 Acres", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Lush green landscape of moss-covered trees in Hoh Rainforest, Olympic National Park, Washington.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/moss-covered-trees-in-hoh-rainforest-washington-31350268/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-three-parks-3.webp" }, "uid": "dmma1jditvy5" }, { "id": "fi-ot-three-parks-5", "tags": [ "unesco", "recognition" ], "title": "Two International Honors", "body": "Olympic National Park is recognized as both a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and a World Heritage Site, prized for its intact wildness.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Olympic National Park old-growth forest", "imagePrompt": "Towering old-growth trees draped in moss inside Olympic National Park's protected wilderness.", "alt": "Two International Honors", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons β€” Canyon Creek Shelter ONP1.jpg Β· See Wikimedia Commons (per-file)", "creditUrl": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62019793", "subject": "A small log trail shelter (Canyon Creek Shelter) dwarfed by towering, moss-covered old-growth conifers in Olympic National Park β€” directly matches 'old-growth forest' and conveys intact wildness; chosen pick", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-three-parks-5.webp" }, "uid": "1l7isv019cbpeu" }, { "id": "fi-ot-protection-4", "tags": [ "ruby-beach", "landmarks" ], "title": "The Postcard Shot", "body": "Ruby Beach is celebrated as Olympic National Park's postcard image of offshore sea stacks and tide pools, distinct from the mountain overlook at Hurricane Ridge or the waterfall at Sol Duc Falls.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Ruby Beach sea stacks", "imagePrompt": "Ruby Beach's dramatic offshore sea stacks rising from the surf, with driftwood scattered across the sand.", "alt": "The Postcard Shot", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Capture of Ruby Beach at sunset with silhouettes and reflections, showcasing the iconic sea stacks.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/people-on-the-beach-during-sunset-5679252/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-protection-4.webp" }, "uid": "c70561tg5t70" }, { "id": "fi-ot-rainforest-2", "tags": [ "hall-of-mosses", "trails" ], "title": "The Hall of Mosses", "body": "The Hall of Mosses is an easy, roughly 0.8-mile loop trail through the heart of the Hoh Rain Forest, one of the park's most popular short walks.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Hall of Mosses Hoh Rainforest", "imagePrompt": "Moss-draped maple trees arching over the Hall of Mosses trail in the Hoh Rain Forest.", "alt": "The Hall of Mosses", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cross_section_of_participants_during_the_Hyam_Wikipedia_Outreach_Project_day_5.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-rainforest-2.webp" }, "uid": "msvyzk26rru" }, { "id": "fi-olym-mcq-season", "tags": [ "pacific", "recreation" ], "title": "The Dry Window", "body": "July through September offers Olympic National Park's most dependable dry weather for high-country trips. The coast and rainforest stay visitable year-round, though wet.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Olympic National Park summer meadow", "imagePrompt": "Sunlit alpine meadows and peaks in Olympic National Park's high country on a clear summer day.", "alt": "The Dry Window", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons β€” HurricaneRidge 7392t.jpg Β· See Wikimedia Commons (per-file)", "creditUrl": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372093", "subject": "Hurricane Ridge, Olympic NP: a golden-grass subalpine meadow slope with scattered fir/spruce trees, cloud-wrapped mountains behind β€” a genuine high-country summer meadow scene", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-olym-mcq-season.webp" }, "uid": "mrv4b91sk2qbf" }, { "id": "fi-ot-olyvisit-4", "tags": [ "hurricane-ridge", "trails" ], "title": "Beyond Hurricane Ridge", "body": "Climbing from Hurricane Ridge to wider views north across the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Hurricane Hill trail covers roughly 3.2 miles round trip.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Beyond Hurricane Ridge", "imagePrompt": "Beyond Hurricane Ridge. Climbing from Hurricane Ridge to wider views north across the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the Hurricane Hill trail covers roughly 3.2 miles round trip.", "alt": "Beyond Hurricane Ridge" }, "uid": "1gtwaax1pdhr3" }, { "id": "fi-ot-highone-height", "tags": [ "denali", "elevation" ], "title": "20,310 Feet", "body": "At 20,310 feet, Denali's summit is the highest point in North America. That figure is its elevation above sea level, separate from its roughly 18,000-foot rise from base to summit.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Denali summit Alaska Range", "imagePrompt": "Denali's snow-capped summit towering above the surrounding peaks of the Alaska Range.", "alt": "20,310 Feet", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Stunning aerial view of the snow-covered Denali peak surrounded by clouds in Alaska.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/snow-covered-mountains-under-blue-sky-9559424/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-highone-height.webp" }, "uid": "cyeqc01nl3a2i" }, { "id": "fi-ot-landmarks-range", "tags": [ "alaska-range", "landmark" ], "title": "The Alaska Range", "body": "Denali anchors the Alaska Range, the arcing mountain chain that rises along the Denali Fault and sweeps across Alaska's interior.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Alaska Range", "imagePrompt": "The Alaska Range. Denali anchors the Alaska Range, the arcing mountain chain that rises along the Denali Fault and sweeps across Alaska's interior.", "alt": "The Alaska Range", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Alaska Range Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Range", "subject": "Wikipedia's lead photo for 'Alaska Range': jagged, heavily snow-covered peaks under a clear blue sky with a snowfield in the foreground.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-landmarks-range.webp" }, "uid": "1f8ibq51vx74j" }, { "id": "fi-ot-landmarks-formername", "tags": [ "mckinley", "name" ], "title": "A Name Restored", "body": "The peak carried the official name Mount McKinley on maps until 2015, when the name Denali was formally restored.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Denali mountain peak Alaska", "imagePrompt": "Denali's massive snow-covered peak dominating the horizon under a clear Alaskan sky.", "alt": "A Name Restored", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· A stunning view of Denali Peak with clouds parting to reveal its snowcapped summit in Alaska.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/scenic-view-of-a-snowcapped-mountain-13480492/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-landmarks-formername.webp" }, "uid": "5zj3jveh0ip" }, { "id": "fi-dena-mcq-firstprotected", "tags": [ "alaska", "wildlife", "history" ], "title": "Denali's First Purpose", "body": "Denali was first set aside in 1917 as a refuge for Dall sheep, whose herds were being thinned by market hunters supplying nearby mining camps.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Dall sheep Denali", "imagePrompt": "A white Dall sheep standing on a rocky slope in Denali National Park.", "alt": "Denali's First Purpose", "depictable": true, "credit": "Denali National Park and Preserve Β· Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dall_Sheep_in_Denali_(29353389038).jpg", "subject": "A sharp close-up head-and-shoulders portrait of a Dall sheep ram with large curled horns; NPS-attributed public-domain photo titled 'Dall Sheep in Denali'.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-dena-mcq-firstprotected.webp" }, "uid": "uvk7kz1bkq25l" }, { "id": "fi-ot-wild-road", "tags": [ "road", "access" ], "title": "Just One Road", "body": "A single road roughly 92 miles long is the only route into Denali's roughly six-million-acre wilderness.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Denali park road wilderness", "imagePrompt": "A lone gravel road winding through Denali's vast, empty subarctic wilderness.", "alt": "Just One Road", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Denali National Park and Preserve Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali_National_Park_and_Preserve", "subject": "A gravel road curving through green, wildflower-dotted tundra in the foreground, leading the eye toward the massive snow-covered peak of Denali under a partly cloudy sky β€” the actual Denali Park Road with the mountain.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-wild-road.webp" }, "uid": "obnlw772x7d9" }, { "id": "fi-ot-wild-acres", "tags": [ "acres", "size" ], "title": "Bigger Than New Hampshire", "body": "Denali covers roughly six million acres of subarctic wilderness, an area larger than the state of New Hampshire.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Denali subarctic wilderness", "imagePrompt": "An aerial view of Denali's vast subarctic wilderness of tundra, rivers, and distant mountains.", "alt": "Bigger Than New Hampshire", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0634_-_mckinley.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-wild-acres.webp" }, "uid": "ylw0oz1fms2bd" }, { "id": "fi-ot-visit-bus", "tags": [ "park-bus", "access" ], "title": "Keeping Wildlife Calm", "body": "Private vehicles on the Denali park road are limited to its first stretch; beyond that, nearly everyone travels by park bus, which keeps traffic light and wildlife calm.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Denali park shuttle bus", "imagePrompt": "A green Denali National Park shuttle bus traveling the gravel park road with mountains in the background.", "alt": "Keeping Wildlife Calm", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Shuttle bus serving Sequoia National Park on a sunny day, showcasing public transportation in natural surroundings.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/bus-in-sequoia-national-park-8552652/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-visit-bus.webp" }, "uid": "1cl6ntb17ds11h" }, { "id": "fi-ot-visit-aurora", "tags": [ "aurora", "season" ], "title": "Hidden by Daylight", "body": "Denali's dark shoulder-season skies offer the best chance to catch the northern lights over the Alaska Range, since midsummer's round-the-clock daylight hides the aurora.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "aurora borealis Denali Alaska", "imagePrompt": "The green glow of the northern lights swirling over Denali and the Alaska Range at night.", "alt": "Hidden by Daylight", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Capture of the dazzling green aurora borealis dancing in the starry night sky over Nelchina, Alaska.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/green-aurora-borealis-light-at-night-19113199/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-visit-aurora.webp" }, "uid": "7ga0baoaw2zs" }, { "id": "fi-ot-denvisit-1", "tags": [ "visiting", "season", "planning" ], "title": "When the Road Opens", "body": "To catch the park road open and summer at full strength, the recommended window for a Denali visit is mid-June to early September.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "When the Road Opens", "imagePrompt": "When the Road Opens. To catch the park road open and summer at full strength, the recommended window for a Denali visit is mid-June to early September.", "alt": "When the Road Opens" }, "uid": "cma9axzijyhb" }, { "id": "fi-grsm-mcq-biodiversity", "tags": [ "east", "wildlife", "record" ], "title": "Salamander Capital of the World", "body": "With over 19,000 documented species and estimates of 80,000 or more, Great Smoky Mountains holds the title of most biodiverse U.S. national park, earning it the nickname \"Salamander Capital of the World.\"", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Salamander Capital of the World", "imagePrompt": "Salamander Capital of the World. With over 19,000 documented species and estimates of 80,000 or more, Great Smoky Mountains holds the title of most biodiverse U.S. national park, earning it the nickname \"Salamande", "alt": "Salamander Capital of the World", "credit": "Pexels Β· Juliane Richards Β· Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-of-hands-holding-small-salamander-in-black-and-white-32552429/", "subject": "A close-up black-and-white photo of two weathered, cupped hands gently holding a small salamander β€” a real, clearly visible salamander, directly illustrating the card's subject", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-grsm-mcq-biodiversity.webp" }, "uid": "q4lxhp11p4gib" }, { "id": "fi-ot-smoky-firsts-1", "tags": [ "rockefeller", "donation" ], "title": "A Park of Parcels", "body": "Great Smoky Mountains was assembled in 1934 from thousands of private parcels, with roughly $5 million toward the purchase donated by John D. Rockefeller Jr.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Great Smoky Mountains ridges", "imagePrompt": "Layered blue-green ridgelines of the Great Smoky Mountains fading into hazy distance.", "alt": "A Park of Parcels", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oh_great_20080704_Japan_Expo_01.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-smoky-firsts-1.webp" }, "uid": "13zga6q1edoolw" }, { "id": "fi-mcq-rw-grsm-p2-life-and-history", "tags": [ "great-smoky", "forests", "ice-age" ], "title": "An Ice-Age Relic", "body": "A spruce-fir forest more typical of Canada grows near the Smokies' highest summits, an Ice-Age relic stranded on the coldest peaks when the glaciers retreated. It's part of why the park stacks five distinct forest types by elevation.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "spruce-fir forest mountain summit", "imagePrompt": "A dense spruce-fir forest shrouded in mist on a high summit of the Great Smoky Mountains.", "alt": "An Ice-Age Relic", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Appalachian-Trail-OldBlack.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-mcq-rw-grsm-p2-life-and-history.webp" }, "uid": "15ulgyn9xl7lh" }, { "id": "fi-ot-visiting-smokies-3", "tags": [ "parking-tag", "fees" ], "title": "The First-Ever Fee", "body": "Starting in 2023, a paid parking tag has been required to stop anywhere in Great Smoky Mountains National Park for more than 15 minutes, the first fee of any kind in the park's history, even though entry itself remains free.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Great Smoky Mountains scenic pull-off", "imagePrompt": "Cars parked along a scenic roadside pull-off in the Great Smoky Mountains with forested ridges beyond.", "alt": "The First-Ever Fee", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Beautiful autumn landscape of the Great Smoky Mountains with vibrant fall foliage.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/autumn-vista-in-great-smoky-mountains-36397149/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-visiting-smokies-3.webp" }, "uid": "19m0pgbvml1v5" }, { "id": "fi-ot-mms-acres", "tags": [ "acadia", "size" ], "title": "Small Park, Big Variety", "body": "At about 49,000 acres, Acadia ranks 50th of the 63 national parks by size, yet it packs in sea cliffs, forest, a fjard, and a mile-high summit.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Acadia National Park sea cliffs", "imagePrompt": "Rugged granite sea cliffs meeting crashing waves along the coast of Acadia National Park.", "alt": "Small Park, Big Variety", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· Explore the rugged cliffs and serene shoreline of Acadia National Park in this breathtaking coastal landscape.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/majestic-coastal-cliffs-of-acadia-national-park-35046714/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-mms-acres.webp" }, "uid": "142d1t21fnhu7c" }, { "id": "fi-acad-mcq-fall-color", "tags": [ "east", "recreation", "flora" ], "title": "Peak Color Season", "body": "Acadia's mixed hardwood and spruce-fir forest peaks in color in October, drawing crowds for fall foliage alongside the park's summer high season.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Peak Color Season", "imagePrompt": "Peak Color Season. Acadia's mixed hardwood and spruce-fir forest peaks in color in October, drawing crowds for fall foliage alongside the park's summer high season.", "alt": "Peak Color Season" }, "uid": "5nnr1jwrdvzh" }, { "id": "fi-ot-rog-okeechobee", "tags": [ "everglades", "hydrology" ], "title": "Lake Okeechobee", "body": "Historically, the Everglades' slow-moving sheet flow began as overflow from vast Lake Okeechobee, which fed water south through the marsh toward Florida Bay.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Lake Okeechobee Florida", "imagePrompt": "The vast open water of Lake Okeechobee stretching to the horizon under a wide Florida sky.", "alt": "Lake Okeechobee", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Lake Okeechobee Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Okeechobee", "subject": "satellite/aerial photograph showing the full rounded basin of Lake Okeechobee itself, with surrounding farmland, small towns and the Atlantic coast visible to the east β€” the Wikipedia article's own lead image of the lake", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-rog-okeechobee.webp" }, "uid": "120a6sr2xgd5d" }, { "id": "fi-ot-hab-sawgrass", "tags": [ "everglades", "habitats" ], "title": "Where the Nickname Comes From", "body": "Sawgrass is a sharp-edged sedge that blankets the Everglades' open marsh prairie, growing so densely across the wetland that it inspired the park's nickname, the \"River of Grass.\"", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "sawgrass Everglades marsh", "imagePrompt": "An endless sawgrass prairie stretching across the Everglades wetland under an open sky.", "alt": "Where the Nickname Comes From", "depictable": true }, "uid": "rjr0wzusya09" }, { "id": "fi-ot-gc-honor", "tags": [ "everglades", "unesco" ], "title": "Three Rare Titles", "body": "The Everglades is recognized simultaneously as a World Heritage Site, an International Biosphere Reserve, and a Wetland of International Importance, a combination rarely held together by any single place.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Everglades wetland aerial view", "imagePrompt": "An aerial view of the Everglades' braided mangrove waterways and wetland prairie.", "alt": "Three Rare Titles", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels Β· A stunning aerial view of Everglades City coastline with greenery and pathways.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/drone-shot-of-beach-in-summer-20470020/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-gc-honor.webp" }, "uid": "1feleec1db44fy" }, { "id": "fi-ot-bi-spoonbill", "tags": [ "everglades", "birds" ], "title": "The Roseate Spoonbill", "body": "The roseate spoonbill is one of the Everglades' most vivid wading birds, a bright pink species that sweeps its flat, spoon-shaped bill side to side to feed in shallow water.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Roseate Spoonbill", "imagePrompt": "The Roseate Spoonbill. The roseate spoonbill is one of the Everglades' most vivid wading birds, a bright pink species that sweeps its flat, spoon-shaped bill side to side to feed in shallow water.", "alt": "The Roseate Spoonbill", "credit": "Wikipedia β€” Roseate spoonbill Β· See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseate_spoonbill", "subject": "A vivid pink Roseate Spoonbill standing in shallow water, facing the camera with its flat spoon-shaped bill clearly visible (Wikipedia's lead photo for the species).", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ot-bi-spoonbill.webp" }, "uid": "3diitt7enec7" }, { "id": "fi-ever-mcq-season", "tags": [ "east", "recreation" ], "title": "Where the Wildlife Gathers", "body": "The dry winter season, December through April, brings the Everglades' most comfortable weather, far fewer mosquitoes, and lower water that concentrates wildlife around remaining pools.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Everglades wading birds alligator", "imagePrompt": "Wading birds and an alligator gathered around a shrinking water pool in the Everglades during the dry season.", "alt": "Where the Wildlife Gathers", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons Β· see source", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aged_black_Seminole_smokes_from_his_pipe-_Everglades,_Florida_(3311787651).jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/national-parks/images/fi-ever-mcq-season.webp" }, "uid": "1hf0211udd957" }, { "id": "fi-ot-vis-wilderness", "tags": [ "everglades", "paddling" ], "title": "99 Miles of Mangroves", "body": "The roughly 99-mile Wilderness Waterway winds through mangrove forest between Flamingo and Everglades City, a route prized by paddlers.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "99 Miles of Mangroves", "imagePrompt": "99 Miles of Mangroves. The roughly 99-mile Wilderness Waterway winds through mangrove forest between Flamingo and Everglades City, a route prized by paddlers.", "alt": "99 Miles of Mangroves" }, "uid": "1ugb7rg1ggz006" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-size-extremes-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geography", "national-parks", "alaska" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which region's vast scale explains why the four largest national parks cluster there?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "the Desert Southwest" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "the Rocky Mountains" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Alaska" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "the Pacific Northwest" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Alaska's scale dwarfs the Lower 48 β€” its parks, including 13.2-million-acre Wrangell–St. Elias, include the four biggest in the system.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "nrf7kl12a8haj" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-size-extremes-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geography", "national-parks", "alaska" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What do the four largest national parks in the U.S. system have in common?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "the Gulf Coast" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "the Great Lakes region" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Alaska" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "New England" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "All four of the largest national parks sit in Alaska, where the land's scale dwarfs anything in the Lower 48.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "164nld1du02ob" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-teton-wildlife-icons-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wildlife", "grand-teton", "animals" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which animal is Grand Teton's signature species, famed for its September rut and bugling calls?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Moose" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Elk" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Pronghorn" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Elk are the park's signature animal; each September, bulls fill the valley with whistling bugles during the rut.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "zt3xaw14fqj0i" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-teton-wildlife-icons-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wildlife", "grand-teton", "animals" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which animal wades the willow flats of Grand Teton?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Grizzly bears" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Pronghorn" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Moose" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Moose wade the willow flats of Grand Teton, part of the wildlife-rich Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1xqeysxw0k9nr" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "death-valley", "climate", "geography" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many inches of rain does Death Valley receive in a typical year, its driest-place record?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "0.5 in" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2 in" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "20 in" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "10 in" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Death Valley gets only about 2 inches of rain a year, making it the driest place in North America.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1edsvqmzwn7c0" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "death-valley", "climate", "geography" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What causes Death Valley's extremely low rainfall, the driest in North America?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A rain shadow east of the Rockies" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cold ocean currents blocking Pacific storms" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Position below the jet stream's usual path" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mountain ranges to the west wring moisture from storms" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Mountain ranges west of the valley strip moisture from incoming storms before they arrive, leaving Death Valley just ~2 inches of rain a year.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1z0cjlg6wdi5a" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "death-valley", "geography", "size" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Death Valley holds the record for largest national park in which area of the U.S.?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "the National Park System worldwide" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "the Mojave Desert region only" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "the contiguous United States" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "all fifty states combined" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Death Valley is the largest national park in the contiguous U.S.; Alaska's Wrangell–St. Elias is larger overall.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1n38rzs71numq" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "death-valley", "geography", "size" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many acres does Death Valley cover as the largest contiguous-U.S. national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "about 1.1 million acres" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "about 800,000 acres" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "about 3.4 million acres" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "about 13.2 million acres" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Death Valley covers roughly 3.4 million acres (about 3,408,396), the biggest national park in the contiguous United States.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "155mmxo1909zkm" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-scenic-roads-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "seasonal-events", "yosemite", "national-parks" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite's 'Firefall,' when Horsetail Fall glows orange at sunset, occurs during which window?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Early June" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Autumn (October)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mid-to-late February" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Peak summer (July)" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Horsetail Fall's Firefall effect happens only in mid-to-late February, when sunset light hits the water just right.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "n645ice5ysha" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-scenic-roads-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "seasonal-events", "great-smoky-mountains", "wildlife" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The lottery-access synchronous fireflies display takes place in which national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Yosemite" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Acadia" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Smoky Mountains" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Shenandoah" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Great Smoky Mountains hosts the lottery-access synchronous fireflies event each early June.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "vb7di51e46xpv" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-designation-terms-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wilderness", "designations", "park-lexicon" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the defining feature of a designated Wilderness Area under the 1964 Wilderness Act?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It requires an act of Congress to establish a park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It permits regulated hunting and mineral extraction" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It can be proclaimed directly by the President" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It bars roads, motor vehicles, and permanent development" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Wilderness Areas bar roads, vehicles, and development, keeping land 'untrammeled by man' per the 1964 Wilderness Act.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1wvsy2tn67zuz" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-designation-terms-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wilderness", "designations", "park-lexicon" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In its own language, what state does the 1964 Wilderness Act aim to keep protected land in?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "\"Open for multiple use\"" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "\"Managed for maximum yield\"" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "\"Untrammeled by man\"" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "\"Reserved for future development\"" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The 1964 Wilderness Act's goal is land kept 'untrammeled by man' β€” no roads, vehicles, or permanent development.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ma8dekcpavdi" }, { "id": "ot-cov-canyons-cliffs-plains-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "badlands", "plains", "prairie" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Badlands National Park's eroded buttes and spires rise from the largest protected example of what landscape in the park system?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Alpine tundra" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mixed-grass prairie" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Desert sand dunes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Subalpine forest" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Badlands protects the largest protected mixed-grass prairie in the National Park System, from which its eroded buttes and spires rise.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "1z0qyb11lxpsz" }, { "id": "ot-cov-canyons-cliffs-plains-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "theodore-roosevelt", "plains", "badlands" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Western park's badlands terrain sits along the Little Missouri River amid a plains landscape roamed by free-ranging bison?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Badlands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wind Cave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Black Canyon of the Gunnison" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Theodore Roosevelt National Park's badlands lie along the Little Missouri River in North Dakota's plains, where bison and wild horses roam freely.", "source": { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Objective Test" }, "uid": "18umff3zaxqg5" } ], "lessons": [ { "id": "l1-intro", "title": "Lesson 1: America's Best Idea", "order": 1, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/intro-p1-idea.md", "sources": [ { "label": "U.S. National Parks β€” Knowledge Pack (cross-cutting themes + per-park profiles + structured data)" } ], "parts": [ { "id": "intro-p1-idea", "title": "Part 1: How the Parks Came to Be", "order": 1, "blurb": "The first national park, the agency that runs them, and the idea that spread around the world.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/intro-p1-idea.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "americas-best-idea", "itemIds": [ "intro-fact-best-idea", "intro-fact-yellowstone-first", "intro-num-yellowstone-year", "intro-fact-organic-act", "intro-num-nps-founded", "intro-fact-63", "intro-num-count", "intro-fact-antiquities", "intro-pair-first-park", "mcq-rw-intro-p1-idea", "cz-national-parks-intro-fact-yellowstone-first", "cz-national-parks-intro-fact-antiquities", "tf-t-national-parks-intro-pair-first-park", "concept-rw-national-parks-wallace-stegner", "concept-rw-national-parks-ulysses-s-grant", "concept-rw-national-parks-thomas-moran", "concept-rw-national-parks-william-henry-jackson", "concept-rw-national-parks-woodrow-wilson", "ot-founding-1", "ot-founding-2", "ot-founding-3", "ot-founding-4", "ot-idea-1", "ot-idea-2", "ot-idea-3", "ot-idea-4", "ot-idea-5", "ot-antiq-1", "ot-antiq-2", "ot-antiq-3", "ot-antiq-4", "ot-antiq-5" ] }, { "id": "intro-p2-numbers", "title": "Part 2: The System by the Numbers", "order": 2, "blurb": "The biggest, the smallest, the highest, and the most crowded β€” the parks at the extremes.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/intro-p2-numbers.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "from-the-tiniest-to-the-titanic", "itemIds": [ "intro-fact-superlatives", "intro-num-largest-acres", "intro-num-highest-point", "intro-fact-most-visited", "intro-pair-largest", "intro-pair-smallest", "intro-pair-most-visited", "mcq-rw-intro-p2-numbers", "cz-national-parks-intro-fact-superlatives", "cz-national-parks-intro-fact-most-visited", "tf-f-national-parks-intro-pair-largest", "tf-t-national-parks-intro-pair-smallest", "tf-f-national-parks-intro-pair-most-visited", "ot-size-1", "ot-size-2", "ot-size-3", "ot-size-4", "ot-visit-1", "ot-visit-2", "ot-visit-3", "ot-visit-4", "ot-visit-5", "fi-ot-visit-3", "fi-mcq-rw-intro-p2-numbers", "fi-ot-visit-2", "ot-cov-obj-size-extremes-1", "ot-cov-obj-size-extremes-2" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-first-park-and-nps", "statement": "Identify when and by whom Yellowstone and the National Park Service were founded.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-founding-dates", "d-founding-people" ] }, { "id": "obj-idea-and-figures", "statement": "Recognize the writer and artists who gave the national-park idea its language and proof.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-idea-people" ] }, { "id": "obj-antiquities-and-count", "statement": "Explain how the Antiquities Act let presidents create monuments, and state how many national parks exist today.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-antiquities-count" ] }, { "id": "obj-size-extremes", "statement": "Compare the largest and smallest national parks and where the giants cluster.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-size-extremes", "d-superlatives" ] }, { "id": "obj-visitation-and-height", "statement": "Identify the most-visited park and the system's highest point.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-most-visited" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-founding-dates", "itemIds": [ "intro-num-yellowstone-year", "intro-num-nps-founded", "intro-pair-first-park", "tf-t-national-parks-intro-pair-first-park" ], "label": "Founding dates", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-founding-people", "itemIds": [ "mcq-rw-intro-p1-idea", "cz-national-parks-intro-fact-yellowstone-first", "concept-rw-national-parks-ulysses-s-grant", "concept-rw-national-parks-woodrow-wilson" ], "label": "Founding figures", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-idea-people", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-wallace-stegner", "concept-rw-national-parks-thomas-moran", "concept-rw-national-parks-william-henry-jackson" ], "label": "Idea & artists" }, { "id": "d-antiquities-count", "itemIds": [ "cz-national-parks-intro-fact-antiquities", "intro-num-count" ], "label": "Antiquities Act & count" }, { "id": "d-size-extremes", "itemIds": [ "intro-num-largest-acres", "intro-pair-largest", "intro-pair-smallest", "mcq-rw-intro-p2-numbers", "ot-cov-obj-size-extremes-1", "ot-cov-obj-size-extremes-2" ], "label": "Largest vs smallest", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-superlatives", "itemIds": [ "cz-national-parks-intro-fact-superlatives", "tf-f-national-parks-intro-pair-largest", "tf-t-national-parks-intro-pair-smallest" ], "label": "Size superlatives" }, { "id": "d-most-visited", "itemIds": [ "intro-pair-most-visited", "cz-national-parks-intro-fact-most-visited", "tf-f-national-parks-intro-pair-most-visited", "intro-num-highest-point" ], "label": "Most-visited & highest", "requiredCorrect": 4 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-first-park-nps", "objectiveId": "obj-first-park-and-nps", "title": "Founding of Yellowstone & the NPS", "mcqIds": [ "ot-founding-1", "ot-founding-2", "ot-founding-3", "ot-founding-4", "mcq-rw-intro-p1-idea" ] }, { "id": "test-idea-figures", "objectiveId": "obj-idea-and-figures", "title": "The Idea & Its Figures", "mcqIds": [ "ot-idea-1", "ot-idea-2", "ot-idea-3", "ot-idea-4", "ot-idea-5" ] }, { "id": "test-antiquities-count", "objectiveId": "obj-antiquities-and-count", "title": "Antiquities Act & Park Count", "mcqIds": [ "ot-antiq-1", "ot-antiq-2", "ot-antiq-3", "ot-antiq-4", "ot-antiq-5" ] }, { "id": "test-size-extremes", "objectiveId": "obj-size-extremes", "title": "Largest & Smallest Parks", "mcqIds": [ "ot-size-1", "ot-size-2", "ot-size-3", "ot-size-4", "mcq-rw-intro-p2-numbers", "ot-cov-obj-size-extremes-1", "ot-cov-obj-size-extremes-2" ] }, { "id": "test-visitation-height", "objectiveId": "obj-visitation-and-height", "title": "Most Visited & Highest Point", "mcqIds": [ "ot-visit-1", "ot-visit-2", "ot-visit-3", "ot-visit-4", "ot-visit-5" ] } ] }, { "id": "l2-story", "title": "Lesson 2: The Story of the Parks", "order": 2, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/story-p1-people.md", "parts": [ { "id": "story-p1-people", "title": "Guardians of the Parks", "order": 1, "blurb": "The naturalists, presidents, photographers, and rangers whose vision and stubbornness built the national parks.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/story-p1-people.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-first-rangers", "itemIds": [ "story-concept-muir", "story-concept-roosevelt", "story-concept-mather", "story-concept-grinnell", "story-concept-hayden", "story-concept-carson", "story-concept-leopold", "story-concept-douglas", "story-concept-adams", "story-concept-rockefeller", "story-concept-carter", "story-concept-young", "story-fact-buffalo-soldiers", "story-fact-rooseveltmuir", "mcq-rw-story-p1-people", "ot-founders-1", "ot-founders-2", "ot-founders-3", "ot-founders-4", "ot-founders-5", "ot-voices-1", "ot-voices-2", "ot-voices-3", "ot-voices-4", "ot-givers-1", "ot-givers-2", "ot-givers-3", "ot-givers-4", "ot-givers-5", "fi-mcq-rw-story-p1-people", "fi-ot-founders-4", "fi-ot-voices-1" ] }, { "id": "story-p2-timeline", "title": "Milestones", "order": 2, "blurb": "Two centuries of turning points β€” from Hot Springs in 1832 to the 63rd national park in 2020.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/story-p2-timeline.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-day-the-parks-doubled", "itemIds": [ "story-numeric-hotsprings", "story-numeric-yosemitegrant", "story-numeric-antiquities", "story-numeric-wilderness", "story-numeric-esa", "story-numeric-anilca", "story-numeric-wolves", "story-numeric-newriver", "story-fact-anilca", "story-fact-wolves", "story-procedure-timeline", "mcq-rw-story-p2-timeline", "ot-early-1", "ot-early-2", "ot-early-3", "ot-early-4", "ot-early-5", "ot-modern-1", "ot-modern-2", "ot-modern-3", "ot-modern-4", "fi-mcq-rw-story-p2-timeline", "fi-ot-early-1", "fi-ot-modern-2" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-naturalist-founders", "statement": "Identify the naturalists, presidents, and administrators who fought to establish the parks.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-founders" ] }, { "id": "obj-writers-that-changed-minds", "statement": "Recognize the writers and photographers whose words and images shifted public opinion.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-voices", "d-leopold-mcq" ] }, { "id": "obj-givers-and-scientists", "statement": "Recognize the donors, lawmakers, scientists, and soldiers behind the parks.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-givers-scientists" ] }, { "id": "obj-early-milestones", "statement": "Order the early legal milestones of land protection from Hot Springs to the Antiquities Act.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-early-timeline" ] }, { "id": "obj-modern-milestones", "statement": "Identify the modern conservation laws and events, from the Wilderness Act to New River Gorge.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-modern-timeline", "d-wilderness-wolves" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-founders", "itemIds": [ "story-concept-muir", "story-concept-roosevelt", "story-concept-mather", "story-concept-grinnell" ], "label": "Naturalists & presidents", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-voices", "itemIds": [ "story-concept-carson", "story-concept-leopold", "story-concept-douglas", "story-concept-adams" ], "label": "Writers & photographers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-leopold-mcq", "itemIds": [ "mcq-rw-story-p1-people", "story-concept-leopold" ], "label": "Leopold's land ethic" }, { "id": "d-givers-scientists", "itemIds": [ "story-concept-rockefeller", "story-concept-carter", "story-concept-hayden", "story-concept-young" ], "label": "Givers, lawmakers, scientists", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-early-timeline", "itemIds": [ "story-numeric-hotsprings", "story-numeric-yosemitegrant", "story-numeric-antiquities" ], "label": "Early milestones" }, { "id": "d-modern-timeline", "itemIds": [ "story-numeric-wilderness", "story-numeric-esa", "story-numeric-anilca", "story-numeric-newriver" ], "label": "Modern laws & events", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-wilderness-wolves", "itemIds": [ "mcq-rw-story-p2-timeline", "story-numeric-wolves" ], "label": "Wilderness Act & wolves" } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-founders", "objectiveId": "obj-naturalist-founders", "title": "Founders of the Parks", "mcqIds": [ "ot-founders-1", "ot-founders-2", "ot-founders-3", "ot-founders-4", "ot-founders-5" ] }, { "id": "test-voices", "objectiveId": "obj-writers-that-changed-minds", "title": "Voices That Changed Minds", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-story-p1-people", "ot-voices-1", "ot-voices-2", "ot-voices-3", "ot-voices-4" ] }, { "id": "test-givers-scientists", "objectiveId": "obj-givers-and-scientists", "title": "Givers, Scientists & Soldiers", "mcqIds": [ "ot-givers-1", "ot-givers-2", "ot-givers-3", "ot-givers-4", "ot-givers-5" ] }, { "id": "test-early-milestones", "objectiveId": "obj-early-milestones", "title": "Early Land-Protection Milestones", "mcqIds": [ "ot-early-1", "ot-early-2", "ot-early-3", "ot-early-4", "ot-early-5" ] }, { "id": "test-modern-milestones", "objectiveId": "obj-modern-milestones", "title": "Modern Conservation Milestones", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-story-p2-timeline", "ot-modern-1", "ot-modern-2", "ot-modern-3", "ot-modern-4" ] } ] }, { "id": "l3-geology", "title": "Lesson 3: How the Landscapes Formed", "order": 3, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/geo-p1-forces.md", "parts": [ { "id": "geo-p1-forces", "title": "The Forces That Shape the Land", "order": 1, "blurb": "Hotspots, colliding plates, rivers of ice, downcutting water, dissolving caves, and wind β€” the big processes that built the parks.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/geo-p1-forces.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-yellowstone-hotspot", "itemIds": [ "geo-fact-hotspot", "geo-fact-caldera-craterlake", "geo-fact-glaciation", "geo-fact-grandcanyon-downcutting", "geo-pair-subduction", "geo-pair-faultblock", "geo-pair-karst", "geo-pair-dunes", "geo-def-shieldvolcano", "geo-def-geothermal", "geo-num-craterlake-depth", "mcq-rw-geo-p1-forces", "czr-national-parks-geo-def-shieldvolcano", "czr-national-parks-geo-def-geothermal", "tf-d-national-parks-geo-def-shieldvolcano", "tf-df-national-parks-geo-def-geothermal", "ot-forces-1", "ot-forces-2", "ot-forces-3", "ot-forces-4", "ot-forces-5", "ot-volc-1", "ot-volc-2", "ot-volc-3", "ot-volc-4", "ot-volc-5", "ot-cic-1", "ot-cic-2", "ot-cic-3", "ot-cic-4", "fi-ot-forces-2" ] }, { "id": "geo-p2-formations", "title": "Reading the Rock", "order": 2, "blurb": "Calderas, hoodoos, arches, batholiths, boxwork, petrified wood β€” the vocabulary of landforms and the famous formations that define them.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/geo-p2-formations.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "petrified-dunes-of-zion", "itemIds": [ "geo-def-caldera", "geo-def-hoodoo", "geo-def-arch", "geo-def-faultblock", "geo-def-batholith", "geo-def-naturalbridge", "geo-fact-zion-navajo", "geo-fact-boxwork", "geo-concept-delicate-arch", "geo-concept-half-dome", "geo-concept-old-faithful", "geo-concept-mammoth-cave", "geo-concept-petrified-forest", "geo-num-mammoth-length", "geo-concept-el-capitan", "mcq-rw-geo-p2-formations", "czr-national-parks-geo-def-caldera", "czr-national-parks-geo-def-hoodoo", "czr-national-parks-geo-def-arch", "czr-national-parks-geo-def-faultblock", "czr-national-parks-geo-def-batholith", "czr-national-parks-geo-def-naturalbridge", "tf-df-national-parks-geo-def-caldera", "tf-df-national-parks-geo-def-hoodoo", "tf-df-national-parks-geo-def-arch", "tf-d-national-parks-geo-def-faultblock", "tf-d-national-parks-geo-def-batholith", "tf-df-national-parks-geo-def-naturalbridge", "ot-terms-1", "ot-terms-2", "ot-terms-3", "ot-terms-4", "ot-terms-5", "ot-form-1", "ot-form-2", "ot-form-3", "ot-form-4", "fi-mcq-rw-geo-p2-formations", "fi-ot-terms-4", "fi-ot-form-2" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-tectonic-forces", "statement": "Match the tectonic and erosional forces to the parks they built.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-forces-pairs" ] }, { "id": "obj-volcanic-geothermal", "statement": "Define shield volcanoes and geothermal features.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-volcanic-defs", "d-volcanic-tf" ] }, { "id": "obj-caldera-ice-canyon", "statement": "Explain how calderas and canyons form.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-water-ice" ] }, { "id": "obj-erosion-and-mountain-terms", "statement": "Define the vocabulary of sculpted rock and uplifted mountains (hoodoo, arch, fault-block, batholith, natural bridge).", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-erosion-defs", "d-mountain-defs", "d-mountain-cloze" ] }, { "id": "obj-famous-formations", "statement": "Recognize iconic formations and cave records on sight.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-formations-concepts", "d-cave-records" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-forces-pairs", "itemIds": [ "geo-pair-subduction", "geo-pair-faultblock", "geo-pair-karst", "geo-pair-dunes" ], "label": "Forces to parks", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-volcanic-defs", "itemIds": [ "geo-def-shieldvolcano", "geo-def-geothermal", "czr-national-parks-geo-def-shieldvolcano", "czr-national-parks-geo-def-geothermal" ], "label": "Volcanic/geothermal defs", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-volcanic-tf", "itemIds": [ "tf-d-national-parks-geo-def-shieldvolcano", "tf-df-national-parks-geo-def-geothermal" ], "label": "Volcanic/geothermal T/F" }, { "id": "d-water-ice", "itemIds": [ "geo-def-caldera", "mcq-rw-geo-p1-forces", "mcq-rw-grca-p1-canyon" ], "label": "Caldera, ice, canyon", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-erosion-defs", "itemIds": [ "geo-def-hoodoo", "geo-def-arch", "czr-national-parks-geo-def-hoodoo", "czr-national-parks-geo-def-arch" ], "label": "Hoodoo & arch", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-mountain-defs", "itemIds": [ "geo-def-faultblock", "geo-def-batholith", "geo-def-naturalbridge" ], "label": "Mountain-rock terms" }, { "id": "d-mountain-cloze", "itemIds": [ "czr-national-parks-geo-def-faultblock", "czr-national-parks-geo-def-batholith", "czr-national-parks-geo-def-naturalbridge" ], "label": "Mountain-rock clozes" }, { "id": "d-formations-concepts", "itemIds": [ "geo-concept-delicate-arch", "geo-concept-half-dome", "geo-concept-old-faithful", "geo-concept-el-capitan" ], "label": "Iconic formations", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-cave-records", "itemIds": [ "geo-concept-mammoth-cave", "geo-concept-petrified-forest", "geo-num-mammoth-length", "mcq-rw-geo-p2-formations" ], "label": "Cave & arch records", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-tectonic-forces", "objectiveId": "obj-tectonic-forces", "title": "Forces & the Parks They Built", "mcqIds": [ "ot-forces-1", "ot-forces-2", "ot-forces-3", "ot-forces-4", "ot-forces-5" ] }, { "id": "test-volcanic-geothermal", "objectiveId": "obj-volcanic-geothermal", "title": "Shield Volcanoes & Geothermal", "mcqIds": [ "ot-volc-1", "ot-volc-2", "ot-volc-3", "ot-volc-4", "ot-volc-5" ] }, { "id": "test-caldera-ice-canyon", "objectiveId": "obj-caldera-ice-canyon", "title": "Calderas, Glaciers & Canyons", "mcqIds": [ "ot-cic-1", "ot-cic-2", "ot-cic-3", "ot-cic-4", "mcq-rw-geo-p1-forces" ] }, { "id": "test-erosion-mountain-terms", "objectiveId": "obj-erosion-and-mountain-terms", "title": "Sculpted Rock & Mountain Terms", "mcqIds": [ "ot-terms-1", "ot-terms-2", "ot-terms-3", "ot-terms-4", "ot-terms-5" ] }, { "id": "test-famous-formations", "objectiveId": "obj-famous-formations", "title": "Iconic Formations & Cave Records", "mcqIds": [ "ot-form-1", "ot-form-2", "ot-form-3", "ot-form-4", "mcq-rw-geo-p2-formations" ] } ] }, { "id": "l4-wildlife", "title": "Lesson 4: Wildlife of the Parks", "order": 4, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/wild-p1-iconic.md", "parts": [ { "id": "wild-p1-iconic", "title": "Icons of the Wild", "order": 1, "blurb": "The marquee mammals of the parks β€” bison, grizzlies, wolves, elk, moose, goats, sheep, and the lightning-fast pronghorn.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/wild-p1-iconic.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "american-bison", "itemIds": [ "wild-fact-bison", "wild-fact-grizzly", "wild-fact-wolf", "wild-fact-elk-moose", "wild-fact-goat-sheep", "wild-fact-pronghorn", "wild-pair-bison-yellowstone", "wild-pair-moose-isleroyale", "wild-pair-elk-rocky", "wild-pair-goat-glacier", "mcq-rw-wild-p1-iconic", "ot-mammal-parks-1", "ot-mammal-parks-2", "ot-mammal-parks-3", "ot-mammal-parks-4", "ot-mammal-parks-5", "ot-identify-1", "ot-identify-2", "ot-identify-3", "ot-identify-4" ] }, { "id": "wild-p2-keystone", "title": "Keystones & Comebacks", "order": 2, "blurb": "Keystone species and recovery stories β€” the condor, bald eagle, alligator, Roosevelt elk, and the keystone idea itself.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/wild-p2-keystone.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "what-is-a-keystone-species", "itemIds": [ "wild-fact-keystone-concept", "wild-fact-condor", "wild-fact-baldeagle", "wild-fact-alligator", "wild-fact-roosevelt-elk", "wild-pair-condor-pinnacles", "wild-pair-gators-everglades", "wild-pair-roosevelt-olympic", "wild-concept-bison", "wild-concept-wolf", "wild-concept-condor", "wild-concept-pronghorn", "wild-concept-grizzly", "wild-concept-alligator", "mcq-rw-wild-p2-keystone", "cz-national-parks-wild-fact-roosevelt-elk", "ot-keystone-1", "ot-keystone-2", "ot-keystone-3", "ot-keystone-4", "ot-comeback-1", "ot-comeback-2", "ot-comeback-3", "ot-comeback-4", "ot-comeback-5" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-iconic-mammals-parks", "statement": "Match the marquee mammals to their signature parks.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-mammal-parks" ] }, { "id": "obj-identify-animals", "statement": "Recognize iconic park animals and the field marks of a grizzly.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-animal-concepts", "d-grizzly-mark" ] }, { "id": "obj-keystone-concept", "statement": "Explain what makes a species a keystone and identify examples.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-keystone" ] }, { "id": "obj-comeback-species", "statement": "Match recovery and coexistence species to the parks that shelter them.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-comeback-pairs" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-mammal-parks", "itemIds": [ "wild-pair-bison-yellowstone", "wild-pair-moose-isleroyale", "wild-pair-elk-rocky", "wild-pair-goat-glacier" ], "label": "Mammals to parks", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-animal-concepts", "itemIds": [ "wild-concept-bison", "wild-concept-grizzly", "wild-concept-pronghorn", "wild-concept-wolf" ], "label": "Identify animals", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-grizzly-mark", "itemIds": [ "mcq-rw-wild-p1-iconic", "wild-concept-grizzly" ], "label": "Grizzly field marks" }, { "id": "d-keystone", "itemIds": [ "mcq-rw-wild-p2-keystone", "wild-concept-wolf", "wild-concept-condor", "wild-concept-alligator" ], "label": "Keystone species", "requiredCorrect": 4 }, { "id": "d-comeback-pairs", "itemIds": [ "wild-pair-condor-pinnacles", "wild-pair-gators-everglades", "wild-pair-roosevelt-olympic", "cz-national-parks-wild-fact-roosevelt-elk" ], "label": "Comeback species to parks", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-iconic-mammals-parks", "objectiveId": "obj-iconic-mammals-parks", "title": "Marquee Mammals & Their Parks", "mcqIds": [ "ot-mammal-parks-1", "ot-mammal-parks-2", "ot-mammal-parks-3", "ot-mammal-parks-4", "ot-mammal-parks-5" ] }, { "id": "test-identify-animals", "objectiveId": "obj-identify-animals", "title": "Identifying Park Animals", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-wild-p1-iconic", "ot-identify-1", "ot-identify-2", "ot-identify-3", "ot-identify-4" ] }, { "id": "test-keystone-concept", "objectiveId": "obj-keystone-concept", "title": "Keystone Species", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-wild-p2-keystone", "ot-keystone-1", "ot-keystone-2", "ot-keystone-3", "ot-keystone-4" ] }, { "id": "test-comeback-species", "objectiveId": "obj-comeback-species", "title": "Comebacks & Coexistence", "mcqIds": [ "ot-comeback-1", "ot-comeback-2", "ot-comeback-3", "ot-comeback-4", "ot-comeback-5" ] } ] }, { "id": "l5-flora", "title": "Lesson 5: Flora & Ecosystems", "order": 5, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/flora-p1-record-plants.md", "parts": [ { "id": "flora-p1-record-plants", "title": "Record-Breaking Plants", "order": 1, "blurb": "The biggest, tallest, and oldest living things on Earth β€” and the deserts' spiky icons.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/flora-p1-record-plants.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "general-sherman-the-giant-sequoia", "itemIds": [ "flora-fact-general-sherman", "flora-fact-coast-redwood", "flora-fact-bristlecone-pine", "flora-fact-saguaro", "flora-fact-joshua-tree", "flora-num-sherman-height", "flora-num-hyperion-height", "flora-num-methuselah-age", "flora-num-saguaro-height", "flora-pair-sequoia-park", "flora-pair-redwood-park", "flora-pair-bristlecone-park", "flora-pair-saguaro-park", "flora-pair-joshua-park", "mcq-rw-flora-p1-record-plants", "concept-rw-national-parks-general-sherman", "concept-rw-national-parks-hyperion", "concept-rw-national-parks-methuselah", "concept-rw-national-parks-joshua-tree", "ot-record-trees-sherman-ht", "ot-record-trees-hyperion-ht", "ot-record-trees-methuselah-age", "ot-record-trees-tallest", "ot-plant-parks-sequoia", "ot-plant-parks-redwood", "ot-plant-parks-bristlecone", "ot-plant-parks-saguaro-desert", "ot-plant-parks-not" ] }, { "id": "flora-p2-life-zones", "title": "Life Zones & Ecosystems", "order": 2, "blurb": "How elevation stacks ecosystems, plus the wetlands, rainforests, and wild systems that define America's parks.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/flora-p2-life-zones.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "climbing-through-climate-zones", "itemIds": [ "flora-fact-life-zones", "flora-fact-everglades", "flora-fact-hoh-rainforest", "flora-def-life-zone", "flora-def-temperate-rainforest", "flora-pair-everglades-ecosystem", "flora-pair-olympic-ecosystem", "flora-pair-tundra-ecosystem", "flora-num-hoh-rain", "mcq-rw-flora-p2-life-zones", "czr-national-parks-flora-def-life-zone", "czr-national-parks-flora-def-temperate-rainforest", "tf-t-national-parks-flora-pair-everglades-ecosystem", "tf-df-national-parks-flora-def-life-zone", "tf-df-national-parks-flora-def-temperate-rainforest", "ot-life-zones-define", "ot-life-zones-temp-drop", "ot-life-zones-order", "ot-life-zones-alpine", "ot-ecosystems-everglades", "ot-ecosystems-olympic", "ot-ecosystems-tundra-park", "ot-ecosystems-define-rainforest", "ot-ecosystems-hoh-rain", "fi-ot-life-zones-define", "fi-ot-life-zones-alpine" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-record-trees", "statement": "Identify the record-breaking trees by their superlative and size.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-tree-sizes", "d-tree-concepts" ] }, { "id": "obj-plant-park-pairs", "statement": "Match record-breaking plants to the parks that protect them.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-plant-parks", "d-desert-plants" ] }, { "id": "obj-life-zones-concept", "statement": "Explain life zones and how elevation stacks ecosystems on a single mountain.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-life-zone" ] }, { "id": "obj-signature-ecosystems", "statement": "Match signature ecosystems to their parks and define a temperate rainforest.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-ecosystem-pairs", "d-rainforest" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-tree-sizes", "itemIds": [ "flora-num-sherman-height", "flora-num-hyperion-height", "flora-num-methuselah-age", "mcq-rw-flora-p1-record-plants" ], "label": "Record tree sizes", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-tree-concepts", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-general-sherman", "concept-rw-national-parks-hyperion", "concept-rw-national-parks-methuselah" ], "label": "Identify record trees" }, { "id": "d-plant-parks", "itemIds": [ "flora-pair-sequoia-park", "flora-pair-redwood-park", "flora-pair-bristlecone-park", "flora-pair-saguaro-park" ], "label": "Plants to parks", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-desert-plants", "itemIds": [ "flora-pair-joshua-park", "flora-num-saguaro-height", "concept-rw-national-parks-joshua-tree" ], "label": "Desert plants" }, { "id": "d-life-zone", "itemIds": [ "flora-def-life-zone", "czr-national-parks-flora-def-life-zone", "tf-df-national-parks-flora-def-life-zone", "mcq-rw-flora-p2-life-zones" ], "label": "Life zones", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-ecosystem-pairs", "itemIds": [ "flora-pair-everglades-ecosystem", "flora-pair-olympic-ecosystem", "flora-pair-tundra-ecosystem", "tf-t-national-parks-flora-pair-everglades-ecosystem" ], "label": "Signature ecosystems", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-rainforest", "itemIds": [ "flora-def-temperate-rainforest", "czr-national-parks-flora-def-temperate-rainforest", "flora-num-hoh-rain", "tf-df-national-parks-flora-def-temperate-rainforest" ], "label": "Temperate rainforest", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-record-trees", "objectiveId": "obj-record-trees", "title": "Record-Breaking Trees", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-flora-p1-record-plants", "ot-record-trees-sherman-ht", "ot-record-trees-hyperion-ht", "ot-record-trees-methuselah-age", "ot-record-trees-tallest" ] }, { "id": "test-plant-park-pairs", "objectiveId": "obj-plant-park-pairs", "title": "Plants and Their Parks", "mcqIds": [ "ot-plant-parks-sequoia", "ot-plant-parks-redwood", "ot-plant-parks-bristlecone", "ot-plant-parks-saguaro-desert", "ot-plant-parks-not" ] }, { "id": "test-life-zones", "objectiveId": "obj-life-zones-concept", "title": "Life Zones & Elevation", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-flora-p2-life-zones", "ot-life-zones-define", "ot-life-zones-temp-drop", "ot-life-zones-order", "ot-life-zones-alpine" ] }, { "id": "test-signature-ecosystems", "objectiveId": "obj-signature-ecosystems", "title": "Signature Ecosystems", "mcqIds": [ "ot-ecosystems-everglades", "ot-ecosystems-olympic", "ot-ecosystems-tundra-park", "ot-ecosystems-define-rainforest", "ot-ecosystems-hoh-rain" ] } ] }, { "id": "l6-records", "title": "Lesson 6: Records & Superlatives", "order": 6, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/rec-p1-extremes.md", "parts": [ { "id": "rec-p1-extremes", "title": "Extremes of the System", "order": 1, "blurb": "The deepest, hottest, lowest, longest, and tallest places the parks have to offer β€” from Crater Lake to Badwater Basin.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/rec-p1-extremes.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "crater-lake-deepest-lake-in-america", "itemIds": [ "rec-fact-craterlake", "geo-num-craterlake-depth", "rec-fact-badwater", "rec-num-badwater-low", "rec-num-deathvalley-temp", "rec-fact-mammoth", "rec-num-mammoth-length", "rec-fact-sanddunes", "rec-num-sanddunes-height", "rec-pair-yosemitefalls", "rec-pair-redwoods", "rec-pair-sequoia", "rec-pair-bristlecone", "rec-pair-blackcanyon", "mcq-rw-rec-p1-extremes", "tf-t-national-parks-rec-pair-yosemitefalls", "tf-t-national-parks-rec-pair-redwoods", "tf-t-national-parks-rec-pair-sequoia", "concept-rw-national-parks-badwater-basin", "concept-rw-national-parks-furnace-creek", "concept-rw-national-parks-wizard-island", "concept-rw-national-parks-painted-wall", "concept-rw-national-parks-yosemite-falls", "ot-extremes-depth", "ot-extremes-temp", "ot-extremes-not", "ot-extremes-dunes", "ot-living-redwoods", "ot-living-sherman", "ot-living-bristlecone", "ot-living-paintedrock", "ot-living-not", "ot-signature-wizard", "ot-signature-painted", "ot-signature-falls", "ot-signature-badwater", "ot-signature-not", "fi-mcq-rw-rec-p1-extremes" ] }, { "id": "rec-p2-firsts-and-mosts", "title": "Firsts, Mosts & Onlys", "order": 2, "blurb": "First, newest, least-visited, southernmost, and the four giants of Alaska β€” the parks that hold the superlatives of geography and history.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/rec-p2-firsts-and-mosts.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "acadia-first-park-east-of-the-mississippi", "itemIds": [ "rec-fact-acadia", "rec-fact-gatesarctic", "rec-num-gatesarctic-visits", "rec-fact-alaska-four-largest", "rec-pair-newest", "rec-pair-samoa", "rec-pair-firstpark", "mcq-rw-rec-p2-firsts-and-mosts", "tf-f-national-parks-rec-pair-newest", "tf-t-national-parks-rec-pair-samoa", "tf-f-national-parks-rec-pair-firstpark", "concept-rw-national-parks-new-river-gorge", "ot-firsts-yellowstone", "ot-firsts-newest", "ot-firsts-samoa", "ot-firsts-largest", "ot-firsts-not", "ot-lonely-least", "ot-lonely-visits", "ot-lonely-year", "ot-lonely-donated", "fi-ot-firsts-yellowstone", "fi-ot-firsts-newest" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-physical-extremes", "statement": "Recall the system's physical record numbers and extreme places.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-extreme-nums", "d-extreme-places" ] }, { "id": "obj-living-ancient-records", "statement": "Match living and ancient records to the parks that hold them.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-record-pairs", "d-record-tf" ] }, { "id": "obj-firsts-mosts-onlys", "statement": "Identify the firsts, mosts, and onlys of the park system.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-firsts-pairs", "d-firsts-tf" ] }, { "id": "obj-loneliest-and-milestones", "statement": "Recognize the least-visited park and Acadia's first-in-the-East milestone.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-loneliest-acadia" ] }, { "id": "obj-signature-features", "statement": "Recognize signature extreme features on sight.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-signature-features" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-extreme-nums", "itemIds": [ "geo-num-craterlake-depth", "rec-num-badwater-low", "rec-num-deathvalley-temp", "rec-num-sanddunes-height" ], "label": "Extreme numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-extreme-places", "itemIds": [ "rec-num-mammoth-length", "mcq-rw-rec-p1-extremes", "concept-rw-national-parks-badwater-basin", "concept-rw-national-parks-furnace-creek" ], "label": "Extreme places", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-record-pairs", "itemIds": [ "rec-pair-yosemitefalls", "rec-pair-redwoods", "rec-pair-sequoia", "rec-pair-bristlecone" ], "label": "Living/ancient records", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-record-tf", "itemIds": [ "tf-t-national-parks-rec-pair-yosemitefalls", "tf-t-national-parks-rec-pair-redwoods", "tf-t-national-parks-rec-pair-sequoia", "rec-pair-blackcanyon" ], "label": "Records T/F", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-firsts-pairs", "itemIds": [ "rec-pair-newest", "rec-pair-samoa", "rec-pair-firstpark" ], "label": "Firsts & onlys" }, { "id": "d-firsts-tf", "itemIds": [ "tf-f-national-parks-rec-pair-newest", "tf-t-national-parks-rec-pair-samoa", "tf-f-national-parks-rec-pair-firstpark", "concept-rw-national-parks-new-river-gorge" ], "label": "Firsts T/F", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-loneliest-acadia", "itemIds": [ "rec-num-gatesarctic-visits", "mcq-rw-rec-p2-firsts-and-mosts" ], "label": "Loneliest park & Acadia" }, { "id": "d-signature-features", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-wizard-island", "concept-rw-national-parks-painted-wall", "concept-rw-national-parks-yosemite-falls" ], "label": "Signature features" } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-physical-extremes", "objectiveId": "obj-physical-extremes", "title": "Physical Records & Extremes", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-rec-p1-extremes", "ot-extremes-depth", "ot-extremes-temp", "ot-extremes-not", "ot-extremes-dunes" ] }, { "id": "test-living-ancient-records", "objectiveId": "obj-living-ancient-records", "title": "Living & Ancient Records", "mcqIds": [ "ot-living-redwoods", "ot-living-sherman", "ot-living-bristlecone", "ot-living-paintedrock", "ot-living-not" ] }, { "id": "test-firsts-mosts-onlys", "objectiveId": "obj-firsts-mosts-onlys", "title": "Firsts, Mosts & Onlys", "mcqIds": [ "ot-firsts-yellowstone", "ot-firsts-newest", "ot-firsts-samoa", "ot-firsts-largest", "ot-firsts-not" ] }, { "id": "test-loneliest-milestones", "objectiveId": "obj-loneliest-and-milestones", "title": "Loneliest Park & Acadia", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-rec-p2-firsts-and-mosts", "ot-lonely-least", "ot-lonely-visits", "ot-lonely-year", "ot-lonely-donated" ] }, { "id": "test-signature-features", "objectiveId": "obj-signature-features", "title": "Signature Features", "mcqIds": [ "ot-signature-wizard", "ot-signature-painted", "ot-signature-falls", "ot-signature-badwater", "ot-signature-not" ] } ] }, { "id": "l7-visiting", "title": "Lesson 7: Visiting the Parks", "order": 7, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/visit-p1-sites.md", "parts": [ { "id": "visit-p1-sites", "title": "Sites & Experiences", "order": 1, "blurb": "The must-do experiences β€” legendary scenic drives, dark-sky stargazing, ranger programs, and the pass that opens every gate.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/visit-p1-sites.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "going-to-the-sun-road", "itemIds": [ "visit-fact-going-to-the-sun", "visit-fact-trail-ridge", "visit-fact-dark-skies", "visit-fact-ranger-programs", "visit-fact-america-the-beautiful", "visit-pair-tioga-road", "visit-pair-skyline-drive", "visit-pair-cadillac-road", "visit-pair-firefall", "visit-pair-fireflies", "mcq-rw-visit-p1-sites", "concept-rw-national-parks-going-to-the-sun-road", "concept-rw-national-parks-trail-ridge-road", "concept-rw-national-parks-tioga-road", "concept-rw-national-parks-skyline-drive", "concept-rw-national-parks-cadillac-mountain-road", "ot-roads-tioga", "ot-roads-gts", "ot-roads-fireflies", "ot-roads-notmatch", "ot-cov-obj-scenic-roads-1", "ot-cov-obj-scenic-roads-2" ] }, { "id": "visit-p2-timing-safety", "title": "Timing & Safety", "order": 2, "blurb": "When to go, when to reserve, and how to come home safe β€” crowds, timed entry, wildlife distances, heat, altitude, and the ten essentials.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/visit-p2-timing-safety.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "timed-entry-reservations", "itemIds": [ "visit-fact-timed-entry", "visit-fact-peak-season", "visit-fact-wildlife-safety", "visit-fact-heat-altitude", "visit-numeric-water-per-day", "visit-numeric-bear-distance", "mcq-rw-visit-p2-timing-safety", "ot-safety-water", "ot-safety-bear", "ot-safety-heat", "ot-safety-notrule", "fi-mcq-rw-visit-p2-timing-safety" ] }, { "id": "visit-p3-glossary", "title": "The Park Lexicon", "order": 3, "blurb": "The vocabulary every visitor should know β€” from designations like park, monument, and wilderness to trail words like switchback and cairn.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/visit-p3-glossary.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "national-park", "itemIds": [ "visit-def-national-park", "visit-def-national-monument", "visit-def-wilderness", "visit-def-backcountry", "visit-def-switchback", "visit-def-cairn", "visit-def-inholding", "visit-pair-trailhead", "visit-pair-gateway-town", "visit-pair-concessioner", "visit-pair-preserve", "mcq-rw-visit-p3-glossary", "czr-national-parks-visit-def-national-park", "czr-national-parks-visit-def-national-monument", "czr-national-parks-visit-def-wilderness", "czr-national-parks-visit-def-backcountry", "czr-national-parks-visit-def-switchback", "czr-national-parks-visit-def-cairn", "czr-national-parks-visit-def-inholding", "tf-t-national-parks-visit-pair-trailhead", "tf-f-national-parks-visit-pair-gateway-town", "tf-f-national-parks-visit-pair-concessioner", "tf-t-national-parks-visit-pair-preserve", "tf-d-national-parks-visit-def-national-park", "tf-df-national-parks-visit-def-national-monument", "tf-df-national-parks-visit-def-wilderness", "tf-d-national-parks-visit-def-backcountry", "tf-d-national-parks-visit-def-switchback", "ot-desig-congress", "ot-desig-wilderness", "ot-desig-preserve", "ot-desig-false", "ot-trail-backcountry", "ot-trail-switchback", "ot-trail-cairn", "ot-trail-inholding", "ot-trail-notdef", "ot-fac-trailhead", "ot-fac-gateway", "ot-fac-concessioner", "ot-fac-match", "ot-fac-notdesc", "ot-cov-obj-designation-terms-1", "ot-cov-obj-designation-terms-2" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-scenic-roads", "statement": "Match iconic scenic roads and seasonal events to their parks.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-roads-pairs", "d-roads-concepts" ] }, { "id": "obj-safety-rules", "statement": "Apply the parks' core safety rules for water, wildlife distance, and hazards.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-safety" ] }, { "id": "obj-designation-terms", "statement": "Distinguish park designations: national park, monument, wilderness, and preserve.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-designation-defs", "d-designation-more" ] }, { "id": "obj-trail-terms", "statement": "Define the backcountry and trail vocabulary of the park lexicon.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-trail-defs", "d-trail-cloze" ] }, { "id": "obj-facilities-terms", "statement": "Match the visitor-facility terms of the park lexicon.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-facility-pairs", "d-facility-tf" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-roads-pairs", "itemIds": [ "visit-pair-tioga-road", "visit-pair-skyline-drive", "visit-pair-cadillac-road", "visit-pair-firefall", "ot-cov-obj-scenic-roads-1", "ot-cov-obj-scenic-roads-2" ], "label": "Scenic roads to parks", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-roads-concepts", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-going-to-the-sun-road", "concept-rw-national-parks-trail-ridge-road", "mcq-rw-visit-p1-sites", "visit-pair-fireflies" ], "label": "Roads & events", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-safety", "itemIds": [ "visit-numeric-water-per-day", "visit-numeric-bear-distance", "mcq-rw-visit-p2-timing-safety" ], "label": "Safety rules" }, { "id": "d-designation-defs", "itemIds": [ "visit-def-national-park", "visit-def-national-monument", "visit-def-wilderness", "mcq-rw-visit-p3-glossary", "ot-cov-obj-designation-terms-1", "ot-cov-obj-designation-terms-2" ], "label": "Designation defs", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-designation-more", "itemIds": [ "visit-pair-preserve", "tf-t-national-parks-visit-pair-preserve", "czr-national-parks-visit-def-national-park", "czr-national-parks-visit-def-national-monument" ], "label": "Designation reinforcement", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-trail-defs", "itemIds": [ "visit-def-backcountry", "visit-def-switchback", "visit-def-cairn", "visit-def-inholding" ], "label": "Trail terms", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-trail-cloze", "itemIds": [ "czr-national-parks-visit-def-wilderness", "czr-national-parks-visit-def-backcountry", "czr-national-parks-visit-def-switchback", "czr-national-parks-visit-def-cairn" ], "label": "Trail-term clozes", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-facility-pairs", "itemIds": [ "visit-pair-trailhead", "visit-pair-gateway-town", "visit-pair-concessioner", "czr-national-parks-visit-def-inholding" ], "label": "Facility terms", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-facility-tf", "itemIds": [ "tf-t-national-parks-visit-pair-trailhead", "tf-f-national-parks-visit-pair-gateway-town", "tf-f-national-parks-visit-pair-concessioner" ], "label": "Facility T/F" } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-scenic-roads", "objectiveId": "obj-scenic-roads", "title": "Scenic Roads & Seasonal Events", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-visit-p1-sites", "ot-roads-tioga", "ot-roads-gts", "ot-roads-fireflies", "ot-roads-notmatch", "ot-cov-obj-scenic-roads-1", "ot-cov-obj-scenic-roads-2" ] }, { "id": "test-safety-rules", "objectiveId": "obj-safety-rules", "title": "Core Park Safety Rules", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-visit-p2-timing-safety", "ot-safety-water", "ot-safety-bear", "ot-safety-heat", "ot-safety-notrule" ] }, { "id": "test-designation-terms", "objectiveId": "obj-designation-terms", "title": "Park Designations", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-visit-p3-glossary", "ot-desig-congress", "ot-desig-wilderness", "ot-desig-preserve", "ot-desig-false", "ot-cov-obj-designation-terms-1", "ot-cov-obj-designation-terms-2" ] }, { "id": "test-trail-terms", "objectiveId": "obj-trail-terms", "title": "Backcountry & Trail Vocabulary", "mcqIds": [ "ot-trail-backcountry", "ot-trail-switchback", "ot-trail-cairn", "ot-trail-inholding", "ot-trail-notdef" ] }, { "id": "test-facilities-terms", "objectiveId": "obj-facilities-terms", "title": "Visitor-Facility Terms", "mcqIds": [ "ot-fac-trailhead", "ot-fac-gateway", "ot-fac-concessioner", "ot-fac-match", "ot-fac-notdesc" ] } ] }, { "id": "l8-funfacts", "title": "Lesson 8: Fun Facts & Famous Words", "order": 8, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/fun-p1-facts.md", "parts": [ { "id": "fun-p1-facts", "title": "Stuff You'll Want to Repeat", "order": 1, "blurb": "The surprising, dinner-party-ready facts: a sleeping supervolcano, a free park, the world's first cave park, a park on loan, and stones that walk by themselves.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/fun-p1-facts.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "yellowstones-sleeping-giant", "itemIds": [ "fun-fact-supervolcano", "fun-fact-smokyfree", "fun-num-windcave", "fun-fact-mammoth", "fun-fact-hotsprings", "fun-fact-samoa", "fun-fact-gatewayarch", "fun-fact-deathvalley", "fun-pair-free-park", "fun-pair-longest-cave", "mcq-rw-fun-p1-facts", "cz-national-parks-fun-fact-mammoth", "tf-f-national-parks-fun-pair-free-park", "tf-t-national-parks-fun-pair-longest-cave", "concept-rw-national-parks-hot-springs", "concept-rw-national-parks-national-park-of-american-samoa", "concept-rw-national-parks-racetrack-playa", "ot-facts-windcave-yr", "ot-facts-longest-cave", "ot-facts-yellowstone-risk", "ot-facts-not-true", "ot-places-hotsprings-bottle", "ot-places-racetrack-where", "ot-places-samoa-leased", "ot-places-racetrack-cause", "ot-places-not-pair" ] }, { "id": "fun-p2-quotes", "title": "Famous Words", "order": 2, "blurb": "The lines people still repeat a century later β€” Stegner, Muir, and two Roosevelts on what the parks mean.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/fun-p2-quotes.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "words-for-the-wild", "itemIds": [ "fun-fact-quotetradition", "fun-pair-stegner", "fun-pair-muir-hitched", "fun-pair-muir-climb", "fun-pair-roosevelt-tr", "fun-pair-roosevelt-fdr", "fun-mcq-grandcanyon-quote", "ot-quotes-stegner", "ot-quotes-muir-hitched", "ot-quotes-fdr-people", "ot-quotes-two-roosevelts", "fi-fun-mcq-grandcanyon-quote", "fi-ot-quotes-stegner", "fi-ot-quotes-muir-hitched", "fi-ot-quotes-fdr-people" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-surprising-facts", "statement": "Recall the parks' most-repeatable surprising facts.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-facts", "d-facts-tf" ] }, { "id": "obj-unusual-places", "statement": "Identify the unusual places behind the park system's odd trivia.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-places" ] }, { "id": "obj-famous-quotes", "statement": "Attribute the parks' famous conservation quotes to their authors.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-quote-pairs", "d-quote-tr" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-facts", "itemIds": [ "fun-num-windcave", "fun-pair-free-park", "fun-pair-longest-cave", "mcq-rw-fun-p1-facts" ], "label": "Surprising facts", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-facts-tf", "itemIds": [ "cz-national-parks-fun-fact-mammoth", "tf-f-national-parks-fun-pair-free-park", "tf-t-national-parks-fun-pair-longest-cave" ], "label": "Facts reinforcement" }, { "id": "d-places", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-hot-springs", "concept-rw-national-parks-national-park-of-american-samoa", "concept-rw-national-parks-racetrack-playa" ], "label": "Unusual places" }, { "id": "d-quote-pairs", "itemIds": [ "fun-pair-stegner", "fun-pair-muir-hitched", "fun-pair-muir-climb", "fun-pair-roosevelt-fdr" ], "label": "Quotes to authors", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-quote-tr", "itemIds": [ "fun-pair-roosevelt-tr", "fun-mcq-grandcanyon-quote" ], "label": "Roosevelt at the canyon" } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-surprising-facts", "objectiveId": "obj-surprising-facts", "title": "Surprising Park Facts", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-fun-p1-facts", "ot-facts-windcave-yr", "ot-facts-longest-cave", "ot-facts-yellowstone-risk", "ot-facts-not-true" ] }, { "id": "test-unusual-places", "objectiveId": "obj-unusual-places", "title": "Unusual Places", "mcqIds": [ "ot-places-hotsprings-bottle", "ot-places-racetrack-where", "ot-places-samoa-leased", "ot-places-racetrack-cause", "ot-places-not-pair" ] }, { "id": "test-famous-quotes", "objectiveId": "obj-famous-quotes", "title": "Famous Park Quotes", "mcqIds": [ "fun-mcq-grandcanyon-quote", "ot-quotes-stegner", "ot-quotes-muir-hitched", "ot-quotes-fdr-people", "ot-quotes-two-roosevelts" ] } ] }, { "id": "l9-western", "title": "Lesson 9: Western Mountains & Northern Plains", "order": 9, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/west-p1-profiles-a.md", "parts": [ { "id": "west-p1-profiles-a", "title": "Park Profiles: The High Rockies", "order": 1, "blurb": "Five Western giants β€” geysers, granite, and the highest paved road in America.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/west-p1-profiles-a.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "yellowstone", "itemIds": [ "west-fact-yellowstone", "west-fact-grand-teton", "west-fact-glacier", "west-fact-rocky-mountain", "west-fact-great-sand-dunes", "west-p1-profiles-a-num-teton-elev", "west-p1-profiles-a-num-trail-ridge-crest", "west-p1-profiles-a-pair-crown-continent", "west-p1-profiles-a-mcq-tallest-dunes", "ot-hr-teton-jackson", "ot-hr-glacier-crown", "ot-hr-rocky-trailridge", "ot-hr-yellowstone-not" ] }, { "id": "west-p2-profiles-b", "title": "Park Profiles: Canyons, Cliffs & Plains", "order": 2, "blurb": "From a shadowed gorge and ancient cliff cities to a breathing cave and badland prairie.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/west-p2-profiles-b.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "black-canyon-of-the-gunnison", "itemIds": [ "west-fact-black-canyon", "west-fact-mesa-verde", "west-fact-wind-cave", "west-fact-badlands", "west-fact-theodore-roosevelt", "west-p2-profiles-b-num-painted-wall", "west-p2-profiles-b-num-wind-cave-miles", "west-p2-profiles-b-pair-cliff-palace", "mcq-rw-west-p2-profiles-b", "ot-ccp-blackcanyon-painted", "ot-ccp-mesaverde-cliffpalace", "ot-ccp-windcave-boxwork", "ot-ccp-badlands-fossils", "ot-cov-canyons-cliffs-plains-1", "ot-cov-canyons-cliffs-plains-2" ] }, { "id": "west-p3-concept", "title": "Which Western Park Is It?", "order": 3, "blurb": "Read the clues, name the Western mountain or plains park.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/west-p3-concept.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "which-western-park-is-it", "itemIds": [ "west-concept-yellowstone", "west-concept-grand-teton", "west-concept-glacier", "west-concept-rocky-mountain", "west-concept-great-sand-dunes", "west-concept-black-canyon", "west-concept-mesa-verde", "west-concept-wind-cave", "west-concept-badlands", "mcq-rw-west-p3-concept", "ot-idw-blackcanyon-sunlight", "ot-idw-windcave-breathes", "ot-idw-yellowstone-supervolcano", "ot-idw-mesaverde-dwellings" ] }, { "id": "west-p4-numbers", "title": "By the Numbers", "order": 4, "blurb": "Visits, summits, and states across the Western Mountains and Northern Plains parks.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/west-p4-numbers.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "crowds-on-the-mountain", "itemIds": [ "west-num-yellowstone-visits", "west-num-rocky-visits", "west-num-longs-peak", "west-num-grand-teton-peak", "west-num-glacier-cleveland", "west-num-trail-ridge-road", "west-pair-yellowstone-state", "west-pair-glacier-state", "west-pair-mesa-verde-state", "west-pair-theodore-roosevelt-state", "mcq-rw-west-p4-numbers", "ot-pk-longs-elev", "ot-pk-teton-elev", "ot-pk-cleveland-elev", "ot-pk-rocky-rank", "ot-st-yellowstone-three", "ot-st-glacier-montana", "ot-st-theodore-nd", "ot-st-not-colorado", "ot-st-windcave-badlands-sd" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-high-rockies-profiles", "statement": "Identify the High Rockies parks by their signature features.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-high-rockies" ] }, { "id": "obj-canyons-cliffs-plains", "statement": "Recognize the canyon, cliff, and plains parks of the West.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-canyons" ] }, { "id": "obj-identify-western-parks", "statement": "Identify a Western park from a single distinctive clue.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-west-concepts-a", "d-west-concepts-b" ] }, { "id": "obj-western-peaks-numbers", "statement": "Recall the high points and visitation of the Western parks.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-west-peaks", "d-west-visits" ] }, { "id": "obj-western-states", "statement": "Match the Western parks to their states.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-west-states" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-high-rockies", "itemIds": [ "west-p1-profiles-a-num-teton-elev", "west-p1-profiles-a-num-trail-ridge-crest", "west-p1-profiles-a-pair-crown-continent", "west-p1-profiles-a-mcq-tallest-dunes" ], "label": "High Rockies profiles", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-canyons", "itemIds": [ "west-p2-profiles-b-num-painted-wall", "west-p2-profiles-b-num-wind-cave-miles", "west-p2-profiles-b-pair-cliff-palace", "mcq-rw-west-p2-profiles-b", "ot-cov-canyons-cliffs-plains-1", "ot-cov-canyons-cliffs-plains-2" ], "label": "Canyons/cliffs/plains", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-west-concepts-a", "itemIds": [ "west-concept-yellowstone", "west-concept-grand-teton", "west-concept-glacier", "west-concept-rocky-mountain" ], "label": "Identify Western parks A", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-west-concepts-b", "itemIds": [ "west-concept-great-sand-dunes", "west-concept-wind-cave", "west-concept-badlands", "mcq-rw-west-p3-concept" ], "label": "Identify Western parks B", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-west-peaks", "itemIds": [ "west-num-longs-peak", "west-num-grand-teton-peak", "west-num-glacier-cleveland", "west-num-trail-ridge-road" ], "label": "Western high points", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-west-visits", "itemIds": [ "west-num-yellowstone-visits", "west-num-rocky-visits", "mcq-rw-west-p4-numbers" ], "label": "Western visitation" }, { "id": "d-west-states", "itemIds": [ "west-pair-yellowstone-state", "west-pair-glacier-state", "west-pair-mesa-verde-state", "west-pair-theodore-roosevelt-state" ], "label": "Western states", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-high-rockies-profiles", "objectiveId": "obj-high-rockies-profiles", "title": "High Rockies Signature Features", "mcqIds": [ "west-p1-profiles-a-mcq-tallest-dunes", "ot-hr-teton-jackson", "ot-hr-glacier-crown", "ot-hr-rocky-trailridge", "ot-hr-yellowstone-not" ] }, { "id": "test-canyons-cliffs-plains", "objectiveId": "obj-canyons-cliffs-plains", "title": "Canyons, Cliffs & Plains", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-west-p2-profiles-b", "ot-ccp-blackcanyon-painted", "ot-ccp-mesaverde-cliffpalace", "ot-ccp-windcave-boxwork", "ot-ccp-badlands-fossils", "ot-cov-canyons-cliffs-plains-1", "ot-cov-canyons-cliffs-plains-2" ] }, { "id": "test-identify-western-parks", "objectiveId": "obj-identify-western-parks", "title": "Which Western Park Is It?", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-west-p3-concept", "ot-idw-blackcanyon-sunlight", "ot-idw-windcave-breathes", "ot-idw-yellowstone-supervolcano", "ot-idw-mesaverde-dwellings" ] }, { "id": "test-western-peaks-numbers", "objectiveId": "obj-western-peaks-numbers", "title": "Peaks & Visitation", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-west-p4-numbers", "ot-pk-longs-elev", "ot-pk-teton-elev", "ot-pk-cleveland-elev", "ot-pk-rocky-rank" ] }, { "id": "test-western-states", "objectiveId": "obj-western-states", "title": "Match Parks to States", "mcqIds": [ "ot-st-yellowstone-three", "ot-st-glacier-montana", "ot-st-theodore-nd", "ot-st-not-colorado", "ot-st-windcave-badlands-sd" ] } ] }, { "id": "l10-southwest", "title": "Lesson 10: Southwest & Colorado Plateau", "order": 10, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/sw-profiles-canyon-country.md", "parts": [ { "id": "sw-profiles-canyon-country", "title": "Canyon Country", "order": 1, "blurb": "Five icons of the Colorado Plateau β€” from the Grand Canyon to the hoodoos and arches of southern Utah.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/sw-profiles-canyon-country.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "grand-canyon", "itemIds": [ "sw-fact-grand-canyon", "sw-fact-zion", "sw-fact-bryce-canyon", "sw-fact-arches", "sw-fact-canyonlands", "sw-profiles-canyon-country-num-grand-canyon-length", "sw-profiles-canyon-country-num-zion-visitors-2024", "sw-profiles-canyon-country-pair-park-hoodoos", "sw-profiles-canyon-country-mcq-desert-solitaire", "tf-t-national-parks-sw-profiles-canyon-country-pair-park-hoodoos", "ot-canyon-1", "ot-canyon-2", "ot-canyon-3" ] }, { "id": "sw-profiles-rock-and-desert", "title": "Rock, Wood & Cactus", "order": 2, "blurb": "From a fold in the Earth's crust to petrified rainbow logs, giant saguaros, twisted Joshua trees, and ancient bristlecones.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/sw-profiles-rock-and-desert.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "rock-wood-cactus", "itemIds": [ "sw-fact-capitol-reef", "sw-fact-petrified-forest", "sw-fact-saguaro", "sw-fact-joshua-tree", "sw-fact-great-basin", "sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-num-wheeler-peak", "sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-num-petrified-age", "sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-pair-capitol-fold", "sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-mcq-saguaro-desert", "tf-t-national-parks-sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-pair-capitol-fold", "ot-rwc-1", "ot-rwc-2", "ot-rwc-3", "ot-rwc-4" ] }, { "id": "sw-profiles-caves-and-extremes", "title": "Caves, Reefs & Extremes", "order": 3, "blurb": "Underground chambers, fossil reefs, river canyons, white dunes, and the lowest, hottest park of all.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/sw-profiles-caves-and-extremes.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "caves-reefs-extremes", "itemIds": [ "sw-fact-carlsbad-caverns", "sw-fact-guadalupe-mountains", "sw-fact-big-bend", "sw-fact-white-sands", "sw-fact-death-valley", "sw-profiles-caves-and-extremes-num-guadalupe-peak", "sw-profiles-caves-and-extremes-num-death-valley-heat", "sw-profiles-caves-and-extremes-pair-badwater-lowest", "sw-profiles-caves-and-extremes-mcq-gypsum-dunes", "ot-cave-1", "ot-cave-2", "ot-cave-3", "ot-cave-4" ] }, { "id": "sw-concept", "title": "Which Southwest Park Is It?", "order": 4, "blurb": "Read the clues broad to specific and name the desert or plateau park.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/sw-concept.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "grand-canyon", "itemIds": [ "sw-concept-grand-canyon", "sw-concept-zion", "sw-concept-bryce-canyon", "sw-concept-arches", "sw-concept-carlsbad-caverns", "sw-concept-death-valley", "sw-concept-saguaro", "sw-concept-white-sands", "mcq-rw-sw-concept", "ot-idp-1", "ot-idp-2", "ot-idp-3", "ot-idp-4", "ot-idp-5" ] }, { "id": "sw-numbers", "title": "By the Numbers", "order": 5, "blurb": "Elevations, extremes, visitor counts, and which park sits in which state.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/sw-numbers.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "by-the-numbers", "itemIds": [ "sw-num-death-valley-low", "sw-num-death-valley-heat", "sw-num-wheeler-peak", "sw-num-guadalupe-peak", "sw-num-zion-visits", "sw-num-grand-canyon-visits", "sw-pair-grand-canyon-state", "sw-pair-big-bend-state", "sw-pair-great-basin-state", "sw-pair-death-valley-highpoint", "mcq-rw-sw-numbers", "ot-num-1", "ot-num-2", "ot-num-3", "ot-num-4" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-canyon-country", "statement": "Identify the canyon-country headliners of the Colorado Plateau.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-canyon", "d-canyon-tf" ] }, { "id": "obj-rock-wood-cactus", "statement": "Explain the rock, wood, and cactus marvels of the Southwest.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-rock-desert", "d-saguaro" ] }, { "id": "obj-caves-and-extremes", "statement": "Recognize the Southwest's desert extremes of heat, elevation, and dunes.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-extremes-sw" ] }, { "id": "obj-identify-sw-parks", "statement": "Identify a Southwest park from a single distinctive clue.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-sw-concepts-a", "d-sw-concepts-b" ] }, { "id": "obj-sw-numbers-states", "statement": "Recall Southwest elevation and temperature extremes and match parks to states.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-sw-numbers", "d-sw-states" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-canyon", "itemIds": [ "sw-profiles-canyon-country-num-grand-canyon-length", "sw-profiles-canyon-country-num-zion-visitors-2024", "sw-profiles-canyon-country-pair-park-hoodoos", "sw-profiles-canyon-country-mcq-desert-solitaire" ], "label": "Canyon country", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-canyon-tf", "itemIds": [ "tf-t-national-parks-sw-profiles-canyon-country-pair-park-hoodoos", "mcq-rw-sw-concept" ], "label": "Bryce reinforcement" }, { "id": "d-rock-desert", "itemIds": [ "sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-num-wheeler-peak", "sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-num-petrified-age", "sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-pair-capitol-fold", "tf-t-national-parks-sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-pair-capitol-fold" ], "label": "Rock, wood & fold", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-saguaro", "itemIds": [ "sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-mcq-saguaro-desert", "sw-concept-saguaro" ], "label": "Saguaro & Sonoran" }, { "id": "d-extremes-sw", "itemIds": [ "sw-profiles-caves-and-extremes-num-guadalupe-peak", "sw-profiles-caves-and-extremes-num-death-valley-heat", "sw-profiles-caves-and-extremes-pair-badwater-lowest", "sw-profiles-caves-and-extremes-mcq-gypsum-dunes" ], "label": "Caves & extremes", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-sw-concepts-a", "itemIds": [ "sw-concept-grand-canyon", "sw-concept-zion", "sw-concept-bryce-canyon", "sw-concept-arches" ], "label": "Identify SW parks A", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-sw-concepts-b", "itemIds": [ "sw-concept-carlsbad-caverns", "sw-concept-death-valley", "sw-concept-white-sands" ], "label": "Identify SW parks B" }, { "id": "d-sw-numbers", "itemIds": [ "sw-num-death-valley-low", "sw-num-death-valley-heat", "sw-num-wheeler-peak", "mcq-rw-sw-numbers" ], "label": "SW numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-sw-states", "itemIds": [ "sw-pair-grand-canyon-state", "sw-pair-big-bend-state", "sw-pair-great-basin-state", "sw-pair-death-valley-highpoint" ], "label": "SW states", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-canyon-country", "objectiveId": "obj-canyon-country", "title": "Canyon-Country Headliners", "mcqIds": [ "sw-profiles-canyon-country-mcq-desert-solitaire", "mcq-rw-sw-concept", "ot-canyon-1", "ot-canyon-2", "ot-canyon-3" ] }, { "id": "test-rock-wood-cactus", "objectiveId": "obj-rock-wood-cactus", "title": "Rock, Wood & Cactus", "mcqIds": [ "sw-profiles-rock-and-desert-mcq-saguaro-desert", "ot-rwc-1", "ot-rwc-2", "ot-rwc-3", "ot-rwc-4" ] }, { "id": "test-caves-extremes", "objectiveId": "obj-caves-and-extremes", "title": "Caves, Reefs & Extremes", "mcqIds": [ "sw-profiles-caves-and-extremes-mcq-gypsum-dunes", "ot-cave-1", "ot-cave-2", "ot-cave-3", "ot-cave-4" ] }, { "id": "test-identify-sw-parks", "objectiveId": "obj-identify-sw-parks", "title": "Name That SW Park", "mcqIds": [ "ot-idp-1", "ot-idp-2", "ot-idp-3", "ot-idp-4", "ot-idp-5" ] }, { "id": "test-sw-numbers-states", "objectiveId": "obj-sw-numbers-states", "title": "Numbers & States", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-sw-numbers", "ot-num-1", "ot-num-2", "ot-num-3", "ot-num-4" ] } ] }, { "id": "l11-pacific", "title": "Lesson 11: California, Pacific Northwest & Hawaii", "order": 11, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/pac-profiles-1.md", "parts": [ { "id": "pac-profiles-1", "title": "California Giants", "order": 1, "blurb": "Five California marvels β€” Yosemite's granite, the planet's biggest tree, the deepest canyon, a recent eruption, and the tallest trees on Earth.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/pac-profiles-1.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "yosemite", "itemIds": [ "pac-fact-yosemite", "pac-fact-sequoia", "pac-fact-kings-canyon", "pac-fact-lassen", "pac-fact-redwood", "pac-profiles-1-num-yosemite-falls", "pac-profiles-1-num-whitney-elev", "pac-profiles-1-pair-sherman-tree", "mcq-rw-pac-profiles-1", "tf-f-national-parks-pac-profiles-1-pair-sherman-tree", "ot-cal-giants-sherman", "ot-cal-giants-falls", "ot-cal-giants-not", "ot-cal-giants-redwood" ] }, { "id": "pac-profiles-2", "title": "Coast, Spires & the Northwest", "order": 2, "blurb": "From a sliced-up volcano and an island GalΓ‘pagos to Olympic's three worlds, a glacier-clad giant, and the American Alps.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/pac-profiles-2.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "coast-spires-the-northwest", "itemIds": [ "pac-fact-pinnacles", "pac-fact-channel-islands", "pac-fact-olympic", "pac-fact-mount-rainier", "pac-fact-north-cascades", "pac-profiles-2-num-rainier-elev", "pac-profiles-2-num-north-cascades-glaciers", "pac-profiles-2-pair-channel-islands-nickname", "pac-profiles-2-mcq-condor-park", "ot-coast-nw-galapagos", "ot-coast-nw-rainier", "ot-coast-nw-cascades", "ot-coast-nw-olympic" ] }, { "id": "pac-profiles-3", "title": "Volcanoes & the Pacific Edge", "order": 3, "blurb": "A collapsed-volcano lake, two living Hawaiian volcanoes, the House of the Sun, and the only U.S. park south of the equator.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/pac-profiles-3.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "volcanoes-the-pacific-edge", "itemIds": [ "pac-fact-crater-lake", "pac-fact-hawaii-volcanoes", "pac-fact-haleakala", "pac-fact-american-samoa", "pac-profiles-3-num-crater-lake-depth", "pac-profiles-3-num-mauna-loa-elev", "pac-profiles-3-pair-haleakala-meaning", "pac-profiles-3-mcq-samoa-equator", "ot-vol-crater-depth", "ot-vol-crater-form", "ot-vol-haleakala", "ot-vol-shield", "fi-ot-vol-haleakala" ] }, { "id": "pac-concept", "title": "Which Pacific Park Is It?", "order": 4, "blurb": "Read the clues and name the California, Northwest, or Hawaiian park.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/pac-concept.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "which-pacific-park-is-it", "itemIds": [ "pac-concept-yosemite", "pac-concept-crater-lake", "pac-concept-redwood", "pac-concept-olympic", "pac-concept-pinnacles", "pac-concept-channel-islands", "pac-concept-haleakala", "pac-concept-north-cascades", "mcq-rw-pac-concept", "ot-pac-id-craterlake", "ot-pac-id-olympic", "ot-pac-id-channel", "ot-pac-id-cascades" ] }, { "id": "pac-numbers", "title": "By the Numbers", "order": 5, "blurb": "Heights, depths, visits, and which park sits in which state β€” the measurable Pacific.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/pac-numbers.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "by-the-numbers", "itemIds": [ "pac-num-yosemite-falls", "pac-num-whitney", "geo-num-craterlake-depth", "pac-num-rainier", "pac-num-mauna-loa", "pac-num-yosemite-visits", "pac-pair-yosemite-state", "pac-pair-rainier-state", "pac-pair-crater-lake-state", "pac-pair-sequoia-highpoint", "pac-pair-olympic-highpoint", "pac-pair-haleakala-state", "mcq-rw-pac-numbers", "tf-f-national-parks-pac-pair-sequoia-highpoint", "tf-f-national-parks-pac-pair-olympic-highpoint", "ot-pac-num-rainier", "ot-pac-num-yos-visits", "ot-pac-state-ca", "ot-pac-highpoint-olympic" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-california-giants", "statement": "Identify California's giant parks and why its sequoias need fire.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-cal-giants", "d-cal-tf" ] }, { "id": "obj-coast-northwest", "statement": "Recognize the coast and Pacific Northwest parks.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-coast-nw" ] }, { "id": "obj-volcanoes-pacific-edge", "statement": "Explain the volcanic and Pacific-edge parks, from Crater Lake to American Samoa.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-volcanoes" ] }, { "id": "obj-identify-pacific-parks", "statement": "Identify a Pacific park from a single distinctive clue.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-pac-concepts-a", "d-pac-concepts-b" ] }, { "id": "obj-pacific-numbers-states", "statement": "Recall Pacific park peaks and records and match parks to states.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-pac-numbers", "d-pac-states" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-cal-giants", "itemIds": [ "pac-profiles-1-num-yosemite-falls", "pac-profiles-1-num-whitney-elev", "pac-profiles-1-pair-sherman-tree", "mcq-rw-pac-profiles-1" ], "label": "California giants", "requiredCorrect": 4 }, { "id": "d-cal-tf", "itemIds": [ "tf-f-national-parks-pac-profiles-1-pair-sherman-tree", "pac-concept-yosemite", "pac-concept-redwood" ], "label": "California reinforcement" }, { "id": "d-coast-nw", "itemIds": [ "pac-profiles-2-num-rainier-elev", "pac-profiles-2-num-north-cascades-glaciers", "pac-profiles-2-pair-channel-islands-nickname", "pac-profiles-2-mcq-condor-park" ], "label": "Coast & Northwest", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-volcanoes", "itemIds": [ "pac-profiles-3-num-crater-lake-depth", "pac-profiles-3-num-mauna-loa-elev", "pac-profiles-3-pair-haleakala-meaning", "pac-profiles-3-mcq-samoa-equator" ], "label": "Volcanoes & Pacific edge", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-pac-concepts-a", "itemIds": [ "pac-concept-crater-lake", "pac-concept-olympic", "pac-concept-pinnacles", "mcq-rw-pac-concept" ], "label": "Identify Pacific parks A", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-pac-concepts-b", "itemIds": [ "pac-concept-channel-islands", "pac-concept-haleakala", "pac-concept-north-cascades" ], "label": "Identify Pacific parks B" }, { "id": "d-pac-numbers", "itemIds": [ "pac-num-rainier", "pac-num-mauna-loa", "pac-num-yosemite-visits", "mcq-rw-pac-numbers" ], "label": "Pacific numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-pac-states", "itemIds": [ "pac-pair-yosemite-state", "pac-pair-rainier-state", "pac-pair-sequoia-highpoint", "pac-pair-olympic-highpoint" ], "label": "Pacific states & high points", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-california-giants", "objectiveId": "obj-california-giants", "title": "California Giants", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-pac-profiles-1", "ot-cal-giants-sherman", "ot-cal-giants-falls", "ot-cal-giants-not", "ot-cal-giants-redwood" ] }, { "id": "test-coast-northwest", "objectiveId": "obj-coast-northwest", "title": "Coast & Pacific Northwest Parks", "mcqIds": [ "pac-profiles-2-mcq-condor-park", "ot-coast-nw-galapagos", "ot-coast-nw-rainier", "ot-coast-nw-cascades", "ot-coast-nw-olympic" ] }, { "id": "test-volcanoes-pacific-edge", "objectiveId": "obj-volcanoes-pacific-edge", "title": "Volcanoes & the Pacific Edge", "mcqIds": [ "pac-profiles-3-mcq-samoa-equator", "ot-vol-crater-depth", "ot-vol-crater-form", "ot-vol-haleakala", "ot-vol-shield" ] }, { "id": "test-identify-pacific-parks", "objectiveId": "obj-identify-pacific-parks", "title": "Which Pacific Park?", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-pac-concept", "ot-pac-id-craterlake", "ot-pac-id-olympic", "ot-pac-id-channel", "ot-pac-id-cascades" ] }, { "id": "test-pacific-numbers-states", "objectiveId": "obj-pacific-numbers-states", "title": "Pacific Peaks, Records & States", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-pac-numbers", "ot-pac-num-rainier", "ot-pac-num-yos-visits", "ot-pac-state-ca", "ot-pac-highpoint-olympic" ] } ] }, { "id": "l12-alaska", "title": "Lesson 12: The Alaskan Giants", "order": 12, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/l12-ak-profiles-1.md", "parts": [ { "id": "l12-ak-profiles-1", "title": "Alaskan Giants: Denali to Katmai", "order": 1, "blurb": "North America's highest peak, the wildest roadless wilderness, retreating ice, and salmon-snatching bears.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/l12-ak-profiles-1.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "denali", "itemIds": [ "ak-fact-denali", "ak-fact-gates-of-the-arctic", "ak-fact-glacier-bay", "ak-fact-katmai", "l12-ak-profiles-1-num-denali-elev", "l12-ak-profiles-1-num-gates-acres", "l12-ak-profiles-1-pair-katmai-fatbear", "mcq-rw-l12-ak-profiles-1", "tf-f-national-parks-l12-ak-profiles-1-pair-katmai-fatbear", "ot-ak-set1-denali-elev", "ot-ak-set1-bigfive-not", "ot-ak-set1-novarupta", "ot-ak-set1-gb-retreat", "fi-ot-ak-set1-bigfive-not" ] }, { "id": "l12-ak-profiles-2", "title": "Alaskan Giants: Kenai Fjords to Wrangell–St. Elias", "order": 2, "blurb": "Icefields, Arctic dunes, a one-park sampler of Alaska, and the largest national park of all.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/l12-ak-profiles-2.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "alaskan-giants-kenai-fjords-to-wrangell-st-elias", "itemIds": [ "ak-fact-kenai-fjords", "ak-fact-kobuk-valley", "ak-fact-lake-clark", "ak-fact-wrangell-st-elias", "l12-ak-profiles-2-num-wrangell-acres", "l12-ak-profiles-2-num-st-elias-elev", "l12-ak-profiles-2-pair-proenneke-cabin", "l12-ak-profiles-2-mcq-arctic-dunes", "tf-t-national-parks-l12-ak-profiles-2-pair-proenneke-cabin", "ot-ak-set2-largest", "ot-ak-set2-st-elias", "ot-ak-set2-proenneke", "ot-ak-set2-harding", "fi-ot-ak-set2-proenneke" ] }, { "id": "l12-ak-which-park", "title": "Which Alaskan Park Is It?", "order": 3, "blurb": "Eight roadless giants. Read the clues broad to specific and name the park.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/l12-ak-which-park.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "which-alaskan-park-is-it", "itemIds": [ "ak-concept-denali", "ak-concept-gates-of-the-arctic", "ak-concept-glacier-bay", "ak-concept-katmai", "ak-concept-kenai-fjords", "ak-concept-kobuk-valley", "ak-concept-lake-clark", "ak-concept-wrangell-st-elias", "mcq-rw-l12-ak-which-park", "ot-ak-id-denali-kennel", "ot-ak-id-glacier-bay", "ot-ak-id-katmai", "ot-ak-id-wrangell-not" ] }, { "id": "l12-ak-numbers", "title": "Alaska by the Numbers", "order": 4, "blurb": "The biggest and least-visited parks in the system β€” superlatives in acres, feet, and visitors.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/l12-ak-numbers.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "alaska-by-the-numbers", "itemIds": [ "ak-num-wrangell-acres", "ak-num-gates-acres", "ak-num-denali-summit", "ak-num-st-elias", "ak-num-gates-visits", "ak-num-fairweather", "ak-pair-denali-meaning", "ak-pair-kennecott", "ak-pair-novarupta", "ak-pair-harding-icefield", "mcq-rw-l12-ak-numbers", "tf-t-national-parks-ak-pair-denali-meaning", "ot-ak-num-gates-visits", "ot-ak-num-denali-rise", "ot-ak-num-denali-meaning", "ot-ak-num-kobuk-temp" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-denali-to-katmai", "statement": "Identify the first set of Alaskan giants, from Denali to Katmai and Glacier Bay.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-ak-set1", "d-ak-set1-tf" ] }, { "id": "obj-kenai-to-wrangell", "statement": "Identify the second set of Alaskan giants, from Kenai Fjords to Wrangell-St. Elias.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-ak-set2", "d-ak-set2-tf" ] }, { "id": "obj-identify-alaska-parks", "statement": "Identify an Alaskan park from a single distinctive clue.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-ak-concepts-a", "d-ak-concepts-b" ] }, { "id": "obj-alaska-numbers", "statement": "Recall Alaska's superlative numbers and signature features.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-ak-numbers", "d-ak-features" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-ak-set1", "itemIds": [ "l12-ak-profiles-1-num-denali-elev", "l12-ak-profiles-1-num-gates-acres", "l12-ak-profiles-1-pair-katmai-fatbear", "mcq-rw-l12-ak-profiles-1" ], "label": "Denali to Katmai", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-ak-set1-tf", "itemIds": [ "tf-f-national-parks-l12-ak-profiles-1-pair-katmai-fatbear", "ak-pair-novarupta" ], "label": "Katmai reinforcement" }, { "id": "d-ak-set2", "itemIds": [ "l12-ak-profiles-2-num-wrangell-acres", "l12-ak-profiles-2-num-st-elias-elev", "l12-ak-profiles-2-pair-proenneke-cabin", "l12-ak-profiles-2-mcq-arctic-dunes" ], "label": "Kenai to Wrangell", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-ak-set2-tf", "itemIds": [ "tf-t-national-parks-l12-ak-profiles-2-pair-proenneke-cabin", "ak-pair-kennecott" ], "label": "Lake Clark reinforcement" }, { "id": "d-ak-concepts-a", "itemIds": [ "ak-concept-denali", "ak-concept-gates-of-the-arctic", "ak-concept-glacier-bay", "ak-concept-katmai" ], "label": "Identify Alaskan parks A", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-ak-concepts-b", "itemIds": [ "ak-concept-kenai-fjords", "ak-concept-kobuk-valley", "ak-concept-lake-clark", "mcq-rw-l12-ak-which-park" ], "label": "Identify Alaskan parks B", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-ak-numbers", "itemIds": [ "ak-num-wrangell-acres", "ak-num-denali-summit", "ak-num-gates-visits", "mcq-rw-l12-ak-numbers" ], "label": "Alaska numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-ak-features", "itemIds": [ "ak-pair-denali-meaning", "ak-pair-harding-icefield", "tf-t-national-parks-ak-pair-denali-meaning", "ak-concept-wrangell-st-elias" ], "label": "Alaska features", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-denali-to-katmai", "objectiveId": "obj-denali-to-katmai", "title": "Denali to Katmai", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-l12-ak-profiles-1", "ot-ak-set1-denali-elev", "ot-ak-set1-bigfive-not", "ot-ak-set1-novarupta", "ot-ak-set1-gb-retreat" ] }, { "id": "test-kenai-to-wrangell", "objectiveId": "obj-kenai-to-wrangell", "title": "Kenai Fjords to Wrangell", "mcqIds": [ "l12-ak-profiles-2-mcq-arctic-dunes", "ot-ak-set2-largest", "ot-ak-set2-st-elias", "ot-ak-set2-proenneke", "ot-ak-set2-harding" ] }, { "id": "test-identify-alaska-parks", "objectiveId": "obj-identify-alaska-parks", "title": "Which Alaskan Park?", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-l12-ak-which-park", "ot-ak-id-denali-kennel", "ot-ak-id-glacier-bay", "ot-ak-id-katmai", "ot-ak-id-wrangell-not" ] }, { "id": "test-alaska-numbers", "objectiveId": "obj-alaska-numbers", "title": "Alaska by the Numbers", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-l12-ak-numbers", "ot-ak-num-gates-visits", "ot-ak-num-denali-rise", "ot-ak-num-denali-meaning", "ot-ak-num-kobuk-temp" ] } ] }, { "id": "l13-east", "title": "Lesson 13: East, Midwest & Territories", "order": 13, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/east-profile-1.md", "parts": [ { "id": "east-profile-1", "title": "Appalachian Heart: Mountains, Gorge & Cave", "order": 1, "blurb": "Five eastern icons β€” the biodiverse Smokies, coastal Acadia, the Blue Ridge's Shenandoah, the New River Gorge, and the world's longest cave.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/east-profile-1.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "great-smoky-mountains", "itemIds": [ "east-fact-great-smoky-mountains", "east-fact-acadia", "east-fact-shenandoah", "east-fact-new-river-gorge", "east-fact-mammoth-cave", "east-profile-1-num-cadillac-elev", "east-profile-1-num-mammoth-miles", "east-profile-1-pair-shenandoah-skyline", "mcq-rw-east-profile-1", "ot-appalachian-cave", "ot-appalachian-skyline", "ot-appalachian-newest", "ot-appalachian-not-group" ] }, { "id": "east-profile-2", "title": "Great Lakes & Heartland", "order": 2, "blurb": "From a river that caught fire to Lake Michigan dunes, a wolf-and-moose island, the watery Voyageurs, and the smallest park of all.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/east-profile-2.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "great-lakes-heartland", "itemIds": [ "east-fact-cuyahoga-valley", "east-fact-indiana-dunes", "east-fact-isle-royale", "east-fact-voyageurs", "east-fact-gateway-arch", "east-profile-2-num-gateway-arch-height", "east-profile-2-num-isle-royale-wolf-moose-year", "east-profile-2-pair-cuyahoga-meaning", "east-profile-2-mcq-smallest-park", "tf-t-national-parks-east-profile-2-pair-cuyahoga-meaning", "ot-greatlakes-cuyahoga-fire", "ot-greatlakes-isle-royale", "ot-greatlakes-voyageurs", "ot-greatlakes-not-midwest" ] }, { "id": "east-profile-3", "title": "Southern Waters & Tropics", "order": 3, "blurb": "The oldest protected springs, an old-growth floodplain, the River of Grass, underwater Biscayne, remote Fort Jefferson, and Caribbean St. John.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/east-profile-3.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "southern-waters-tropics", "itemIds": [ "east-fact-hot-springs", "east-fact-congaree", "east-fact-everglades", "east-fact-biscayne", "east-fact-dry-tortugas", "east-fact-virgin-islands", "east-profile-3-num-hot-springs-count", "east-profile-3-num-dry-tortugas-bricks", "east-profile-3-pair-everglades-firsts", "east-profile-3-mcq-biscayne-underwater", "tf-t-national-parks-east-profile-3-pair-everglades-firsts", "ot-tropics-everglades-first", "ot-tropics-hot-springs", "ot-tropics-dry-tortugas", "ot-tropics-congaree" ] }, { "id": "east-concept", "title": "Which Eastern Park Is It?", "order": 4, "blurb": "Read the broad-to-specific clues and name the eastern, midwestern, or territorial park.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/east-concept.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "which-eastern-park-is-it", "itemIds": [ "east-concept-everglades", "east-concept-great-smoky-mountains", "east-concept-mammoth-cave", "east-concept-acadia", "east-concept-gateway-arch", "east-concept-dry-tortugas", "east-concept-isle-royale", "mcq-rw-east-concept", "ot-eastclue-smokies", "ot-eastclue-mammoth", "ot-eastclue-newriver", "ot-eastclue-gateway" ] }, { "id": "east-numbers", "title": "By the Numbers", "order": 5, "blurb": "Elevations, visitor counts, records, and park-to-state matches across the East, Midwest, and territories.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/east-numbers.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "by-the-numbers", "itemIds": [ "east-num-smokies-visits", "east-num-clingmans-dome", "east-num-cadillac-mountain", "east-num-mammoth-cave-miles", "east-num-gateway-arch-height", "east-num-hot-springs-established", "east-num-everglades-acres", "east-pair-smokies-state", "east-pair-shenandoah-highpoint", "east-pair-isle-royale-highpoint", "east-pair-virgin-islands-state", "mcq-rw-east-numbers", "tf-f-national-parks-east-pair-smokies-state", "tf-t-national-parks-east-pair-shenandoah-highpoint", "tf-f-national-parks-east-pair-isle-royale-highpoint", "ot-numstate-smokies-state", "ot-numstate-shenandoah-hp", "ot-numstate-isle-royale-hp", "ot-numstate-smokies-visits" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-appalachian-heart", "statement": "Identify the Appalachian parks by their mountains and cave.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-appalachian" ] }, { "id": "obj-great-lakes-heartland", "statement": "Recognize the Midwest parks, from Gateway Arch to Isle Royale.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-great-lakes", "d-great-lakes-tf" ] }, { "id": "obj-southern-tropics", "statement": "Identify the southern and tropical parks, including Everglades' ecosystem first.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-tropics", "d-tropics-tf" ] }, { "id": "obj-identify-eastern-parks", "statement": "Identify an Eastern park from a single distinctive clue.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-east-concepts" ] }, { "id": "obj-eastern-numbers-states", "statement": "Recall Eastern park numbers and match parks to their states and high points.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-east-numbers", "d-east-states" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-appalachian", "itemIds": [ "east-profile-1-num-cadillac-elev", "east-profile-1-num-mammoth-miles", "east-profile-1-pair-shenandoah-skyline", "mcq-rw-east-profile-1" ], "label": "Appalachian heart", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-great-lakes", "itemIds": [ "east-profile-2-num-gateway-arch-height", "east-profile-2-num-isle-royale-wolf-moose-year", "east-profile-2-pair-cuyahoga-meaning", "east-profile-2-mcq-smallest-park" ], "label": "Great Lakes & heartland", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-great-lakes-tf", "itemIds": [ "tf-t-national-parks-east-profile-2-pair-cuyahoga-meaning", "east-concept-gateway-arch", "east-concept-isle-royale" ], "label": "Midwest reinforcement" }, { "id": "d-tropics", "itemIds": [ "east-profile-3-num-hot-springs-count", "east-profile-3-num-dry-tortugas-bricks", "east-profile-3-pair-everglades-firsts", "east-profile-3-mcq-biscayne-underwater" ], "label": "Southern waters & tropics", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-tropics-tf", "itemIds": [ "tf-t-national-parks-east-profile-3-pair-everglades-firsts", "east-concept-everglades", "east-concept-dry-tortugas" ], "label": "Tropics reinforcement" }, { "id": "d-east-concepts", "itemIds": [ "east-concept-great-smoky-mountains", "east-concept-mammoth-cave", "east-concept-acadia", "mcq-rw-east-concept" ], "label": "Identify Eastern parks", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-east-numbers", "itemIds": [ "east-num-smokies-visits", "east-num-clingmans-dome", "east-num-everglades-acres", "mcq-rw-east-numbers" ], "label": "Eastern numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-east-states", "itemIds": [ "east-pair-smokies-state", "east-pair-shenandoah-highpoint", "east-pair-isle-royale-highpoint", "east-pair-virgin-islands-state" ], "label": "Eastern states & high points", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-appalachian-heart", "objectiveId": "obj-appalachian-heart", "title": "Appalachian Heart", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-east-profile-1", "ot-appalachian-cave", "ot-appalachian-skyline", "ot-appalachian-newest", "ot-appalachian-not-group" ] }, { "id": "test-great-lakes-heartland", "objectiveId": "obj-great-lakes-heartland", "title": "Great Lakes & Heartland", "mcqIds": [ "east-profile-2-mcq-smallest-park", "ot-greatlakes-cuyahoga-fire", "ot-greatlakes-isle-royale", "ot-greatlakes-voyageurs", "ot-greatlakes-not-midwest" ] }, { "id": "test-southern-tropics", "objectiveId": "obj-southern-tropics", "title": "Southern Waters & Tropics", "mcqIds": [ "east-profile-3-mcq-biscayne-underwater", "ot-tropics-everglades-first", "ot-tropics-hot-springs", "ot-tropics-dry-tortugas", "ot-tropics-congaree" ] }, { "id": "test-identify-eastern-parks", "objectiveId": "obj-identify-eastern-parks", "title": "Which Eastern Park Is It?", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-east-concept", "ot-eastclue-smokies", "ot-eastclue-mammoth", "ot-eastclue-newriver", "ot-eastclue-gateway" ] }, { "id": "test-eastern-numbers-states", "objectiveId": "obj-eastern-numbers-states", "title": "Numbers, States & High Points", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-east-numbers", "ot-numstate-smokies-state", "ot-numstate-shenandoah-hp", "ot-numstate-isle-royale-hp", "ot-numstate-smokies-visits" ] } ] }, { "id": "l14-yellowstone", "title": "Spotlight: Yellowstone", "order": 14, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/yell-p1-geology.md", "parts": [ { "id": "yell-p1-geology", "title": "Geysers Springs and the Supervolcano", "order": 1, "blurb": "Old Faithful, Grand Prismatic, Steamboat, and the supervolcano that powers ~10,000 hydrothermal features beneath the world's first national park.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/yell-p1-geology.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "yellowstone", "itemIds": [ "yell-fact-overview", "yell-fact-supervolcano", "yell-fact-oldfaithful", "yell-num-established", "yell-num-caldera-age", "yell-num-lowerfalls", "yell-num-eaglepeak", "yell-pair-grandprismatic", "yell-pair-steamboat", "yell-pair-canyon", "yell-pair-hydrothermal", "yell-pair-hotspot", "mcq-rw-yell-p1-geology", "tf-f-national-parks-yell-pair-grandprismatic", "tf-f-national-parks-yell-pair-canyon", "tf-t-national-parks-yell-pair-hotspot", "concept-rw-national-parks-grand-prismatic-spring", "concept-rw-national-parks-steamboat-geyser", "concept-rw-national-parks-lower-falls", "concept-rw-national-parks-grand-canyon-of-the-yellowstone", "ot-yell-geo-age", "ot-yell-geo-hotspot", "ot-yell-geo-geysers", "ot-yell-geo-not", "ot-yell-thermal-prismatic", "ot-yell-thermal-steamboat", "ot-yell-thermal-oldfaithful", "ot-yell-thermal-lowerfalls", "ot-yell-thermal-canyon", "fi-ot-yell-geo-geysers", "fi-ot-yell-thermal-prismatic" ] }, { "id": "yell-p2-wildlife", "title": "America's Serengeti", "order": 2, "blurb": "Bison herds, ~1,000 grizzlies, the 1995 wolf reintroduction and its trophic cascade, the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, and the 27 associated tribes.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/yell-p2-wildlife.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "america-s-serengeti", "itemIds": [ "yell-fact-wildlife-overview", "yell-fact-wolves", "yell-num-bison-low", "yell-num-grizzlies", "yell-num-wolves-year", "yell-num-tribes", "yell-pair-gye", "yell-pair-lamar", "yell-pair-tribes", "mcq-rw-yell-p2-wildlife", "tf-t-national-parks-yell-pair-gye", "tf-t-national-parks-yell-pair-tribes", "ot-yell-wild-bison", "ot-yell-wild-wolfyear", "ot-yell-wild-valleys", "ot-yell-wild-tukudika", "fi-ot-yell-wild-bison", "fi-ot-yell-wild-tukudika", "fi-ot-yell-wild-wolfyear" ] }, { "id": "yell-p3-visit", "title": "Visiting Yellowstone", "order": 3, "blurb": "Mammoth Hot Springs, Artist Point, signature hikes, the best season, record visitation, and the hot-spring microbe that gave us modern DNA testing.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/yell-p3-visit.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "mammoth-hot-springs", "itemIds": [ "yell-fact-mammoth", "yell-fact-taq", "yell-num-visits", "yell-num-washburn", "yell-mcq-rank", "yell-pair-artistpoint", "yell-pair-fairyfalls", "yell-pair-season", "tf-t-national-parks-yell-pair-artistpoint", "tf-t-national-parks-yell-pair-fairyfalls", "concept-rw-national-parks-mammoth-hot-springs", "ot-yell-visit-mammoth", "ot-yell-visit-season", "ot-yell-visit-bison", "ot-yell-visit-artistpoint", "fi-yell-mcq-rank", "fi-ot-yell-visit-season", "fi-ot-yell-visit-artistpoint" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-yellowstone-geology", "statement": "Explain Yellowstone's supervolcano, hotspot, and geothermal system.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-yell-geo-nums", "d-yell-geo-features" ] }, { "id": "obj-yellowstone-thermal-features", "statement": "Identify Yellowstone's signature thermal and canyon features.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-thermal-pairs", "d-thermal-concepts" ] }, { "id": "obj-americas-serengeti", "statement": "Explain Yellowstone's wildlife and the wolves' trophic cascade.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-wildlife-nums", "d-wildlife-features" ] }, { "id": "obj-visiting-yellowstone", "statement": "Plan a Yellowstone visit around its scale, overlooks, and seasons.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-visit-yell", "d-visit-yell-pairs" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-yell-geo-nums", "itemIds": [ "yell-num-established", "yell-num-caldera-age", "yell-num-lowerfalls", "yell-num-eaglepeak" ], "label": "Yellowstone geology numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-yell-geo-features", "itemIds": [ "yell-pair-hotspot", "yell-pair-hydrothermal", "mcq-rw-yell-p1-geology", "tf-t-national-parks-yell-pair-hotspot" ], "label": "Hotspot & caldera", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-thermal-pairs", "itemIds": [ "yell-pair-grandprismatic", "yell-pair-steamboat", "yell-pair-canyon" ], "label": "Thermal & canyon features" }, { "id": "d-thermal-concepts", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-grand-prismatic-spring", "concept-rw-national-parks-steamboat-geyser", "concept-rw-national-parks-lower-falls", "concept-rw-national-parks-grand-canyon-of-the-yellowstone" ], "label": "Identify thermal features", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-wildlife-nums", "itemIds": [ "yell-num-bison-low", "yell-num-grizzlies", "yell-num-wolves-year", "yell-num-tribes" ], "label": "Wildlife numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-wildlife-features", "itemIds": [ "yell-pair-gye", "yell-pair-lamar", "yell-pair-tribes", "mcq-rw-yell-p2-wildlife" ], "label": "Serengeti & wolves", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-yell", "itemIds": [ "yell-num-visits", "yell-num-washburn", "yell-mcq-rank", "concept-rw-national-parks-mammoth-hot-springs" ], "label": "Visiting numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-yell-pairs", "itemIds": [ "yell-pair-artistpoint", "yell-pair-fairyfalls", "yell-pair-season" ], "label": "Visiting features" } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-yellowstone-geology", "objectiveId": "obj-yellowstone-geology", "title": "Supervolcano & Geothermal System", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-yell-p1-geology", "ot-yell-geo-age", "ot-yell-geo-hotspot", "ot-yell-geo-geysers", "ot-yell-geo-not" ] }, { "id": "test-yellowstone-thermal", "objectiveId": "obj-yellowstone-thermal-features", "title": "Thermal & Canyon Features", "mcqIds": [ "ot-yell-thermal-prismatic", "ot-yell-thermal-steamboat", "ot-yell-thermal-oldfaithful", "ot-yell-thermal-lowerfalls", "ot-yell-thermal-canyon" ] }, { "id": "test-americas-serengeti", "objectiveId": "obj-americas-serengeti", "title": "Wildlife & the Wolves", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-yell-p2-wildlife", "ot-yell-wild-bison", "ot-yell-wild-wolfyear", "ot-yell-wild-valleys", "ot-yell-wild-tukudika" ] }, { "id": "test-visiting-yellowstone", "objectiveId": "obj-visiting-yellowstone", "title": "Visiting Yellowstone", "mcqIds": [ "yell-mcq-rank", "ot-yell-visit-mammoth", "ot-yell-visit-season", "ot-yell-visit-bison", "ot-yell-visit-artistpoint" ] } ] }, { "id": "l15-grand-canyon", "title": "Spotlight: Grand Canyon", "order": 15, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/grca-p1-canyon.md", "parts": [ { "id": "grca-p1-canyon", "title": "A Mile Deep and Billions of Years Old", "order": 1, "blurb": "Depth, width, length, and the layered rock record β€” how the Colorado River carved a mile-deep window into nearly 2 billion years of Earth.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/grca-p1-canyon.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-grand-canyon", "itemIds": [ "grca-fact-overview", "grca-fact-river-carved", "grca-num-depth", "grca-num-length", "grca-num-width", "grca-num-vishnu", "grca-pair-vishnu", "grca-pair-great-unconformity", "grca-pair-rims", "mcq-rw-grca-p1-canyon", "tf-f-national-parks-grca-pair-vishnu", "tf-f-national-parks-grca-pair-great-unconformity", "ot-scale-depth-1", "ot-scale-vishnu-2", "ot-scale-unconformity-3", "ot-scale-not-4", "fi-ot-scale-depth-1", "fi-ot-scale-unconformity-3", "fi-ot-scale-not-4" ] }, { "id": "grca-p2-life-and-people", "title": "Rims, River & People", "order": 2, "blurb": "Life zones from rim to river, the tribes tied to the canyon, the return of the California condor, and the heat of the inner canyon.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/grca-p2-life-and-people.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "from-mexico-to-canada-in-one-canyon", "itemIds": [ "grca-fact-life-zones", "grca-fact-condor", "grca-num-tribes", "grca-num-condor-wingspan", "grca-num-inner-heat", "grca-pair-havasupai", "grca-pair-kaibab-squirrel", "grca-def-supai", "mcq-rw-grca-p2-life-and-people", "czr-national-parks-grca-def-supai", "tf-t-national-parks-grca-pair-havasupai", "tf-t-national-parks-grca-pair-kaibab-squirrel", "tf-df-national-parks-grca-def-supai", "ot-life-tribes-1", "ot-life-condor-wing-2", "ot-life-kaibab-3", "ot-life-havasupai-4", "fi-ot-life-tribes-1", "fi-ot-life-kaibab-3", "fi-ot-life-havasupai-4" ] }, { "id": "grca-p3-visit", "title": "Visiting the Grand Canyon", "order": 3, "blurb": "South Rim icons, the rim-to-river trails and their hard safety rule, the famous mules, Phantom Ranch, and when to come.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/grca-p3-visit.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "visiting-the-grand-canyon", "itemIds": [ "grca-fact-visitation", "grca-fact-never-river-and-back", "grca-fact-mules", "grca-pair-mather-point", "grca-pair-bright-angel", "grca-pair-south-kaibab", "grca-pair-phantom-ranch", "grca-num-visits", "grca-num-south-rim", "grca-mcq-best-season", "tf-t-national-parks-grca-pair-mather-point", "tf-t-national-parks-grca-pair-bright-angel", "tf-t-national-parks-grca-pair-phantom-ranch", "concept-rw-national-parks-bright-angel-trail", "concept-rw-national-parks-south-kaibab-trail", "concept-rw-national-parks-phantom-ranch", "concept-rw-national-parks-desert-view-watchtower", "concept-rw-national-parks-mather-point", "ot-visit-count-1", "ot-visit-southrim-2", "ot-visit-safety-3", "ot-visit-trail-4", "ot-land-mather-1", "ot-land-watchtower-2", "ot-land-phantom-3", "ot-land-brightangel-4", "ot-land-kaibab-5", "fi-grca-mcq-best-season", "fi-ot-land-mather-1" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-canyon-scale-time", "statement": "Recall the Grand Canyon's scale and the deep-time record in its walls.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-scale-nums", "d-geology" ] }, { "id": "obj-life-and-people", "statement": "Explain the canyon's stacked life zones and the peoples who call it home.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-life-nums", "d-people" ] }, { "id": "obj-visiting-grand-canyon", "statement": "Plan a Grand Canyon visit around its overlooks, trails, and seasons.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-visit-pairs", "d-visit-nums" ] }, { "id": "obj-canyon-landmarks", "statement": "Identify the Grand Canyon's landmarks on sight.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-landmarks", "d-landmarks-tf" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-scale-nums", "itemIds": [ "grca-num-depth", "grca-num-length", "grca-num-width", "grca-num-vishnu" ], "label": "Canyon scale & age", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-geology", "itemIds": [ "grca-pair-vishnu", "grca-pair-great-unconformity", "mcq-rw-grca-p1-canyon", "grca-pair-rims" ], "label": "Deep time & rims", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-life-nums", "itemIds": [ "grca-num-tribes", "grca-num-condor-wingspan", "grca-num-inner-heat", "mcq-rw-grca-p2-life-and-people" ], "label": "Life zones & people numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-people", "itemIds": [ "grca-pair-havasupai", "grca-pair-kaibab-squirrel", "grca-def-supai", "czr-national-parks-grca-def-supai" ], "label": "Peoples & endemic life", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-pairs", "itemIds": [ "grca-pair-mather-point", "grca-pair-bright-angel", "grca-pair-south-kaibab", "grca-pair-phantom-ranch" ], "label": "Overlooks & trails", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-nums", "itemIds": [ "grca-num-visits", "grca-num-south-rim", "grca-mcq-best-season" ], "label": "Visitation & season" }, { "id": "d-landmarks", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-bright-angel-trail", "concept-rw-national-parks-south-kaibab-trail", "concept-rw-national-parks-phantom-ranch", "concept-rw-national-parks-desert-view-watchtower" ], "label": "Identify landmarks", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-landmarks-tf", "itemIds": [ "tf-t-national-parks-grca-pair-mather-point", "tf-t-national-parks-grca-pair-bright-angel", "tf-t-national-parks-grca-pair-phantom-ranch", "concept-rw-national-parks-mather-point" ], "label": "Landmarks reinforcement", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-canyon-scale-time", "objectiveId": "obj-canyon-scale-time", "title": "Scale & Deep Time", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-grca-p1-canyon", "ot-scale-depth-1", "ot-scale-vishnu-2", "ot-scale-unconformity-3", "ot-scale-not-4" ] }, { "id": "test-life-and-people", "objectiveId": "obj-life-and-people", "title": "Life Zones & People", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-grca-p2-life-and-people", "ot-life-tribes-1", "ot-life-condor-wing-2", "ot-life-kaibab-3", "ot-life-havasupai-4" ] }, { "id": "test-visiting-grand-canyon", "objectiveId": "obj-visiting-grand-canyon", "title": "Visiting the Canyon", "mcqIds": [ "grca-mcq-best-season", "ot-visit-count-1", "ot-visit-southrim-2", "ot-visit-safety-3", "ot-visit-trail-4" ] }, { "id": "test-canyon-landmarks", "objectiveId": "obj-canyon-landmarks", "title": "Canyon Landmarks", "mcqIds": [ "ot-land-mather-1", "ot-land-watchtower-2", "ot-land-phantom-3", "ot-land-brightangel-4", "ot-land-kaibab-5" ] } ] }, { "id": "l16-yosemite", "title": "Spotlight: Yosemite", "order": 16, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/yose-p1-granite.md", "parts": [ { "id": "yose-p1-granite", "title": "Granite Walls and Waterfalls", "order": 1, "blurb": "El Capitan, Half Dome, and North America's tallest waterfall β€” how glaciers carved a granite valley into the world's grandest sculpture garden.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/yose-p1-granite.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "yosemite", "itemIds": [ "yose-fact-yosemite", "yose-fact-el-capitan", "yose-fact-half-dome", "yose-fact-yosemite-falls", "pac-num-yosemite-falls", "yose-num-el-capitan-ft", "yose-num-half-dome-ft", "yose-pair-bridalveil", "yose-pair-batholith", "yose-mcq-glaciers", "cz-national-parks-yose-fact-yosemite-falls", "mcq-c-national-parks-yose-fact-yosemite-falls", "concept-rw-national-parks-bridalveil-fall", "ot-granite-el-cap-ht", "ot-granite-halfdome-shape", "ot-granite-batholith", "ot-granite-not", "ot-water-bridalveil", "fi-ot-granite-batholith" ] }, { "id": "yose-p2-giants-and-history", "title": "Giant Trees and a Founding Idea", "order": 2, "blurb": "The Mariposa Grove's ancient sequoias, the high country, and the 1864 grant β€” signed by Lincoln β€” that seeded the whole national-park idea.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/yose-p2-giants-and-history.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "mariposa-grove", "itemIds": [ "yose-fact-mariposa-grove", "yose-fact-yosemite-grant", "yose-fact-john-muir", "yose-num-established", "yose-num-mount-lyell", "yose-num-tioga-pass", "yose-pair-tuolumne-meadows", "yose-pair-ansel-adams", "yose-pair-ahwahneechee", "mcq-rw-yose-p2-giants-and-history", "cz-national-parks-yose-fact-mariposa-grove", "tf-f-national-parks-yose-pair-ansel-adams", "tf-f-national-parks-yose-pair-ahwahneechee", "ot-founding-sequoias", "ot-founding-muir", "ot-founding-expelled", "ot-founding-adams", "fi-ot-founding-expelled", "fi-ot-founding-adams" ] }, { "id": "yose-p3-visit", "title": "Visiting Yosemite", "order": 3, "blurb": "Tunnel View, Glacier Point, the Mist Trail and the Half Dome cables β€” plus when to come, and why you may need a reservation.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/yose-p3-visit.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "tunnel-view", "itemIds": [ "yose-fact-tunnel-view", "yose-fact-glacier-point", "yose-fact-mist-trail", "yose-pair-half-dome-cables", "yose-pair-firefall", "yose-num-visitation", "yose-num-half-dome-gain", "yose-mcq-best-season", "cz-national-parks-yose-fact-tunnel-view", "cz-national-parks-yose-fact-mist-trail", "tf-t-national-parks-yose-pair-firefall", "concept-rw-national-parks-vernal-fall", "concept-rw-national-parks-nevada-fall", "concept-rw-national-parks-horsetail-fall", "ot-visit-firefall-month", "ot-visit-cables", "ot-visit-hd-gain", "ot-visit-highcountry", "ot-water-horsetail", "ot-water-misttrail", "ot-water-vernal", "fi-ot-visit-firefall-month", "fi-ot-visit-cables" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-granite-walls", "statement": "Explain Yosemite's granite features and how glaciers carved the valley.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-granite-nums", "d-granite-features" ] }, { "id": "obj-giants-and-founding", "statement": "Explain Yosemite's giant sequoias and its founding role in the national-park idea.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-giants-founding-core" ] }, { "id": "obj-visiting-yosemite", "statement": "Plan a Yosemite visit around Half Dome, Firefall, and waterfall season.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-visit-yose", "d-visit-yose-2" ] }, { "id": "obj-yosemite-waterfalls", "statement": "Identify Yosemite's waterfalls on sight.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-waterfalls" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-granite-nums", "itemIds": [ "pac-num-yosemite-falls", "yose-num-el-capitan-ft", "yose-num-half-dome-ft", "yose-mcq-glaciers" ], "label": "Granite walls numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-granite-features", "itemIds": [ "yose-pair-bridalveil", "yose-pair-batholith", "cz-national-parks-yose-fact-yosemite-falls", "concept-rw-national-parks-bridalveil-fall" ], "label": "Granite & glacial carving", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-yose", "itemIds": [ "yose-pair-half-dome-cables", "yose-pair-firefall", "yose-num-visitation", "yose-mcq-best-season" ], "label": "Visiting Yosemite", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-yose-2", "itemIds": [ "yose-num-half-dome-gain", "cz-national-parks-yose-fact-tunnel-view", "cz-national-parks-yose-fact-mist-trail", "tf-t-national-parks-yose-pair-firefall" ], "label": "Visiting features", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-waterfalls", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-vernal-fall", "concept-rw-national-parks-nevada-fall", "concept-rw-national-parks-horsetail-fall", "mcq-c-national-parks-yose-fact-yosemite-falls" ], "label": "Identify waterfalls", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-giants-founding-core", "label": "Giant sequoias & the 1864 Yosemite Grant", "itemIds": [ "cz-national-parks-yose-fact-mariposa-grove", "mcq-rw-yose-p2-giants-and-history" ], "requiredCorrect": 2 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-granite-walls", "objectiveId": "obj-granite-walls", "title": "Granite Walls & Glaciers", "mcqIds": [ "yose-mcq-glaciers", "ot-granite-el-cap-ht", "ot-granite-halfdome-shape", "ot-granite-batholith", "ot-granite-not" ] }, { "id": "test-giants-founding", "objectiveId": "obj-giants-and-founding", "title": "Sequoias & Founding Idea", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-yose-p2-giants-and-history", "ot-founding-sequoias", "ot-founding-muir", "ot-founding-expelled", "ot-founding-adams" ] }, { "id": "test-visiting-yosemite", "objectiveId": "obj-visiting-yosemite", "title": "Planning a Yosemite Visit", "mcqIds": [ "yose-mcq-best-season", "ot-visit-firefall-month", "ot-visit-cables", "ot-visit-hd-gain", "ot-visit-highcountry" ] }, { "id": "test-yosemite-waterfalls", "objectiveId": "obj-yosemite-waterfalls", "title": "Identify the Waterfalls", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-c-national-parks-yose-fact-yosemite-falls", "ot-water-bridalveil", "ot-water-horsetail", "ot-water-misttrail", "ot-water-vernal" ] } ] }, { "id": "l17-zion", "title": "Spotlight: Zion", "order": 17, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/zion-p1-canyon.md", "parts": [ { "id": "zion-p1-canyon", "title": "The Canyon of Navajo Sandstone", "order": 1, "blurb": "Zion Canyon, the Virgin River, and the 2,000-foot petrified-dune cliffs of the Colorado Plateau.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/zion-p1-canyon.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "zion-canyon", "itemIds": [ "zion-fact-canyon", "zion-fact-navajo-sandstone", "zion-num-cliff-height", "zion-num-sandstone-age", "zion-num-acres", "zion-num-high-point", "zion-pair-virgin-river", "zion-pair-navajo-sandstone", "zion-pair-mukuntuweap", "zion-num-established", "mcq-rw-zion-p1-canyon", "tf-f-national-parks-zion-pair-virgin-river", "tf-t-national-parks-zion-pair-navajo-sandstone", "tf-f-national-parks-zion-pair-mukuntuweap", "concept-rw-national-parks-zion-canyon", "ot-navajo-cliff", "ot-navajo-age", "ot-navajo-highpoint", "ot-navajo-crossbeds", "ot-names-mukuntuweap", "ot-names-year", "ot-names-monument", "fi-ot-navajo-cliff", "fi-ot-navajo-highpoint", "fi-ot-names-mukuntuweap" ] }, { "id": "zion-p2-adventure", "title": "Angels Landing and the Narrows", "order": 2, "blurb": "The chained spine, the slot-canyon wade, hanging gardens, and Zion's legendary adventure hikes.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/zion-p2-adventure.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "angels-landing-and-the-narrows", "itemIds": [ "zion-fact-angels-landing", "zion-fact-narrows", "zion-fact-emerald-pools", "zion-num-angels-distance", "zion-num-angels-gain", "zion-num-narrows-length", "zion-num-permit-year", "zion-pair-angels-landing", "zion-pair-narrows", "zion-pair-zion-snail", "mcq-rw-zion-p2-adventure", "tf-f-national-parks-zion-pair-narrows", "tf-f-national-parks-zion-pair-zion-snail", "concept-rw-national-parks-angels-landing", "concept-rw-national-parks-the-narrows", "concept-rw-national-parks-emerald-pools", "ot-names-angels", "ot-names-narrows", "ot-adv-distance", "ot-adv-narrows-len", "ot-adv-permit", "ot-adv-snail", "fi-ot-adv-distance", "fi-ot-adv-narrows-len" ] }, { "id": "zion-p3-visit", "title": "Visiting Zion", "order": 3, "blurb": "The mandatory shuttle, 4.94 million visitors, flash-flood danger, best seasons, and gateway Springdale.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/zion-p3-visit.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "visiting-zion", "itemIds": [ "zion-fact-shuttle", "zion-fact-busiest", "zion-fact-flash-flood", "zion-num-visits", "zion-num-rank", "zion-pair-springdale", "zion-pair-temple-sinawava", "zion-pair-best-season", "zion-mcq-shuttle", "tf-t-national-parks-zion-pair-springdale", "tf-f-national-parks-zion-pair-temple-sinawava", "concept-rw-national-parks-temple-of-sinawava", "ot-visit-count", "ot-visit-rank", "ot-visit-springdale", "ot-visit-season", "fi-ot-visit-springdale", "fi-ot-visit-season" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-navajo-sandstone-canyon", "statement": "Explain Zion's Navajo Sandstone canyon and how its cliffs formed.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-zion-nums", "d-zion-geology" ] }, { "id": "obj-zion-names", "statement": "Trace Zion's names from Mukuntuweap to today and identify its canyon and hike landmarks.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-zion-names", "d-zion-landmarks" ] }, { "id": "obj-angels-narrows", "statement": "Describe Zion's famous hikes, Angels Landing and The Narrows, and their permits.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-adventure-nums", "d-adventure-features" ] }, { "id": "obj-visiting-zion", "statement": "Plan a Zion visit around its mandatory shuttle, gateway town, and season.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-visit-zion", "d-visit-zion-pairs" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-zion-nums", "itemIds": [ "zion-num-cliff-height", "zion-num-sandstone-age", "zion-num-acres", "zion-num-high-point" ], "label": "Zion numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-zion-geology", "itemIds": [ "zion-pair-virgin-river", "zion-pair-navajo-sandstone", "mcq-rw-zion-p1-canyon", "zion-num-established" ], "label": "Navajo Sandstone canyon", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-zion-names", "itemIds": [ "zion-pair-mukuntuweap", "tf-t-national-parks-zion-pair-navajo-sandstone", "tf-f-national-parks-zion-pair-mukuntuweap", "concept-rw-national-parks-zion-canyon" ], "label": "Zion's names", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-zion-landmarks", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-angels-landing", "concept-rw-national-parks-the-narrows", "concept-rw-national-parks-emerald-pools" ], "label": "Identify Zion landmarks" }, { "id": "d-adventure-nums", "itemIds": [ "zion-num-angels-distance", "zion-num-angels-gain", "zion-num-narrows-length", "zion-num-permit-year" ], "label": "Adventure numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-adventure-features", "itemIds": [ "zion-pair-angels-landing", "zion-pair-narrows", "zion-pair-zion-snail", "mcq-rw-zion-p2-adventure" ], "label": "Angels Landing & Narrows", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-zion", "itemIds": [ "zion-num-visits", "zion-num-rank", "zion-mcq-shuttle", "zion-pair-best-season" ], "label": "Visiting numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-zion-pairs", "itemIds": [ "zion-pair-springdale", "zion-pair-temple-sinawava", "concept-rw-national-parks-temple-of-sinawava", "tf-t-national-parks-zion-pair-springdale" ], "label": "Visiting features", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-navajo-sandstone-canyon", "objectiveId": "obj-navajo-sandstone-canyon", "title": "Zion's Sandstone Canyon", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-zion-p1-canyon", "ot-navajo-cliff", "ot-navajo-age", "ot-navajo-highpoint", "ot-navajo-crossbeds" ] }, { "id": "test-zion-names", "objectiveId": "obj-zion-names", "title": "Zion Names & Landmarks", "mcqIds": [ "ot-names-mukuntuweap", "ot-names-year", "ot-names-monument", "ot-names-angels", "ot-names-narrows" ] }, { "id": "test-angels-narrows", "objectiveId": "obj-angels-narrows", "title": "Angels Landing & The Narrows", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-zion-p2-adventure", "ot-adv-distance", "ot-adv-narrows-len", "ot-adv-permit", "ot-adv-snail" ] }, { "id": "test-visiting-zion", "objectiveId": "obj-visiting-zion", "title": "Visiting Zion", "mcqIds": [ "zion-mcq-shuttle", "ot-visit-count", "ot-visit-rank", "ot-visit-springdale", "ot-visit-season" ] } ] }, { "id": "l18-glacier", "title": "Spotlight: Glacier", "order": 18, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/glac-p1-crown.md", "parts": [ { "id": "glac-p1-crown", "title": "Crown of the Continent", "order": 1, "blurb": "Going-to-the-Sun Road, glacier-carved horns and arΓͺtes, ~700 lakes, billion-year-old Belt rock, and the continent's Triple Divide.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/glac-p1-crown.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "glacier-national-park", "itemIds": [ "glac-fact-crown", "glac-fact-gtsr", "glac-num-logan-pass", "glac-num-road-length", "glac-num-lakes", "glac-fact-belt-rock", "glac-fact-triple-divide", "glac-pair-horn", "glac-pair-arete", "glac-pair-garden-wall", "mcq-rw-glac-p1-crown", "tf-f-national-parks-glac-pair-horn", "tf-t-national-parks-glac-pair-garden-wall", "concept-rw-national-parks-triple-divide-peak", "ot-crown-gtsr-snow", "ot-crown-logan", "ot-crown-length", "ot-crown-lakes", "ot-crown-arete", "ot-geo-triple", "ot-geo-oceans", "ot-geo-garden-wall", "fi-ot-crown-gtsr-snow" ] }, { "id": "glac-p2-ice-and-life", "title": "Vanishing Ice and Wild Life", "order": 2, "blurb": "The shrinking glaciers (~150 in 1850 to ~25 today), Grinnell Glacier, mountain goats and grizzlies, and the Blackfeet, Salish and Kootenai.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/glac-p2-ice-and-life.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-vanishing-glaciers", "itemIds": [ "glac-fact-vanishing-ice", "glac-num-glaciers-1850", "glac-num-glaciers-today", "glac-fact-grinnell-glacier", "glac-fact-mountain-goat", "glac-num-high-point", "glac-pair-grizzly", "glac-pair-blackfeet", "glac-pair-salish-kootenai", "glac-mcq-symbol", "tf-f-national-parks-glac-pair-salish-kootenai", "concept-rw-national-parks-grinnell-glacier", "ot-geo-grinnell", "ot-ice-1850", "ot-ice-today", "ot-ice-blackfeet", "ot-ice-wildlife-not", "fi-ot-ice-blackfeet", "fi-ot-ice-wildlife-not" ] }, { "id": "glac-p3-visit", "title": "Visiting Glacier", "order": 3, "blurb": "Many Glacier, Lake McDonald, Wild Goose Island, the Highline and Grinnell hikes, vehicle reservations, the short season, and the 1932 Peace Park.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/glac-p3-visit.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "many-glacier", "itemIds": [ "glac-fact-many-glacier", "glac-fact-lake-mcdonald", "glac-fact-wild-goose-island", "glac-num-mcdonald-length", "glac-num-highline", "glac-num-grinnell-hike", "glac-num-peace-park", "glac-fact-peace-park", "glac-pair-highline", "glac-pair-vehicle-res", "mcq-rw-glac-p3-visit", "tf-t-national-parks-glac-pair-highline", "tf-f-national-parks-glac-pair-vehicle-res", "concept-rw-national-parks-lake-mcdonald", "concept-rw-national-parks-wild-goose-island", "ot-geo-wild-goose", "ot-visit-mcdonald", "ot-visit-highline", "ot-visit-peace-park", "ot-visit-reservation", "fi-ot-visit-highline" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-crown-continent", "statement": "Explain Glacier's glacial landforms and its Going-to-the-Sun Road.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-crown-nums", "d-crown-features" ] }, { "id": "obj-glacier-geology-names", "statement": "Identify Glacier's Triple Divide Peak, Garden Wall arete, and famous glacier and island landmarks.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-geo-names", "d-glacier-landmarks" ] }, { "id": "obj-vanishing-ice-life", "statement": "Explain Glacier's shrinking ice, wildlife, and Indigenous peoples.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-ice-nums", "d-ice-life" ] }, { "id": "obj-visiting-glacier", "statement": "Plan a Glacier visit around its lakes, trails, and vehicle reservations.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-visit-glac-nums", "d-visit-glac-features" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-crown-nums", "itemIds": [ "glac-num-logan-pass", "glac-num-road-length", "glac-num-lakes" ], "label": "Crown of the Continent numbers" }, { "id": "d-crown-features", "itemIds": [ "glac-pair-horn", "glac-pair-arete", "glac-pair-garden-wall", "mcq-rw-glac-p1-crown" ], "label": "Glacial landforms & namesake", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-geo-names", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-triple-divide-peak", "tf-t-national-parks-glac-pair-garden-wall", "tf-f-national-parks-glac-pair-horn" ], "label": "Triple Divide & Garden Wall" }, { "id": "d-glacier-landmarks", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-grinnell-glacier", "concept-rw-national-parks-wild-goose-island" ], "label": "Identify Glacier landmarks" }, { "id": "d-ice-nums", "itemIds": [ "glac-num-glaciers-1850", "glac-num-glaciers-today", "glac-num-high-point" ], "label": "Vanishing ice numbers" }, { "id": "d-ice-life", "itemIds": [ "glac-pair-grizzly", "glac-pair-blackfeet", "glac-pair-salish-kootenai", "glac-mcq-symbol" ], "label": "Wildlife & peoples", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-glac-nums", "itemIds": [ "glac-num-mcdonald-length", "glac-num-highline", "glac-num-grinnell-hike", "glac-num-peace-park" ], "label": "Visiting numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-glac-features", "itemIds": [ "glac-pair-highline", "glac-pair-vehicle-res", "mcq-rw-glac-p3-visit", "concept-rw-national-parks-lake-mcdonald" ], "label": "Visiting features", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-crown-continent", "objectiveId": "obj-crown-continent", "title": "Crown of the Continent & the Sun Road", "mcqIds": [ "ot-crown-gtsr-snow", "ot-crown-logan", "ot-crown-length", "ot-crown-lakes", "ot-crown-arete" ] }, { "id": "test-glacier-geology-names", "objectiveId": "obj-glacier-geology-names", "title": "Glacier's Landmark Names", "mcqIds": [ "ot-geo-triple", "ot-geo-oceans", "ot-geo-garden-wall", "ot-geo-grinnell", "ot-geo-wild-goose" ] }, { "id": "test-vanishing-ice-life", "objectiveId": "obj-vanishing-ice-life", "title": "Vanishing Ice & Wild Life", "mcqIds": [ "glac-mcq-symbol", "ot-ice-1850", "ot-ice-today", "ot-ice-blackfeet", "ot-ice-wildlife-not" ] }, { "id": "test-visiting-glacier", "objectiveId": "obj-visiting-glacier", "title": "Planning a Glacier Visit", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-glac-p3-visit", "ot-visit-mcdonald", "ot-visit-highline", "ot-visit-peace-park", "ot-visit-reservation" ] } ] }, { "id": "l19-grand-teton", "title": "Spotlight: Grand Teton", "order": 19, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/grte-p1-range.md", "parts": [ { "id": "grte-p1-range", "title": "A Range Without Foothills", "order": 1, "blurb": "How the Tetons leap 7,000 ft straight out of Jackson Hole β€” fault-block uplift, the youngest Rockies, and a string of glacial lakes.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/grte-p1-range.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "a-range-without-foothills", "itemIds": [ "grte-fact-range", "grte-fact-faultblock", "grte-num-grandteton", "grte-num-relief", "grte-num-faultage", "grte-pair-jacksonhole", "grte-pair-faultblock", "grte-pair-jennylake", "grte-pair-jacksonlake", "grte-mcq-youngest", "grte-fact-lakes", "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-jacksonhole", "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-faultblock", "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-jennylake", "tf-f-national-parks-grte-pair-jacksonlake", "concept-rw-national-parks-jenny-lake", "concept-rw-national-parks-jackson-lake", "ot-foothills-1", "ot-foothills-2", "ot-foothills-3", "ot-foothills-4", "ot-lakes-1", "ot-lakes-2", "ot-lakes-3", "ot-lakes-4", "ot-lakes-5", "fi-ot-foothills-1", "fi-ot-foothills-3" ] }, { "id": "grte-p2-life-and-visit", "title": "Wildlife, Icons & Visiting", "order": 2, "blurb": "Moulton Barn and the Ansel Adams bend, grizzlies, moose and 10,000 wintering elk, the Rockefeller Parkway, and golden September.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/grte-p2-life-and-visit.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "mormon-rows-moulton-barn", "itemIds": [ "grte-fact-moultonbarn", "grte-fact-snakeriver", "grte-num-visits", "grte-num-elk", "grte-pair-deltalake", "grte-pair-cascade", "grte-pair-schwabacher", "grte-pair-parkway", "grte-fact-wildlife", "grte-fact-rut", "grte-mcq-quarter", "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-deltalake", "tf-f-national-parks-grte-pair-cascade", "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-schwabacher", "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-parkway", "concept-rw-national-parks-delta-lake", "concept-rw-national-parks-snake-river-overlook", "concept-rw-national-parks-mormon-row", "ot-icons-1", "ot-icons-2", "ot-icons-3", "ot-icons-4", "ot-icons-5", "ot-rock-1", "ot-rock-2", "ot-rock-3", "ot-rock-4", "fi-grte-mcq-quarter", "ot-cov-obj-teton-wildlife-icons-1", "ot-cov-obj-teton-wildlife-icons-2" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-range-without-foothills", "statement": "Explain the Tetons' fault-block geology and why they rise without foothills.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-range-nums", "d-range-geology" ] }, { "id": "obj-glacial-lakes", "statement": "Identify the string of glacial lakes at the foot of the range.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-lakes", "d-lakes-tf" ] }, { "id": "obj-teton-wildlife-icons", "statement": "Recognize the Tetons' iconic viewpoints, barns, and wildlife.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-icons", "d-icons-concepts" ] }, { "id": "obj-rockefeller-connection", "statement": "Explain the Rockefeller land gift and the parkway linking Grand Teton to Yellowstone.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-rockefeller", "d-teton-tf" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-range-nums", "itemIds": [ "grte-num-grandteton", "grte-num-relief", "grte-num-faultage" ], "label": "Teton range numbers" }, { "id": "d-range-geology", "itemIds": [ "grte-pair-jacksonhole", "grte-pair-faultblock", "grte-mcq-youngest", "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-faultblock" ], "label": "Fault-block geology", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-lakes", "itemIds": [ "grte-pair-jennylake", "grte-pair-jacksonlake", "concept-rw-national-parks-jenny-lake", "concept-rw-national-parks-jackson-lake" ], "label": "Glacial lakes", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-lakes-tf", "itemIds": [ "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-jennylake", "tf-f-national-parks-grte-pair-jacksonlake", "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-jacksonhole" ], "label": "Lakes reinforcement" }, { "id": "d-icons", "itemIds": [ "grte-num-visits", "grte-num-elk", "grte-pair-deltalake", "grte-pair-cascade", "ot-cov-obj-teton-wildlife-icons-1", "ot-cov-obj-teton-wildlife-icons-2" ], "label": "Icons & wildlife numbers", "requiredCorrect": 4 }, { "id": "d-icons-concepts", "itemIds": [ "grte-pair-schwabacher", "concept-rw-national-parks-snake-river-overlook", "concept-rw-national-parks-mormon-row", "concept-rw-national-parks-delta-lake" ], "label": "Iconic viewpoints", "requiredCorrect": 4 }, { "id": "d-rockefeller", "itemIds": [ "grte-pair-parkway", "grte-mcq-quarter", "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-parkway" ], "label": "Rockefeller connection" }, { "id": "d-teton-tf", "itemIds": [ "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-deltalake", "tf-f-national-parks-grte-pair-cascade", "tf-t-national-parks-grte-pair-schwabacher" ], "label": "Icons T/F" } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-range-foothills", "objectiveId": "obj-range-without-foothills", "title": "Teton Fault-Block Geology", "mcqIds": [ "grte-mcq-youngest", "ot-foothills-1", "ot-foothills-2", "ot-foothills-3", "ot-foothills-4" ] }, { "id": "test-glacial-lakes", "objectiveId": "obj-glacial-lakes", "title": "String of Glacial Lakes", "mcqIds": [ "ot-lakes-1", "ot-lakes-2", "ot-lakes-3", "ot-lakes-4", "ot-lakes-5" ] }, { "id": "test-teton-icons", "objectiveId": "obj-teton-wildlife-icons", "title": "Viewpoints, Barns & Wildlife", "mcqIds": [ "ot-icons-1", "ot-icons-2", "ot-icons-3", "ot-icons-4", "ot-icons-5", "ot-cov-obj-teton-wildlife-icons-1", "ot-cov-obj-teton-wildlife-icons-2" ] }, { "id": "test-rockefeller", "objectiveId": "obj-rockefeller-connection", "title": "Rockefeller & the Parkway", "mcqIds": [ "grte-mcq-quarter", "ot-rock-1", "ot-rock-2", "ot-rock-3", "ot-rock-4" ] } ] }, { "id": "l20-rocky-mountain", "title": "Spotlight: Rocky Mountain", "order": 20, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/romo-p1-highcountry.md", "parts": [ { "id": "romo-p1-highcountry", "title": "The Roof of the Rockies", "order": 1, "blurb": "Trail Ridge Road, Longs Peak, the alpine tundra, and the ancient granite spine of the Continental Divide β€” Colorado at the top of the continent.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/romo-p1-highcountry.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "rocky-mountain", "itemIds": [ "romo-fact-rocky-mountain", "romo-fact-trail-ridge-road", "romo-fact-continental-divide", "romo-num-longs-peak", "romo-num-trail-ridge-crest", "romo-num-peaks-over-12000", "romo-num-established", "romo-pair-enos-mills", "romo-pair-trail-ridge", "romo-pair-alpine-tundra", "romo-def-continental-divide", "mcq-rw-romo-p1-highcountry", "czr-national-parks-romo-def-continental-divide", "tf-f-national-parks-romo-pair-enos-mills", "tf-t-national-parks-romo-pair-trail-ridge", "tf-t-national-parks-romo-pair-alpine-tundra", "tf-d-national-parks-romo-def-continental-divide", "concept-rw-national-parks-longs-peak", "concept-rw-national-parks-continental-divide", "ot-roof-founder", "ot-roof-established", "ot-roof-longs", "ot-roof-trailridge", "ot-divide-separates", "ot-tundra-def", "ot-divide-spine", "ot-tundra-fraction", "ot-tundra-not", "fi-ot-roof-founder", "fi-ot-roof-longs" ] }, { "id": "romo-p2-life-and-visit", "title": "Elk, Lakes & Visiting", "order": 2, "blurb": "The autumn elk bugle in Moraine Park, bighorn and pikas, the chain of glacial lakes above Bear Lake, the Keyhole Route, and how to visit a record-crowded park.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/romo-p2-life-and-visit.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-autumn-elk-rut", "itemIds": [ "romo-fact-elk-rut", "romo-fact-bear-lake", "romo-num-visits-2024", "romo-num-emerald-lake-hike", "romo-num-snow-drifts", "romo-pair-bighorn-sheep", "romo-pair-pika", "romo-pair-keyhole-route", "romo-mcq-park-symbol", "tf-f-national-parks-romo-pair-bighorn-sheep", "tf-f-national-parks-romo-pair-pika", "tf-f-national-parks-romo-pair-keyhole-route", "concept-rw-national-parks-moraine-park", "concept-rw-national-parks-bear-lake", "concept-rw-national-parks-bighorn-sheep", "concept-rw-national-parks-pika", "concept-rw-national-parks-elk", "ot-wild-pika", "ot-wild-keyhole", "ot-wild-bugle", "ot-wild-not", "ot-visit-2024", "ot-visit-emerald", "ot-visit-september", "ot-visit-timed", "ot-visit-moraine", "fi-romo-mcq-park-symbol", "fi-ot-wild-pika", "fi-ot-wild-keyhole" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-roof-of-rockies", "statement": "Explain Rocky Mountain's high country, its founder, and its ancient rock.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-high-nums", "d-high-features" ] }, { "id": "obj-alpine-divide", "statement": "Define alpine tundra and the Continental Divide that threads the park.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-tundra-divide", "d-tundra-tf" ] }, { "id": "obj-elk-wildlife", "statement": "Recognize Rocky Mountain's signature wildlife and the Keyhole Route.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-wildlife", "d-wildlife-things" ] }, { "id": "obj-visiting-rocky", "statement": "Plan a Rocky Mountain visit around its lakes, elk season, and crowds.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-visit-romo", "d-visit-romo-places" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-high-nums", "itemIds": [ "romo-num-longs-peak", "romo-num-trail-ridge-crest", "romo-num-peaks-over-12000", "romo-num-established" ], "label": "High country numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-high-features", "itemIds": [ "romo-pair-enos-mills", "romo-pair-trail-ridge", "mcq-rw-romo-p1-highcountry", "concept-rw-national-parks-longs-peak" ], "label": "Founder & ancient rock", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-tundra-divide", "itemIds": [ "romo-pair-alpine-tundra", "romo-def-continental-divide", "czr-national-parks-romo-def-continental-divide", "concept-rw-national-parks-continental-divide" ], "label": "Tundra & Continental Divide", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-tundra-tf", "itemIds": [ "tf-t-national-parks-romo-pair-alpine-tundra", "tf-d-national-parks-romo-def-continental-divide", "tf-t-national-parks-romo-pair-trail-ridge" ], "label": "Tundra/divide reinforcement" }, { "id": "d-wildlife", "itemIds": [ "romo-pair-bighorn-sheep", "romo-pair-pika", "romo-pair-keyhole-route", "romo-mcq-park-symbol" ], "label": "Elk, bighorn & pika", "requiredCorrect": 4 }, { "id": "d-wildlife-things", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-bighorn-sheep", "concept-rw-national-parks-pika", "concept-rw-national-parks-elk" ], "label": "Identify wildlife" }, { "id": "d-visit-romo", "itemIds": [ "romo-num-visits-2024", "romo-num-emerald-lake-hike", "romo-num-snow-drifts" ], "label": "Visiting numbers" }, { "id": "d-visit-romo-places", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-moraine-park", "concept-rw-national-parks-bear-lake", "tf-f-national-parks-romo-pair-enos-mills" ], "label": "Visiting places" } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-roof-of-rockies", "objectiveId": "obj-roof-of-rockies", "title": "Roof of the Rockies", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-romo-p1-highcountry", "ot-roof-founder", "ot-roof-established", "ot-roof-longs", "ot-roof-trailridge" ] }, { "id": "test-alpine-divide", "objectiveId": "obj-alpine-divide", "title": "Tundra & the Divide", "mcqIds": [ "ot-divide-separates", "ot-tundra-def", "ot-divide-spine", "ot-tundra-fraction", "ot-tundra-not" ] }, { "id": "test-elk-wildlife", "objectiveId": "obj-elk-wildlife", "title": "Wildlife & Keyhole", "mcqIds": [ "romo-mcq-park-symbol", "ot-wild-pika", "ot-wild-keyhole", "ot-wild-bugle", "ot-wild-not" ] }, { "id": "test-visiting-rocky", "objectiveId": "obj-visiting-rocky", "title": "Visiting Rocky", "mcqIds": [ "ot-visit-2024", "ot-visit-emerald", "ot-visit-september", "ot-visit-timed", "ot-visit-moraine" ] } ] }, { "id": "l21-death-valley", "title": "Spotlight: Death Valley", "order": 21, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/deva-p1-extremes.md", "parts": [ { "id": "deva-p1-extremes", "title": "The Hottest, Driest, Lowest Place", "order": 1, "blurb": "Records pile up here: the lowest ground in North America, the hottest air ever measured on Earth, and the driest park in the country β€” all in the biggest park in the Lower 48.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/deva-p1-extremes.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "badwater-basin", "itemIds": [ "deva-fact-badwater", "deva-fact-heat-record", "rec-num-badwater-low", "deva-num-heat-record", "deva-num-rainfall", "deva-num-acres", "deva-num-telescope", "deva-pair-badwater", "deva-pair-telescope", "deva-fact-vertical-range", "mcq-rw-deva-p1-extremes", "tf-f-national-parks-deva-pair-badwater", "ot-deva-extremes-badwater", "ot-deva-extremes-heat", "ot-deva-extremes-not", "ot-deva-extremes-telescope", "fi-mcq-rw-deva-p1-extremes", "fi-ot-deva-extremes-not", "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-1", "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-2", "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-3", "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-4" ] }, { "id": "deva-p2-geology", "title": "A Geologist's Wonderland", "order": 2, "blurb": "Painted badlands, pastel hillsides, rolling dunes, an explosion crater, and rocks that sail across a dry lake β€” Death Valley is erosion and tectonics laid bare.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/deva-p2-geology.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "a-geologist-s-wonderland", "itemIds": [ "deva-fact-zabriskie", "deva-fact-artists-palette", "deva-fact-racetrack", "deva-pair-mesquite", "deva-pair-ubehebe", "deva-pair-dantes", "deva-num-ubehebe", "deva-mcq-graben", "tf-t-national-parks-deva-pair-mesquite", "tf-f-national-parks-deva-pair-ubehebe", "tf-t-national-parks-deva-pair-dantes", "concept-rw-national-parks-zabriskie-point", "concept-rw-national-parks-artists-palette", "concept-rw-national-parks-ubehebe-crater", "ot-deva-geology-zabriskie", "ot-deva-geology-artists", "ot-deva-geology-sailing", "ot-deva-geology-ubehebe", "fi-deva-mcq-graben", "fi-ot-deva-geology-ubehebe" ] }, { "id": "deva-p3-visit", "title": "Visiting Death Valley", "order": 3, "blurb": "When to come, what to see, how to stay safe, and whose homeland this is β€” plus the superblooms and dark skies that reward those who time it right.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/deva-p3-visit.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "visiting-death-valley", "itemIds": [ "deva-fact-winter-season", "deva-fact-darksky", "deva-fact-timbisha", "deva-fact-superbloom", "deva-num-established", "deva-num-visits", "deva-pair-tumpisa", "deva-pair-pupfish", "mcq-rw-deva-p3-visit", "tf-t-national-parks-deva-pair-pupfish", "ot-deva-visit-season", "ot-deva-visit-timbisha", "ot-deva-visit-established", "ot-deva-visit-not", "fi-ot-deva-visit-established" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-hottest-driest-lowest", "statement": "Recall Death Valley's records as the hottest, driest, lowest, and largest contiguous park.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-extreme-nums", "d-extreme-features" ] }, { "id": "obj-geologists-wonderland", "statement": "Explain Death Valley's geology, from Zabriskie Point to its graben origin.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-geology-features", "d-geology-concepts" ] }, { "id": "obj-visiting-death-valley", "statement": "Plan a Death Valley visit around its peoples and dark skies.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-visit-deva", "d-visit-deva-tf" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-extreme-nums", "itemIds": [ "rec-num-badwater-low", "deva-num-heat-record", "deva-num-rainfall", "deva-num-acres", "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-1", "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-2", "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-3", "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-4" ], "label": "Extremes numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-extreme-features", "itemIds": [ "deva-num-telescope", "deva-pair-badwater", "deva-pair-telescope", "mcq-rw-deva-p1-extremes" ], "label": "Lowest, hottest, driest", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-geology-features", "itemIds": [ "deva-pair-mesquite", "deva-pair-ubehebe", "deva-pair-dantes", "deva-num-ubehebe" ], "label": "Geology features", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-geology-concepts", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-zabriskie-point", "concept-rw-national-parks-artists-palette", "concept-rw-national-parks-ubehebe-crater", "deva-mcq-graben" ], "label": "Identify geology & graben", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-deva", "itemIds": [ "deva-num-established", "deva-num-visits", "deva-pair-tumpisa", "mcq-rw-deva-p3-visit" ], "label": "Visiting Death Valley", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-deva-tf", "itemIds": [ "deva-pair-pupfish", "tf-t-national-parks-deva-pair-pupfish", "tf-t-national-parks-deva-pair-mesquite", "tf-t-national-parks-deva-pair-dantes" ], "label": "Visiting reinforcement", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-deva-extremes", "objectiveId": "obj-hottest-driest-lowest", "title": "Death Valley's Records", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-deva-p1-extremes", "ot-deva-extremes-badwater", "ot-deva-extremes-heat", "ot-deva-extremes-not", "ot-deva-extremes-telescope", "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-1", "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-2", "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-3", "ot-cov-obj-hottest-driest-lowest-4" ] }, { "id": "test-deva-geology", "objectiveId": "obj-geologists-wonderland", "title": "A Geologist's Wonderland", "mcqIds": [ "deva-mcq-graben", "ot-deva-geology-zabriskie", "ot-deva-geology-artists", "ot-deva-geology-sailing", "ot-deva-geology-ubehebe" ] }, { "id": "test-deva-visit", "objectiveId": "obj-visiting-death-valley", "title": "Visiting Death Valley", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-deva-p3-visit", "ot-deva-visit-season", "ot-deva-visit-timbisha", "ot-deva-visit-established", "ot-deva-visit-not" ] } ] }, { "id": "l22-sequoia", "title": "Spotlight: Sequoia", "order": 22, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/sequ-p1-giants.md", "parts": [ { "id": "sequ-p1-giants", "title": "The Biggest Trees on Earth", "order": 1, "blurb": "Giant sequoias, the General Sherman Tree, the Giant Forest, and why these fireproof giants actually need fire to survive.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/sequ-p1-giants.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-giant-sequoia", "itemIds": [ "sequ-fact-giant-sequoia", "sequ-fact-general-sherman", "sequ-num-sherman-height", "sequ-num-sherman-age", "sequ-num-sherman-volume", "sequ-num-established", "sequ-fact-giant-forest", "sequ-fact-fire", "sequ-pair-sherman", "sequ-pair-giant-forest", "mcq-rw-sequ-p1-giants", "tf-f-national-parks-sequ-pair-sherman", "tf-t-national-parks-sequ-pair-giant-forest", "concept-rw-national-parks-giant-forest", "ot-biggest-height", "ot-biggest-volume", "ot-biggest-giant-forest", "ot-biggest-not", "fi-ot-biggest-height" ] }, { "id": "sequ-p2-high-sierra", "title": "Roof of the Lower 48", "order": 2, "blurb": "Mount Whitney's record summit, the High Sierra backcountry, Moro Rock, Crystal Cave, and an elevation range from chaparral to alpine.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/sequ-p2-high-sierra.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "mount-whitney", "itemIds": [ "sequ-fact-whitney", "sequ-num-whitney-ft", "sequ-num-low-elev", "sequ-fact-moro-rock", "sequ-fact-crystal-cave", "sequ-fact-elevation-range", "sequ-pair-whitney", "sequ-pair-crystal-cave", "sequ-pair-moro-rock", "mcq-rw-sequ-p2-high-sierra", "tf-f-national-parks-sequ-pair-whitney", "tf-f-national-parks-sequ-pair-crystal-cave", "tf-t-national-parks-sequ-pair-moro-rock", "concept-rw-national-parks-mount-whitney", "concept-rw-national-parks-moro-rock", "concept-rw-national-parks-crystal-cave", "ot-roof-whitney-ft", "ot-roof-crystal-cave", "ot-roof-moro-desc", "ot-roof-range", "fi-mcq-rw-sequ-p2-high-sierra" ] }, { "id": "sequ-p3-visit", "title": "Visiting Sequoia", "order": 3, "blurb": "The Congress Trail, Tunnel Log, Moro Rock stairs, black bears and food storage, best season, and the link to Kings Canyon.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/sequ-p3-visit.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-congress-trail", "itemIds": [ "sequ-fact-congress-trail", "sequ-fact-tunnel-log", "sequ-fact-bears", "sequ-num-moro-steps", "sequ-num-whitney-hike", "sequ-pair-kings-canyon", "sequ-pair-tunnel-log", "sequ-mcq-best-season", "tf-t-national-parks-sequ-pair-kings-canyon", "tf-t-national-parks-sequ-pair-tunnel-log", "concept-rw-national-parks-congress-trail", "ot-visit-congress", "ot-visit-tunnel-log", "ot-visit-bears", "ot-visit-kings-canyon", "fi-sequ-mcq-best-season", "fi-ot-visit-kings-canyon" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-biggest-trees", "statement": "Explain what makes giant sequoias and General Sherman the biggest trees on Earth.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-sherman-nums", "d-sherman-features" ] }, { "id": "obj-roof-lower-48", "statement": "Identify Sequoia's high country, from Mount Whitney to Moro Rock and Crystal Cave.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-high-sierra", "d-high-concepts" ] }, { "id": "obj-visiting-sequoia", "statement": "Plan a Sequoia visit around its trails, quirks, and season.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-visit-sequ", "d-visit-sequ-2" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-sherman-nums", "itemIds": [ "sequ-num-sherman-height", "sequ-num-sherman-age", "sequ-num-sherman-volume", "sequ-num-established" ], "label": "General Sherman numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-sherman-features", "itemIds": [ "sequ-pair-sherman", "sequ-pair-giant-forest", "mcq-rw-sequ-p1-giants", "concept-rw-national-parks-giant-forest" ], "label": "Giant sequoia records", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-high-sierra", "itemIds": [ "sequ-num-whitney-ft", "sequ-num-low-elev", "sequ-pair-whitney", "mcq-rw-sequ-p2-high-sierra" ], "label": "Roof of the lower 48", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-high-concepts", "itemIds": [ "sequ-pair-crystal-cave", "sequ-pair-moro-rock", "concept-rw-national-parks-mount-whitney", "concept-rw-national-parks-moro-rock" ], "label": "High-country features", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-sequ", "itemIds": [ "sequ-num-moro-steps", "sequ-num-whitney-hike", "sequ-pair-kings-canyon", "sequ-pair-tunnel-log" ], "label": "Visiting numbers & features", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-sequ-2", "itemIds": [ "sequ-mcq-best-season", "concept-rw-national-parks-crystal-cave", "concept-rw-national-parks-congress-trail", "tf-t-national-parks-sequ-pair-moro-rock" ], "label": "Visiting reinforcement", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-biggest-trees", "objectiveId": "obj-biggest-trees", "title": "Biggest Trees on Earth", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-sequ-p1-giants", "ot-biggest-height", "ot-biggest-volume", "ot-biggest-giant-forest", "ot-biggest-not" ] }, { "id": "test-roof-lower-48", "objectiveId": "obj-roof-lower-48", "title": "Roof of the Lower 48", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-sequ-p2-high-sierra", "ot-roof-whitney-ft", "ot-roof-crystal-cave", "ot-roof-moro-desc", "ot-roof-range" ] }, { "id": "test-visiting-sequoia", "objectiveId": "obj-visiting-sequoia", "title": "Visiting Sequoia", "mcqIds": [ "sequ-mcq-best-season", "ot-visit-congress", "ot-visit-tunnel-log", "ot-visit-bears", "ot-visit-kings-canyon" ] } ] }, { "id": "l23-olympic", "title": "Spotlight: Olympic", "order": 23, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/olym-p1-three-parks.md", "parts": [ { "id": "olym-p1-three-parks", "title": "Three Parks in One", "order": 1, "blurb": "Glaciated peaks, temperate rainforest, and wild Pacific coast β€” Olympic's famous diversity, all in one park.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/olym-p1-three-parks.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "olympic-national-park", "itemIds": [ "olym-fact-overview", "olym-fact-mountolympus", "olym-fact-threeecosystems", "olym-num-established", "olym-num-mountolympus", "olym-num-acres", "olym-num-coast", "olym-num-glaciers", "olym-pair-highpoint", "olym-pair-1938", "olym-pair-subduction", "olym-mcq-1909", "tf-t-national-parks-olym-pair-highpoint", "tf-f-national-parks-olym-pair-1938", "tf-t-national-parks-olym-pair-subduction", "concept-rw-national-parks-mount-olympus", "ot-three-parks-1", "ot-three-parks-2", "ot-three-parks-3", "ot-three-parks-4", "ot-three-parks-5", "ot-protection-1", "ot-protection-2", "fi-ot-three-parks-3", "fi-ot-three-parks-5" ] }, { "id": "olym-p2-rainforest-coast", "title": "Rainforest and Rugged Coast", "order": 2, "blurb": "The drenched Hoh, moss-draped giants, wild sea-stack beaches, tide pools, and the Roosevelt elk the park was made to protect.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/olym-p2-rainforest-coast.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "rainforest-and-rugged-coast", "itemIds": [ "olym-fact-hoh", "olym-fact-coast", "olym-fact-roosveltelk", "olym-num-rainfall", "olym-num-hallofmosses", "olym-pair-hoh", "olym-pair-rubybeach", "olym-pair-rooseveltelk", "mcq-rw-olym-p2-rainforest-coast", "tf-f-national-parks-olym-pair-hoh", "tf-f-national-parks-olym-pair-rubybeach", "concept-rw-national-parks-hoh-rain-forest", "concept-rw-national-parks-ruby-beach", "ot-protection-4", "ot-rainforest-1", "ot-rainforest-2", "ot-rainforest-3", "ot-rainforest-4", "fi-ot-protection-4", "fi-ot-rainforest-2" ] }, { "id": "olym-p3-visit", "title": "Visiting Olympic", "order": 3, "blurb": "Hurricane Ridge, Lake Crescent, Sol Duc Falls, the coastal strip, the peninsula's eight tribes, and the best season to go.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/olym-p3-visit.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "visiting-olympic", "itemIds": [ "olym-fact-hurricaneridge", "olym-fact-lakecrescent", "olym-fact-tribes", "olym-num-visits", "olym-num-hurricanehill", "olym-num-tribes", "olym-pair-hurricaneridge", "olym-pair-lakecrescent", "olym-pair-quileute", "olym-mcq-season", "tf-t-national-parks-olym-pair-hurricaneridge", "tf-t-national-parks-olym-pair-lakecrescent", "tf-t-national-parks-olym-pair-quileute", "concept-rw-national-parks-hurricane-ridge", "concept-rw-national-parks-lake-crescent", "ot-protection-3", "ot-olyvisit-1", "ot-olyvisit-2", "ot-olyvisit-3", "ot-olyvisit-4", "fi-olym-mcq-season", "fi-ot-olyvisit-4" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-three-parks-in-one", "statement": "Explain how Olympic packs glaciers, rainforest, and coast into one park.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-olym-nums", "d-olym-features", "d-rainforest-nums" ] }, { "id": "obj-olympic-protection", "statement": "Trace Olympic's protection, its glaciated high point, and its landmark ridge and beach.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-olym-protection", "d-olym-landmarks" ] }, { "id": "obj-rainforest-coast", "statement": "Describe the Hoh rainforest and Olympic's wild coast, and define a nurse log.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-rainforest-nums", "d-rainforest-features" ] }, { "id": "obj-visiting-olympic", "statement": "Plan an Olympic visit around Hurricane Ridge, Lake Crescent, and season.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-visit-olym", "d-visit-olym-features" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-olym-nums", "itemIds": [ "olym-num-established", "olym-num-mountolympus", "olym-num-acres", "olym-num-coast" ], "label": "Olympic numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-olym-features", "itemIds": [ "olym-num-glaciers", "olym-pair-highpoint", "olym-pair-subduction", "olym-mcq-1909" ], "label": "Three ecosystems & geology", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-olym-protection", "itemIds": [ "olym-pair-1938", "tf-t-national-parks-olym-pair-highpoint", "tf-t-national-parks-olym-pair-subduction", "concept-rw-national-parks-mount-olympus" ], "label": "Protection & high point", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-olym-landmarks", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-hurricane-ridge", "concept-rw-national-parks-ruby-beach" ], "label": "Identify Olympic landmarks" }, { "id": "d-rainforest-nums", "itemIds": [ "olym-num-rainfall", "olym-num-hallofmosses", "mcq-rw-olym-p2-rainforest-coast" ], "label": "Rainforest numbers" }, { "id": "d-rainforest-features", "itemIds": [ "olym-pair-hoh", "olym-pair-rubybeach", "olym-pair-rooseveltelk", "concept-rw-national-parks-hoh-rain-forest" ], "label": "Rainforest & coast", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-olym", "itemIds": [ "olym-num-visits", "olym-num-hurricanehill", "olym-num-tribes", "olym-mcq-season" ], "label": "Visiting numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-olym-features", "itemIds": [ "olym-pair-hurricaneridge", "olym-pair-lakecrescent", "olym-pair-quileute", "concept-rw-national-parks-lake-crescent" ], "label": "Visiting features", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-three-parks-in-one", "objectiveId": "obj-three-parks-in-one", "title": "Three Parks in One", "mcqIds": [ "ot-three-parks-1", "ot-three-parks-2", "ot-three-parks-3", "ot-three-parks-4", "ot-three-parks-5" ] }, { "id": "test-olympic-protection", "objectiveId": "obj-olympic-protection", "title": "Protection & Landmarks", "mcqIds": [ "olym-mcq-1909", "ot-protection-1", "ot-protection-2", "ot-protection-3", "ot-protection-4" ] }, { "id": "test-rainforest-coast", "objectiveId": "obj-rainforest-coast", "title": "Rainforest & Wild Coast", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-olym-p2-rainforest-coast", "ot-rainforest-1", "ot-rainforest-2", "ot-rainforest-3", "ot-rainforest-4" ] }, { "id": "test-visiting-olympic", "objectiveId": "obj-visiting-olympic", "title": "Visiting Olympic", "mcqIds": [ "olym-mcq-season", "ot-olyvisit-1", "ot-olyvisit-2", "ot-olyvisit-3", "ot-olyvisit-4" ] } ] }, { "id": "l24-denali", "title": "Spotlight: Denali", "order": 24, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/dena-p1-mountain.md", "parts": [ { "id": "dena-p1-mountain", "title": "The High One", "order": 1, "blurb": "North America's highest peak: 20,310 feet, the greatest base-to-summit rise on land, and the Koyukon name restored in 2015.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/dena-p1-mountain.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "denali", "itemIds": [ "dena-fact-denali", "dena-num-summit", "dena-fact-baserise", "dena-num-baserise", "dena-pair-denali-meaning", "dena-pair-mckinley", "dena-pair-alaska-range", "dena-num-namerestored", "mcq-rw-dena-p1-mountain", "tf-f-national-parks-dena-pair-mckinley", "tf-t-national-parks-dena-pair-alaska-range", "concept-rw-national-parks-alaska-range", "concept-rw-national-parks-mount-mckinley", "ot-highone-height", "ot-highone-meaning", "ot-highone-restored", "ot-highone-rise", "ot-landmarks-range", "ot-landmarks-formername", "fi-ot-highone-height", "fi-ot-landmarks-range", "fi-ot-landmarks-formername" ] }, { "id": "dena-p2-wild", "title": "Subarctic Wilderness", "order": 2, "blurb": "The Big Five, a single 92-mile road, taiga and tundra, Wonder Lake's mirror, and the subarctic rhythm of a six-million-acre wild.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/dena-p2-wild.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "subarctic-wilderness", "itemIds": [ "dena-fact-wild", "dena-num-roadmiles", "dena-pair-tundra", "dena-pair-taiga", "dena-pair-dallsheep", "dena-pair-wonderlake", "dena-num-acres", "dena-mcq-firstprotected", "dena-fact-subarctic", "tf-f-national-parks-dena-pair-taiga", "tf-f-national-parks-dena-pair-wonderlake", "concept-rw-national-parks-dall-sheep", "concept-rw-national-parks-moose", "concept-rw-national-parks-caribou", "concept-rw-national-parks-wonder-lake", "ot-landmarks-bigfive-not", "ot-landmarks-bigfive-yes", "ot-landmarks-dallsheep", "ot-wild-taiga", "ot-wild-tundra", "ot-wild-road", "ot-wild-acres", "fi-dena-mcq-firstprotected", "fi-ot-wild-road", "fi-ot-wild-acres" ] }, { "id": "dena-p3-visit", "title": "Visiting Denali", "order": 3, "blurb": "The bus system, the cloud-hidden peak and its 30% Club, the only working NPS sled-dog kennel, the best season, and shoulder-season aurora.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/dena-p3-visit.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "visiting-denali", "itemIds": [ "dena-fact-30club", "dena-num-seepct", "dena-fact-sleddogs", "dena-pair-busride", "dena-pair-bestseason", "dena-pair-aurora", "dena-num-established", "mcq-rw-dena-p3-visit", "tf-t-national-parks-dena-pair-bestseason", "tf-f-national-parks-dena-pair-aurora", "ot-visit-plan-days", "ot-visit-pct", "ot-visit-bus", "ot-visit-aurora", "ot-denvisit-1", "fi-ot-visit-bus", "fi-ot-visit-aurora", "fi-ot-denvisit-1" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-the-high-one", "statement": "Explain Denali's height, its restored name, and its greatest-rise record.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-denali-nums", "d-denali-names" ] }, { "id": "obj-denali-landmarks", "statement": "Identify the Alaska Range, Denali's former name, and the park's Big Five animals.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-denali-concepts", "d-denali-animals" ] }, { "id": "obj-subarctic-wilderness", "statement": "Describe Denali's subarctic ecosystems and the Big Five it protects.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-wild-nums", "d-wild-features" ] }, { "id": "obj-visiting-denali", "statement": "Plan a Denali visit around the bus, the weather, and the seasons.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-visit-dena", "d-visit-dena-2" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-denali-nums", "itemIds": [ "dena-num-summit", "dena-num-baserise", "dena-num-namerestored", "mcq-rw-dena-p1-mountain" ], "label": "The High One numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-denali-names", "itemIds": [ "dena-pair-denali-meaning", "dena-pair-mckinley", "dena-pair-alaska-range", "tf-t-national-parks-dena-pair-alaska-range" ], "label": "Names & range", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-denali-concepts", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-alaska-range", "concept-rw-national-parks-mount-mckinley", "tf-f-national-parks-dena-pair-mckinley" ], "label": "Identify Denali landmarks" }, { "id": "d-denali-animals", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-dall-sheep", "concept-rw-national-parks-moose", "concept-rw-national-parks-caribou" ], "label": "Identify Big Five animals" }, { "id": "d-wild-nums", "itemIds": [ "dena-num-roadmiles", "dena-num-acres", "dena-mcq-firstprotected" ], "label": "Subarctic wilderness numbers" }, { "id": "d-wild-features", "itemIds": [ "dena-pair-tundra", "dena-pair-taiga", "dena-pair-dallsheep", "dena-pair-wonderlake" ], "label": "Ecosystems & Big Five", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-dena", "itemIds": [ "dena-num-seepct", "dena-num-established", "dena-pair-busride", "mcq-rw-dena-p3-visit" ], "label": "Visiting Denali", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-dena-2", "itemIds": [ "dena-pair-bestseason", "dena-pair-aurora", "tf-t-national-parks-dena-pair-bestseason", "concept-rw-national-parks-wonder-lake" ], "label": "Visiting features", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-the-high-one", "objectiveId": "obj-the-high-one", "title": "The High One", "mcqIds": [ "ot-highone-height", "ot-highone-meaning", "ot-highone-restored", "ot-highone-rise", "mcq-rw-dena-p1-mountain" ] }, { "id": "test-denali-landmarks", "objectiveId": "obj-denali-landmarks", "title": "Denali Landmarks & Animals", "mcqIds": [ "ot-landmarks-range", "ot-landmarks-formername", "ot-landmarks-bigfive-not", "ot-landmarks-bigfive-yes", "ot-landmarks-dallsheep" ] }, { "id": "test-subarctic-wilderness", "objectiveId": "obj-subarctic-wilderness", "title": "Subarctic Wilderness", "mcqIds": [ "dena-mcq-firstprotected", "ot-wild-taiga", "ot-wild-tundra", "ot-wild-road", "ot-wild-acres" ] }, { "id": "test-visiting-denali", "objectiveId": "obj-visiting-denali", "title": "Visiting Denali", "mcqIds": [ "ot-visit-plan-days", "ot-visit-pct", "ot-visit-bus", "ot-visit-aurora", "ot-denvisit-1" ] } ] }, { "id": "l25-great-smoky", "title": "Spotlight: Great Smoky Mountains", "order": 25, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/grsm-p1-smokies.md", "parts": [ { "id": "grsm-p1-smokies", "title": "The Blue Smoke Mountains", "order": 1, "blurb": "The forest-made blue haze, ancient rounded peaks, 6,643-ft Clingmans Dome, and the most biodiverse U.S. national park.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/grsm-p1-smokies.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-blue-smoke", "itemIds": [ "grsm-fact-blue-smoke", "grsm-fact-ancient-mountains", "grsm-fact-clingmans-dome", "grsm-num-high-point", "grsm-num-acres", "grsm-num-established", "grsm-num-mountain-age", "grsm-pair-shaconage", "grsm-pair-clingmans-dome", "grsm-pair-salamander-capital", "grsm-pair-rockefeller", "grsm-mcq-biodiversity", "tf-f-national-parks-grsm-pair-shaconage", "tf-t-national-parks-grsm-pair-clingmans-dome", "tf-f-national-parks-grsm-pair-salamander-capital", "tf-t-national-parks-grsm-pair-rockefeller", "concept-rw-national-parks-clingmans-dome", "ot-blue-smoke-1", "ot-blue-smoke-2", "ot-blue-smoke-3", "ot-blue-smoke-4", "ot-smoky-firsts-1", "ot-smoky-firsts-2", "ot-smoky-firsts-5", "ot-smoky-places-5", "fi-grsm-mcq-biodiversity", "fi-ot-smoky-firsts-1" ] }, { "id": "grsm-p2-life-and-history", "title": "Forests, Fireflies & Heritage", "order": 2, "blurb": "Old-growth forest, ~19,000 species, the synchronous fireflies, the densest black bears in the East, and Cherokee homeland.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/grsm-p2-life-and-history.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "old-growth-forest", "itemIds": [ "grsm-fact-old-growth", "grsm-fact-fireflies", "grsm-fact-black-bears", "grsm-fact-cherokee", "grsm-num-species", "grsm-num-black-bears", "grsm-num-salamander-species", "grsm-num-trail-of-tears", "grsm-pair-photinus", "grsm-pair-eastern-band", "grsm-pair-oconaluftee", "mcq-rw-grsm-p2-life-and-history", "tf-t-national-parks-grsm-pair-photinus", "tf-t-national-parks-grsm-pair-eastern-band", "tf-f-national-parks-grsm-pair-oconaluftee", "concept-rw-national-parks-oconaluftee", "concept-rw-national-parks-elkmont", "ot-smoky-firsts-3", "ot-smoky-firsts-4", "ot-forests-fireflies-1", "ot-forests-fireflies-2", "ot-forests-fireflies-3", "ot-forests-fireflies-4", "ot-smoky-places-3", "ot-smoky-places-4", "fi-mcq-rw-grsm-p2-life-and-history" ] }, { "id": "grsm-p3-visit", "title": "Visiting the Smokies", "order": 3, "blurb": "America's most-visited park, free entry, the Cades Cove loop, Newfound Gap, autumn color, and bugling elk.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/grsm-p3-visit.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-most-visited-park", "itemIds": [ "grsm-fact-most-visited", "grsm-fact-free-entry", "grsm-fact-cades-cove", "grsm-fact-fall-elk", "grsm-num-visits", "grsm-num-rank", "grsm-num-cades-loop", "grsm-num-elk-reintroduced", "grsm-pair-newfound-gap", "grsm-pair-parking-tag", "grsm-pair-best-season", "grsm-mcq-free-entry", "tf-f-national-parks-grsm-pair-newfound-gap", "tf-t-national-parks-grsm-pair-best-season", "concept-rw-national-parks-cades-cove", "concept-rw-national-parks-newfound-gap", "ot-visiting-smokies-1", "ot-visiting-smokies-2", "ot-visiting-smokies-3", "ot-visiting-smokies-4", "ot-smoky-places-1", "ot-smoky-places-2", "fi-ot-visiting-smokies-3" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-blue-smoke", "statement": "Explain the Smokies' blue haze, ancient age, and superlatives.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-smoky-nums", "d-smoky-features" ] }, { "id": "obj-smoky-firsts", "statement": "Recognize the Smokies' donor gift and salamander-capital fame.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-smoky-fame" ] }, { "id": "obj-forests-fireflies", "statement": "Explain the Smokies' biodiversity, synchronous fireflies, and Cherokee heritage.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-life-nums", "d-life-features" ] }, { "id": "obj-visiting-smokies", "statement": "Plan a Smokies visit and explain why it charges no entrance fee.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-visit-nums", "d-visit-features" ] }, { "id": "obj-smoky-places", "statement": "Identify the Smokies' landmark places on sight.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-smoky-places" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-smoky-nums", "itemIds": [ "grsm-num-high-point", "grsm-num-acres", "grsm-num-established", "grsm-num-mountain-age" ], "label": "Smokies numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-smoky-features", "itemIds": [ "grsm-pair-shaconage", "grsm-pair-clingmans-dome", "grsm-mcq-biodiversity", "concept-rw-national-parks-clingmans-dome" ], "label": "Blue smoke & superlatives", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-smoky-fame", "itemIds": [ "grsm-pair-salamander-capital", "grsm-pair-rockefeller", "tf-t-national-parks-grsm-pair-clingmans-dome", "tf-t-national-parks-grsm-pair-rockefeller" ], "label": "Donor & salamander fame", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-life-nums", "itemIds": [ "grsm-num-species", "grsm-num-black-bears", "grsm-num-salamander-species", "grsm-num-trail-of-tears" ], "label": "Biodiversity & heritage numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-life-features", "itemIds": [ "grsm-pair-photinus", "grsm-pair-eastern-band", "grsm-pair-oconaluftee", "mcq-rw-grsm-p2-life-and-history" ], "label": "Fireflies & Cherokee heritage", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-nums", "itemIds": [ "grsm-num-visits", "grsm-num-rank", "grsm-num-cades-loop", "grsm-num-elk-reintroduced" ], "label": "Visiting numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-features", "itemIds": [ "grsm-pair-newfound-gap", "grsm-pair-parking-tag", "grsm-pair-best-season", "grsm-mcq-free-entry" ], "label": "Visiting features", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-smoky-places", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-cades-cove", "concept-rw-national-parks-newfound-gap", "concept-rw-national-parks-oconaluftee", "concept-rw-national-parks-elkmont" ], "label": "Identify Smokies places", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-blue-smoke", "objectiveId": "obj-blue-smoke", "title": "Blue Smoke, Age & Superlatives", "mcqIds": [ "grsm-mcq-biodiversity", "ot-blue-smoke-1", "ot-blue-smoke-2", "ot-blue-smoke-3", "ot-blue-smoke-4" ] }, { "id": "test-smoky-firsts", "objectiveId": "obj-smoky-firsts", "title": "Donor Gift & Salamander Fame", "mcqIds": [ "ot-smoky-firsts-1", "ot-smoky-firsts-2", "ot-smoky-firsts-3", "ot-smoky-firsts-4", "ot-smoky-firsts-5" ] }, { "id": "test-forests-fireflies", "objectiveId": "obj-forests-fireflies", "title": "Biodiversity, Fireflies & Cherokee", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-grsm-p2-life-and-history", "ot-forests-fireflies-1", "ot-forests-fireflies-2", "ot-forests-fireflies-3", "ot-forests-fireflies-4" ] }, { "id": "test-visiting-smokies", "objectiveId": "obj-visiting-smokies", "title": "Visiting & the Free Park", "mcqIds": [ "grsm-mcq-free-entry", "ot-visiting-smokies-1", "ot-visiting-smokies-2", "ot-visiting-smokies-3", "ot-visiting-smokies-4" ] }, { "id": "test-smoky-places", "objectiveId": "obj-smoky-places", "title": "Smokies Landmark Places", "mcqIds": [ "ot-smoky-places-1", "ot-smoky-places-2", "ot-smoky-places-3", "ot-smoky-places-4", "ot-smoky-places-5" ] } ] }, { "id": "l26-acadia", "title": "Spotlight: Acadia", "order": 26, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/acad-p1-coast.md", "parts": [ { "id": "acad-p1-coast", "title": "Where the Mountains Meet the Sea", "order": 1, "blurb": "Glacier-carved granite, the first sunrise in America, and the man who gave Acadia to the nation.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/acad-p1-coast.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "acadia", "itemIds": [ "acad-fact-acadia", "acad-fact-cadillac", "acad-fact-somes-sound", "acad-fact-dorr", "east-num-cadillac-mountain", "acad-num-acres", "acad-num-est-year", "acad-pair-mdi", "acad-pair-fjard", "acad-pair-lafayette", "acad-mcq-first-east", "tf-t-national-parks-acad-pair-mdi", "concept-rw-national-parks-cadillac-mountain", "concept-rw-national-parks-somes-sound", "ot-mms-cadillac", "ot-mms-acres", "ot-mms-fjard", "ot-mms-not-true", "ot-land-cadillac", "ot-land-somes", "fi-ot-mms-acres" ] }, { "id": "acad-p2-visit", "title": "Carriage Roads & Coast", "order": 2, "blurb": "Car-free carriage roads, crystal ponds, booming surf, and a clifftop lighthouse.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/acad-p2-visit.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-rockefeller-carriage-roads", "itemIds": [ "acad-fact-carriage-roads", "acad-fact-jordan-pond", "acad-fact-thunder-hole", "acad-fact-bass-harbor", "acad-num-carriage-miles", "acad-num-visits", "acad-pair-loop-road", "acad-pair-popovers", "acad-mcq-fall-color", "tf-f-national-parks-acad-pair-loop-road", "tf-t-national-parks-acad-pair-popovers", "concept-rw-national-parks-jordan-pond", "concept-rw-national-parks-thunder-hole", "concept-rw-national-parks-bass-harbor-head-light", "ot-land-jordan", "ot-land-thunder", "ot-land-bass", "ot-visit-miles", "ot-visit-who", "ot-visit-roads-not", "ot-visit-popovers", "fi-acad-mcq-fall-color" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-mountains-meet-sea", "statement": "Explain Acadia's coastal setting and its firsts among national parks.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-acad-nums", "d-acad-features" ] }, { "id": "obj-acadia-landmarks", "statement": "Identify Acadia's coastal landmarks on sight.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-acad-landmarks", "d-acad-landmarks2" ] }, { "id": "obj-carriage-roads-visit", "statement": "Describe Acadia's carriage roads and the essentials of a visit.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-visit-acad", "d-visit-acad-tf" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-acad-nums", "itemIds": [ "east-num-cadillac-mountain", "acad-num-acres", "acad-num-est-year" ], "label": "Acadia numbers" }, { "id": "d-acad-features", "itemIds": [ "acad-pair-mdi", "acad-pair-fjard", "acad-pair-lafayette", "acad-mcq-first-east" ], "label": "Coast & founding firsts", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-acad-landmarks", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-cadillac-mountain", "concept-rw-national-parks-somes-sound", "concept-rw-national-parks-jordan-pond", "tf-t-national-parks-acad-pair-mdi" ], "label": "Identify landmarks", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-acad-landmarks2", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-thunder-hole", "concept-rw-national-parks-bass-harbor-head-light" ], "label": "More landmarks" }, { "id": "d-visit-acad", "itemIds": [ "acad-num-carriage-miles", "acad-num-visits", "acad-pair-loop-road", "acad-pair-popovers" ], "label": "Carriage roads & visit", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-acad-tf", "itemIds": [ "acad-mcq-fall-color", "tf-f-national-parks-acad-pair-loop-road", "tf-t-national-parks-acad-pair-popovers" ], "label": "Visit reinforcement" } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-mountains-meet-sea", "objectiveId": "obj-mountains-meet-sea", "title": "Acadia: Coast & Firsts", "mcqIds": [ "acad-mcq-first-east", "ot-mms-cadillac", "ot-mms-acres", "ot-mms-fjard", "ot-mms-not-true" ] }, { "id": "test-acadia-landmarks", "objectiveId": "obj-acadia-landmarks", "title": "Acadia Landmarks", "mcqIds": [ "ot-land-cadillac", "ot-land-somes", "ot-land-jordan", "ot-land-thunder", "ot-land-bass" ] }, { "id": "test-carriage-roads-visit", "objectiveId": "obj-carriage-roads-visit", "title": "Carriage Roads & Visiting", "mcqIds": [ "acad-mcq-fall-color", "ot-visit-miles", "ot-visit-who", "ot-visit-roads-not", "ot-visit-popovers" ] } ] }, { "id": "l27-everglades", "title": "Spotlight: Everglades", "order": 27, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/ever-p1-river-of-grass.md", "parts": [ { "id": "ever-p1-river-of-grass", "title": "The River of Grass", "order": 1, "blurb": "Marjory Stoneman Douglas's 60-mile-wide, inches-deep \"River of Grass\"; the first park made to protect an ecosystem (1947); 1.5 million acres of sawgrass, cypress, mangrove, and hammock.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/ever-p1-river-of-grass.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "everglades", "itemIds": [ "ever-fact-overview", "ever-fact-riverofgrass", "ever-fact-habitats", "ever-num-established", "ever-num-acres", "ever-num-width", "ever-num-highpoint", "ever-pair-douglas", "ever-pair-okeechobee", "ever-pair-sawgrass", "ever-pair-hammock", "mcq-rw-ever-p1-river-of-grass", "tf-t-national-parks-ever-pair-douglas", "tf-f-national-parks-ever-pair-okeechobee", "tf-t-national-parks-ever-pair-sawgrass", "tf-f-national-parks-ever-pair-hammock", "ot-rog-year", "ot-rog-not", "ot-rog-douglas", "ot-rog-okeechobee", "ot-hab-sawgrass", "ot-hab-hammock", "ot-hab-elevation", "ot-hab-not", "ot-hab-highpoint", "fi-ot-rog-okeechobee", "fi-ot-hab-sawgrass" ] }, { "id": "ever-p2-wildlife", "title": "Where Alligators and Crocodiles Meet", "order": 2, "blurb": "The only place gators and crocs coexist; the ~200 endangered Florida panthers; manatees and wading birds; the Burmese python threat; and the rare triple UNESCO honor.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/ever-p2-wildlife.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "where-alligators-and-crocodiles-meet", "itemIds": [ "ever-fact-gatorcroc", "ever-fact-panther", "ever-fact-python", "ever-num-panthers", "ever-num-designations", "ever-pair-crocodile", "ever-pair-spoonbill", "ever-pair-anhinga", "ever-pair-manatee", "ever-pair-triplehonor", "mcq-rw-ever-p2-wildlife", "tf-f-national-parks-ever-pair-spoonbill", "tf-f-national-parks-ever-pair-anhinga", "tf-t-national-parks-ever-pair-manatee", "concept-rw-national-parks-american-crocodile", "concept-rw-national-parks-florida-panther", "concept-rw-national-parks-burmese-python", "concept-rw-national-parks-roseate-spoonbill", "concept-rw-national-parks-west-indian-manatee", "concept-rw-national-parks-anhinga", "ot-gc-panthers", "ot-gc-honor", "ot-gc-croc", "ot-gc-onlyplace", "ot-bi-spoonbill", "ot-bi-anhinga", "ot-bi-python", "ot-bi-not", "ot-bi-manatee", "fi-ot-gc-honor", "fi-ot-bi-spoonbill" ] }, { "id": "ever-p3-visit", "title": "Visiting the Everglades", "order": 3, "blurb": "The Anhinga Trail, Shark Valley's tram and tower, the Wilderness Waterway, airboats and the Ten Thousand Islands, the dry-winter sweet spot, and the great restoration challenge.", "studyGuidePath": "/packs/national-parks/guides/ever-p3-visit.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-anhinga-trail", "itemIds": [ "ever-fact-anhingatrail", "ever-fact-sharkvalley", "ever-fact-restoration", "ever-num-anhingalength", "ever-num-sharkvalley", "ever-num-visits", "ever-mcq-season", "ever-pair-wilderness", "ever-pair-airboat", "ever-pair-tenthousand", "tf-f-national-parks-ever-pair-wilderness", "tf-t-national-parks-ever-pair-tenthousand", "ot-vis-anhinga", "ot-vis-shark", "ot-vis-wilderness", "ot-vis-airboat", "fi-ever-mcq-season", "fi-ot-vis-wilderness" ] } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-river-of-grass", "statement": "Explain the Everglades as the first park protected for its ecosystem, and its river of grass.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-eg-nums", "d-eg-idea" ] }, { "id": "obj-everglades-habitats", "statement": "Distinguish the Everglades' sawgrass marsh and hardwood-hammock habitats.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-habitats" ] }, { "id": "obj-gators-and-crocs", "statement": "Explain the alligator-crocodile coexistence and the park's rarest wildlife and honors.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-wildlife-nums", "d-wildlife-pairs" ] }, { "id": "obj-everglades-birds-invaders", "statement": "Identify the Everglades' wading birds, reptiles, panther, and python invaders.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-eg-species", "d-eg-species2" ] }, { "id": "obj-visiting-everglades", "statement": "Plan an Everglades visit around its trails, waterways, and dry season.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-visit-eg", "d-visit-eg-pairs" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-eg-nums", "itemIds": [ "ever-num-established", "ever-num-acres", "ever-num-width", "ever-num-highpoint" ], "label": "River of Grass numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-eg-idea", "itemIds": [ "ever-pair-douglas", "ever-pair-okeechobee", "mcq-rw-ever-p1-river-of-grass", "tf-t-national-parks-ever-pair-douglas" ], "label": "Ecosystem-first park", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-habitats", "itemIds": [ "ever-pair-sawgrass", "ever-pair-hammock", "tf-t-national-parks-ever-pair-sawgrass", "tf-f-national-parks-ever-pair-hammock" ], "label": "Everglades habitats", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-wildlife-nums", "itemIds": [ "ever-num-panthers", "ever-num-designations", "mcq-rw-ever-p2-wildlife" ], "label": "Wildlife & honors numbers" }, { "id": "d-wildlife-pairs", "itemIds": [ "ever-pair-crocodile", "ever-pair-triplehonor", "ever-pair-manatee", "tf-t-national-parks-ever-pair-manatee" ], "label": "Gators, crocs & honors", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-eg-species", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-roseate-spoonbill", "concept-rw-national-parks-anhinga", "concept-rw-national-parks-west-indian-manatee", "concept-rw-national-parks-burmese-python" ], "label": "Identify birds & invaders", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-eg-species2", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-national-parks-american-crocodile", "concept-rw-national-parks-florida-panther", "ever-pair-spoonbill", "ever-pair-anhinga" ], "label": "Reptiles, panther & birds", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-eg", "itemIds": [ "ever-num-anhingalength", "ever-num-sharkvalley", "ever-num-visits", "ever-mcq-season" ], "label": "Visiting numbers", "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-visit-eg-pairs", "itemIds": [ "ever-pair-wilderness", "ever-pair-airboat", "ever-pair-tenthousand", "tf-t-national-parks-ever-pair-tenthousand" ], "label": "Visiting features", "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-river-of-grass", "objectiveId": "obj-river-of-grass", "title": "River of Grass & Ecosystem Park", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-ever-p1-river-of-grass", "ot-rog-year", "ot-rog-not", "ot-rog-douglas", "ot-rog-okeechobee" ] }, { "id": "test-everglades-habitats", "objectiveId": "obj-everglades-habitats", "title": "Sawgrass & Hardwood Hammocks", "mcqIds": [ "ot-hab-sawgrass", "ot-hab-hammock", "ot-hab-elevation", "ot-hab-not", "ot-hab-highpoint" ] }, { "id": "test-gators-and-crocs", "objectiveId": "obj-gators-and-crocs", "title": "Gators, Crocs & Honors", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-ever-p2-wildlife", "ot-gc-panthers", "ot-gc-honor", "ot-gc-croc", "ot-gc-onlyplace" ] }, { "id": "test-birds-invaders", "objectiveId": "obj-everglades-birds-invaders", "title": "Birds, Panther & Pythons", "mcqIds": [ "ot-bi-spoonbill", "ot-bi-anhinga", "ot-bi-python", "ot-bi-not", "ot-bi-manatee" ] }, { "id": "test-visiting-everglades", "objectiveId": "obj-visiting-everglades", "title": "Trails, Waterways & Season", "mcqIds": [ "ever-mcq-season", "ot-vis-anhinga", "ot-vis-shark", "ot-vis-wilderness", "ot-vis-airboat" ] } ] } ] }