{ "packId": "arizona-history", "packName": "History of Arizona", "packVersion": "1.0.3", "description": "From mammoth hunters and Hohokam canals to copper booms, Geronimo's surrender, statehood, Hoover Dam, and the modern sunbelt — Arizona's story, told in cards.", "author": "Flash Feed", "language": "en", "tagsVocabulary": [ "prehistoric", "spanish", "mexican", "territory", "civil-war", "indian-wars", "navajo", "apache", "mining", "tombstone", "railroads", "ranching", "statehood", "water", "wwii", "sunbelt", "modern", "people", "places", "dates", "warriors", "statesmen", "explorers" ], "items": [ { "id": "fact-arizona-intro", "shape": "fact", "title": "Arizona, briefly", "body": "Arizona is the 48th state — the last in the contiguous US to join the Union, admitted on **Valentine's Day, 1912**. Its history runs from mammoth hunters and the cliff-dwelling Ancestral Puebloans through Spanish missions, copper booms, and the modern Sunbelt.", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "intro" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "A stone Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwelling is built into a red rock alcove in the Arizona desert.", "imageSearchTerm": "Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwelling", "alt": "Arizona desert landscape with saguaro cacti at sunset", "depictable": true }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The last state in the Lower 48 joined the Union on Valentine's Day, 1912.", "studyGuideAnchor": "arizona-briefly", "curatedDistractors": [ "Independence Day", "Columbus Day", "New Year's Day" ], "uid": "oyx2931496ypx" }, { "id": "fact-paleo-indians", "shape": "fact", "title": "The first Arizonans", "body": "Humans reached what is now Arizona roughly **10,000 to 12,000 years ago**, traveling in small bands of 20–50 hunters. They tracked mammoths, mastodons, and giant bison with stone-tipped spears.", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "paleo-indian" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Paleo-Indian hunters mammoth spears", "imagePrompt": "A small band of Paleo-Indian hunters carrying stone-tipped spears stalks a mammoth across an open plain.", "alt": "The first Arizonans", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Clovis culture · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_culture", "subject": "Museum close-up of six flaked Clovis-culture stone spear points arrayed on red velvet — the 'stone-tipped spears' technology the card text names, tied to real Arizona mammoth-kill sites", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-paleo-indians.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Humans reached what is now Arizona roughly 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, traveling in small bands of 20–50 hunters.", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-first-arizonans", "uid": "1a4l0dbq09ykd" }, { "id": "fact-mammoth-hunters", "shape": "fact", "title": "Hunting megafauna", "body": "The Paleo-Indians hunted Pleistocene giants — mammoths, mastodons, and ancient bison. When those animals went extinct, the hunters adapted to smaller game: mule deer, antelope, waterfowl, and fish, with **atlatls** (spear-throwers) and nets.", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "paleo-indian" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "Illustration of a Columbian mammoth, a large prehistoric elephant of the Ice Age Southwest", "imageSearchTerm": "Columbian mammoth", "alt": "A mounted mammoth skeleton photographed head-on in a dark museum hall: high-domed skull, long tusks spiralling forward and inward, with a leaping sabre-toothed cat skeleton and other Ice Age…", "credit": "Pexels · Jonathan Cooper · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/9660891/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-mammoth-hunters.webp", "subject": "A mounted mammoth skeleton photographed head-on in a dark museum hall: high-domed skull, long tusks spiralling forward and inward, with a leaping sabre-toothed cat skeleton and other Ice Age mammal skeletons against a blue mural behind it. No signage or text in frame." }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The Paleo-Indians hunted Pleistocene giants — mammoths, mastodons, and ancient bison.", "studyGuideAnchor": "hunting-megafauna", "uid": "qr3hy91buo3ez" }, { "id": "fact-archaic-period", "shape": "fact", "title": "The Archaic shift", "body": "Beginning around 8,000 years ago, Arizonans transitioned from chasing big game to seasonal settlements built around plants. **Grinding slabs** appeared by 7500 BCE — the start of milling wild seeds into flour for gruels and breads.", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "archaic" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "stone grinding slab metate", "imagePrompt": "An ancient stone grinding slab, or metate, used to mill wild seeds into flour, rests on the desert ground.", "alt": "The Archaic shift", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Metate · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metate", "subject": "A large oval stone metate with a rectangular mano resting on it and a small pile of corn kernels on the grinding surface — an archive/museum photo (Wikipedia's lead image for 'Metate', NPS attribution) of an actual stone grinding slab used for milling.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-archaic-period.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Beginning around 8,000 years ago, Arizonans transitioned from chasing big game to seasonal settlements built around plants.", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-archaic-shift", "uid": "18p2y5w1dif58g" }, { "id": "fact-corn-arrives", "shape": "fact", "title": "Corn comes north", "body": "**Corn arrived from central Mexico** during the late Archaic period and was planted near permanent water sources. Beans and squash followed — the 'three sisters' that would anchor Southwest agriculture for millennia.", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "archaic" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Corn comes north", "imagePrompt": "Corn comes north. **Corn arrived from central Mexico** during the late Archaic period and was planted near permanent water sources. Beans and squash followed — the 'three sisters' that would anchor", "alt": "A close-up of several ears of multicoloured flint corn (heirloom \"Indian corn\") with kernels in deep purple, red, orange, yellow, cream and blue-grey, husks pulled back, stacked together.", "credit": "Pexels · Miguel Sanda", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-shot-of-corns-6200539/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-corn-arrives.webp", "subject": "A close-up of several ears of multicoloured flint corn (heirloom \"Indian corn\") with kernels in deep purple, red, orange, yellow, cream and blue-grey, husks pulled back, stacked together." }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Corn arrived from central Mexico during the late Archaic period and was planted near permanent water sources.", "studyGuideAnchor": "corn-comes-north", "uid": "4fjdpf1hn2i29" }, { "id": "mcq-first-arizonans", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how long ago did humans first reach what is now Arizona?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "10,000 to 12,000 years ago" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2,000 to 3,000 years ago" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "50,000 years ago" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "500 years ago" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "tags": [ "prehistoric", "paleo-indian" ], "uid": "1nuzgw01fllpl0" }, { "id": "cloze-atlatl", "shape": "cloze", "template": "Paleo-Indians launched spears with greater force using a wooden spear-thrower called an ___.", "answer": "atlatl", "distractors": [ "arrow", "obsidian", "metate" ], "explanation": "The atlatl is a hand-held lever. It predates the bow and arrow in the Americas by thousands of years.", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "paleo-indian" ], "uid": "1vfejd63fqi46" }, { "id": "fact-ancestral-puebloans", "shape": "fact", "title": "Ancestral Puebloans", "body": "Sometimes called the *Anasazi*, the **Ancestral Puebloans** flourished from about 200 to 1450 CE across the Four Corners region. They built pit houses, grand pueblos, and the famous **cliff dwellings** carved into sandstone alcoves.", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "ancestral-puebloans" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "Photograph of ancient cliff dwellings tucked under a massive sandstone alcove in northern Arizona, soft afternoon light raking across stone walls, weathered timber roof beams, photorealistic, evocative of deep time", "imageSearchTerm": "cliff dwellings Arizona", "alt": "Ancient cliff dwellings beneath a sandstone alcove", "credit": "Wikipedia — Montezuma Castle National Monument · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma_Castle_National_Monument", "subject": "A clear, current color photo of Montezuma Castle: a multi-story masonry structure built into a sandstone alcove above a cliff face, under blue sky, in Arizona's Verde Valley.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-ancestral-puebloans.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Sometimes called the Anasazi, the Ancestral Puebloans flourished from about 200 to 1450 CE across the Four Corners region.", "studyGuideAnchor": "ancestral-puebloans", "curatedDistractors": [ "Hohokam", "Mogollon", "Sinagua" ], "uid": "8aaoo41yag7y2" }, { "id": "fact-kiva", "shape": "fact", "title": "The kiva", "body": "A **kiva** is a round, often partially underground room used by Ancestral Puebloans for ceremonies and gatherings. Their entrances were typically a ladder through a hole in the roof — and many had a small floor-niche called a *sipapu* representing the place of emergence.", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "ancestral-puebloans" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "Photograph of a round ancestral Puebloan kiva, a circular subterranean stone ceremonial chamber with a ladder, at a Southwest site, photorealistic", "imageSearchTerm": "kiva", "alt": "Interior of a reconstructed kiva: a wooden pole ladder rising through a hatch in a log-beam (viga and latilla) roof, a low stone deflector wall beneath it, plastered curving walls, and sunlight…", "kind": "photo", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons · Amarie0x · CC0", "subject": "Interior of a reconstructed kiva: a wooden pole ladder rising through a hatch in a log-beam (viga and latilla) roof, a low stone deflector wall beneath it, plastered curving walls, and sunlight from the roof hatch casting ladder-rung shadows across a dusty earthen floor marked with footprints.", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pecos_Kiva_Ladder.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-kiva.webp" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-kiva", "uid": "xthuma1px4hlk" }, { "id": "fact-hohokam", "shape": "fact", "title": "The Hohokam canal builders", "body": "The **Hohokam** thrived from roughly 300 to 1450 CE in southern Arizona, where Phoenix now stands. They are best known for an enormous system of irrigation **canals** — hundreds of miles of them — that watered crops across the Salt and Gila valleys.", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "hohokam" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Hohokam irrigation canal ruins", "imagePrompt": "The remains of an ancient Hohokam irrigation canal cut through the desert landscape of southern Arizona.", "alt": "Casa Grande, a Hohokam adobe great house in Arizona", "depictable": true, "credit": "Sirrobin33 at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohokam", "subject": "The Casa Grande Great House near Coolidge, Arizona: eroded caliche/adobe walls of the ancient Hohokam structure, sheltered under the National Park Service's modern angled steel-and-fabric canopy roof.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-hohokam.webp" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-hohokam-canal-builders", "uid": "zdxyu31l7n8rn" }, { "id": "fact-casa-grande", "shape": "fact", "title": "Casa Grande", "body": "**Casa Grande** ('Great House') is a four-story earthen tower the Hohokam built around 1350 CE near modern Coolidge, Arizona. Its purpose is still debated — astronomical observatory? Ceremonial center? — but it was tall enough to dominate the desert flats.", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "hohokam" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "The tall earthen walls of the ancient Casa Grande great house rise from the flat Arizona desert under a protective shelter roof.", "imageSearchTerm": "Casa Grande Ruins Arizona", "alt": "The Great House at Casa Grande Ruins National Monument near Coolidge, Arizona: a tall, eroded, multi-story earthen (caliche) tower with open doorways, standing on flat desert ground beneath the…", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia · Greg Hume · CC BY-SA 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument", "subject": "The Great House at Casa Grande Ruins National Monument near Coolidge, Arizona: a tall, eroded, multi-story earthen (caliche) tower with open doorways, standing on flat desert ground beneath the site's distinctive steel-truss protective shelter roof, under a clear blue sky.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-casa-grande.webp" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "casa-grande", "curatedDistractors": [ "Montezuma Castle", "Kinishba Ruins", "Tuzigoot" ], "uid": "p0dtffgemljf" }, { "id": "mcq-puebloan-region", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which region did the Ancestral Puebloans inhabit?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Great Lakes basin", "short": "The Great Lakes basin" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Pacific Northwest", "short": "The Pacific Northwest" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Gulf Coast of Texas", "short": "The Gulf Coast of Texas" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Four Corners — where Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico meet", "short": "The Four Corners region" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "tags": [ "prehistoric", "ancestral-puebloans" ], "uid": "ah0w2a14njlwu" }, { "id": "cloze-kiva-2", "shape": "cloze", "template": "The Ancestral Puebloans' round, often partially underground ceremonial chamber is called a ___.", "answer": "kiva", "distractors": [ "pueblo", "hogan", "mesa" ], "tags": [ "prehistoric", "ancestral-puebloans" ], "uid": "1bmo7n649mjk8" }, { "id": "mcq-casa-grande", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is Casa Grande?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A four-story Hohokam earthen tower built around 1350 CE" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A Spanish mission near Tucson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A 19th-century mining town" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A modern shopping mall in Phoenix" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "tags": [ "prehistoric", "hohokam" ], "uid": "sa5r1pafdznn" }, { "id": "fact-mogollon", "shape": "fact", "title": "Mogollon", "body": "The **Mogollon** culture (c. 200 – c. 1450 CE) occupied the mountainous border country of present-day Arizona, New Mexico, and Sonora. They are famous for the strikingly painted *Mimbres pottery* — black-on-white bowls depicting people, animals, and the cosmos.", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "mogollon" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Mimbres black-on-white pottery bowl", "imagePrompt": "A black-on-white Mimbres pottery bowl painted with a stylized animal design sits in a museum display case.", "alt": "A Classic Mimbres Black-on-white ceramic bowl (Mogollon–Mimbres culture, c.", "depictable": true, "subject": "A Classic Mimbres Black-on-white ceramic bowl (Mogollon–Mimbres culture, c. 1000–1150, Dallas Museum of Art 1988.110.FA), reconstructed from sherds, with a single stylized black horned animal with a cross-hatched body painted on the white interior and fine black framing lines at the rim, photographe", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons · CC0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Classic_Mimbres_Black-on-white_bowl.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-mogollon.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The Mogollon culture (c.", "studyGuideAnchor": "mogollon", "uid": "h0peqc1939t36" }, { "id": "fact-sinagua", "shape": "fact", "title": "Sinagua", "body": "The **Sinagua** (Spanish for 'without water', a nod to their arid country) lived in central Arizona from about 500 to 1425 CE. Their territory ran from Flagstaff down through the Verde Valley near Sedona — including the cliff dwelling at Montezuma Castle.", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "sinagua" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Montezuma Castle cliff dwelling", "imagePrompt": "Montezuma Castle, a multi-story cliff dwelling, is built into a limestone cliff face above the Verde Valley in Arizona.", "alt": "Montezuma Castle, the multi-storey Sinagua cliff dwelling set in a limestone alcove above the Verde Valley at Camp Verde, Arizona, seen from the trail below under a blue sky.", "depictable": true, "credit": "ksblack99 (Openverse) · pdm 1.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/91064752@N03/24698419258", "subject": "Montezuma Castle, the multi-storey Sinagua cliff dwelling set in a limestone alcove above the Verde Valley at Camp Verde, Arizona, seen from the trail below under a blue sky.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-sinagua.webp" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "sinagua", "curatedDistractors": [ "San Pedro Valley", "Salt River Valley", "Gila Valley" ], "uid": "1r5vchhobcdnb" }, { "id": "fact-kinishba", "shape": "fact", "title": "Kinishba Ruins", "body": "**Kinishba** is a massive Mogollon great house with **over 600 rooms**, abandoned around 1400. Today its sandstone walls still stand near Whiteriver, Arizona — a reminder that 'ruins' in the Southwest can be larger than most medieval European castles.", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "mogollon" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "The weathered sandstone walls of the Kinishba great house ruins stand in the Arizona high desert.", "imageSearchTerm": "Kinishba sandstone ruins Arizona", "alt": "Kinishba Ruins masonry walls", "depictable": true }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Kinishba is a massive Mogollon great house with over 600 rooms, abandoned around 1400.", "studyGuideAnchor": "kinishba-ruins", "uid": "16k5lzime8r4g" }, { "id": "fact-disappearance", "shape": "fact", "title": "The 15th-century mystery", "body": "Around the 15th and 16th centuries, the great cultures — Ancestral Puebloan, Hohokam, Mogollon, Sinagua — **all dispersed**. Drought, soil exhaustion, conflict, and migration are the leading theories. By the time Spanish conquistadors arrived, the great houses were already empty.", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "mystery" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "abandoned pueblo ruins Southwest", "imagePrompt": "The crumbling, empty walls of an abandoned ancestral pueblo great house stand silent in the desert.", "alt": "The 15th-century mystery", "depictable": true, "credit": "Al_HikesAZ · CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Final_approach,Keet_Seel_-_Kawestima_Navajo_National_Monument.jpg", "subject": "Keet Seel (Kawestima), Navajo National Monument, Arizona — an Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwelling with masonry rooms, doorways and roof poles under a sandstone overhang, reached by a long wooden ladder, greenery below.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-disappearance.webp" }, "studyGuideAnchor": "the-15th-century-mystery", "curatedDistractors": [ "Patayan", "Salado", "Cohonina" ], "uid": "qektca1h3ul2u" }, { "id": "mcq-mogollon-pottery", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the Mogollon culture most famous for in popular imagination?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Bronze metalwork" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Stone obelisks" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Black-on-white Mimbres pottery depicting people and animals" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Salt mining" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "tags": [ "prehistoric", "mogollon" ], "uid": "1q7pkxk14dhate" }, { "id": "cloze-sinagua", "shape": "cloze", "template": "The Spanish name for the central Arizona culture meaning 'without water' is ___.", "answer": "Sinagua", "distractors": [ "Anasazi", "Hohokam", "Tohono" ], "tags": [ "prehistoric", "sinagua" ], "uid": "c3f70u1fwqqjo" }, { "id": "mcq-kinishba-rooms", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Approximately how many rooms did the Mogollon great house at Kinishba have?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 40" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Exactly 12" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 5,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Over 600" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "tags": [ "prehistoric", "mogollon" ], "uid": "1w3txee1buipgw" }, { "id": "fact-marcos-de-niza", "shape": "fact", "title": "First European footsteps", "body": "In **1539**, the Franciscan friar **Marcos de Niza** led the first documented European expedition into Arizona. He was chasing a rumor — the legendary Seven Cities of Cíbola, said to be paved with gold.", "tags": [ "spanish", "exploration" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "A robed Franciscan friar walks alone across a rugged desert landscape, leading an early Spanish expedition.", "imageSearchTerm": "Franciscan friar crossing desert", "alt": "Spanish friar with a small expedition party crossing the desert", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels · Mostafa Ft.shots · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/epic-algerian-sahara-desert-landscape-at-dusk-34760846/", "subject": "A distant, anonymous cloaked silhouette standing atop a wind-blown sand dune, partly obscured by blowing sand/mist at dusk, in the Algerian Sahara", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-marcos-de-niza.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "In 1539, the Franciscan friar Marcos de Niza led the first documented European expedition into Arizona.", "curatedDistractors": [ "Golden Cities", "Lost Cities", "Sacred Cities" ], "uid": "1kr3hpxpt4osb" }, { "id": "fact-coronado", "shape": "fact", "title": "Coronado's failed treasure hunt", "body": "In **1540**, **Francisco Vásquez de Coronado** marched into the Southwest with hundreds of soldiers, looking for those same golden cities. He found pueblos, not gold. His expedition reached the Grand Canyon — the first Europeans to see it — and returned to Mexico bankrupt.", "tags": [ "spanish", "exploration" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "Historical painting of the 1540 Coronado expedition: Spanish conquistadors in armor on horseback crossing the Southwest desert with banners", "imageSearchTerm": "Coronado expedition", "alt": "Spanish conquistadors of the Coronado expedition", "kind": "photo", "credit": "U.S. Post Office -- U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3c_Coronado_Expedition_400th_anniversary_single,_1940_issue.jpg", "subject": "1940 U.S. 3-cent postage stamp captioned 'Coronado and His Captains,' commemorating the 1540 Coronado Cuarto Centennial — an engraved purple illustration of Coronado in armor on horseback with his mounted captains", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-coronado.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "He marched in chasing cities of gold — and stumbled onto the Grand Canyon instead.", "curatedDistractors": [ "Hernando de Soto", "Juan de Oñate", "Álvar Núñez" ], "uid": "nabaks1s43ato" }, { "id": "fact-cibola", "shape": "fact", "title": "The Seven Cities of Cíbola", "body": "The **Seven Cities of Cíbola** were a Spanish fantasy: fabulously wealthy pueblos in the Southwest, supposedly built of gold. The legend pulled in Marcos de Niza, then Coronado. What they found was the Zuni Pueblos — impressive, but very much not gold.", "tags": [ "spanish", "exploration" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Zuni Pueblo adobe village", "imagePrompt": "The multi-story adobe buildings of a Zuni Pueblo village rise from the desert landscape.", "alt": "The Seven Cities of Cíbola", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons — John K. Hillers, Zuni Pueblo, 1879, NGA 136400.jpg · See Wikimedia Commons (per-file)", "creditUrl": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q64156053", "subject": "1879 John K. Hillers photograph titled 'Zuni Pueblo': a multi-story adobe pueblo skyline across open ground with a ruined adobe structure in the foreground -- clear, well-composed, Wikidata P18-verified", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-cibola.webp" }, "uid": "dzha1oeh0vp8" }, { "id": "fact-kino", "shape": "fact", "title": "Father Kino", "body": "**Father Eusebio Francisco Kino** was an Italian Jesuit missionary who began founding missions in southern Arizona in the **1680s**. He worked among the O'odham people, established mission churches along the Santa Cruz River, and mapped much of the region the Spanish called *Pimería Alta*.", "tags": [ "spanish", "missions" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Spanish colonial mission church", "imagePrompt": "A weathered Spanish colonial adobe mission church stands along a desert river in southern Arizona.", "alt": "Tumacácori Mission, a Spanish colonial mission church on the Santa Cruz River in southern Arizona", "depictable": true, "credit": "NPS Photo · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tumacacori_mission_church,_with_rainbow_(e78e1a28-3ca3-47a3-9437-30b432c98b7e).JPG", "subject": "Tumacácori Mission church in southern Arizona, on the Santa Cruz River, photographed with a dramatic double rainbow behind its ruined bell tower and facade.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-kino.webp" }, "uid": "tc6einzdn6p3" }, { "id": "fact-san-xavier", "shape": "fact", "title": "San Xavier del Bac", "body": "**Mission San Xavier del Bac**, founded by Father Kino in 1692 and rebuilt as a brilliant white church in the 1780s, still stands south of Tucson — an active Catholic parish, and the oldest European structure in Arizona.", "tags": [ "spanish", "missions" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "The gleaming white twin-towered facade of Mission San Xavier del Bac stands against a blue desert sky near Tucson.", "imageSearchTerm": "San Xavier del Bac", "alt": "San Xavier del Bac mission", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Mission San Xavier del Bac · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Xavier_del_Bac", "subject": "Mission San Xavier del Bac's white Spanish Colonial facade with twin bell towers under dramatic storm clouds, a small 'CLOSED' sign at the entrance — the named mission itself, Wikipedia's own lead image for the article.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-san-xavier.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Mission Tumacácori", "Mission Guevavi", "Mission Calabazas" ], "uid": "10x7xg5eg8r3" }, { "id": "mcq-coronado-year", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Coronado lead his expedition into the Southwest?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1776" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1607" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1540" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1492" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "tags": [ "spanish", "exploration" ], "uid": "1y1ypls41grh0" }, { "id": "cloze-cibola", "shape": "cloze", "template": "The legendary cities of gold that lured Spanish explorers north were called the Seven Cities of ___.", "answer": "Cíbola", "distractors": [ "El Dorado", "Atlantis", "Quivira" ], "explanation": "El Dorado was a separate South American legend; Quivira was a later, equally mythical 'city' Coronado searched for in Kansas.", "tags": [ "spanish", "exploration" ], "uid": "bdiuinhfhw6t" }, { "id": "fact-tubac", "shape": "fact", "title": "Tubac, the first presidio", "body": "A **presidio** is a Spanish military fort. **Tubac**, founded in **1752** south of present-day Tucson, was the first European settlement in Arizona to be defended by a garrison — Spain's response to a deadly Pima uprising the year before.", "tags": [ "spanish", "presidios" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Tubac presidio fort walls", "imagePrompt": "The adobe walls and watchtower of the reconstructed Tubac presidio fort stand in the Arizona desert.", "alt": "Entrance sign to Tubac Presidio State Historic Park", "depictable": true }, "uid": "1ku4xtbkek9dn" }, { "id": "fact-tucson-presidio", "shape": "fact", "title": "Tucson founded", "body": "The **Tucson presidio** was established in **1775** by Hugo O'Conor, an Irish-born officer in the Spanish army. Its adobe walls enclosed a small garrison; the town that grew around them is now Arizona's second-largest city.", "tags": [ "spanish", "presidios" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Tucson presidio adobe walls", "imagePrompt": "The reconstructed adobe walls of the Tucson presidio fort stand with a watchtower against a desert sky.", "alt": "Downtown Tucson, Arizona, seen today from Sentinel Peak", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Tucson, Arizona · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona", "subject": "A daytime aerial view of downtown Tucson's modern skyline (high-rises, freeway) with the Santa Catalina Mountains behind — Wikipedia's own lead photo for the 'Tucson, Arizona' article; genuinely the city, but modern, not the historic fort.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-tucson-presidio.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Juan Bautista de Anza", "Teodoro de Croix", "Bernardo de Gálvez" ], "uid": "r72cgwi7qx5u" }, { "id": "fact-pimeria-alta", "shape": "fact", "title": "Pimería Alta", "body": "**Pimería Alta** ('upper Pima country') was the Spanish name for the desert region straddling what is now southern Arizona and northern Sonora — home of the Akimel and Tohono O'odham peoples, and the territory where Kino built his missions.", "tags": [ "spanish", "missions" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Sonoran Desert saguaro landscape", "imagePrompt": "A sweeping view of the Sonoran Desert shows saguaro cacti stretching across the borderlands of southern Arizona.", "alt": "A large multi-armed saguaro cactus standing in Sonoran Desert scrub near Tucson, Arizona, with a rocky mountain range and partly cloudy sky behind it.", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels · Lindsey Willard · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/majestic-saguaro-cactus-in-tucson-s-sonoran-desert-33363324/", "subject": "A large multi-armed saguaro cactus standing in Sonoran Desert scrub near Tucson, Arizona, with a rocky mountain range and partly cloudy sky behind it.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-pimeria-alta.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Hopi", "Apache", "Yaqui" ], "uid": "7d0jjp14apbk7" }, { "id": "fact-mexican-independence", "shape": "fact", "title": "Arizona becomes Mexican", "body": "Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821. From **1822 onward**, the lands now called Arizona were part of the **Mexican state of Sonora** — though Mexico City's actual control over the distant frontier was thin.", "tags": [ "mexican", "sonora" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "antique Mexican territory map", "imagePrompt": "An antique hand-drawn map shows northern Mexico and the state of Sonora with its northern frontier territories.", "alt": "Arizona becomes Mexican", "depictable": true, "credit": "Samuel Augustus Mitchell · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1850_Mitchell_Map_of_Mexico_%5E_Texas_-_Geographicus_-_MexicoTexas-m-50.jpg", "subject": "An 1850 Mitchell map of Mexico (and Texas/Central America insets) with the northern Mexican states laid out in color, clearly labeling 'SONORA' along the US border near the Gila River and Apache-named tribal lands — the actual Mexican state the card's text names as having included Arizona.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-mexican-independence.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Madrid", "Guadalajara", "Veracruz" ], "uid": "ihzu401ofgzr0" }, { "id": "fact-apache-raids", "shape": "fact", "title": "Apache raiders empty the ranches", "body": "During the Mexican period, **Apache raids** drove most ranchers out of southeastern Arizona. By the 1840s, the abandoned ranges were running with **wild cattle** — feral descendants of fled herds, hunted for hides by anyone passing through.", "tags": [ "mexican", "apache" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "wild feral cattle desert", "imagePrompt": "A herd of wild feral longhorn cattle roams an abandoned, overgrown ranch range in the desert.", "alt": "Painting of mounted warriors from the Apache Wars era", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels · Khusen Rustamov · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/cattle-in-dry-desert-landscape-of-munyak-36612748/", "subject": "A reddish-brown-and-white horned range cow (with a second animal partly visible behind it) walking across pale sandy ground dotted with sparse desert shrub — no fence, tag, or person in frame, reading as unmanaged range cattle in arid brushland consistent with the Southwest.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-apache-raids.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "horses", "burros", "goats" ], "uid": "fiooa91xydov" }, { "id": "mcq-tubac-year", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When was the presidio of Tubac, Arizona's first European settlement with a military garrison, established?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1492" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1752" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1821" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1912" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "tags": [ "spanish", "presidios" ], "uid": "1fywhmibdnoms" }, { "id": "cloze-presidio", "shape": "cloze", "template": "A Spanish fortified military settlement in the frontier territories is called a ___.", "answer": "presidio", "distractors": [ "mission", "pueblo", "rancho" ], "tags": [ "spanish", "presidios" ], "uid": "dx608w3ya1co" }, { "id": "fact-guadalupe-hidalgo", "shape": "fact", "title": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo", "body": "The **Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo** (1848) ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico ceded a vast territory — including the northern **70% of present-day Arizona**, above the Gila River — to the United States in exchange for $15 million.", "tags": [ "territory", "annexation" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "historic treaty document signing", "imagePrompt": "An aged 19th-century treaty document with wax seals and ribbon represents the formal end of a war.", "alt": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo", "depictable": true }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Mesilla", "Córdoba", "Cahuenga" ], "uid": "cfwbwdyoyvih" }, { "id": "fact-gila-border", "shape": "fact", "title": "The Gila as a border", "body": "After 1848, the **Gila River** was the southern boundary of the US. Tucson, Tubac, and most of the future state's population centers were still in **Mexico**. That awkward line lasted only five years.", "tags": [ "territory", "annexation" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Gila River desert landscape", "imagePrompt": "The Gila River winds through a dry desert landscape in southern Arizona.", "alt": "The Gila River winding through the Arizona desert", "depictable": true, "credit": "Dicklyon · CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gila_River_at_Komatke_Arizona.jpg", "subject": "An aerial photo looking down a broad desert valley where a green ribbon of riparian vegetation (the Gila River) snakes through tan, arid terrain with mountains rising on the right — captioned 'Gila River at Komatke Arizona.'", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-gila-border.webp" }, "uid": "axznvw1sc7c98" }, { "id": "fact-gadsden-purchase", "shape": "fact", "title": "The Gadsden Purchase", "body": "In **1853**, President Pierce sent **James Gadsden** to Mexico City to buy a strip of land south of the Gila — to make a southern transcontinental railroad route possible. The US paid **$10 million** for what is now southern Arizona and a slice of New Mexico.", "tags": [ "territory", "gadsden" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "An antique 1850s map shows a newly purchased strip of land in the American Southwest near a railroad route.", "imageSearchTerm": "antique Southwest territory map", "alt": "Historical map showing the Gadsden Purchase strip along southern Arizona", "depictable": true, "credit": "Alvin Jewett Johnson · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1866_Johnson_Map_of_California,_Colorado,_Arizona,_New_Mexico,_Nevada_and_Utah_-_Geographicus_-_Southwest-johnson-1866.jpg", "subject": "1866 Johnson antique hand-colored map titled \"Johnson's California, Utah, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona\" — clearly labels the Arizona and New Mexico Territories in their post-Gadsden-Purchase shape.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-gadsden-purchase.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "In 1853 the US paid Mexico $10 million for southern Arizona — all to clear a railroad route.", "curatedDistractors": [ "President Polk", "President Buchanan", "President Fillmore" ], "uid": "1l0nvth2htiep" }, { "id": "fact-southern-emigrant-trail", "shape": "fact", "title": "The Southern Emigrant Trail", "body": "During the **California Gold Rush of 1849**, perhaps **50,000 emigrants** crossed Arizona on the Southern Emigrant Trail. The Pima villages along the Gila River fed and watered the half-starved travelers — a kindness without which many wagon trains would not have reached California.", "tags": [ "territory", "gold-rush" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "wagon train desert trail", "imagePrompt": "A line of covered wagons crosses a dusty desert trail during a westward migration.", "alt": "Map of the Gila Trail / Southern Emigrant Trail", "depictable": true, "credit": "Bureau of Land Management · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:My_Public_Lands_Roadtrip-_California_Trail_Interpretive_Center_in_Elko,_Nevada_(19469341470).jpg", "subject": "A painting/mural of a long line of covered wagons and pack animals crossing a wide, flat, arid desert basin toward distant hazy mountains, photographed at the California Trail Interpretive Center in Elko, Nevada.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-southern-emigrant-trail.webp" }, "uid": "3tjkogb4416w" }, { "id": "mcq-gadsden-year", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When was the Gadsden Purchase treaty signed?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1853" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1898" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1869" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1812" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "tags": [ "territory", "gadsden" ], "uid": "1lt8gy42hutxa" }, { "id": "cloze-gadsden-price", "shape": "cloze", "template": "The US paid Mexico ___ for the Gadsden Purchase strip of southern Arizona and New Mexico.", "answer": "$10 million", "distractors": [ "$15 million", "$1 million", "$100 million" ], "explanation": "$10 million for Gadsden, separate from the $15 million paid in 1848 for the much larger Guadalupe Hidalgo cession.", "tags": [ "territory", "gadsden" ], "uid": "ben1b81r5zmfg" }, { "id": "mcq-gadsden-reason", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Why did the US push for the Gadsden Purchase?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "To gain access to Pacific ports", "short": "Access to Pacific ports" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "To secure a flat route for a southern transcontinental railroad", "short": "Southern railroad route" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "To control Mississippi shipping", "short": "Control Mississippi shipping" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "To suppress slavery in Mexico", "short": "Suppress slavery in Mexico" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The route from Yuma to El Paso needed land south of the Gila to avoid mountain passes. That was the whole point.", "tags": [ "territory", "gadsden" ], "uid": "njby7sso924c" }, { "id": "fact-confederate-arizona", "shape": "fact", "title": "Confederate Arizona", "body": "In **March 1861**, residents of southern New Mexico Territory — including Tucson and Mesilla — declared for the Confederacy and asked Richmond to organize a **Confederate Territory of Arizona**. Jefferson Davis proclaimed it in 1862. It existed for less than a year.", "tags": [ "civil-war", "confederate" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Confederate flag frontier town", "imagePrompt": "A Confederate flag flies over a dusty adobe frontier town square in the early 1860s Southwest.", "alt": "Confederate Arizona", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels · Drei Kubik · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/historic-ghost-town-with-general-store-and-jail-31919550/", "subject": "Weathered 'General Store' and 'Jail' wooden buildings in a sunlit, dry golden-hills ghost town with no visible people, paving, or modern signage — a clean, generic Old West frontier-town scene.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-confederate-arizona.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Utah Territory", "Nevada Territory", "Kansas Territory" ], "uid": "obojsazx4q70" }, { "id": "fact-picacho-pass", "shape": "fact", "title": "Battle of Picacho Pass", "body": "On **April 15, 1862**, Union and Confederate cavalry clashed at **Picacho Pass** north of Tucson — the **westernmost battle of the Civil War**. Three Union soldiers died. It's small as battles go, but it's Arizona's only true Civil War engagement.", "tags": [ "civil-war", "battles" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "The distinctive spire of Picacho Peak rises from the Sonoran Desert, site of a small Civil War cavalry skirmish.", "imageSearchTerm": "Picacho Peak desert battlefield", "alt": "Picacho Peak's jagged volcanic crest rising above a saguaro-dotted desert flat inside Picacho Peak State Park, Arizona, in a grainy black-and-white square-format film photograph (March 2010);", "depictable": true, "credit": "Crunchy Footsteps (Openverse) · by 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/62213282@N00/4454644636", "subject": "Picacho Peak's jagged volcanic crest rising above a saguaro-dotted desert flat inside Picacho Peak State Park, Arizona, in a grainy black-and-white square-format film photograph (March 2010); a barrel cactus sits in the foreground and a utility pole stands at left.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-picacho-pass.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Glorieta Pass", "Apache Pass", "Valverde" ], "uid": "90dzrk1wrn9vi" }, { "id": "fact-california-column", "shape": "fact", "title": "The California Column", "body": "In 1862 the **California Column** — about 2,300 Union volunteers under Brigadier General James Henry Carleton — marched east across the desert to drive Confederates out of Arizona and New Mexico. By August the Confederate Territory was finished.", "tags": [ "civil-war", "union" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Union soldiers marching desert", "imagePrompt": "A column of Union cavalry soldiers marches across an open desert landscape.", "alt": "Saguaro-studded Sonoran Desert landscape in Arizona's Avra Valley", "depictable": true, "credit": "InSapphoWeTrust (Openverse) · by-sa 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/56619626@N05/5620719335", "subject": "Genuine Sonoran Desert landscape at Avra Valley, Arizona: saguaro-studded scrubland stretching to distant mountains under a blue sky, no people present — an honest Arizona desert vista but without soldiers or a marching column.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-california-column.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "2,300 Union volunteers marched across the desert in 1862 and ended Confederate Arizona by August.", "curatedDistractors": [ "Mormon Battalion", "Iron Brigade", "Texas Brigade" ], "uid": "1afeey4einruo" }, { "id": "fact-arizona-territory", "shape": "fact", "title": "Arizona Territory created", "body": "On **February 24, 1863**, President **Lincoln signed the act** creating the Arizona Territory — splitting it off from New Mexico Territory along a north-south line. The first territorial capital was **Prescott**, chosen for its central location and Union loyalty.", "tags": [ "territory", "capital" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Prescott Arizona frontier town", "imagePrompt": "The historic wooden buildings of frontier-era Prescott, Arizona's first territorial capital, line a dusty street.", "alt": "Aerial photograph of Thumb Butte, the snow-dusted volcanic plug that overlooks Prescott, Arizona, with pine-covered slopes and the edge of the town of Prescott visible at lower left under a clear…", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels · Connor Gibson · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/snow-covered-rocky-mountain-under-the-blue-sky-11320520/", "subject": "Aerial photograph of Thumb Butte, the snow-dusted volcanic plug that overlooks Prescott, Arizona, with pine-covered slopes and the edge of the town of Prescott visible at lower left under a clear blue sky.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-arizona-territory.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Utah Territory", "Colorado Territory", "Nevada Territory" ], "uid": "1ikalmjsokl4x" }, { "id": "fact-shifting-capital", "shape": "fact", "title": "Arizona's wandering capital", "body": "Arizona's capital moved more than once. **Prescott → Tucson (1867) → back to Prescott (1877) → Phoenix (1889)**. Each move tracked the shifting political weight of different regions of the territory.", "tags": [ "territory", "capital" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Arizona territorial capitol building", "imagePrompt": "An old Arizona territorial capitol building, a brick structure with a domed roof, stands from the late 1800s.", "alt": "Arizona's wandering capital", "depictable": true, "credit": "formulanone from Huntsville, United States · CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arizona_State_Capitol_-_Phoenix_(49160239848).jpg", "subject": "Clean, well-composed frontal photo of the historic Arizona State Capitol: copper dome, Winged Victory statue, US/Arizona flags, saguaro/cactus garden, bright blue sky, unobstructed.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-shifting-capital.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Arizona's capital moved more than once.", "uid": "btn49f1i7aj2t" }, { "id": "mcq-picacho-significance", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is the historical significance of the Battle of Picacho Pass?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the largest battle west of the Mississippi" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It is where Geronimo surrendered" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It ended the war" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the westernmost battle of the Civil War" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "tags": [ "civil-war", "battles" ], "uid": "13t8gbo1o83qz0" }, { "id": "cloze-territory-year", "shape": "cloze", "template": "The Arizona Territory was created by act of Congress in ___.", "answer": "1863", "distractors": [ "1853", "1876", "1912" ], "tags": [ "territory", "capital" ], "uid": "1tbvrs21jblp2u" }, { "id": "fact-fort-defiance", "shape": "fact", "title": "Fort Defiance", "body": "Established **September 18, 1851** by Colonel Edwin V. Sumner deep inside Navajo country, **Fort Defiance** was the first US military post in what is now Arizona. The name was a deliberate provocation — and the Navajo tried more than once to wipe it out.", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "forts", "navajo" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "frontier military fort buildings", "imagePrompt": "A row of simple wooden and adobe frontier military fort buildings sits surrounded by high desert terrain.", "alt": "The historic site of Fort Defiance, Arizona", "depictable": true }, "curatedDistractors": [ "General Stephen Kearny", "Colonel Philip Cooke", "Major Enoch Steen" ], "uid": "jhrdgq1ij0w1w" }, { "id": "fact-manuelito-attack", "shape": "fact", "title": "Manuelito's attack", "body": "In **April 1860**, the Navajo war chief **Manuelito** led around **1,000 warriors** in a dawn assault on Fort Defiance. The garrison held, but the attack was so bold it convinced Washington that the Navajo would have to be subdued.", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "navajo" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Navajo warriors dawn attack", "imagePrompt": "A large group of mounted Navajo warriors charges toward a frontier fort at dawn.", "alt": "Manuelito's attack", "depictable": true, "credit": "Unknown author · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo", "subject": "A seated 19th-century photographic portrait of Manuelito: bare-chested, wearing a beaded/shell necklace, a striped Navajo textile draped over his lap, holding a bow with arrows and a hide quiver beside him.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-manuelito-attack.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "In April 1860, the Navajo war chief Manuelito led around 1,000 warriors in a dawn assault on Fort Defiance.", "curatedDistractors": [ "Fort Apache", "Fort Huachuca", "Fort Bowie" ], "uid": "140hcc4uo1hze" }, { "id": "fact-kit-carson", "shape": "fact", "title": "Kit Carson's scorched-earth campaign", "body": "In **1863**, Colonel **Kit Carson** marched into Navajo country with orders to break Navajo resistance. He killed warriors, burned hogans, slaughtered sheep, and destroyed peach orchards in Canyon de Chelly. By 1864 the starving Navajo began to surrender.", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "navajo" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "The dramatic red sandstone cliffs and valley floor of Canyon de Chelly stretch across Navajo country.", "imageSearchTerm": "Canyon de Chelly red cliffs", "alt": "Canyon de Chelly, Arizona: sheer red sandstone canyon walls above a flat canyon floor with cottonwood trees, wire-fenced fields, and a round Navajo hogan with a green roof under a blue sky.", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wolfgang Staudt (Openverse) · by 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/53074617@N00/2178132849", "subject": "Canyon de Chelly, Arizona: sheer red sandstone canyon walls above a flat canyon floor with cottonwood trees, wire-fenced fields, and a round Navajo hogan with a green roof under a blue sky. A modern colour landscape photograph; no people in frame.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-kit-carson.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "In 1863, Colonel Kit Carson marched into Navajo country with orders to break Navajo resistance.", "curatedDistractors": [ "James Carleton", "John Frémont", "Stephen Kearny" ], "uid": "1lf3ksn11nlqyr" }, { "id": "fact-long-walk", "shape": "fact", "title": "The Long Walk", "body": "About **9,000 Navajo** were force-marched roughly 300 miles to **Bosque Redondo** in eastern New Mexico in 1864 — the **Long Walk**. Hundreds died on the way. The reservation was a disaster: bad water, failed crops, disease.", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "navajo" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "A long line of Navajo men, women, and children is marched across a barren landscape under military guard.", "imageSearchTerm": "Navajo Long Walk march", "alt": "A sepia 1860s studio group portrait of the Navajo leaders Barboncito (seated, holding a rifle), Manuelito (standing left, concho belt, holding a bow) and Cayetanito (standing right, holding a…", "depictable": true, "subject": "A sepia 1860s studio group portrait of the Navajo leaders Barboncito (seated, holding a rifle), Manuelito (standing left, concho belt, holding a bow) and Cayetanito (standing right, holding a bow), with a boy partly hidden behind Barboncito, photographed at Fort Sumner during the Bosque Redondo inte", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons · Unknown author · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Navajo_leaders_-_Long_walk_of_the_Navajos.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-long-walk.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "9,000 Navajo, force-marched 300 miles. The Long Walk to Bosque Redondo.", "curatedDistractors": [ "Fort Defiance", "Canyon de Chelly", "Fort Apache" ], "uid": "m2bl4i1c6t7rc" }, { "id": "fact-navajo-treaty", "shape": "fact", "title": "The Navajo treaty of 1868", "body": "In **1868**, after four miserable years at Bosque Redondo, the US signed a treaty allowing the Navajo to **return** to a reservation carved out of their original homeland. They walked home — and over the next century built it back into the largest reservation in the country.", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "navajo" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Navajo families returning home", "imagePrompt": "Navajo families walk across the high desert toward their traditional homeland after years of exile.", "alt": "Edward S.", "depictable": true, "subject": "Edward S. Curtis's 1904 photograph \"Cañon de Chelly – Navaho\": seven Navajo riders on horseback with a dog crossing the sandy floor of Canyon de Chelly, Arizona, beneath a towering sandstone cliff; \"Copyright 1904 By E.S. Curtis\" is inscribed in the lower-left corner.", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons · File:Cañon de Chelly - Navaho, 1904.jpg", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ca%C3%B1on_de_Chelly_-_Navaho,_1904.jpg", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-navajo-treaty.webp" }, "uid": "19k6j9pjqs0n3" }, { "id": "mcq-long-walk-number", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many Navajo people were forced on the Long Walk?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 500" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Exactly 1,500" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 100,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 9,000" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "tags": [ "indian-wars", "navajo" ], "uid": "43njci16mgsg0" }, { "id": "cloze-bosque-redondo", "shape": "cloze", "template": "The Navajo Long Walk ended at the ___ reservation in eastern New Mexico.", "answer": "Bosque Redondo", "distractors": [ "Fort Apache", "Window Rock", "San Carlos" ], "tags": [ "indian-wars", "navajo" ], "uid": "wnwx8a1rt1agi" }, { "id": "proc-long-walk", "shape": "procedure", "goal": "The path from peace to the Navajo Long Walk", "steps": [ "Fort Defiance is established in 1851 inside Navajo country, escalating tensions.", "Manuelito leads about a thousand warriors against the fort in April 1860; the attack fails.", "The Civil War temporarily empties the fort, but Union forces return in 1863.", "Kit Carson begins a scorched-earth campaign: burning crops, hogans, and orchards.", "Starving and besieged, Navajo families begin surrendering by the thousands in 1864.", "Roughly 9,000 Navajo are force-marched about 300 miles to Bosque Redondo in eastern New Mexico.", "After four years of crop failures, disease, and death, a treaty in 1868 lets the survivors return to a reservation carved from their homeland." ], "notes": "The 1868 reservation was a fraction of the Navajo's original territory but grew over the following century into the largest Native American reservation in the United States.", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "navajo" ], "uid": "y0v4m4mlki02" }, { "id": "fact-fort-apache", "shape": "fact", "title": "Fort Apache", "body": "**Fort Apache** was established in **1870** in the White Mountains of eastern Arizona to control the surrounding Apache bands. It saw only one small fight — three soldiers wounded in September 1881 — and closed in 1923, turned over to the Bureau of Indian Affairs once the Army judged it militarily obsolete.", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "forts", "apache" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Fort Apache White Mountains", "imagePrompt": "The historic wooden buildings of Fort Apache sit nestled in the pine-covered White Mountains of eastern Arizona.", "alt": "Historic adobe building at Fort Apache, Arizona", "depictable": true }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Fort Defiance", "Fort Huachuca", "Fort Bowie" ], "uid": "1v6p5tm1jei0gs" }, { "id": "fact-fort-huachuca", "shape": "fact", "title": "Fort Huachuca", "body": "**Fort Huachuca**, founded **1877** east of Tucson, was the base for US Army operations against Apache raiders crossing from Mexico. It is one of the few frontier forts that never closed — today it houses the US Army Intelligence Center.", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "forts" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "The historic stone and adobe buildings of Fort Huachuca stand against the backdrop of the Huachuca Mountains.", "imageSearchTerm": "Fort Huachuca military post", "alt": "The rustic wooden entrance sign at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, lettered \"FORT HUACHUCA EST.", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Fort Huachuca · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Huachuca", "subject": "The rustic wooden entrance sign at Fort Huachuca, Arizona, lettered \"FORT HUACHUCA EST. 1877 NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK\" on a stone base, with the fort's two-storey red-trimmed Old Post buildings and the Huachuca Mountains behind it.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-fort-huachuca.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Fort Apache", "Fort Defiance", "Fort Bowie" ], "uid": "1msyib31f0413x" }, { "id": "fact-buffalo-soldiers", "shape": "fact", "title": "Buffalo Soldiers at Huachuca", "body": "From **1913 to 1933**, the all-Black **10th Cavalry Regiment** — the famous **Buffalo Soldiers** — was stationed at Fort Huachuca. They patrolled the Mexican border during the Pancho Villa years and trained for service in two world wars.", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "forts" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Buffalo Soldiers cavalry horseback", "imagePrompt": "A regiment of Buffalo Soldiers, Black cavalry troopers in dress uniform, sits mounted on horseback in formation.", "alt": "A stylised, posterised painting of three Black US cavalry troopers in 19th-century dress uniform (dark blue blouses, sky-blue trousers, campaign hats) standing as a colour guard against a plain…", "depictable": true, "credit": "Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve (Openverse) · pdm 1.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/94707653@N06/32586582301", "subject": "A stylised, posterised painting of three Black US cavalry troopers in 19th-century dress uniform (dark blue blouses, sky-blue trousers, campaign hats) standing as a colour guard against a plain cream background: one holds a sabre, one a cavalry guidon, one the US flag. Source title (National Park Se", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-buffalo-soldiers.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Infantry Regiment", "Field Artillery", "Mountain Division" ], "uid": "17l5lck1q31ise" }, { "id": "fact-cochise", "shape": "fact", "title": "Cochise", "body": "**Cochise** led the Chiricahua Apache through more than a decade of guerrilla war against the US Army after a 1861 incident (the Bascom Affair) where soldiers hanged members of his family. He fought to a stalemate and signed peace in 1872 — and died in his mountain stronghold two years later.", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "apache" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Cochise Stronghold rock formations", "imagePrompt": "Rugged granite boulders and canyons fill Cochise Stronghold in the Dragoon Mountains of southeastern Arizona.", "alt": "Snow-dusted granite rock formations at Cochise Stronghold in the Dragoon Mountains, Arizona", "depictable": true, "credit": "Phil Venditti from University Place, Washington, USA · CC BY 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cochise_Stronghold_(49296165293).jpg", "subject": "Snow-dusted granite mountain peaks and jagged rock spires, one of five Wikimedia uploads titled \"Cochise Stronghold\" by photographer Phil Venditti", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-cochise.webp" }, "uid": "7l1wi71qo5tk1" }, { "id": "fact-geronimo", "shape": "fact", "title": "Geronimo's last stand", "body": "**Geronimo**, an Apache medicine man and war leader, kept fighting after most Apache had been confined to reservations. His final group of about 35 men, women, and children evaded thousands of US and Mexican soldiers for over a year before surrendering in **1886** — the end of the Apache Wars.", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "apache" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "A small band of Apache men, women, and children moves cautiously through rugged desert mountains, evading pursuit.", "imageSearchTerm": "Apache band rugged mountains", "alt": "Geronimo, the Apache leader", "depictable": true, "credit": "Adolph F. Muhr · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geronimo", "subject": "Sepia studio portrait of an elderly Native American man in a jacket and tie, with the print's own caption reading \"GERONIMO-(GUIYATLE)-APACHE-\", copyright 1898 F.A. Rinehart, Omaha — this is the real, identified Geronimo.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-geronimo.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "35 people outran thousands of soldiers for a year — until Geronimo surrendered in 1886.", "uid": "1l2ctxf1sjkch7" }, { "id": "mcq-geronimo-surrender", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Geronimo finally surrender, ending the Apache Wars?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1868" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1912" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1886" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1900" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "tags": [ "indian-wars", "apache" ], "uid": "rlm3pzd8gz0f" }, { "id": "cloze-buffalo-soldiers", "shape": "cloze", "template": "The all-Black 10th Cavalry Regiment stationed at Fort Huachuca was nicknamed the ___ Soldiers.", "answer": "Buffalo", "distractors": [ "Black", "Rough", "Iron" ], "tags": [ "indian-wars", "forts" ], "uid": "nmtl3m1vytdqg" }, { "id": "fact-tombstone-discovery", "shape": "fact", "title": "Silver in Tombstone", "body": "In **1877**, prospector **Ed Schieffelin** went searching for silver in the Apache country of southeastern Arizona. Soldiers warned him he'd only find his tombstone. He found silver — and named his strike **Tombstone**.", "tags": [ "mining", "silver", "tombstone" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "A lone 19th-century prospector with a pickaxe and mule searches a rocky desert hillside for silver.", "imageSearchTerm": "old west silver prospector", "alt": "An 1880s prospector holding raw silver ore in the Arizona desert", "depictable": true }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "In 1877, prospector Ed Schieffelin went searching for silver in the Apache country of southeastern Arizona.", "curatedDistractors": [ "Henry Wickenburg", "Jacob Waltz", "Charles Poston" ], "uid": "zbo7d4yaywuc" }, { "id": "fact-tombstone-boom", "shape": "fact", "title": "Tombstone explodes", "body": "By **1881–82**, Tombstone's population was estimated at 6,000 to 10,000 depending on the source — already larger than San Francisco had been a generation earlier. Saloons, gambling halls, opera houses, two newspapers, four churches, and dozens of brothels. For a few years it was the most cosmopolitan place between St. Louis and San Francisco.", "tags": [ "mining", "silver", "tombstone" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "A bustling 1880s view of Allen Street in Tombstone is lined with saloons, wooden boardwalks, and false-front buildings.", "imageSearchTerm": "Tombstone boomtown Allen Street", "alt": "The Bird Cage Theatre in Tombstone, Arizona, photographed at night: the 1881 stone-and-adobe building on Allen Street with its painted \"Bird Cage Theatre 1881\" facade sign, a hanging \"The Original…", "depictable": true, "credit": "w_lemay (Openverse) · by-sa 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/59081381@N03/53445295349", "subject": "The Bird Cage Theatre in Tombstone, Arizona, photographed at night: the 1881 stone-and-adobe building on Allen Street with its painted \"Bird Cage Theatre 1881\" facade sign, a hanging \"The Original Bird Cage Theatre of Tombstone\" sign, arched doorways lit from inside, and a wooden boardwalk in front.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-tombstone-boom.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "By 1881 Tombstone was bigger than San Francisco had been a generation before.", "uid": "1bb44ky4uzpsm" }, { "id": "fact-bisbee-copper", "shape": "fact", "title": "Bisbee's copper", "body": "In **1885**, Lewis Williams opened the first copper smelter in **Bisbee** — a steep canyon town that became one of the great copper-producing centers of the world. Bisbee's Copper Queen mine alone produced over 8 billion pounds of copper before it shut in 1975.", "tags": [ "mining", "copper", "bisbee" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "The Copper Queen mine and steep, colorful hillside town of Bisbee, Arizona are built into a narrow canyon.", "imageSearchTerm": "Bisbee copper mine town", "alt": "The copper mine pit at Bisbee", "depictable": true, "credit": "George Wharton James, 1858—1923 · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Copper_mining_town,_Bisbee,_Arizona,_ca.1900_(CHS-4616).jpg", "subject": "B&W archival photo (ca. 1900, Wikimedia, public domain) titled 'Copper mining town, Bisbee, Arizona' — a steep, terraced canyon hillside with ore tramways and mine buildings, and a smelter in the foreground venting heavy smoke from tall stacks.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-bisbee-copper.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "One Bisbee mine pulled 8 billion pounds of copper out of the ground.", "curatedDistractors": [ "Ed Schieffelin", "William A. Clark", "George Warren" ], "uid": "9l9dzq1qkdrea" }, { "id": "fact-jerome-copper", "shape": "fact", "title": "Jerome, the billion-dollar copper camp", "body": "The **United Verde Copper Company** was incorporated on **February 23, 1883**, and the camp on Cleopatra Hill was named **Jerome** after a New York investing family. Perched on a 30° slope, it became one of the richest copper towns in the country before it nearly emptied in the 1950s.", "tags": [ "mining", "copper", "jerome" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "The mining town of Jerome, Arizona has buildings clinging to the steep slope of Cleopatra Hill.", "imageSearchTerm": "Jerome Arizona hillside town", "alt": "A sunlit street in Jerome, Arizona, looking up at the brush-covered slope of Cleopatra Hill with the town's white hillside \"J\" letter;", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Jerome, Arizona · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome,_Arizona", "subject": "A sunlit street in Jerome, Arizona, looking up at the brush-covered slope of Cleopatra Hill with the town's white hillside \"J\" letter; early-1900s brick and stucco commercial buildings line the street, an \"Arizona 89A\" state-route sign is in the foreground and a \"The Original Jerome Winery\" sign han", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-jerome-copper.webp" }, "uid": "hkue4d4qfw7h" }, { "id": "fact-copper-electricity", "shape": "fact", "title": "Why copper boomed", "body": "Arizona's copper boom rode the **electrical revolution**. As America wired up — power lines, telephones, electric motors — copper was suddenly a strategic commodity. The territory's mines and smelters scaled up to meet the demand.", "tags": [ "mining", "copper" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "open-pit copper mine Arizona", "imagePrompt": "A vast open-pit copper mine is carved into the Arizona landscape, with mining terraces spiraling down.", "alt": "Why copper boomed", "depictable": true, "credit": "Joseph Janney Steinmetz · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anaconda_Copper_Mining_Co.%27s_open_mine_pit_at_Bisbee,_Arizona.jpg", "subject": "Color photo, terraced open-pit copper mine at Bisbee, Arizona, steam shovel on the benched walls under blue sky (Wikimedia title confirms Bisbee, Arizona; public domain)", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-copper-electricity.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "silver", "gold", "lead" ], "uid": "wj5ua9j5qxgx" }, { "id": "mcq-tombstone-population", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how large was Tombstone at its peak in 1881?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 500 people" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fewer than 200 people" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Over 10,000 people" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 100,000 people" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "tags": [ "mining", "tombstone" ], "uid": "1758bpt1pzmpxf" }, { "id": "cloze-tombstone-named", "shape": "cloze", "template": "Ed Schieffelin named his silver strike Tombstone because soldiers warned him that's all he would find searching ___ country.", "answer": "Apache", "distractors": [ "Navajo", "Hohokam", "Yuma" ], "tags": [ "mining", "tombstone" ], "uid": "77iqg8u879yc" }, { "id": "fact-earps-arrive", "shape": "fact", "title": "The Earps come to Tombstone", "body": "**Wyatt Earp** and his brothers — Virgil, Morgan, and James — arrived in Tombstone in **1879**, looking to make money on the boom. They bought mining shares, gambling concessions, and water rights. Virgil and Wyatt became federal and town lawmen.", "tags": [ "tombstone", "earps" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "Three frontier lawmen in long coats and badges walk down a dusty 1880s Tombstone street.", "imageSearchTerm": "1880s frontier town street", "alt": "A dusty 1880s Arizona main street at dusk", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Tombstone Historic District · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombstone_Historic_District", "subject": "A photograph of Allen Street in Tombstone, Arizona's historic district — wooden storefronts including one reading 'Tombstone Cafe' and 'Campbell & Hatch Billiards', a horse-drawn stagecoach on a dirt street, people in period dress", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-earps-arrive.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Wyatt Earp and his brothers — Virgil, Morgan, and James — arrived in Tombstone in 1879, looking to make money on the boom.", "curatedDistractors": [ "Doc Holliday", "Bat Masterson", "Johnny Ringo" ], "uid": "1c3fva7ogws03" }, { "id": "fact-ok-corral", "shape": "fact", "title": "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral", "body": "On **October 26, 1881**, the Earps and **Doc Holliday** faced off against a faction of cowboys — Billy Clanton and the McLaurys — in a dusty lot near the O.K. Corral. The fight lasted **30 seconds**. Three cowboys died. It became the most famous shootout in American history.", "tags": [ "tombstone", "ok-corral" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "OK Corral Tombstone gunfight", "imagePrompt": "Gunfighters face off in a dusty vacant lot beside wooden corral fences in old Tombstone.", "alt": "Allen Street in Tombstone, Arizona, at the O.K.", "depictable": true, "credit": "Unsplash · Dennis Lamberth · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/men-in-cowboy-attire-stand-on-a-dusty-western-street-0bvez7f26IE", "subject": "Allen Street in Tombstone, Arizona, at the O.K. Corral historic site: the red \"O.K. CORRAL / GUNFIGHT\" sign and the \"Tombstone's Historama\" storefront are readable, and six costumed gunfight reenactors stand on the dirt street under a blue sky.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-ok-corral.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Bat Masterson", "Johnny Ringo", "Curly Bill" ], "uid": "1osjc1y15dnbr2" }, { "id": "fact-vendetta-ride", "shape": "fact", "title": "The Earp Vendetta Ride", "body": "After the O.K. Corral, Virgil Earp was ambushed and crippled. Then Morgan Earp was assassinated while shooting pool. Wyatt responded with the **Vendetta Ride** of March 1882, hunting down and killing the men he held responsible — and then quietly leaving the territory.", "tags": [ "tombstone", "earps" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "posse riding desert pursuit", "imagePrompt": "A small posse of armed riders on horseback moves swiftly across a desert landscape in pursuit.", "alt": "Historic Arizona desert landscape from the Earp Vendetta Ride era", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels · Miguel Cuenca · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/daring-horseback-riders-on-rugged-terrain-29796555/", "subject": "Two riders galloping on horseback down a dusty, rocky, scrub-covered slope, dust kicking up behind the horses, one rider gesturing forward — a clear, honest scene of mounted riders in dry, rugged desert/mountain terrain", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-vendetta-ride.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Iron Springs", "Skeleton Canyon", "Guadalupe Canyon" ], "uid": "b5qit31xzfhm3" }, { "id": "fact-doc-holliday", "shape": "fact", "title": "Doc Holliday", "body": "**Doc Holliday** was a Georgia dentist who became a gambler and gunfighter after tuberculosis sent him west. Witty, drunk, deadly, and dying — he was Wyatt Earp's closest friend and stood at his side at the O.K. Corral. He died of TB in 1887 in a Colorado sanatorium.", "tags": [ "tombstone", "earps" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "old west gambler saloon", "imagePrompt": "A gaunt 19th-century gambler in a frock coat plays cards at a dim saloon table, a pistol at his side.", "alt": "Doc Holliday", "depictable": true }, "uid": "n3wxh6wmvlh4" }, { "id": "fact-tombstone-fires", "shape": "fact", "title": "Tombstone burns, twice", "body": "Tombstone burned to the ground in **June 1881** and again in **May 1882**. The wooden boomtown was rebuilt each time. What ended Tombstone wasn't fire but **water** — by 1886 the mines had hit the water table and pumps couldn't keep up. The silver gave out.", "tags": [ "tombstone" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "wooden boomtown fire flames", "imagePrompt": "Flames engulf a row of wooden false-front buildings in a 19th-century frontier boomtown at night.", "alt": "Main street of Tombstone, Arizona", "depictable": true }, "uid": "vmd7oncib12v" }, { "id": "mcq-ok-corral-year", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When did the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral take place?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "February 14, 1912" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "October 26, 1881" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "July 4, 1876" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "April 15, 1862" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "tags": [ "tombstone", "ok-corral" ], "uid": "usnnqk1o7oj5c" }, { "id": "cloze-doc-holliday", "shape": "cloze", "template": "Wyatt Earp's tubercular dentist-turned-gunfighter friend at the O.K. Corral was ___ Holliday.", "answer": "Doc", "distractors": [ "Bat", "Curly", "Dutch" ], "tags": [ "tombstone", "earps" ], "uid": "1smgqb5195t8jr" }, { "id": "fact-railroads-1880", "shape": "fact", "title": "The railroads arrive", "body": "Arizona's remoteness ended in **1880** when the **Southern Pacific** crossed the territory from California, reaching El Paso the following year. Suddenly mines could ship ore profitably, ranchers could ship cattle, settlers could arrive in days instead of weeks. The desert was no longer the frontier — it was a market.", "tags": [ "railroads" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "steam locomotive desert railroad", "imagePrompt": "A 19th-century steam locomotive crosses a desert rail line with mountains in the background.", "alt": "Southern Pacific Lines railroad logo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Unknown author · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_California_Limited_on_the_Desert_(NBY_22252).jpg", "subject": "Vintage postcard 'The California Limited on the Desert': a steam locomotive pulling a passenger train across open desert scrub dotted with Joshua trees under an orange sky — a genuine period image of a steam train crossing the Southwestern desert.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-railroads-1880.webp" }, "uid": "16mxz6r1minjpz" }, { "id": "fact-cattle-boom", "shape": "fact", "title": "Cattle herds explode", "body": "Between **1873 and 1891**, Arizona's cattle herd grew from **40,000 to 1.5 million** head. Texans brought open-range methods to a territory finally pacified after the Apache wars. The land could not support it.", "tags": [ "ranching" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "cattle herd open range", "imagePrompt": "A vast herd of cattle spreads across an open range landscape under a big sky.", "alt": "Cattle herds explode", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Cattle drives in the United States · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States", "subject": "Color photo, aerial angle, of two cowboys on horseback driving a mixed herd of black Angus and red cattle across sparse desert scrubland (creosote/mesquite) — reads as authentic Southwestern open range", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-cattle-boom.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Between 1873 and 1891, Arizona's cattle herd grew from 40,000 to 1.", "uid": "175pr7pqioi0v" }, { "id": "fact-1891-drought", "shape": "fact", "title": "The 1891–1893 die-off", "body": "A brutal **drought from 1891 to 1893** killed **more than half** of Arizona's cattle and stripped the grasslands. Overgrazing during the boom had primed the land; the drought finished it. Much of Arizona's range never recovered to pre-boom productivity.", "tags": [ "ranching" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "parched drought cattle range", "imagePrompt": "Emaciated cattle stand on a parched, cracked rangeland during a severe drought.", "alt": "A wide expanse of sun-baked, deeply cracked dry earth — a parched lakebed or floodplain — with a few dead sticks standing in it, scrubland and a hazy mountain range under a bright sky in the distance.", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels · Kiptoo Addi · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/cracks-on-water-starved-soil-14924252/", "subject": "A wide expanse of sun-baked, deeply cracked dry earth — a parched lakebed or floodplain — with a few dead sticks standing in it, scrubland and a hazy mountain range under a bright sky in the distance. No people, animals, text or logos.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-1891-drought.webp" }, "uid": "1wcjmsthbvva3" }, { "id": "fact-1880-population", "shape": "fact", "title": "Railroads remade population", "body": "Arizona's population leapt from **9,658 in 1870 to 40,440 in 1880** — a **319% jump** driven almost entirely by the railroad. Each subsequent census doubled the count until statehood.", "tags": [ "railroads", "population" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "settlers arriving train station", "imagePrompt": "Newly arrived settlers with luggage step off a train at a bustling 1880s frontier depot.", "alt": "Railroads remade population", "depictable": true, "credit": "Internet Archive Book Images · No restrictions", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Pacific_tourist_-_Adams_and_Bishop%27s_illustrated_trans-continental_guide_of_travel,_from_the_Atlantic_to_the_Pacific_Ocean_-_containing_full_descriptions_of_railroad_routes_across_the_continent,_(14758030681).jpg", "subject": "A 19th-century engraving (signed \"Meeder-Chubb\") of a steam train with several passenger cars running along a river at the base of towering, sheer canyon cliffs, sparse desert scrub in the foreground; from the transcontinental-railroad guidebook \"The Pacific Tourist.\" No location text visible; the d", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-1880-population.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Arizona's population leapt from 9,658 in 1870 to 40,440 in 1880 — a 319% jump driven almost entirely by the railroad.", "uid": "zg9fkr1g1sxvt" }, { "id": "mcq-railroads-year", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When did the first transcontinental railroad reach Arizona?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1854" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1912" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1900" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1880" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "tags": [ "railroads" ], "uid": "cp331m1efqv0u" }, { "id": "cloze-cattle-peak", "shape": "cloze", "template": "By 1891, Arizona's cattle herd had peaked at about ___ head.", "answer": "1.5 million", "distractors": [ "40,000", "150,000", "10 million" ], "tags": [ "ranching" ], "uid": "1ytmzd6spf0no" }, { "id": "fact-statehood-day", "shape": "fact", "title": "Valentine's Day, 1912", "body": "President **William Howard Taft signed Arizona into statehood on February 14, 1912** — the **48th state**, and the last in the contiguous US. New Mexico had beaten it by just six weeks.", "tags": [ "statehood" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "A president in an early 20th-century office signs an official document at a large wooden desk.", "imageSearchTerm": "president signing statehood document", "alt": "An ornate pen poised over an early 20th-century document in a Capitol office", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels · RDNE Stock project · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-man-in-blue-suit-jacket-writing-on-white-paper-7841816/", "subject": "A man in a blue blazer seated at a wooden desk signs a document while a woman in a teal top stands beside him watching, with an American flag and framed art behind them — an anonymous, unidentifiable pair in a generic government/office-styled setting", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-statehood-day.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Arizona became the 48th state on Valentine's Day, 1912 — the last in the Lower 48.", "curatedDistractors": [ "Theodore Roosevelt", "Woodrow Wilson", "William McKinley" ], "uid": "1rxbq52wxhvyu" }, { "id": "fact-progressive-constitution", "shape": "fact", "title": "A radical constitution", "body": "Arizona's first proposed constitution was a Progressive showcase: **initiative, referendum, recall** of officials (including judges), direct election of senators, and **women's suffrage**. Congress balked. Arizona stripped the offending bits, got admitted, then promptly put them back.", "tags": [ "statehood", "politics" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "constitutional convention delegates hall", "imagePrompt": "A group of formally dressed delegates sits in rows at an early 20th-century constitutional convention hall.", "alt": "A radical constitution", "depictable": true }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Congress made Arizona strip its radical constitution to get in — then it put every clause right back.", "uid": "s1do291cpnyr9" }, { "id": "fact-women-vote-1912", "shape": "fact", "title": "Women voted before federal suffrage", "body": "Arizona women won the right to vote in **November 1912** by state referendum — **eight years before** the Nineteenth Amendment did the same nationally. The state constitution had been amended within months of statehood.", "tags": [ "statehood", "politics" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "women suffragists voting 1912", "imagePrompt": "A group of early 20th-century women in period dress lines up to cast ballots at a polling place.", "alt": "Women voted before federal suffrage", "depictable": true }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Fifteenth Amendment", "Eighteenth Amendment", "Twentieth Amendment" ], "uid": "1mqcualpjy72r" }, { "id": "fact-hispanic-delegate", "shape": "fact", "title": "One Hispanic delegate", "body": "Of the **52 delegates** at Arizona's 1910 constitutional convention, only one was Hispanic — and he refused to sign the document. The early state government was overwhelmingly Anglo, despite Arizona's deep Spanish and Mexican roots.", "tags": [ "statehood", "politics" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "early 1900s convention hall", "imagePrompt": "A lone delegate stands apart from a large group of men seated at a 1910 constitutional convention hall.", "alt": "One Hispanic delegate", "depictable": true }, "uid": "leeo359insht" }, { "id": "fact-jointure-rejected", "shape": "fact", "title": "The 'jointure' idea", "body": "Some in Congress proposed admitting Arizona and New Mexico as **one combined state** to keep Senate numbers manageable. New Mexicans were open to it. **Arizonans hated the idea** and voted it down — they wanted their own star on the flag.", "tags": [ "statehood", "politics" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "American flag stars detail", "imagePrompt": "A close-up of an American flag focuses on its rows of white stars against blue fabric.", "alt": "A close-up of a folded cloth American flag lying on a white surface, showing the blue star field and red and white stripes.", "depictable": true, "credit": "Unsplash · Drew Beamer · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/usa-flag-in-close-up-photo-uZChhlYhPfU", "subject": "A weathered, creased cotton American flag with visible age spots, showing a grid of stars on a navy field and worn red/cream stripes lying with visible folds — an authentic, vintage-looking flag.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-jointure-rejected.webp" }, "uid": "1xtm1ny1wzuq38" }, { "id": "mcq-statehood-date", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "On what date did Arizona become a US state?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "December 7, 1941" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "July 4, 1876" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "February 14, 1900" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "February 14, 1912" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "tags": [ "statehood" ], "uid": "ogze3v1a3gj6p" }, { "id": "cloze-48th-state", "shape": "cloze", "template": "Arizona was admitted as the ___ US state.", "answer": "48th", "distractors": [ "50th", "47th", "13th" ], "explanation": "Last of the contiguous 48. Only Alaska (1959) and Hawaii (1959) came later.", "tags": [ "statehood" ], "uid": "15z669g1hjrnyi" }, { "id": "fact-carl-hayden", "shape": "fact", "title": "Carl Hayden's record", "body": "**Carl Hayden** represented Arizona in Washington for **56 years** — first in the House from statehood in 1912, then in the Senate from 1927 to 1969. He held the seniority record in Congress and chaired the powerful Appropriations Committee for 14 years.", "tags": [ "statehood", "people" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "US Capitol building dome", "imagePrompt": "The US Capitol building dome rises against the sky in Washington, D.C.", "alt": "Portrait of Arizona senator Carl Hayden", "depictable": true }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Barry Goldwater", "Morris Udall", "Ernest McFarland" ], "uid": "mxif29ajcd5n" }, { "id": "fact-hayden-sheriff", "shape": "fact", "title": "Sheriff to senator", "body": "Before Congress, Hayden was **Maricopa County Sheriff** — and personally arrested Arizona's last train robbers in 1910, chasing them across the desert in a Stoddard-Dayton automobile. The story made him famous statewide.", "tags": [ "statehood", "people" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "vintage automobile desert chase", "imagePrompt": "An early 1900s open-top automobile speeds across a dusty desert road in pursuit of outlaws on horseback.", "alt": "Sheriff to senator", "depictable": true, "credit": "Unsplash · 11th gate · Unsplash License", "creditUrl": "https://unsplash.com/photos/a-car-drives-down-a-desert-road-Arvle1F6XwY", "subject": "A vintage maroon sedan speeding down a paved desert highway, motion-blurred wheels, dry hills in the distance", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-hayden-sheriff.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Territorial Governor", "US Marshal", "Justice of the Peace" ], "uid": "7mn9vhcb257n" }, { "id": "fact-hayden-cap", "shape": "fact", "title": "Hayden's 41-year project", "body": "Hayden's biggest legislative cause was the **Central Arizona Project** — a 336-mile aqueduct to carry Colorado River water to Phoenix and Tucson. He fought for it for **41 years**, finally getting it authorized in 1968, the year he retired.", "tags": [ "statehood", "water" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Central Arizona Project aqueduct", "imagePrompt": "The long concrete channel of the Central Arizona Project aqueduct stretches across the desert landscape.", "alt": "Hayden's 41-year project", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons — Arizona cap canal.jpg · See Wikimedia Commons (per-file)", "creditUrl": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053686", "subject": "Aerial photo of a concrete-lined aqueduct/canal snaking through open Sonoran desert past small dark hills, distant mountain range on the horizon — Wikidata's own image for the Central Arizona Project entity; this is the actual CAP canal.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-hayden-cap.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Salt River Project", "Boulder Canyon Project", "Roosevelt Dam" ], "uid": "utyjbvle6q9" }, { "id": "mcq-hayden-years", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many years did Carl Hayden serve in Congress?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "20" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "100" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "56" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "8" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "tags": [ "statehood", "people" ], "uid": "54llfc1mnvrbs" }, { "id": "cloze-hayden-cap", "shape": "cloze", "template": "Senator Carl Hayden's 41-year crusade was to build the ___ Arizona Project.", "answer": "Central", "distractors": [ "Northern", "Western", "Eastern" ], "tags": [ "statehood", "water" ], "uid": "62h6nz1totbut" }, { "id": "fact-grand-canyon-tourism", "shape": "fact", "title": "Trains, then tourists", "body": "The **Santa Fe Railroad** reached the Grand Canyon's South Rim in **1901**. Tourism followed in a flood. By 1905, the **El Tovar Hotel** — a luxury Harvey House lodge — was hosting guests overlooking the canyon, and a tourism industry took root that has never stopped growing.", "tags": [ "tourism", "grand-canyon" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "The historic log-and-stone El Tovar Hotel perches on the South Rim overlooking the Grand Canyon.", "imageSearchTerm": "El Tovar Hotel Grand Canyon", "alt": "A 1905 Fred Harvey colour postcard (Detroit Publishing series no.", "depictable": true, "credit": "Library of Congress · Hotel El Tovar, Grand Canyon Arizona · No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2025661741/", "subject": "A 1905 Fred Harvey colour postcard (Detroit Publishing series no. 7990) of the El Tovar Hotel on the Grand Canyon's South Rim, captioned in the margin \"Hotel El Tovar, Grand Canyon Arizona\" and \"Copyright, 1905, by Fred Harvey\"; the long red-roofed timber hotel sits back from the rim with the canyon", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-grand-canyon-tourism.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The Santa Fe Railroad reached the Grand Canyon's South Rim in 1901.", "curatedDistractors": [ "Southern Pacific", "Union Pacific", "Atlantic & Pacific Railroad" ], "uid": "1sqffuiaf29tw" }, { "id": "fact-fred-harvey", "shape": "fact", "title": "Fred Harvey", "body": "**Fred Harvey** built the West's first restaurant chain along the Santa Fe Railroad — clean dining rooms staffed by the famed **Harvey Girls**. His hotels at the Grand Canyon set the standard for American national-park lodging.", "tags": [ "tourism", "grand-canyon" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Harvey Girls railway dining", "imagePrompt": "A group of Harvey Girls in black-and-white uniforms serves guests in an elegant early 1900s railway dining room.", "alt": "Fred Harvey", "depictable": true }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Henry Flagler", "George Pullman", "Charles Crocker" ], "uid": "10ynqhlklbtjr" }, { "id": "fact-john-wesley-powell", "shape": "fact", "title": "Powell maps the canyon", "body": "**John Wesley Powell**, a one-armed Civil War veteran, led the first known descent of the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon in **1869**. His subsequent reports made the canyon famous and laid the scientific groundwork for federal water policy in the West.", "tags": [ "tourism", "grand-canyon" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "wooden boats Colorado River rapids", "imagePrompt": "Small wooden expedition boats navigate turbulent rapids on the Colorado River deep within the Grand Canyon.", "alt": "Portrait of explorer John Wesley Powell", "depictable": true }, "curatedDistractors": [ "John Frémont", "Clarence Dutton", "Ferdinand Hayden" ], "uid": "kznxo01essnou" }, { "id": "fact-grand-canyon-national-park", "shape": "fact", "title": "National park status", "body": "President Theodore Roosevelt visited the Grand Canyon in 1903 and called it 'one of the great sights every American should see.' He made it a national monument in 1908; **Congress made it a national park in 1919**.", "tags": [ "tourism", "grand-canyon" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Canyon vista overlook", "imagePrompt": "A sweeping vista of the Grand Canyon shows layered red rock formations stretching to the horizon.", "alt": "A sweeping South Rim vista of the Grand Canyon in Arizona, looking across layered red and tan canyon walls to the Colorado River bending through the inner gorge, with the Palisades of the Desert…", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Grand Canyon · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon", "subject": "A sweeping South Rim vista of the Grand Canyon in Arizona, looking across layered red and tan canyon walls to the Colorado River bending through the inner gorge, with the Palisades of the Desert cliffs and a gnarled pinyon-juniper tree framing the right side under a blue sky with scattered clouds.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-grand-canyon-national-park.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "President William Howard Taft", "President Woodrow Wilson", "President Benjamin Harrison" ], "uid": "gcd5es1nmv9tw" }, { "id": "mcq-canyon-park-year", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When did Congress make Grand Canyon a national park?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1956" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1903" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1872" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1919" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "tags": [ "tourism", "grand-canyon" ], "uid": "w20cck1re179a" }, { "id": "fact-colorado-compact", "shape": "fact", "title": "The Colorado River Compact", "body": "The **1922 Colorado River Compact** split the river between an upper and a lower basin — 7.5 million acre-feet a year each. Dividing the lower half left California **59%**, Arizona **37%** (2.8 million acre-feet), and Nevada **4%**. Arizona refused to ratify until 1944.", "tags": [ "water" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Colorado River canyon water", "imagePrompt": "The Colorado River flows through a deep desert canyon, the water resource at the center of a multi-state agreement.", "alt": "The Colorado River winding through Marble Canyon in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, seen from high above on the Nankoweap side: green-blue water with gravel bars below tall red Redwall and Supai cliffs.", "depictable": true, "credit": "Gonzo fan2007 (Openverse) · by 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/25449038@N06/2396607499", "subject": "The Colorado River winding through Marble Canyon in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, seen from high above on the Nankoweap side: green-blue water with gravel bars below tall red Redwall and Supai cliffs.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-colorado-compact.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Boulder Canyon Project Act", "Groundwater Management Act", "Central Arizona Project" ], "uid": "1c6vz6h1gpmqvj" }, { "id": "fact-hoover-dam", "shape": "fact", "title": "Hoover Dam", "body": "**Hoover Dam** — originally Boulder Dam — was built from **1931 to 1936** in the Black Canyon of the Colorado on the Arizona-Nevada border. **726 feet tall**, it created Lake Mead and made large-scale water and power management of the lower Colorado possible.", "tags": [ "water", "depression" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "The massive curved concrete face of Hoover Dam spans the Black Canyon of the Colorado River.", "imageSearchTerm": "Hoover Dam Black Canyon", "alt": "Aerial photograph of Hoover Dam in Black Canyon: the curved concrete arch dam with the road across its crest, the four intake towers in Lake Mead behind it, the Arizona spillway chute on the left…", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Hoover Dam · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam", "subject": "Aerial photograph of Hoover Dam in Black Canyon: the curved concrete arch dam with the road across its crest, the four intake towers in Lake Mead behind it, the Arizona spillway chute on the left, the Nevada-side visitor parking structure in the foreground, and the powerhouse at the base of the dam.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-hoover-dam.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "726 feet of concrete in a desert canyon, finished in 1936 — Hoover Dam tamed the lower Colorado.", "curatedDistractors": [ "Glen Canyon Dam", "Roosevelt Dam", "Davis Dam" ], "uid": "14430had2z720" }, { "id": "fact-hoover-height", "shape": "fact", "title": "Engineering scale", "body": "Hoover Dam was the **tallest dam in the world** when completed in 1936. Roughly 21,000 workers built it; 96 died on the project. The concrete in its arch is so massive that, left to cool naturally, it would still be releasing heat today — engineers had to run refrigerated water through embedded pipes to set it.", "tags": [ "water", "depression" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Hoover Dam construction workers", "imagePrompt": "Construction workers and scaffolding cover the massive concrete face of Hoover Dam during its 1930s construction.", "alt": "Ansel Adams photograph of Hoover Dam", "depictable": true, "credit": "Christian David · CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hoover_Dam_and_Black_Canyon_seen_from_the_Mike_O%27Callaghan%E2%80%93Pat_Tillman_Memorial_Bridge,_panorama,_Arizona%E2%80%93Nevada.jpg", "subject": "Real Hoover Dam (Arizona-Nevada), a panorama shot from the Mike O'Callaghan-Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge looking straight down the canyon at the full vertical face of the arch dam, the powerhouse at its base, and Black Canyon walls on both sides with Lake Mead beyond", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-hoover-height.webp" }, "uid": "2ajju75c1ak7" }, { "id": "fact-great-depression-az", "shape": "fact", "title": "Arizona in the Depression", "body": "The Depression hit Arizona's copper and cattle economy hard. By 1932 local relief was exhausted and the **New Deal** poured in: CCC camps, dam projects, road work. Federal spending — capped by Hoover Dam — pulled the state out of crisis.", "tags": [ "depression" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "CCC workers building road", "imagePrompt": "A crew of Depression-era CCC workers builds a desert road with hand tools and a truck nearby.", "alt": "New Deal-era photographs from the Great Depression", "depictable": true, "credit": "Edmund R. Golladay · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CCC_Co._2530_building_road_in_Utah.jpg", "subject": "CCC Company 2530 crew (period clothing, hand tools) cutting a road into a dry, sparsely vegetated hillside in Utah, 1930s — matches the search term directly.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-great-depression-az.webp" }, "uid": "16j5ro6iuksvm" }, { "id": "mcq-hoover-years", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When was Hoover Dam constructed?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1945–1950" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1912–1917" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1900–1910" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1931–1936" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "tags": [ "water", "depression" ], "uid": "1qecjfzll9u37" }, { "id": "cloze-colorado-share", "shape": "cloze", "template": "The 1922 Colorado River Compact allocated Arizona ___ of the lower-basin water.", "answer": "19%", "distractors": [ "25%", "50%", "5%" ], "tags": [ "water" ], "uid": "7qbzw213s75oa" }, { "id": "fact-wwii-arizona", "shape": "fact", "title": "Why the military came to Arizona", "body": "World War II turned Arizona into a giant training ground. The state offered **clear flying weather, empty land, cheap labor, and proximity to California aviation plants**. Bases, airfields, and proving grounds spread across the desert — and most of them stayed after the war.", "tags": [ "wwii" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "WWII airfield desert training", "imagePrompt": "Rows of World War II training aircraft sit parked on a desert airfield under clear skies.", "alt": "Why the military came to Arizona", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels · Sean P. Twomey · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/vintage-p-51-mustang-aircraft-on-tarmac-daytime-29553591/", "subject": "A restored silver-and-red P-51 Mustang WWII fighter plane ('Val-Halla') with propeller spinning, nose-on on an airfield tarmac, dry brush-covered mountains in the background.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-wwii-arizona.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "World War I", "the Korean War", "the Spanish-American War" ], "uid": "5x1dlj35sr93" }, { "id": "fact-davis-monthan", "shape": "fact", "title": "Davis-Monthan Field", "body": "**Davis-Monthan Field** outside Tucson became the main training center for Army Air Forces bomber crews. After the war it kept growing — it now hosts the famous 'Boneyard', a 2,600-acre yard where the US military's retired aircraft sit in the dry air.", "tags": [ "wwii" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "aircraft boneyard Tucson desert", "imagePrompt": "Long rows of retired military aircraft sit stored in the desert sun at an aircraft boneyard.", "alt": "Ground-level view of rows of retired US Navy P-3 Orion patrol aircraft parked on dry scrub at the AMARG aircraft boneyard, Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Tucson, with desert mountains behind under…", "depictable": true, "subject": "Ground-level view of rows of retired US Navy P-3 Orion patrol aircraft parked on dry scrub at the AMARG aircraft boneyard, Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Tucson, with desert mountains behind under a blue sky; \"NAVY\" is legible on the nearest fuselage.", "credit": "Pexels · Decommissioned aircraft in a desert boneyard in Tucson, Arizona under clear skies.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/parked-navy-planes-11678676/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-davis-monthan.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Luke Field", "Williams Field", "Marana Field" ], "uid": "1716vr11gs9c2n" }, { "id": "fact-huachuca-wwii", "shape": "fact", "title": "Fort Huachuca expands", "body": "During WWII, **Fort Huachuca** ballooned into the home of the **92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions** — two of the few large all-Black combat divisions in the US Army. At its peak the post held **25,000 soldiers**.", "tags": [ "wwii" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Black infantry soldiers training", "imagePrompt": "Rows of Black infantry soldiers in WWII uniform stand in formation for training at a desert army post.", "alt": "Entrance to Fort Huachuca, Arizona", "depictable": true }, "uid": "bs4oyy1ei1yje" }, { "id": "fact-poston-gila-river", "shape": "fact", "title": "Japanese American internment", "body": "Arizona hosted **two of the largest War Relocation camps**: **Poston** on the Colorado River and **Gila River** south of Phoenix. Over **30,000 Japanese Americans** — most of them US citizens — were confined in them from 1942 to 1945.", "tags": [ "wwii" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "internment camp barracks desert", "imagePrompt": "Rows of simple tar-paper barracks sit behind a fence at a 1940s Japanese American internment camp in the desert.", "alt": "Japanese American internment", "depictable": true }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Prisoner of War", "Civilian Conservation", "Migrant Labor" ], "uid": "b2q3ft46llzb" }, { "id": "fact-arizona-warship", "shape": "fact", "title": "USS Arizona", "body": "The battleship **USS Arizona** was destroyed at **Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941**, taking **1,177 sailors** with her. Her hull still rests in the harbor, leaking small amounts of oil daily — and her memorial is the centerpiece of the World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument.", "tags": [ "wwii" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "USS Arizona Memorial Pearl Harbor", "imagePrompt": "The white USS Arizona Memorial structure floats above the sunken battleship's remains in Pearl Harbor.", "alt": "The USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor: the white arched structure that straddles the battleship's sunken hull, with \"U.S.S.", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Pearl Harbor National Memorial · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_National_Memorial", "subject": "The USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor: the white arched structure that straddles the battleship's sunken hull, with \"U.S.S. ARIZONA MEMORIAL\" lettered above the entrance, a US flag flying from the mast and visitors on the walkway over the water.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-arizona-warship.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "The battleship USS Arizona was destroyed at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, taking 1,177 sailors with her.", "uid": "c06bum1x2u02i" }, { "id": "mcq-uss-arizona-deaths", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many sailors died on the USS Arizona at Pearl Harbor?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1,177" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "429" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "703" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2,403" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "tags": [ "wwii" ], "uid": "o71d0x16bb6jb" }, { "id": "cloze-poston", "shape": "cloze", "template": "Arizona's two large WWII Japanese American internment camps were Gila River and ___.", "answer": "Poston", "distractors": [ "Manzanar", "Heart Mountain", "Tule Lake" ], "explanation": "Manzanar was in California; Heart Mountain in Wyoming; Tule Lake in California. Only Poston and Gila River were in Arizona.", "tags": [ "wwii" ], "uid": "2qmpyn9ze6vd" }, { "id": "fact-cap", "shape": "fact", "title": "The Central Arizona Project", "body": "The **Central Arizona Project** is a 336-mile concrete aqueduct that lifts Colorado River water out of Lake Havasu and pushes it uphill to Phoenix and Tucson. Authorized in **1968** after a 41-year fight by Carl Hayden, it took until **1993** to complete.", "tags": [ "water", "sunbelt" ], "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "The Central Arizona Project's concrete aqueduct canal carries water uphill across the desert from Lake Havasu.", "imageSearchTerm": "Central Arizona Project canal", "alt": "Central Arizona Project logo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons — Arizona cap canal.jpg · See Wikimedia Commons (per-file)", "creditUrl": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053686", "subject": "Aerial photo of a long, curving concrete-lined canal (visible water in the channel) cutting through open Sonoran desert scrub with dark volcanic hills in the distance — this is Wikidata's own P18 image for the 'Central Arizona Project' entity", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-cap.webp" }, "uid": "2pwqlq1jl2vee" }, { "id": "fact-groundwater-act", "shape": "fact", "title": "The Groundwater Management Act", "body": "In **1980**, Governor **Bruce Babbitt** pushed through the **Groundwater Management Act** — forcing cities and farms to reach 'safe yield' (using no more groundwater than nature replenished) and requiring new developments to prove a 100-year water supply.", "tags": [ "water", "sunbelt" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "groundwater well pump farmland", "imagePrompt": "A groundwater well pump stands in an Arizona farm field with irrigated crops in the background.", "alt": "The Groundwater Management Act", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels · Tamhasip Khan · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/vintage-water-pump-on-a-farmland-8745692/", "subject": "An old hand-operated water well pump on a raised concrete platform beside a farm field at sunset — a generic, unlabeled farmland well-pump scene, reasonably neutral in setting.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-groundwater-act.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Rose Mofford", "Evan Mecham", "Jan Brewer" ], "uid": "knr5gr1d38gi7" }, { "id": "fact-postwar-tech", "shape": "fact", "title": "Arizona's high-tech turn", "body": "After the war, Arizona's manufacturing jumped from **49,000 jobs in 1960 to 183,000 in 1985**. **Motorola, Hughes Aircraft, Honeywell, IBM, and Goodyear Aircraft** all opened Phoenix-area operations. By 1959 Hughes was building advanced missiles in Tucson with 5,000 workers.", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "industry" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "1960s electronics factory workers", "imagePrompt": "Workers on a 1960s electronics factory assembly line build missile components in a large industrial plant.", "alt": "Arizona's high-tech turn", "depictable": true }, "curatedDistractors": [ "General Electric", "Sperry Rand", "Lockheed" ], "uid": "1ek9wtb1sz5xxz" }, { "id": "mcq-cap-distance", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How long is the Central Arizona Project aqueduct?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1,000 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "10 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "50 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "336 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "tags": [ "water", "sunbelt" ], "uid": "741xai1ufmxku" }, { "id": "cloze-babbitt-water", "shape": "cloze", "template": "Governor Bruce ___ pushed through the 1980 Groundwater Management Act that forced Arizona cities to reach 'safe yield'.", "answer": "Babbitt", "distractors": [ "Goldwater", "Udall", "Ducey" ], "tags": [ "water", "sunbelt" ], "uid": "1932wo11prlh1b" }, { "id": "fact-population-explosion", "shape": "fact", "title": "Sevenfold in fifty years", "body": "Arizona's population grew **from 700,000 in 1950 to over 5 million in 2000** — a sevenfold jump, almost all of it concentrated around **Phoenix** with **Tucson** a distant second. Air conditioning, federal water, and cheap land powered the boom.", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "population" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Phoenix suburban sprawl aerial", "imagePrompt": "An aerial view shows sprawling suburban housing developments spreading across the Phoenix desert valley.", "alt": "Sevenfold in fifty years", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels · Chris The Island · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/aerial-view-of-residential-neighborhood-in-arizona-34873755/", "subject": "Aerial view of a grid-pattern suburban subdivision (stucco tract homes, a school/park complex, solar panels) stretching toward hazy desert mountains, stock-captioned 'aerial view of a sprawling residential area in Arizona' — a clean, honest match for Phoenix-area suburban sprawl.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-population-explosion.webp" }, "uid": "1dsqy8ldppyfx" }, { "id": "fact-citrus-replaced", "shape": "fact", "title": "Citrus groves to subdivisions", "body": "Phoenix's famous citrus groves — once one of the state's signature industries — were almost entirely paved over after 1950. The land was worth more as **suburban housing** than as orchards. Cotton declined too, as water restrictions and global competition squeezed margins.", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "agriculture" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "citrus grove suburban houses", "imagePrompt": "An orange citrus grove stands beside a newly built suburban housing subdivision, showing farmland giving way to development.", "alt": "Citrus groves to subdivisions", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels · D Goug · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/new-housing-development-in-elk-grove-california-39494023/", "subject": "Two newly-framed two-story houses under construction on a bare dirt lot under a clear blue sky, Elk Grove, California — clean new-build tract housing scene.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-citrus-replaced.webp" }, "uid": "1jxf3hqnx1lxm" }, { "id": "fact-air-conditioning", "shape": "fact", "title": "Air conditioning made it possible", "body": "Phoenix in July averages **106°F**. Without widespread **air conditioning** — affordable starting in the 1950s — the Sunbelt boom would have been unthinkable. The technology made desert living comfortable enough for retirees, factory workers, and chip fabs alike.", "tags": [ "sunbelt" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "vintage window air conditioner", "imagePrompt": "A 1950s box-style window air conditioning unit is mounted in the window of a desert home.", "alt": "A window air-conditioning unit installed in the lower sash of a blue-framed wooden sash window on a white clapboard wall, with venetian blinds visible behind the glass.", "depictable": true, "subject": "A window air-conditioning unit installed in the lower sash of a blue-framed wooden sash window on a white clapboard wall, with venetian blinds visible behind the glass.", "credit": "Pexels · Close-up of a vintage wooden window with blue frame and air conditioner.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/window-in-a-house-17491576/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-air-conditioning.webp" }, "uid": "1jon9fd62bx03" }, { "id": "mcq-population-1950", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's population grew sevenfold between which years?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "2000 and 2010" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1880 and 1900" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1912 and 1940" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1950 and 2000" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "tags": [ "sunbelt", "population" ], "uid": "1vl1og3kes1or" }, { "id": "fact-youngtown", "shape": "fact", "title": "Youngtown", "body": "**Youngtown**, founded in **1954** on 320 acres of farmland northwest of Phoenix, was the **first planned community in the United States dedicated exclusively to retirees**. No children allowed. It set the template for what came next.", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "retirement" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "1950s retirement community homes", "imagePrompt": "A row of modest 1950s ranch-style homes lines a quiet desert retirement community street.", "alt": "Youngtown", "depictable": true }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Youngtown, 1954: America's first town built only for retirees. No children allowed.", "curatedDistractors": [ "Mexico", "Canada", "Australia" ], "uid": "5gub1tom7zwd" }, { "id": "fact-sun-city", "shape": "fact", "title": "Sun City", "body": "Developer **Del Webb** opened **Sun City** in **1960** — an 'active adult' retirement community with pools, golf courses, and community centers. The opening weekend drew 100,000 visitors. It became the model for retirement living across the Sunbelt.", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "retirement" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Sun City golf community", "imagePrompt": "A retirement community golf course with palm trees and a clubhouse spreads out in Sun City, Arizona.", "alt": "Aerial photograph of Sun City, Arizona, showing its concentric circular streets of houses ringed around golf courses and lakes, with the Phoenix-area desert grid and a freeway in the foreground.", "depictable": true, "credit": "Ken Lund (Openverse) · by-sa 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/75683070@N00/101300784", "subject": "Aerial photograph of Sun City, Arizona, showing its concentric circular streets of houses ringed around golf courses and lakes, with the Phoenix-area desert grid and a freeway in the foreground.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-sun-city.webp" }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Sun City's 1960 opening weekend drew 100,000 people — and reinvented retirement nationwide.", "curatedDistractors": [ "John F. Long", "Ben Schleifer", "Charles Keating" ], "uid": "18xyst3qbyjs3" }, { "id": "fact-snowbirds", "shape": "fact", "title": "The snowbirds", "body": "Arizona's warm winters and dry climate drew retirees from the **Northeast and Midwest** in growing numbers — the **'snowbirds'**. They brought pensions, Social Security checks, and savings. By 2000, **18%** of Arizona retirees lived in dedicated 'lifestyle' communities.", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "retirement" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "RV park desert snowbirds", "imagePrompt": "Rows of RVs and motorhomes park at a sunny desert RV park popular with winter visitors.", "alt": "The snowbirds", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels · Viktoria B. · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/aerial-view-of-organized-rv-park-with-neat-layout-34287641/", "subject": "An aerial view of a modern, xeriscaped RV resort: rows of parked motorhomes and trailers on gravel pull-through pads with small patios and desert landscaping.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-snowbirds.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Medicare", "Medicaid", "Railroad Retirement" ], "uid": "18dnxpteautkh" }, { "id": "mcq-sun-city-founder", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who developed Sun City, Arizona?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Carl Hayden" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Del Webb" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wyatt Earp" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fred Harvey" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "tags": [ "sunbelt", "retirement" ], "uid": "hwtkymy14gpg" }, { "id": "cloze-youngtown", "shape": "cloze", "template": "The first US planned community dedicated entirely to retirees, founded in 1954, was ___.", "answer": "Youngtown", "distractors": [ "Sun City", "Scottsdale", "Mesa" ], "tags": [ "sunbelt", "retirement" ], "uid": "1vjipqy11rhbj4" }, { "id": "fact-goldwater", "shape": "fact", "title": "Barry Goldwater", "body": "**Barry Goldwater**, son of a Phoenix department-store family, served five terms in the US Senate and was the **1964 Republican nominee for president**. He lost in a landslide to LBJ but reshaped the GOP into a conservative movement that produced Reagan.", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "politicians" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "1960s political campaign rally", "imagePrompt": "A 1960s presidential campaign rally shows a politician speaking at a podium before a crowd holding signs.", "alt": "Barry Goldwater", "depictable": true }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Morris Udall", "Bruce Babbitt", "John McCain" ], "uid": "1jcx7s11pnimb9" }, { "id": "fact-mccain", "shape": "fact", "title": "John McCain", "body": "**John McCain**, a Navy pilot held prisoner in Vietnam for five and a half years, settled in Arizona and won Goldwater's old Senate seat in 1986. He was the **2008 Republican presidential nominee**, losing to Barack Obama. He served until his death from brain cancer in 2018.", "tags": [ "modern", "politicians" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Vietnam era Navy fighter jet", "imagePrompt": "A Vietnam-era US Navy fighter jet sits on the deck of an aircraft carrier, pilots nearby in flight suits.", "alt": "Official portrait of U.S. Senator John McCain", "depictable": true }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Morris Udall", "Bruce Babbitt", "Jan Brewer" ], "uid": "11wndz61ifg5py" }, { "id": "fact-oconnor", "shape": "fact", "title": "Sandra Day O'Connor", "body": "**Sandra Day O'Connor**, raised on a remote Arizona cattle ranch and serving as a state appeals judge, was appointed to the **US Supreme Court in 1981** by President Reagan — the **first woman ever to sit on the high court**. She served until 2006.", "tags": [ "modern", "politicians" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "remote Arizona cattle ranch", "imagePrompt": "A remote, sunbaked cattle ranch in the high desert of Arizona has a windmill and grazing cattle.", "alt": "Sandra Day O'Connor", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels · Kelsey Caroline · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/cows-on-a-vast-prairie-18988781/", "subject": "A single reddish cow standing alone on open, arid high-desert rangeland of pale scrub and yucca, with mountain ranges on the horizon — an honest generic remote-ranch landscape.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-oconnor.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Jan Brewer", "Rose Mofford", "Janet Napolitano" ], "uid": "1sgo573g69ukn" }, { "id": "fact-mo-udall", "shape": "fact", "title": "Morris Udall", "body": "**Morris 'Mo' Udall** represented Arizona's 2nd congressional district from **1961 to 1991**. A liberal Democrat in a conservative state, he was famous for his wit, his height (6'5\"), and his strong run for the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination.", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "politicians" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "US House chamber Congress", "imagePrompt": "The ornate chamber of the US House of Representatives shows rows of wooden desks and the Speaker's rostrum.", "alt": "Morris Udall", "depictable": true }, "factVariant": "image-heavy", "imageCaption": "Morris 'Mo' Udall represented Arizona's 2nd congressional district from 1961 to 1991.", "uid": "1m8vcv0i8eyfm" }, { "id": "fact-babbitt-gov", "shape": "fact", "title": "Bruce Babbitt", "body": "**Bruce Babbitt** served as Arizona governor from **1978 to 1987** — pushing the groundwater law that shaped the state's modern growth. He later ran for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination and served as US Secretary of the Interior under Bill Clinton.", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "politicians" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Arizona State Capitol building", "imagePrompt": "The copper-domed Arizona State Capitol building stands in Phoenix under a clear blue sky.", "alt": "The Arizona State Capitol building in Phoenix, Arizona", "depictable": true, "credit": "David Jiang · CC BY-SA 4.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arizona_State_Capitol_Daytime_December_2021.jpg", "subject": "A clear December 2021 daytime front view of the Arizona State Capitol -- dome, Winged Victory statue, columned portico, memorial statue, palm trees -- under blue sky", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-babbitt-gov.webp" }, "uid": "mc5cmuocs586" }, { "id": "mcq-oconnor-year", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When did Sandra Day O'Connor become the first woman on the US Supreme Court?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1981" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1955" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2005" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1964" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "tags": [ "modern", "politicians" ], "uid": "14ve88yw4020c" }, { "id": "cloze-goldwater-year", "shape": "cloze", "template": "Barry Goldwater was the Republican presidential nominee in ___.", "answer": "1964", "distractors": [ "1956", "1972", "1980" ], "tags": [ "sunbelt", "politicians" ], "uid": "og9opt89uyut" }, { "id": "fact-sb1070", "shape": "fact", "title": "SB 1070", "body": "In **April 2010**, Governor **Jan Brewer** signed **Senate Bill 1070** — at the time the **toughest state-level immigration law in the country**, requiring police to check immigration status during stops. Most of it was struck down by the Supreme Court in 2012.", "tags": [ "modern", "immigration" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Jan Brewer signing legislation", "imagePrompt": "A governor signing a bill into law at a desk surrounded by officials and photographers in a state capitol office.", "alt": "SB 1070", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Arizona SB 1070 · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070", "subject": "Confirmed Jan Brewer (same sitting/jewelry as index 1/2) in conversation with President Barack Obama by the Oval Office fireplace -- Wikipedia's lead image for the 'Arizona SB 1070' article", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-sb1070.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Janet Napolitano", "Doug Ducey", "Fife Symington" ], "uid": "b6z17suy9ss0" }, { "id": "fact-border-crisis", "shape": "fact", "title": "The southern border", "body": "Arizona shares **372 miles of border with Mexico**. Through the 2010s and 2020s it has been one of the country's busiest crossing corridors, with cycles of migrant surges, deaths in the desert, fence construction, and political fights over enforcement and asylum.", "tags": [ "modern", "immigration" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Arizona Mexico border fence", "imagePrompt": "A tall metal border fence cutting across a dry desert landscape under a wide blue sky.", "alt": "The southern border", "depictable": true }, "uid": "1mt79961cgn37q" }, { "id": "fact-jan-brewer", "shape": "fact", "title": "Jan Brewer", "body": "**Jan Brewer** became Arizona's governor in **2009** after Janet Napolitano left to head Homeland Security. She served until 2015 — defined nationally by SB 1070 and her famous airport-tarmac finger-wag at President Obama in 2012.", "tags": [ "modern", "politicians" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Jan Brewer Obama tarmac", "imagePrompt": "A state governor pointing her finger while speaking to a president beside an aircraft on an airport tarmac.", "alt": "Head-and-shoulders portrait of former Arizona governor Jan Brewer, smiling, blonde hair, black jacket with brown trim and a round brooch, photographed on the floor of the Arizona House of…", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Jan Brewer · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Brewer", "subject": "Head-and-shoulders portrait of former Arizona governor Jan Brewer, smiling, blonde hair, black jacket with brown trim and a round brooch, photographed on the floor of the Arizona House of Representatives on opening day of the 57th Legislature (Gage Skidmore, 13 January 2025).", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-jan-brewer.webp" }, "uid": "1ag8smq15s5wjq" }, { "id": "mcq-sb1070-year", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When did Arizona pass SB 1070?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "March 1996" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "November 2016" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "January 2000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "April 2010" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "tags": [ "modern", "immigration" ], "uid": "bqm3nxgweraf" }, { "id": "cloze-brewer", "shape": "cloze", "template": "Arizona's governor who signed SB 1070 in 2010 was Jan ___.", "answer": "Brewer", "distractors": [ "Napolitano", "Hull", "Ducey" ], "tags": [ "modern", "politicians" ], "uid": "1m2lc9j1uok3z1" }, { "id": "fact-giffords", "shape": "fact", "title": "The Giffords shooting", "body": "On **January 8, 2011**, Congresswoman **Gabrielle Giffords** was shot in the head at a constituent meet-and-greet outside a Tucson supermarket. **Six people died**, including a federal judge and a nine-year-old girl. Giffords survived; she resigned from Congress to focus on recovery and later founded a gun-control advocacy group.", "tags": [ "modern", "tragedies" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Gabrielle Giffords portrait", "imagePrompt": "A formal portrait of a congresswoman smiling in professional attire.", "alt": "Gabrielle Giffords, then a sitting U.S.", "depictable": true, "credit": "bill85704 (Openverse) · by 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/48804373@N07/5452203816", "subject": "Gabrielle Giffords, then a sitting U.S. Congresswoman, smiling broadly at a microphone outdoors — a head-and-shoulders portrait with shoulder-length light-brown hair and pearl earrings, photographed February 2010 in Tucson.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-giffords.webp" }, "uid": "pg3hwf1ulo9ah" }, { "id": "fact-yarnell", "shape": "fact", "title": "Yarnell Hill Fire", "body": "On **June 30, 2013**, a wind shift in central Arizona overran the **Granite Mountain Hotshots**, an elite Prescott Fire Department crew, while they fought a wildfire near **Yarnell**. **19 firefighters died** — the deadliest US firefighting incident since 1933. Only one Hotshot survived, having been posted elsewhere.", "tags": [ "modern", "tragedies" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Granite Mountain Hotshots crew", "imagePrompt": "A crew of wildland firefighters in helmets and gear hiking toward a smoke-filled ridge to battle a wildfire.", "alt": "A firefighter honor guard in dark Class A dress uniforms and white gloves marching in procession along a road at the Granite Mountain Hotshots official memorial service in Prescott Valley…", "depictable": true, "credit": "Chris English (Openverse) · by-sa 3.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=56733094", "subject": "A firefighter honor guard in dark Class A dress uniforms and white gloves marching in procession along a road at the Granite Mountain Hotshots official memorial service in Prescott Valley, Arizona, on July 9, 2013, with hotshot crew carriers and Northwest Fire/Rescue vehicles lined up behind them an", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-yarnell.webp" }, "uid": "rs53ju1op03zg" }, { "id": "fact-arizona-covid", "shape": "fact", "title": "Arizona's COVID surge", "body": "In **June–July 2020**, after Governor Doug Ducey ended the statewide lockdown, Arizona's daily COVID cases jumped from a 7-day average of 377 to **3,249** in two months. On July 8, the state reported **as many new cases as the entire European Union** — despite having 1/60th the population.", "tags": [ "modern", "covid" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Arizona COVID testing site", "imagePrompt": "A long line of cars waiting at an outdoor drive-through COVID testing site in a sunny parking lot.", "alt": "Arizona's COVID surge", "depictable": true }, "uid": "q139i61tgbah8" }, { "id": "fact-covid-navajo", "shape": "fact", "title": "Hardest hit: the Navajo Nation", "body": "The **Navajo Nation** had among the highest per-capita COVID infection rates in the United States in 2020 — a consequence of limited running water, crowded multigenerational housing, and few hospitals. The Nation imposed some of the country's strictest curfews in response.", "tags": [ "modern", "covid" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Navajo Nation desert community", "imagePrompt": "A small rural home and water tank on the open high-desert landscape of a Navajo community.", "alt": "Two weathered corrugated-metal sheds on red-dirt Navajo Nation land in Navajo County, Arizona, painted with Painted Desert Project murals of a Navajo child's face and a Navajo elder, under an…", "depictable": true, "credit": "Library of Congress · One of several art installations on the lands of the Navajo · No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2018663493/", "subject": "Two weathered corrugated-metal sheds on red-dirt Navajo Nation land in Navajo County, Arizona, painted with Painted Desert Project murals of a Navajo child's face and a Navajo elder, under an overcast sky with utility poles behind; Carol M. Highsmith photograph, 2016.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fact-covid-navajo.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Hopi Tribe", "Tohono O'odham Nation", "San Carlos Apache" ], "uid": "xh1sc01wn16k2" }, { "id": "mcq-yarnell-toll", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many firefighters died at the Yarnell Hill Fire in 2013?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "6" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "3" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "19" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "100" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "tags": [ "modern", "tragedies" ], "uid": "fubynrijksp" }, { "id": "cloze-giffords-date", "shape": "cloze", "template": "Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords was shot at a Tucson supermarket event in January ___.", "answer": "2011", "distractors": [ "2008", "2001", "2017" ], "tags": [ "modern", "tragedies" ], "uid": "15r2rl7qhui8r" }, { "id": "num-pop-1860", "shape": "numeric", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's population in 1860" }, "value": 6482, "unit": "people", "tags": [ "dates", "population" ], "uid": "12mfgfu1tn329c" }, { "id": "num-pop-1880", "shape": "numeric", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's population in 1880, after the railroads arrived" }, "value": 40440, "unit": "people", "tags": [ "dates", "population" ], "uid": "1224n2djjixgt" }, { "id": "num-pop-1910", "shape": "numeric", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's population in 1910, just before statehood" }, "value": 204354, "unit": "people", "tags": [ "dates", "population" ], "uid": "m01a3w1by9g80" }, { "id": "num-pop-1950", "shape": "numeric", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's population in 1950" }, "value": 749587, "unit": "people", "tags": [ "dates", "population" ], "uid": "em6g96p375k8" }, { "id": "num-pop-1980", "shape": "numeric", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's population in 1980" }, "value": 2718215, "unit": "people", "tags": [ "dates", "population" ], "uid": "1neqzpdil8kun" }, { "id": "num-pop-2000", "shape": "numeric", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's population in 2000" }, "value": 5130632, "unit": "people", "tags": [ "dates", "population" ], "uid": "1msc1jj3mc1sl" }, { "id": "num-pop-2010", "shape": "numeric", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's population in 2010" }, "value": 6392017, "unit": "people", "tags": [ "dates", "population" ], "uid": "qrgt7ot3q6r8" }, { "id": "num-year-coronado", "shape": "numeric", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Year Coronado entered the Southwest searching for the Seven Cities of Cíbola" }, "value": 1540, "unit": "CE", "tags": [ "dates", "years" ], "uid": "1s1pxyf13mxh67" }, { "id": "num-year-tubac", "shape": "numeric", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Year the Tubac presidio was established" }, "value": 1752, "unit": "CE", "tags": [ "dates", "years" ], "uid": "cddfzo3yaytk" }, { "id": "num-year-gadsden", "shape": "numeric", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Year the Gadsden Purchase treaty was signed" }, "value": 1853, "unit": "CE", "tags": [ "dates", "years" ], "uid": "1gkhley1sahqze" }, { "id": "num-year-territory", "shape": "numeric", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Year Arizona Territory was created by Congress" }, "value": 1863, "unit": "CE", "tags": [ "dates", "years" ], "uid": "1s5zm9ju86hg7" }, { "id": "num-year-ok-corral", "shape": "numeric", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Year of the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral" }, "value": 1881, "unit": "CE", "tags": [ "dates", "years" ], "uid": "bzqco8e85zaw" }, { "id": "num-year-geronimo", "shape": "numeric", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Year Geronimo surrendered, ending the Apache Wars" }, "value": 1886, "unit": "CE", "tags": [ "dates", "years" ], "uid": "167ik181obd1mw" }, { "id": "num-year-statehood", "shape": "numeric", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Year Arizona became a US state" }, "value": 1912, "unit": "CE", "tags": [ "dates", "years" ], "uid": "5gz0c51kqzzip" }, { "id": "num-year-hoover", "shape": "numeric", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Year Hoover Dam was completed" }, "value": 1936, "unit": "CE", "tags": [ "dates", "years" ], "uid": "3ca0d5t19mhz" }, { "id": "fact-five-cs", "shape": "fact", "title": "Arizona's Five C's", "body": "Generations of Arizona schoolchildren learned the state's economic pillars as the **Five C's: Copper, Cattle, Cotton, Citrus, and Climate**. The first four built 20th-century Arizona; **Climate** — air-conditioned and sunny — built the rest.", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "economy" ], "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "copper cattle cotton citrus", "imagePrompt": "A symbolic still life arranging raw copper ore, cotton bolls, citrus fruit, and cattle together under bright desert sunlight.", "alt": "Arizona's Five C's", "depictable": false }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Big Four", "Three Sisters", "Seven Pillars" ], "uid": "1g2f5vi1qn0cc" }, { "id": "mcq-five-cs", "shape": "mcq", "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these is NOT one of Arizona's traditional 'Five C's'?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Climate" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Computers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Copper" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Citrus" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Copper, Cattle, Cotton, Citrus, Climate. Computers came later — and didn't make the alliteration.", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "economy" ], "uid": "17sn7wfurzw4r" }, { "id": "pair-cochise-recall", "shape": "pair", "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cochise" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Chiricahua Apache leader" }, "tags": [ "warriors", "people", "apache" ], "uid": "124wf9mx6x92o" }, { "id": "pair-geronimo-recall", "shape": "pair", "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Geronimo" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "last Apache holdout, surrendered 1886" }, "tags": [ "warriors", "people", "apache" ], "uid": "rg9ffv3711a3" }, { "id": "pair-kit-carson-recall", "shape": "pair", "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Kit Carson" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "led the 1863 Navajo campaign" }, "tags": [ "warriors", "people", "navajo" ], "uid": "8dptzz1wktukt" }, { "id": "pair-hayden-recall", "shape": "pair", "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Carl Hayden" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's congressman for 56 years" }, "tags": [ "statesmen", "people", "statehood" ], "uid": "qurlkf1qrusfz" }, { "id": "pair-goldwater-recall", "shape": "pair", "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Barry Goldwater" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "1964 GOP presidential nominee" }, "tags": [ "statesmen", "people", "politicians" ], "uid": "162x4gg6vo4y4" }, { "id": "pair-oconnor-recall", "shape": "pair", "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Sandra Day O'Connor" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "first woman on the Supreme Court" }, "tags": [ "statesmen", "people", "politicians" ], "uid": "zxx4124hd210" }, { "id": "pair-mccain-recall", "shape": "pair", "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "John McCain" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "2008 GOP presidential nominee" }, "tags": [ "statesmen", "people", "politicians" ], "uid": "fls2171391a45" }, { "id": "pair-coronado-recall", "shape": "pair", "sideA": { "modality": "text", "value": "Coronado" }, "sideB": { "modality": "text", "value": "1540 conquistador, sought Cíbola" }, "tags": [ "explorers", "people", "spanish" ], "uid": "1l373tb16ustc1" }, { "id": "cmp-az-border", "shape": "comparison", "prompt": "Which Arizona map shows the border AFTER the 1853 Gadsden Purchase?", "correct": { "imageUrl": "/packs/arizona-history/diagrams/cmp-az-1854.svg", "imagePrompt": "Schematic map of Arizona's outline, uniformly shaded as United States territory (post-1854 Gadsden Purchase). Gila River still drawn as a wavy east-west line but no longer a border — just a river. Star markers and labels for Tucson, Tubac, Phoenix area, and the Gila River. Flat vector, single muted color fill, black outline, simple geography.", "imageSearchTerm": "Arizona territory map 1854", "caption": "Whole territory one country; the Gila is only a river" }, "incorrect": { "imageUrl": "/packs/arizona-history/diagrams/cmp-az-1848.svg", "imagePrompt": "Schematic map showing the present-day Arizona outline with the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo border: the Gila River drawn as a wavy east-west line across the middle. The northern portion above the Gila is shaded as United States territory (1848); the southern portion below the Gila, including Tucson and Tubac, is shaded a different color as still Mexico. Same labels and style.", "imageSearchTerm": "Arizona territory map 1848", "caption": "Border runs along the Gila; Tucson lies south of it" }, "explanation": "The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo set the border at the Gila River — Tucson stayed Mexican. The 1853 Gadsden Purchase pulled the line south, bringing Tucson and Tubac into the United States. The post-1854 map is the modern Arizona shape.", "tags": [ "treaties", "borders" ], "uid": "svlz7010pmqdc" }, { "id": "cmp-cultures-region", "shape": "comparison", "prompt": "Which map correctly places the Ancestral Puebloans?", "correct": { "imageUrl": "/packs/arizona-history/diagrams/cmp-puebloan-region.svg", "imagePrompt": "Schematic map of Arizona with the northeastern Colorado Plateau region (Four Corners area) shaded prominently and labeled Ancestral Puebloans — cliff dwellings & kivas. Other regions outlined but unshaded. Small icons: a cliff-dwelling silhouette in the shaded region. Flat vector, terrain hint with light contour shading in the north for the plateau.", "imageSearchTerm": "Ancestral Puebloan region map", "caption": "Northeastern plateau shaded; cliff dwellings and kivas" }, "incorrect": { "imageUrl": "/packs/arizona-history/diagrams/cmp-hohokam-region.svg", "imagePrompt": "Same Arizona schematic map. But this time the southern Sonoran Desert basin (Phoenix area) is shaded with a Hohokam — canal builders label, and the title at the top INCORRECTLY says Ancestral Puebloans — cliff dwellings & kivas. Same flat vector style, canal/irrigation icon instead of cliff dwellings.", "imageSearchTerm": "Sonoran desert culture region", "caption": "Southern desert basin shaded; canals and irrigation" }, "explanation": "Ancestral Puebloans lived on the Colorado Plateau in the northeast — the cliff-dwelling country. The southern Sonoran Desert basin where Phoenix now sits was Hohokam territory — the canal builders. Different region, different culture, different signature architecture.", "tags": [ "cultures", "geography" ], "uid": "1yr5g2gwgf28k" }, { "id": "ih-saguaro-sentinel", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "heritage", "desert" ], "factVariant": "image-heavy", "title": "The saguaro", "body": "Only grows in the Sonoran Desert — and only sprouts its first arm after about 70 years.", "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "A tall saguaro cactus with a single arm standing alone in the Sonoran Desert at golden hour.", "imageSearchTerm": "saguaro cactus Sonoran Desert", "alt": "A tall multi-armed saguaro cactus against a desert sunset", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Saguaro National Park · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saguaro_National_Park", "subject": "A multi-armed saguaro cactus silhouetted in black against a vivid orange-red sunset sky, with a second smaller saguaro and low brush also silhouetted — Wikipedia's 'Saguaro National Park' article image, filename 'Saguaro_Sunset.jpg'.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/ih-saguaro-sentinel.webp" }, "imageCaption": "A saguaro waits about 70 years to grow its very first arm.", "studyGuideAnchor": "the-saguaro", "curatedDistractors": [ "Mojave Desert", "Chihuahuan Desert", "Great Basin Desert" ], "uid": "p3uqltb58nir" }, { "id": "ih-meteor-crater", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "landmark" ], "factVariant": "image-heavy", "title": "Meteor Crater", "body": "Punched into the Arizona plateau ~50,000 years ago; nearly a mile across.", "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "An aerial view of a massive circular meteor impact crater in the Arizona high desert plateau.", "imageSearchTerm": "Meteor Crater Arizona", "alt": "Aerial view of a vast circular crater in the Arizona desert", "kind": "photo", "depictable": true, "credit": "National Map Seamless Server · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meteor_Crater_-_Arizona.jpg", "subject": "A crisp color aerial orthophoto looking straight down on the actual circular crater in red desert terrain, with access roads and a small visitor-center building cluster on its northern rim", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/ih-meteor-crater.webp" }, "imageCaption": "A nearly mile-wide hole, punched into the Arizona plateau 50,000 years ago.", "studyGuideAnchor": "meteor-crater", "uid": "35v0dy8arzj6" }, { "id": "def-tucson", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "place", "city" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Tucson" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's second-largest city; site of the Presidio San Agustín founded in 1775." }, "uid": "2am6oq1plwddu" }, { "id": "def-phoenix", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "place", "city" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Phoenix" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's capital and largest city, founded 1867 along the rebuilt Hohokam canals." }, "uid": "1ytl4nw1fz60yi" }, { "id": "def-flagstaff", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "place", "city" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Flagstaff" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Northern Arizona town that grew up around the railroad and Lowell Observatory." }, "uid": "c6nnjntgl9of" }, { "id": "def-prescott", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "place", "city" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Prescott" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "First territorial capital of Arizona, established 1864 in cool pine country." }, "uid": "kd41fnf2t9d" }, { "id": "def-colorado-river", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "geography", "river" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Colorado River" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's western boundary and water lifeline; carved the Grand Canyon over millions of years." }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Salt River", "Verde River", "Little Colorado River" ], "uid": "4icqww12vvajg" }, { "id": "def-gila-river", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "geography", "river" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Gila River" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Major river crossing southern Arizona; the Hohokam farmed its floodplain for centuries." }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Salt River", "Verde River", "San Pedro River" ], "uid": "nemyz7vsys4f" }, { "id": "def-salt-river", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "geography", "river" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Salt River" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona river dammed by Roosevelt in 1911 to bring year-round water to the Phoenix valley." }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Gila River", "Colorado River", "Verde River" ], "uid": "1qkh6xf1bx5kst" }, { "id": "def-grand-canyon", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "geography", "landform" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Grand Canyon" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's defining landform; declared a National Park in 1919 after just over a decade as a Monument." }, "uid": "1ph1pav13lt3ir" }, { "id": "def-mogollon-rim", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "geography", "landform" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mogollon Rim" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Long escarpment that splits Arizona into high pine country to the north and desert below." }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Kaibab Plateau", "Colorado Plateau", "San Francisco Peaks" ], "uid": "1eu7riv16bql2b" }, { "id": "def-gadsden", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "treaty", "boundary" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Gadsden Purchase" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "1854 land buy that added southern Arizona below the Gila River to the United States." }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Louisiana Purchase", "Alaska Purchase", "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" ], "uid": "langxxe7hgf7" }, { "id": "def-guadalupe-hidalgo", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "treaty", "boundary" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War; transferred most of present-day Arizona to the U.S." }, "uid": "1y4tf8n1kiz8gb" }, { "id": "def-bisbee-mine", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "mining", "industry" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Bisbee" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Copper boom town near the Mexican border; the Copper Queen Mine drove its 1880s growth." }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Jerome", "Tombstone", "Globe" ], "uid": "9u2dznvd4kfz" }, { "id": "def-jerome-mine", "shape": "definition", "tags": [ "mining", "industry" ], "term": { "modality": "text", "value": "Jerome" }, "definition": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hillside copper-mining town above Verde Valley; nearly abandoned after WWII, now an arts colony." }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Bisbee", "Globe", "Morenci" ], "uid": "ydmyobwre7ul" }, { "id": "fact-map-tubac", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "history", "presidio", "map" ], "title": "Tubac: Spain's frontier fort", "body": "Along the Santa Cruz River south of Tucson, Spain built the Tubac presidio in 1752 — the first European fort in what's now Arizona. In 1775–76 it launched Anza's expedition that went on to found San Francisco.", "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "Custom-rendered geography map: Reference map of the Santa Cruz River valley south of Tucson, Arizona, around Tubac and Green Valley near the Mexican border.", "imageSearchTerm": "Tubac: Spain's frontier fort", "alt": "A terrain reference map of the Santa Cruz River valley in southern Arizona: \"Green Valley\" is labelled at the top edge, and the Santa Cruz River with Interstate 19 alongside it runs south through…", "kind": "map", "credit": "FlashFeed original map · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) via Protomaps · Elevation: AWS Terrain Tiles", "creditUrl": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "subject": "A terrain reference map of the Santa Cruz River valley in southern Arizona: \"Green Valley\" is labelled at the top edge, and the Santa Cruz River with Interstate 19 alongside it runs south through the centre of the frame, flanked by the green Coronado National Forest blocks of the Santa Rita Mountain", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/maps/fact-map-tubac.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "San Pedro River", "Gila River", "Verde River" ], "uid": "1772j7b11mtd4v" }, { "id": "fact-map-gadsden", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "history", "gadsden", "map" ], "title": "The Gadsden Purchase strip", "body": "After the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo set the border at the Gila River, the U.S. bought the land to its south in the 1854 Gadsden Purchase — ~30,000 sq mi that became southern Arizona, Tucson, and a southern railroad route.", "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "Custom-rendered geography map: Wide reference map of southern Arizona showing Tucson and the region acquired in the Gadsden Purchase south of the Gila River.", "imageSearchTerm": "The Gadsden Purchase strip", "alt": "A modern shaded-relief reference map of southern Arizona labelled Eloy, Marana, Tucson, Sahuarita and El Sásabe, with the diagonal US–Mexico border running across the lower left and green…", "kind": "map", "credit": "FlashFeed original map · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) via Protomaps · Elevation: AWS Terrain Tiles", "creditUrl": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "subject": "A modern shaded-relief reference map of southern Arizona labelled Eloy, Marana, Tucson, Sahuarita and El Sásabe, with the diagonal US–Mexico border running across the lower left and green public-land/reservation shading. The whole frame lies south of the Gila River (which is just off the top edge); ", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/maps/fact-map-gadsden.webp" }, "uid": "146j6n7uycfrx" }, { "id": "fact-map-tombstone", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "history", "tombstone", "map" ], "title": "Tombstone: the town too tough to die", "body": "Ed Schieffelin struck silver here in 1877, and by 1879 Tombstone had exploded into one of the Southwest's biggest boomtowns — nearly 6,000 people. On October 26, 1881, the Earps and Doc Holliday faced the Clantons and McLaurys near the O.K. Corral in the most famous gunfight of the Old West.", "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "Custom-rendered geography map: Reference map of southeastern Arizona around Tombstone in Cochise County, between the Dragoon and Huachuca mountains.", "imageSearchTerm": "Tombstone: the town too tough to die", "alt": "A shaded-relief reference map centred on Tombstone, Arizona, with Sierra Vista and Huachuca City to the south-west, the San Pedro River valley running north-south to the west, and the Dragoon…", "kind": "map", "credit": "FlashFeed original map · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) via Protomaps · Elevation: AWS Terrain Tiles", "creditUrl": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "subject": "A shaded-relief reference map centred on Tombstone, Arizona, with Sierra Vista and Huachuca City to the south-west, the San Pedro River valley running north-south to the west, and the Dragoon Mountains shaded green to the north-east.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/maps/fact-map-tombstone.webp" }, "uid": "1wx61yc1pnqxwc" }, { "id": "fact-map-hoover", "shape": "fact", "tags": [ "history", "hoover", "map" ], "title": "Hoover Dam tames the Colorado", "body": "Built 1931–1936 in Black Canyon on the Arizona–Nevada line, Hoover Dam was a Depression-era engineering marvel. Its reservoir, Lake Mead, is the largest in the United States by capacity — and made large-scale settlement of the modern Southwest possible.", "illustration": { "imagePrompt": "Custom-rendered geography map: Reference map of the Arizona–Nevada border at the Colorado River, showing Lake Mead and the Hoover Dam area near Boulder City.", "imageSearchTerm": "Hoover Dam tames the Colorado", "alt": "A shaded-relief reference map of the Lake Mead / Boulder City area on the Arizona–Nevada line: the blue Boulder Basin of Lake Mead at top centre, the Colorado River leaving it southward through…", "kind": "map", "credit": "FlashFeed original map · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) via Protomaps · Elevation: AWS Terrain Tiles", "creditUrl": "https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright", "subject": "A shaded-relief reference map of the Lake Mead / Boulder City area on the Arizona–Nevada line: the blue Boulder Basin of Lake Mead at top centre, the Colorado River leaving it southward through the mountains of Black Canyon, Boulder City labelled southwest of the lake and Henderson at the left edge,", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/maps/fact-map-hoover.webp" }, "curatedDistractors": [ "Glen Canyon", "Marble Canyon", "Grand Canyon" ], "uid": "frggrc1aemr64" }, { "id": "concept-geronimo", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "person" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "Geronimo", "clues": [ "An Apache leader who fought to defend his homeland in the late 1800s.", "He evaded thousands of U.S. and Mexican troops across the Southwest for years.", "His 1886 surrender in Skeleton Canyon ended the major Apache Wars." ], "uid": "etc23v1rsnv7x" }, { "id": "concept-cochise", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "person" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "Cochise", "clues": [ "A Chiricahua Apache chief in southeastern Arizona in the mid-1800s.", "A whole Arizona county and a mountain stronghold are named after him.", "He made peace with the U.S. in 1872 in a deal brokered by Tom Jeffords." ], "uid": "1lxf43x672dmd" }, { "id": "concept-wyatt-earp", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "person" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "Wyatt Earp", "clues": [ "A frontier lawman tied to a famous silver boomtown.", "He and his brothers feuded with the Clanton–McLaury cowboys.", "He's best known for the 1881 gunfight near the O.K. Corral." ], "uid": "1yb7p71yn4nm1" }, { "id": "concept-schieffelin", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "person" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "Ed Schieffelin", "clues": [ "A prospector warned he'd only find his own tombstone in Apache country.", "He struck rich silver in 1877 in the southeastern desert.", "He named his claim — and the boomtown that grew up around it — Tombstone." ], "uid": "24fsmlczb9cv" }, { "id": "concept-carl-hayden", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "person" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "Carl Hayden", "clues": [ "He was Arizona's very first U.S. Representative, starting at statehood in 1912.", "He served more than 50 years in Congress, a record for his era.", "He championed the Central Arizona Project to pipe Colorado River water to Phoenix and Tucson." ], "uid": "117098q15t62lw" }, { "id": "concept-goldwater", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "person" ], "conceptKind": "person", "name": "Barry Goldwater", "clues": [ "An Arizona senator and department-store heir famous for his desert photography.", "He was the Republican nominee for president in 1964.", "Nicknamed 'Mr. Conservative,' he helped reshape the modern Republican Party." ], "uid": "1raue1lwj3t11" }, { "id": "concept-tombstone", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Tombstone", "clues": [ "A silver boomtown founded in the late 1870s.", "Its nickname is 'the Town Too Tough to Die.'", "It's the site of the 1881 O.K. Corral gunfight." ], "uid": "1rj0uzqusbs4a" }, { "id": "concept-tubac", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Tubac", "clues": [ "A small community on the Santa Cruz River south of Tucson.", "Spain built a presidio here in 1752 — the first European fort in Arizona.", "Juan Bautista de Anza launched his expedition to found San Francisco from here in 1775." ], "uid": "1di0e2m1gvbkx4" }, { "id": "concept-grand-canyon", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "The Grand Canyon", "clues": [ "A mile-deep gorge carved by the Colorado River in northern Arizona.", "It became a national park in 1919.", "One of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World — and Arizona's most famous landmark." ], "uid": "xrqn9t15be4an" }, { "id": "concept-hoover-dam", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Hoover Dam", "clues": [ "A massive concrete dam on the Colorado River, built during the Depression.", "It sits on the Arizona–Nevada border in Black Canyon.", "Finished in 1935, it created Lake Mead behind it." ], "uid": "dg91k41gjpl2k" }, { "id": "concept-canyon-de-chelly", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Canyon de Chelly", "clues": [ "A canyon in northeastern Arizona on Navajo Nation land.", "Ancestral Puebloans built cliff dwellings like the White House Ruin in its walls.", "It was the site of Kit Carson's 1864 campaign that led to the Navajo Long Walk." ], "uid": "wlj952l0pju0" }, { "id": "concept-bisbee", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "place" ], "conceptKind": "place", "name": "Bisbee", "clues": [ "A historic mining town tucked into the Mule Mountains of Cochise County.", "Its Copper Queen Mine made it one of the richest copper districts on earth.", "Today its steep, colorful old town is a well-known artist colony." ], "uid": "12zh9hq15qdqjy" }, { "id": "concept-copper", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "thing" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "Copper", "clues": [ "One of Arizona's 'Five C's' and the official state metal.", "Arizona mines more of it than any other U.S. state.", "This reddish metal sheathes the state capitol dome and fills the wiring in your walls." ], "uid": "rzpk8m65v0f6" }, { "id": "concept-saguaro", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "thing" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "The Saguaro", "clues": [ "A giant plant found almost nowhere but the Sonoran Desert.", "It can top 40 feet and live 150–200 years.", "Its white blossom is Arizona's state flower, and its raised arms are a desert icon." ], "uid": "20htm1w9hbty" }, { "id": "concept-turquoise", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "thing" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "Turquoise", "clues": [ "A blue-green gemstone mined in the Southwest for centuries.", "It's prized in Navajo and Hopi silver jewelry.", "It's Arizona's official state gemstone." ], "uid": "p62y1s1o73sr6" }, { "id": "concept-bolo-tie", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "thing" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "The bolo tie", "clues": [ "A piece of neckwear that came out of the mid-century Southwest.", "It's a braided cord with decorative metal tips and a sliding clasp.", "Arizona named it the official state neckwear in 1971." ], "uid": "1twq06c1jqu4nu" }, { "id": "concept-cotton", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "thing" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "Cotton", "clues": [ "One of Arizona's 'Five C's' — a thirsty crop grown in irrigated valleys.", "Long-staple 'Pima' varieties are a regional specialty.", "Demand for this fiber boomed in World War I for tires and uniforms." ], "uid": "6xppj9srxo31" }, { "id": "concept-cattle", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "thing" ], "conceptKind": "thing", "name": "Cattle", "clues": [ "One of Arizona's 'Five C's,' bound up with the open range.", "Spanish missions first brought these animals to the region.", "Ranching them built towns, fortunes, and feuds across the territory's grasslands." ], "uid": "1iqeedb104y281" }, { "id": "concept-arizona-becomes-mexican", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "event" ], "conceptKind": "event", "name": "Arizona becomes Mexican", "clues": [ "This event marked a significant political change in North America after a major conflict.", "It occurred in the early 1820s, following a country's independence from Spain.", "After Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821, the lands now called Arizona became part of Mexico." ], "uid": "cqzdcj11d19v" }, { "id": "concept-treaty-of-guadalupe-hidalgo", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "event" ], "conceptKind": "event", "name": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo", "clues": [ "This treaty ended a war between two nations and reshaped territorial boundaries.", "It was signed in 1848, following a conflict that began in 1846.", "The treaty resulted in Mexico ceding 70% of present-day Arizona to the United States." ], "uid": "cdbj5i10g3e08" }, { "id": "concept-gadsden-purchase", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "event" ], "conceptKind": "event", "name": "Gadsden Purchase", "clues": [ "This land acquisition was aimed at facilitating a southern transcontinental railroad.", "It took place in 1853, involving negotiations between the US and Mexico.", "The US paid $10 million for what is now southern Arizona and parts of New Mexico." ], "uid": "1cq9psq1py7iti" }, { "id": "concept-battle-of-picacho-pass", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "event" ], "conceptKind": "event", "name": "Battle of Picacho Pass", "clues": [ "This clash was part of a larger conflict that divided a nation in the 1860s.", "It occurred on April 15, 1862, and was notable for its location in Arizona.", "It is recognized as the westernmost battle of the Civil War, with a small number of casualties." ], "uid": "1o6a3ud8fmg6b" }, { "id": "concept-arizona-territory-created", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "event" ], "conceptKind": "event", "name": "Arizona Territory created", "clues": [ "This event marked the establishment of a new political entity in the American West.", "It occurred on February 24, 1863, during the Civil War period.", "The territory was split off from New Mexico Territory, with Prescott as its first capital." ], "uid": "17di6is1pivuwk" }, { "id": "concept-gunfight-at-the-o-k-corral", "shape": "concept", "tags": [ "key-concept", "event" ], "conceptKind": "event", "name": "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral", "clues": [ "This famous shootout is a legendary event in the history of the American West.", "It took place on October 26, 1881, in a small Arizona town.", "The confrontation involved lawmen and a group of cowboys, resulting in three deaths." ], "uid": "1pevygm1fycp9y" }, { "id": "scrapbook-arizona-history-1", "shape": "fact", "factVariant": "scrapbook", "title": "The First Arizonans", "body": "Overview of early inhabitants in Arizona's history.", "tags": [ "scrapbook", "overview" ], "illustration": { "kind": "scrapbook", "alt": "A hand-drawn torn-paper collage poster headed \"THE FIRST ARIZONANS\": two cartoon Ice Age hunters in hide tunics holding spears against orange desert hills, with a labelled mammoth bone and tusk…", "imagePrompt": "A cheerful scrapbook collage highlighting the first inhabitants of Arizona, featuring illustrations of mammoth hunters and their tools. The background layers are made of torn paper depicting ancient landscapes, with doodles of animals and plants. A hand-lettered title 'The First Arizonans' sits prominently at the top. Small labels point to features like 'Mammoth Bones', 'Hunting Tools', and 'Ancestral Lands'. The warm color palette blends earthy tones with vibrant accents, creating a welcoming overview of the topic.", "imageSearchTerm": "arizona-history scrapbook poster", "credit": "AI-generated (gpt-image-1)", "subject": "A hand-drawn torn-paper collage poster headed \"THE FIRST ARIZONANS\": two cartoon Ice Age hunters in hide tunics holding spears against orange desert hills, with a labelled mammoth bone and tusk, three stone spear points labelled \"hunting tools\", an \"ancestral lands\" callout, and pictograph-style ani", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/generated/scrapbook-1.webp" }, "uid": "151vqm71qyntn5" }, { "id": "scrapbook-arizona-history-2", "shape": "fact", "factVariant": "scrapbook", "title": "The Hohokam Canal Builders", "body": "A creative look at the Hohokam civilization and their canals.", "tags": [ "scrapbook", "overview" ], "illustration": { "kind": "scrapbook", "alt": "A scrapbook-style collage poster on torn tan paper titled \"The Hohokam Canal Builders\": a watercolour desert landscape with a water-filled canal running past green crop fields and mountains…", "imagePrompt": "An engaging scrapbook poster showcasing the Hohokam civilization, with realistic illustrations of their intricate canal systems flowing through a desert landscape. The background uses torn and layered paper textures, and hand-drawn arrows connect to labeled elements like 'Canal System' and 'Agriculture'. The title 'The Hohokam Canal Builders' is artistically written at the top. Stickers of cacti and pottery add fun details, all wrapped in a cohesive warm palette that highlights the ingenuity of this ancient culture.", "imageSearchTerm": "arizona-history scrapbook poster", "credit": "AI-generated (gpt-image-1)", "subject": "A scrapbook-style collage poster on torn tan paper titled \"The Hohokam Canal Builders\": a watercolour desert landscape with a water-filled canal running past green crop fields and mountains (labelled \"Canal System\"), a smaller aerial view of gridded fields with irrigation channels (labelled \"Agricul", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/generated/scrapbook-2.webp" }, "uid": "1qzqtmh1hun1i5" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-l10p1-population", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "population", "railroads" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's population leapt 319% in the decade ending in 1880. What drove that surge?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona achieving statehood" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Widespread home air conditioning" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The arrival of the railroads" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The late-century Sunbelt boom" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The guide ties the 319% jump to the railroads reaching Arizona around 1880. Air conditioning and the Sunbelt boom fueled much later 20th-century growth, and statehood didn't come until 1912.", "uid": "1hrmroa1shke68" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-l10p2-years", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "statehood", "dates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "On what holiday did Arizona become the 48th state in 1912?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Thanksgiving" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Valentine's Day" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "New Year's Day" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Independence Day" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Arizona was admitted as the 48th state on February 14, 1912 — Valentine's Day — the last of the contiguous states to join the Union.", "uid": "1s682b7ohsz4d" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-l11p1-people-recall", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "people", "politics" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Arizonan was the 1964 Republican presidential nominee?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Sandra Day O'Connor" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John McCain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Barry Goldwater" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Carl Hayden" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Barry Goldwater, the Phoenix businessman and senator known as 'Mr. Conservative,' was the 1964 GOP nominee. John McCain was the 2008 nominee; Hayden and O'Connor never ran for president.", "uid": "kgy2kglck26" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-l11p2-az-trivia-mix", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "capital", "cities" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Arizona city served as the first territorial capital?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Prescott" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Tucson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Flagstaff" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Phoenix" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Prescott was Arizona's first territorial capital. Phoenix has been the capital since 1889 and is the population center, while Tucson is the second-largest city.", "uid": "1e7vsslqzquqb" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-lc-people", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "people", "tombstone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Whose 1877 silver strike gave the boomtown of Tombstone its name?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Wyatt Earp" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Carl Hayden" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Barry Goldwater" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ed Schieffelin" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Prospector Ed Schieffelin, warned he'd find only his own tombstone in Apache country, struck silver in 1877 and named his claim — and the town — Tombstone. Wyatt Earp was the town's later lawman.", "uid": "11lupru1y209ui" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-lc-places", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tubac", "exploration" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Juan Bautista de Anza's 1775 expedition set out from the presidio at Tubac and went on to found which city?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "San Francisco" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "San Diego" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Santa Fe" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Los Angeles" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "From the Tubac presidio — Arizona's first European fort, built in 1752 — Anza launched his 1775 overland expedition that founded San Francisco.", "uid": "1emus40irbkyu" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-lc-things", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "five-cs", "economy" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Copper, Cotton, and Cattle are three of Arizona's famous 'Five C's.' Which of these is another one?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Citrus" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cactus" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Coal" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Corn" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Arizona's Five C's are Copper, Cotton, Cattle, Citrus, and Climate — the pillars of the territorial economy. Corn, coal, and cactus aren't on the list.", "uid": "8wfkn0um7j4g" }, { "id": "mcq-rw-lc-events", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "arizona-history", "key-events", "guadalupe-hidalgo" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Under the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, how much of present-day Arizona did Mexico cede to the United States?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly half, divided along the Colorado River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 30% — the strip south of the Gila River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 70% — everything north of the Gila River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "All of present-day Arizona" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The treaty ending the Mexican–American War gave the U.S. about 70% of present-day Arizona — all land north of the Gila River. The remaining southern strip came five years later through the 1853 Gadsden Purchase.", "uid": "1dsrrt81sa3gjy" }, { "id": "czr-arizona-history-def-tucson", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "place", "city" ], "template": "___ — Arizona's second-largest city; site of the Presidio San Agustín founded in 1775", "answer": "Tucson", "distractors": [ "Phoenix", "Prescott", "Flagstaff" ], "derivedFrom": "def-tucson", "explanation": "Compare: Phoenix — Arizona's capital and largest city, founded 1867 along the rebuilt Hohokam canals. Prescott — First territorial capital of Arizona, established 1864 in cool pine country.", "uid": "1llf211hcl10x" }, { "id": "czr-arizona-history-def-phoenix", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "place", "city" ], "template": "___ — Arizona's capital and largest city, founded 1867 along the rebuilt Hohokam canals", "answer": "Phoenix", "distractors": [ "Flagstaff", "Tucson", "Prescott" ], "derivedFrom": "def-phoenix", "explanation": "Compare: Flagstaff — Northern Arizona town that grew up around the railroad and Lowell Observatory. Tucson — Arizona's second-largest city; site of the Presidio San Agustín founded in 1775.", "uid": "98l2sd1h2b10f" }, { "id": "czr-arizona-history-def-flagstaff", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "place", "city" ], "template": "___ — Northern Arizona town that grew up around the railroad and Lowell Observatory", "answer": "Flagstaff", "distractors": [ "Prescott", "Phoenix", "Tucson" ], "derivedFrom": "def-flagstaff", "explanation": "Compare: Prescott — First territorial capital of Arizona, established 1864 in cool pine country. Phoenix — Arizona's capital and largest city, founded 1867 along the rebuilt Hohokam canals.", "uid": "97lsw813tcxls" }, { "id": "czr-arizona-history-def-prescott", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "place", "city" ], "template": "___ — First territorial capital of Arizona, established 1864 in cool pine country", "answer": "Prescott", "distractors": [ "Tucson", "Flagstaff", "Phoenix" ], "derivedFrom": "def-prescott", "explanation": "Compare: Tucson — Arizona's second-largest city; site of the Presidio San Agustín founded in 1775. Flagstaff — Northern Arizona town that grew up around the railroad and Lowell Observatory.", "uid": "1je9mmo1y5v6dq" }, { "id": "czr-arizona-history-def-colorado-river", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "geography", "river" ], "template": "___ — Arizona's western boundary and water lifeline; carved the Grand Canyon over millions of years", "answer": "Colorado River", "distractors": [ "Salt River", "Verde River", "Little Colorado River" ], "derivedFrom": "def-colorado-river", "explanation": "Compare: Salt River — Arizona river dammed by Roosevelt in 1911 to bring year-round water to the Phoenix valley.", "uid": "1wueze5f7yef1" }, { "id": "czr-arizona-history-def-gila-river", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "geography", "river" ], "template": "___ — Major river crossing southern Arizona; the Hohokam farmed its floodplain for centuries", "answer": "Gila River", "distractors": [ "Salt River", "Verde River", "San Pedro River" ], "derivedFrom": "def-gila-river", "explanation": "Compare: Salt River — Arizona river dammed by Roosevelt in 1911 to bring year-round water to the Phoenix valley.", "uid": "zbxuh6wqwwbe" }, { "id": "czr-arizona-history-def-salt-river", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "geography", "river" ], "template": "___ — Arizona river dammed by Roosevelt in 1911 to bring year-round water to the Phoenix valley", "answer": "Salt River", "distractors": [ "Gila River", "Colorado River", "Verde River" ], "derivedFrom": "def-salt-river", "explanation": "Compare: Gila River — Major river crossing southern Arizona; the Hohokam farmed its floodplain for centuries. Colorado River — Arizona's western boundary and water lifeline; carved the Grand Canyon over millions of years.", "uid": "t87buw1qf93je" }, { "id": "czr-arizona-history-def-grand-canyon", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "geography", "landform" ], "template": "___ — Arizona's defining landform; declared a National Park in 1919 after decades as a Monument", "answer": "Grand Canyon", "distractors": [ "Mogollon Rim", "Salt River", "Navajo Nation" ], "derivedFrom": "def-grand-canyon", "explanation": "Compare: Mogollon Rim — Long escarpment that splits Arizona into high pine country to the north and desert below. Salt River — Arizona river dammed by Roosevelt in 1911 to bring year-round water to the Phoenix valley.", "uid": "144q0d016in4w6" }, { "id": "czr-arizona-history-def-mogollon-rim", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "geography", "landform" ], "template": "___ — Long escarpment that splits Arizona into high pine country to the north and desert below", "answer": "Mogollon Rim", "distractors": [ "Kaibab Plateau", "Colorado Plateau", "San Francisco Peaks" ], "derivedFrom": "def-mogollon-rim", "uid": "xeoen6z7hivu" }, { "id": "czr-arizona-history-def-gadsden", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "treaty", "boundary" ], "template": "___ — 1854 land buy that added southern Arizona below the Gila River to the United States", "answer": "Gadsden Purchase", "distractors": [ "Louisiana Purchase", "Alaska Purchase", "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" ], "derivedFrom": "def-gadsden", "explanation": "Compare: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo — 1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War; transferred most of present-day Arizona to the U.S.", "uid": "mhyo9o138appa" }, { "id": "czr-arizona-history-def-guadalupe-hidalgo", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "treaty", "boundary" ], "template": "___ — 1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War; transferred most of present-day Arizona to the U.S", "answer": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo", "distractors": [ "Gadsden Purchase", "Arizona Territory created", "Colorado River Compact" ], "derivedFrom": "def-guadalupe-hidalgo", "explanation": "Compare: Gadsden Purchase — 1854 land buy that added southern Arizona below the Gila River to the United States. Arizona Territory created — This event marked the establishment of a new political entity in the American West.", "uid": "hhiav01sn41w" }, { "id": "czr-arizona-history-def-bisbee-mine", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "mining", "industry" ], "template": "___ — Copper boom town near the Mexican border; the Copper Queen Mine drove its 1880s growth", "answer": "Bisbee", "distractors": [ "Jerome", "Tombstone", "Globe" ], "derivedFrom": "def-bisbee-mine", "explanation": "Compare: Jerome — Hillside copper-mining town above Verde Valley; nearly abandoned after WWII, now an arts colony. Tombstone — A silver boomtown founded in the late 1870s.", "uid": "8j71221yofp1u" }, { "id": "czr-arizona-history-def-jerome-mine", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "mining", "industry" ], "template": "___ — Hillside copper-mining town above Verde Valley; nearly abandoned after WWII, now an arts colony", "answer": "Jerome", "distractors": [ "Bisbee", "Globe", "Morenci" ], "derivedFrom": "def-jerome-mine", "explanation": "Compare: Bisbee — Copper boom town near the Mexican border; the Copper Queen Mine drove its 1880s growth.", "uid": "sdx3qw1rwntpm" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-arizona-intro", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "intro" ], "template": "Arizona is the 48th state — the last in the contiguous US to join the Union, admitted on **___, 1912**. Its history runs from mammoth hunters and the cliff-dwelling Ancestral Puebloans through Spanish missions, copper booms, and the modern Sunbelt.", "answer": "Valentine's Day", "distractors": [ "Independence Day", "Columbus Day", "New Year's Day" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-arizona-intro", "uid": "11y4qux1taas01" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-ancestral-puebloans", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "ancestral-puebloans" ], "template": "Sometimes called the *Anasazi*, the **___** flourished from about 200 to 1450 CE across the Four Corners region. They built pit houses, grand pueblos, and the famous **cliff dwellings** carved into sandstone alcoves.", "answer": "Ancestral Puebloans", "distractors": [ "Hohokam", "Mogollon", "Sinagua" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-ancestral-puebloans", "uid": "1ic2vt17a91hl" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-ancestral-puebloans", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "ancestral-puebloans" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Sometimes called the *Anasazi*, the **___** flourished from about 200 to 1450 CE across the Four Corners region. They built pit houses, grand pueblos, and the famous **cliff dwellings** carved into sandstone alcoves." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Sinagua" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hohokam" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ancestral Puebloans" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mogollon" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "derivedFrom": "fact-ancestral-puebloans", "uid": "r4mux5aoorin" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-casa-grande", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "hohokam" ], "template": "**___** ('Great House') is a four-story earthen tower the Hohokam built around 1350 CE near modern Coolidge, Arizona. Its purpose is still debated — astronomical observatory? Ceremonial center? — but it was tall enough to dominate the desert flats.", "answer": "Casa Grande", "distractors": [ "Montezuma Castle", "Kinishba Ruins", "Tuzigoot" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-casa-grande", "uid": "mc9kanpx5x5v" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-sinagua", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "sinagua" ], "template": "The **Sinagua** (Spanish for 'without water', a nod to their arid country) lived in central Arizona from about 500 to 1425 CE. Their territory ran from Flagstaff down through the ___ near Sedona — including the cliff dwelling at Montezuma Castle.", "answer": "Verde Valley", "distractors": [ "San Pedro Valley", "Salt River Valley", "Gila Valley" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-sinagua", "uid": "1jpr6a29n1eee" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-disappearance", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "mystery" ], "template": "Around the 15th and 16th centuries, the great cultures — ___, Hohokam, Mogollon, Sinagua — **all dispersed**. Drought, soil exhaustion, conflict, and migration are the leading theories. By the time Spanish conquistadors arrived, the great houses were already empty.", "answer": "Ancestral Puebloan", "distractors": [ "Patayan", "Salado", "Cohonina" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-disappearance", "uid": "107mengep32oi" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-marcos-de-niza", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "spanish", "exploration" ], "template": "In **1539**, the Franciscan friar **Marcos de Niza** led the first documented European expedition into Arizona. He was chasing a rumor — the legendary ___ of Cíbola, said to be paved with gold.", "answer": "Seven Cities", "distractors": [ "Golden Cities", "Lost Cities", "Sacred Cities" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-marcos-de-niza", "uid": "ezvplm19edvgs" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-marcos-de-niza", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "spanish", "exploration" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In **1539**, the Franciscan friar **Marcos de Niza** led the first documented European expedition into Arizona. He was chasing a rumor — the legendary ___ of Cíbola, said to be paved with gold." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Seven Cities" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sacred Cities" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Lost Cities" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Golden Cities" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "derivedFrom": "fact-marcos-de-niza", "uid": "cdo8auboryzw" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-coronado", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "spanish", "exploration" ], "template": "In **1540**, **___** marched into the Southwest with hundreds of soldiers, looking for those same golden cities. He found pueblos, not gold. His expedition reached the Grand Canyon — the first Europeans to see it — and returned to Mexico bankrupt.", "answer": "Francisco Vásquez de Coronado", "distractors": [ "Hernando de Soto", "Juan de Oñate", "Álvar Núñez" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-coronado", "uid": "ahch49dj1hhv" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-san-xavier", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "spanish", "missions" ], "template": "**___ del Bac**, founded by Father Kino in 1692 and rebuilt as a brilliant white church in the 1780s, still stands south of Tucson — an active Catholic parish, and the oldest European structure in Arizona.", "answer": "Mission San Xavier", "distractors": [ "Mission Tumacácori", "Mission Guevavi", "Mission Calabazas" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-san-xavier", "uid": "jnmu4sr1e9ci" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-san-xavier", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "spanish", "missions" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "**___ del Bac**, founded by Father Kino in 1692 and rebuilt as a brilliant white church in the 1780s, still stands south of Tucson — an active Catholic parish, and the oldest European structure in Arizona." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mission Calabazas" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mission Tumacácori" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mission San Xavier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mission Guevavi" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "derivedFrom": "fact-san-xavier", "uid": "1df3w5t1hcpipr" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-tubac", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "spanish", "presidios" ], "template": "A **presidio** is a Spanish military fort. **Tubac**, founded in **___** south of present-day Tucson, was the first European settlement in Arizona to be defended by a garrison — Spain's response to a deadly Pima uprising the year before.", "answer": "1752", "distractors": [ "1745", "1761", "1728" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-tubac", "uid": "c74bad1vj52f5" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-tucson-presidio", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "spanish", "presidios" ], "template": "The **Tucson presidio** was established in **1775** by ___, an Irish-born officer in the Spanish army. Its adobe walls enclosed a small garrison; the town that grew around them is now Arizona's second-largest city.", "answer": "Hugo O'Conor", "distractors": [ "Juan Bautista de Anza", "Teodoro de Croix", "Bernardo de Gálvez" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-tucson-presidio", "uid": "1i6zkn4yy7jts" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-tucson-presidio", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "spanish", "presidios" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The **Tucson presidio** was established in **1775** by ___, an Irish-born officer in the Spanish army. Its adobe walls enclosed a small garrison; the town that grew around them is now Arizona's second-largest city." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Bernardo de Gálvez" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hugo O'Conor" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Teodoro de Croix" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Juan Bautista de Anza" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "derivedFrom": "fact-tucson-presidio", "uid": "z0jol2amn226" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-pimeria-alta", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "spanish", "missions" ], "template": "**Pimería Alta** ('upper Pima country') was the Spanish name for the desert region straddling what is now southern Arizona and northern Sonora — home of the Akimel and ___ peoples, and the territory where Kino built his missions.", "answer": "Tohono O'odham", "distractors": [ "Hopi", "Apache", "Yaqui" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-pimeria-alta", "uid": "s17p17gmya6r" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-mexican-independence", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "mexican", "sonora" ], "template": "Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821. From **1822 onward**, the lands now called Arizona were part of the **Mexican state of Sonora** — though ___ actual control over the distant frontier was thin.", "answer": "Mexico City", "distractors": [ "Madrid", "Guadalajara", "Veracruz" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-mexican-independence", "uid": "hysrykszmc8g" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-mexican-independence", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mexican", "sonora" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821. From **1822 onward**, the lands now called Arizona were part of the **Mexican state of Sonora** — though ___ actual control over the distant frontier was thin." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mexico City" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Guadalajara" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Veracruz" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Madrid" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "derivedFrom": "fact-mexican-independence", "uid": "d5ajw6bjk43i" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-apache-raids", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "mexican", "apache" ], "template": "During the Mexican period, **Apache raids** drove most ranchers out of southeastern Arizona. By the 1840s, the abandoned ranges were running with **wild ___** — feral descendants of fled herds, hunted for hides by anyone passing through.", "answer": "cattle", "distractors": [ "horses", "burros", "goats" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-apache-raids", "uid": "1fwf0xc19ocjqi" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-guadalupe-hidalgo", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "territory", "annexation" ], "template": "The **Treaty of ___** (1848) ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico ceded a vast territory — including the northern **70% of present-day Arizona**, above the Gila River — to the United States in exchange for $15 million.", "answer": "Guadalupe Hidalgo", "distractors": [ "Mesilla", "Córdoba", "Cahuenga" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-guadalupe-hidalgo", "uid": "8xkdg68nltqc" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-guadalupe-hidalgo", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "territory", "annexation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The **Treaty of ___** (1848) ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico ceded a vast territory — including the northern **70% of present-day Arizona**, above the Gila River — to the United States in exchange for $15 million." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Mesilla" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Córdoba" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cahuenga" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Guadalupe Hidalgo" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "derivedFrom": "fact-guadalupe-hidalgo", "uid": "1kh5k02wb2yfq" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-gadsden-purchase", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "territory", "gadsden" ], "template": "In **1853**, ___ sent **James Gadsden** to Mexico City to buy a strip of land south of the Gila — to make a southern transcontinental railroad route possible. The US paid **$10 million** for what is now southern Arizona and a slice of New Mexico.", "answer": "President Pierce", "distractors": [ "President Polk", "President Buchanan", "President Fillmore" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-gadsden-purchase", "uid": "3f1aw8bjy6u0" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-confederate-arizona", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "civil-war", "confederate" ], "template": "In **March 1861**, residents of southern ___ Territory — including Tucson and Mesilla — declared for the Confederacy and asked Richmond to organize a **Confederate Territory of Arizona**. Jefferson Davis proclaimed it in 1862. It existed for less than a year.", "answer": "New Mexico", "distractors": [ "Utah", "Nevada", "Colorado" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-confederate-arizona", "uid": "3feebl1jozabl" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-picacho-pass", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "civil-war", "battles" ], "template": "On **April 15, 1862**, Union and Confederate cavalry clashed at **___** north of Tucson — the **westernmost battle of the Civil War**. Three Union soldiers died. It's small as battles go, but it's Arizona's only true Civil War engagement.", "answer": "Picacho Pass", "distractors": [ "Glorieta Pass", "Apache Pass", "Valverde" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-picacho-pass", "uid": "12nh3v8kv9vs0" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-california-column", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "civil-war", "union" ], "template": "In 1862 the **___** — about 2,300 Union volunteers under Brigadier General James Henry Carleton — marched east across the desert to drive Confederates out of Arizona and New Mexico. By August the Confederate Territory was finished.", "answer": "California Column", "distractors": [ "Mormon Battalion", "Iron Brigade", "Texas Brigade" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-california-column", "uid": "18okm0o1dozuek" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-arizona-territory", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "territory", "capital" ], "template": "On **February 24, 1863**, President **Lincoln signed the act** creating the ___ — splitting it off from New Mexico Territory along a north-south line. The first territorial capital was **Prescott**, chosen for its central location and Union loyalty.", "answer": "Arizona Territory", "distractors": [ "Utah Territory", "Colorado Territory", "Nevada Territory" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-arizona-territory", "uid": "r2l4gy1fe1q8m" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-shifting-capital", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "territory", "capital" ], "template": "Arizona's capital moved more than once. **Prescott → Tucson (___) → back to Prescott (1877) → Phoenix (1889)**. Each move tracked the shifting political weight of different regions of the territory.", "answer": "1867", "distractors": [ "1860", "1876", "1843" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-shifting-capital", "uid": "p0yq1j1qa3fmt" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-shifting-capital", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "territory", "capital" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's capital moved more than once. **Prescott → Tucson (___) → back to Prescott (1877) → Phoenix (1889)**. Each move tracked the shifting political weight of different regions of the territory." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1843" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1867" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1860" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1876" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "derivedFrom": "fact-shifting-capital", "uid": "5osoy1mguik5" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-fort-defiance", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "forts", "navajo" ], "template": "Established **September 18, 1851** by ___ deep inside Navajo country, **Fort Defiance** was the first US military post in what is now Arizona. The name was a deliberate provocation — and the Navajo tried more than once to wipe it out.", "answer": "Colonel Edwin V. Sumner", "distractors": [ "General Stephen Kearny", "Colonel Philip Cooke", "Major Enoch Steen" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-fort-defiance", "uid": "132orxrr04gl7" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-manuelito-attack", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "navajo" ], "template": "In **April 1860**, the Navajo war chief **Manuelito** led around **1,000 warriors** in a dawn assault on ___. The garrison held, but the attack was so bold it convinced Washington that the Navajo would have to be subdued.", "answer": "Fort Defiance", "distractors": [ "Fort Apache", "Fort Huachuca", "Fort Bowie" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-manuelito-attack", "explanation": "Compare: Fort Apache — A US Army post in Arizona, founded in 1870. Fort Huachuca — During World War II this Arizona army post swelled to 25,000 soldiers.", "uid": "nzim6nvcqatt" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-kit-carson", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "navajo" ], "template": "In **1863**, Colonel **___** marched into Navajo country with orders to break Navajo resistance. He killed warriors, burned hogans, slaughtered sheep, and destroyed peach orchards in Canyon de Chelly. By 1864 the starving Navajo began to surrender.", "answer": "Kit Carson", "distractors": [ "James Carleton", "John Frémont", "Stephen Kearny" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-kit-carson", "uid": "w3nbqsmpuxvo" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-long-walk", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "navajo" ], "template": "About **9,000 Navajo** were force-marched roughly 300 miles to **___** in eastern New Mexico in 1864 — the **Long Walk**. Hundreds died on the way. The reservation was a disaster: bad water, failed crops, disease.", "answer": "Bosque Redondo", "distractors": [ "Fort Defiance", "Canyon de Chelly", "Fort Apache" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-long-walk", "explanation": "Compare: Fort Defiance — The first US military post established in what is now Arizona. Canyon de Chelly — A canyon in northeastern Arizona on Navajo Nation land.", "uid": "162rkgp90en5d" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-long-walk", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "navajo" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About **9,000 Navajo** were force-marched roughly 300 miles to **___** in eastern New Mexico in 1864 — the **Long Walk**. Hundreds died on the way. The reservation was a disaster: bad water, failed crops, disease." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Canyon de Chelly" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bosque Redondo" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fort Apache" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fort Defiance" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "derivedFrom": "fact-long-walk", "explanation": "Compare: Canyon de Chelly — A canyon in northeastern Arizona on Navajo Nation land. Fort Apache — A US Army post in Arizona, founded in 1870.", "uid": "1us8s21pjs54v" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-fort-apache", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "forts", "apache" ], "template": "**___** was established in **1870** in the White Mountains of eastern Arizona to control the surrounding Apache bands. It saw only one small fight — three soldiers wounded in September 1881 — and closed in 1923, turned over to the Bureau of Indian Affairs once the Army judged it militarily obsolete.", "answer": "Fort Apache", "distractors": [ "Fort Defiance", "Fort Huachuca", "Fort Bowie" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-fort-apache", "explanation": "Compare: Fort Defiance — The first US military post established in what is now Arizona. Fort Huachuca — During World War II this Arizona army post swelled to 25,000 soldiers.", "uid": "18e1u22kpfmhw" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-fort-huachuca", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "forts" ], "template": "**___**, founded **1877** east of Tucson, was the base for US Army operations against Apache raiders crossing from Mexico. It is one of the few frontier forts that never closed — today it houses the US Army Intelligence Center.", "answer": "Fort Huachuca", "distractors": [ "Fort Apache", "Fort Defiance", "Fort Bowie" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-fort-huachuca", "explanation": "Compare: Fort Apache — A US Army post in Arizona, founded in 1870. Fort Defiance — The first US military post established in what is now Arizona.", "uid": "12y5c1v1ys5gwd" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-buffalo-soldiers", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "indian-wars", "forts" ], "template": "From **1913 to 1933**, the all-Black **10th ___** — the famous **Buffalo Soldiers** — was stationed at Fort Huachuca. They patrolled the Mexican border during the Pancho Villa years and trained for service in two world wars.", "answer": "Cavalry Regiment", "distractors": [ "Infantry Regiment", "Field Artillery", "Mountain Division" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-buffalo-soldiers", "uid": "6544rq1rtvv2" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-tombstone-discovery", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "mining", "silver", "tombstone" ], "template": "In **1877**, prospector **___** went searching for silver in the Apache country of southeastern Arizona. Soldiers warned him he'd only find his tombstone. He found silver — and named his strike **Tombstone**.", "answer": "Ed Schieffelin", "distractors": [ "Henry Wickenburg", "Jacob Waltz", "Charles Poston" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-tombstone-discovery", "uid": "ekyxpk2u5dag" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-tombstone-discovery", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mining", "silver", "tombstone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In **1877**, prospector **___** went searching for silver in the Apache country of southeastern Arizona. Soldiers warned him he'd only find his tombstone. He found silver — and named his strike **Tombstone**." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Henry Wickenburg" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ed Schieffelin" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Charles Poston" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jacob Waltz" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "derivedFrom": "fact-tombstone-discovery", "uid": "p02qjo1upk8s8" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-bisbee-copper", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "mining", "copper", "bisbee" ], "template": "In **1885**, ___ opened the first copper smelter in **Bisbee** — a steep canyon town that became one of the great copper-producing centers of the world. Bisbee's Copper Queen mine alone produced over 8 billion pounds of copper before it shut in 1975.", "answer": "Lewis Williams", "distractors": [ "Ed Schieffelin", "William A. Clark", "George Warren" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-bisbee-copper", "explanation": "Compare: Ed Schieffelin — A prospector warned he'd only find his own tombstone in Apache country.", "uid": "1n7du1qaklzwa" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-copper-electricity", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "mining", "copper" ], "template": "Arizona's ___ boom rode the **electrical revolution**. As America wired up — power lines, telephones, electric motors — ___ was suddenly a strategic commodity. The territory's mines and smelters scaled up to meet the demand.", "answer": "copper", "distractors": [ "silver", "gold", "lead" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-copper-electricity", "uid": "ch9l9t1gc03an" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-earps-arrive", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "tombstone", "earps" ], "template": "**___** and his brothers — Virgil, Morgan, and James — arrived in Tombstone in **1879**, looking to make money on the boom. They bought mining shares, gambling concessions, and water rights. Virgil and Wyatt became federal and town lawmen.", "answer": "Wyatt Earp", "distractors": [ "Doc Holliday", "Bat Masterson", "Johnny Ringo" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-earps-arrive", "explanation": "Compare: Doc Holliday — A Georgia dentist whose tuberculosis drove him west, where he remade himself as a gunfighter.", "uid": "fz6anmmqfe4s" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-ok-corral", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "tombstone", "ok-corral" ], "template": "On **October 26, 1881**, the Earps and **___** faced off against a faction of cowboys — Billy Clanton and the McLaurys — in a dusty lot near the O.K. Corral. The fight lasted **30 seconds**. Three cowboys died. It became the most famous shootout in American history.", "answer": "Doc Holliday", "distractors": [ "Bat Masterson", "Johnny Ringo", "Curly Bill" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-ok-corral", "uid": "qotr14rnkes4" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-vendetta-ride", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "tombstone", "earps" ], "template": "After the ___, Virgil Earp was ambushed and crippled. Then Morgan Earp was assassinated while shooting pool. Wyatt responded with the **Vendetta Ride** of March 1882, hunting down and killing the men he held responsible — and then quietly leaving the territory.", "answer": "O.K. Corral", "distractors": [ "Iron Springs", "Skeleton Canyon", "Guadalupe Canyon" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-vendetta-ride", "uid": "g51g841jd7kyk" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-tombstone-fires", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "tombstone" ], "template": "Tombstone burned to the ground in **June ___** and again in **May 1882**. The wooden boomtown was rebuilt each time. What ended Tombstone wasn't fire but **water** — by 1886 the mines had hit the water table and pumps couldn't keep up. The silver gave out.", "answer": "1881", "distractors": [ "1874", "1890", "1857" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-tombstone-fires", "uid": "djm2urs98h3d" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-cattle-boom", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "ranching" ], "template": "Between **___ and 1891**, Arizona's cattle herd grew from **40,000 to 1.5 million** head. Texans brought open-range methods to a territory finally pacified after the Apache wars. The land could not support it.", "answer": "1873", "distractors": [ "1866", "1882", "1849" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-cattle-boom", "uid": "1ff6k41miwh06" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-cattle-boom", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "ranching" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Between **___ and 1891**, Arizona's cattle herd grew from **40,000 to 1.5 million** head. Texans brought open-range methods to a territory finally pacified after the Apache wars. The land could not support it." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1866" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1873" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1849" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1882" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "derivedFrom": "fact-cattle-boom", "uid": "z16lm510wwdmr" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-1891-drought", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "ranching" ], "template": "A brutal **drought from ___ to 1893** killed **more than half** of Arizona's cattle and stripped the grasslands. Overgrazing during the boom had primed the land; the drought finished it. Much of Arizona's range never recovered to pre-boom productivity.", "answer": "1891", "distractors": [ "1884", "1900", "1867" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-1891-drought", "uid": "f3m2bgljyxnw" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-1880-population", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "railroads", "population" ], "template": "Arizona's population leapt from **9,658 in ___ to 40,440 in 1880** — a **319% jump** driven almost entirely by the railroad. Each subsequent census doubled the count until statehood.", "answer": "1870", "distractors": [ "1863", "1879", "1846" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-1880-population", "uid": "1dg85xs1r4tbiw" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-1880-population", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "railroads", "population" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's population leapt from **9,658 in ___ to 40,440 in 1880** — a **319% jump** driven almost entirely by the railroad. Each subsequent census doubled the count until statehood." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1846" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1863" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1879" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1870" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "derivedFrom": "fact-1880-population", "uid": "fdz75rszwtez" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-statehood-day", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "statehood" ], "template": "President **___ signed Arizona into statehood on February 14, 1912** — the **48th state**, and the last in the contiguous US. New Mexico had beaten it by just six weeks.", "answer": "William Howard Taft", "distractors": [ "Theodore Roosevelt", "Woodrow Wilson", "William McKinley" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-statehood-day", "explanation": "Compare: Theodore Roosevelt — This U.S. president visited northern Arizona in 1903 and urged Americans to see its greatest sight.", "uid": "ha5zae7bto2y" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-statehood-day", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "statehood" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "President **___ signed Arizona into statehood on February 14, 1912** — the **48th state**, and the last in the contiguous US. New Mexico had beaten it by just six weeks." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "William McKinley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "William Howard Taft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Woodrow Wilson" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "derivedFrom": "fact-statehood-day", "explanation": "Compare: Theodore Roosevelt — This U.S. president visited northern Arizona in 1903 and urged Americans to see its greatest sight.", "uid": "1d7hzzrrsqtzn" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-women-vote-1912", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "statehood", "politics" ], "template": "Arizona women won the right to vote in **November 1912** by state referendum — **eight years before** the ___ did the same nationally. The state constitution had been amended within months of statehood.", "answer": "Nineteenth Amendment", "distractors": [ "Fifteenth Amendment", "Eighteenth Amendment", "Twentieth Amendment" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-women-vote-1912", "uid": "1l7jbenagakwt" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-women-vote-1912", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "statehood", "politics" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona women won the right to vote in **November 1912** by state referendum — **eight years before** the ___ did the same nationally. The state constitution had been amended within months of statehood." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Eighteenth Amendment" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fifteenth Amendment" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nineteenth Amendment" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Twentieth Amendment" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "derivedFrom": "fact-women-vote-1912", "uid": "v13f341tcjeiq" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-hispanic-delegate", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "statehood", "politics" ], "template": "Of the **52 delegates** at Arizona's ___ constitutional convention, only one was Hispanic — and he refused to sign the document. The early state government was overwhelmingly Anglo, despite Arizona's deep Spanish and Mexican roots.", "answer": "1910", "distractors": [ "1903", "1919", "1886" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-hispanic-delegate", "uid": "g7k6m61l9gdgg" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-carl-hayden", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "statehood", "people" ], "template": "**___** represented Arizona in Washington for **56 years** — first in the House from statehood in 1912, then in the Senate from 1927 to 1969. He held the seniority record in Congress and chaired the powerful Appropriations Committee for 14 years.", "answer": "Carl Hayden", "distractors": [ "Barry Goldwater", "Morris Udall", "Ernest McFarland" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-carl-hayden", "explanation": "Compare: Barry Goldwater — An Arizona senator and department-store heir famous for his desert photography.", "uid": "11aphuc1ykmn1a" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-hayden-sheriff", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "statehood", "people" ], "template": "Before Congress, Hayden was **___** — and personally arrested Arizona's last train robbers in 1910, chasing them across the desert in a Stoddard-Dayton automobile. The story made him famous statewide.", "answer": "Maricopa County Sheriff", "distractors": [ "Territorial Governor", "US Marshal", "Justice of the Peace" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-hayden-sheriff", "uid": "1l20ago1hw4gf2" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-hayden-sheriff", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "statehood", "people" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Before Congress, Hayden was **___** — and personally arrested Arizona's last train robbers in 1910, chasing them across the desert in a Stoddard-Dayton automobile. The story made him famous statewide." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Justice of the Peace" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Territorial Governor" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Maricopa County Sheriff" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "US Marshal" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "derivedFrom": "fact-hayden-sheriff", "uid": "p6y33gaue2o4" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-hayden-cap", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "statehood", "water" ], "template": "Hayden's biggest legislative cause was the **___** — a 336-mile aqueduct to carry Colorado River water to Phoenix and Tucson. He fought for it for **41 years**, finally getting it authorized in 1968, the year he retired.", "answer": "Central Arizona Project", "distractors": [ "Salt River Project", "Boulder Canyon Project", "Roosevelt Dam" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-hayden-cap", "uid": "6qe1zeme86b" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-hayden-cap", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "statehood", "water" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hayden's biggest legislative cause was the **___** — a 336-mile aqueduct to carry Colorado River water to Phoenix and Tucson. He fought for it for **41 years**, finally getting it authorized in 1968, the year he retired." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Boulder Canyon Project" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Salt River Project" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Central Arizona Project" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Roosevelt Dam" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "derivedFrom": "fact-hayden-cap", "uid": "138ug4lgkjb05" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-grand-canyon-tourism", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "tourism", "grand-canyon" ], "template": "The **___** reached the Grand Canyon's South Rim in **1901**. Tourism followed in a flood. By 1905, the **El Tovar Hotel** — a luxury Harvey House lodge — was hosting guests overlooking the canyon, and a tourism industry took root that has never stopped growing.", "answer": "Santa Fe Railroad", "distractors": [ "Southern Pacific", "Union Pacific", "Atlantic & Pacific Railroad" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-grand-canyon-tourism", "uid": "x0q2ci12a00e4" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-fred-harvey", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "tourism", "grand-canyon" ], "template": "**___** built the West's first restaurant chain along the Santa Fe Railroad — clean dining rooms staffed by the famed **Harvey Girls**. His hotels at the Grand Canyon set the standard for American national-park lodging.", "answer": "Fred Harvey", "distractors": [ "Henry Flagler", "George Pullman", "Charles Crocker" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-fred-harvey", "uid": "s9si4k1r9hups" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-fred-harvey", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tourism", "grand-canyon" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "**___** built the West's first restaurant chain along the Santa Fe Railroad — clean dining rooms staffed by the famed **Harvey Girls**. His hotels at the Grand Canyon set the standard for American national-park lodging." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Henry Flagler" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "George Pullman" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fred Harvey" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Charles Crocker" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "derivedFrom": "fact-fred-harvey", "uid": "1a6ypna1ur07wo" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-john-wesley-powell", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "tourism", "grand-canyon" ], "template": "**___**, a one-armed Civil War veteran, led the first known descent of the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon in **1869**. His subsequent reports made the canyon famous and laid the scientific groundwork for federal water policy in the West.", "answer": "John Wesley Powell", "distractors": [ "John Frémont", "Clarence Dutton", "Ferdinand Hayden" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-john-wesley-powell", "uid": "1qnsog4i6qzr8" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-grand-canyon-national-park", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "tourism", "grand-canyon" ], "template": "___ visited the Grand Canyon in 1903 and called it 'one of the great sights every American should see.' He made it a national monument in 1908; **Congress made it a national park in 1919**.", "answer": "President Theodore Roosevelt", "distractors": [ "President William Howard Taft", "President Woodrow Wilson", "President Benjamin Harrison" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-grand-canyon-national-park", "uid": "m3dgevloy3af" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-grand-canyon-national-park", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tourism", "grand-canyon" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "___ visited the Grand Canyon in 1903 and called it 'one of the great sights every American should see.' He made it a national monument in 1908; **Congress made it a national park in 1919**." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "President Benjamin Harrison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "President Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "President Woodrow Wilson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "President William Howard Taft" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "derivedFrom": "fact-grand-canyon-national-park", "uid": "1934bbm1p7mvaq" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-colorado-compact", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "water" ], "template": "The **1922 ___** split the river between an upper and a lower basin — 7.5 million acre-feet a year each. Dividing the lower half left California **59%**, Arizona **37%** (2.8 million acre-feet), and Nevada **4%**. Arizona refused to ratify until 1944.", "answer": "Colorado River Compact", "distractors": [ "Boulder Canyon Project Act", "Groundwater Management Act", "Central Arizona Project" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-colorado-compact", "uid": "1dwjmvr11v9mjr" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-hoover-dam", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "water", "depression" ], "template": "**___** — originally Boulder Dam — was built from **1931 to 1936** in the Black Canyon of the Colorado on the Arizona-Nevada border. **726 feet tall**, it created Lake Mead and made large-scale water and power management of the lower Colorado possible.", "answer": "Hoover Dam", "distractors": [ "Glen Canyon Dam", "Roosevelt Dam", "Davis Dam" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-hoover-dam", "uid": "1sqzanu14dmdlu" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-wwii-arizona", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "wwii" ], "template": "___ turned Arizona into a giant training ground. The state offered **clear flying weather, empty land, cheap labor, and proximity to California aviation plants**. Bases, airfields, and proving grounds spread across the desert — and most of them stayed after the war.", "answer": "World War II", "distractors": [ "World War I", "the Korean War", "the Spanish-American War" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-wwii-arizona", "uid": "12yneb7hvk8d5" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-davis-monthan", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "wwii" ], "template": "**___** outside Tucson became the main training center for Army Air Forces bomber crews. After the war it kept growing — it now hosts the famous 'Boneyard', a 2,600-acre yard where the US military's retired aircraft sit in the dry air.", "answer": "Davis-Monthan Field", "distractors": [ "Luke Field", "Williams Field", "Marana Field" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-davis-monthan", "uid": "14j3s3x1qp5l7r" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-poston-gila-river", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "wwii" ], "template": "Arizona hosted **two of the largest ___ camps**: **Poston** on the Colorado River and **Gila River** south of Phoenix. Over **30,000 Japanese Americans** — most of them US citizens — were confined in them from 1942 to 1945.", "answer": "War Relocation", "distractors": [ "Prisoner of War", "Civilian Conservation", "Migrant Labor" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-poston-gila-river", "uid": "17c83fdnv31z9" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-groundwater-act", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "water", "sunbelt" ], "template": "In **1980**, Governor **___** pushed through the **Groundwater Management Act** — forcing cities and farms to reach 'safe yield' (using no more groundwater than nature replenished) and requiring new developments to prove a 100-year water supply.", "answer": "Bruce Babbitt", "distractors": [ "Rose Mofford", "Evan Mecham", "Jan Brewer" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-groundwater-act", "explanation": "Compare: Jan Brewer — She became Arizona's governor in 2009 after her predecessor left for a federal post.", "uid": "43uqok1ibprn0" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-postwar-tech", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "industry" ], "template": "After the war, Arizona's manufacturing jumped from **49,000 jobs in 1960 to 183,000 in 1985**. **Motorola, ___, Honeywell, IBM, and Goodyear Aircraft** all opened Phoenix-area operations. By 1959 Hughes was building advanced missiles in Tucson with 5,000 workers.", "answer": "Hughes Aircraft", "distractors": [ "General Electric", "Sperry Rand", "Lockheed" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-postwar-tech", "uid": "zyiya21hp29pa" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-population-explosion", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "population" ], "template": "Arizona's population grew **from 700,000 in ___ to over 5 million in 2000** — a sevenfold jump, almost all of it concentrated around **Phoenix** with **Tucson** a distant second. Air conditioning, federal water, and cheap land powered the boom.", "answer": "1950", "distractors": [ "1943", "1959", "1926" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-population-explosion", "uid": "4nfn1b1le4sm5" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-youngtown", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "retirement" ], "template": "**Youngtown**, founded in **1954** on 320 acres of farmland northwest of Phoenix, was the **first planned community in ___ dedicated exclusively to retirees**. No children allowed. It set the template for what came next.", "answer": "the United States", "distractors": [ "Mexico", "Canada", "Australia" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-youngtown", "uid": "edsxy21m8cww8" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-sun-city", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "retirement" ], "template": "Developer **___** opened **Sun City** in **1960** — an 'active adult' retirement community with pools, golf courses, and community centers. The opening weekend drew 100,000 visitors. It became the model for retirement living across the Sunbelt.", "answer": "Del Webb", "distractors": [ "John F. Long", "Ben Schleifer", "Charles Keating" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-sun-city", "uid": "4o6ytx1bfz0oj" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-snowbirds", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "retirement" ], "template": "Arizona's warm winters and dry climate drew retirees from the **Northeast and Midwest** in growing numbers — the **'snowbirds'**. They brought pensions, ___ checks, and savings. By 2000, **18%** of Arizona retirees lived in dedicated 'lifestyle' communities.", "answer": "Social Security", "distractors": [ "Medicare", "Medicaid", "Railroad Retirement" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-snowbirds", "uid": "b0k9x8b7u06e" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-goldwater", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "politicians" ], "template": "**___**, son of a Phoenix department-store family, served five terms in the US Senate and was the **1964 Republican nominee for president**. He lost in a landslide to LBJ but reshaped the GOP into a conservative movement that produced Reagan.", "answer": "Barry Goldwater", "distractors": [ "Morris Udall", "Bruce Babbitt", "John McCain" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-goldwater", "explanation": "Compare: Bruce Babbitt — He served as governor of Arizona from 1978 to 1987. John McCain — A Navy pilot who endured five and a half years as a prisoner of war in Vietnam.", "uid": "1m4xul99zgz9l" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-mccain", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "modern", "politicians" ], "template": "**___**, a Navy pilot held prisoner in Vietnam for five and a half years, settled in Arizona and won Goldwater's old Senate seat in 1986. He was the **2008 Republican presidential nominee**, losing to Barack Obama. He served until his death from brain cancer in 2018.", "answer": "John McCain", "distractors": [ "Morris Udall", "Bruce Babbitt", "Jan Brewer" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-mccain", "explanation": "Compare: Bruce Babbitt — He served as governor of Arizona from 1978 to 1987. Jan Brewer — She became Arizona's governor in 2009 after her predecessor left for a federal post.", "uid": "1n18kwpt4ogiv" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-oconnor", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "modern", "politicians" ], "template": "**___**, raised on a remote Arizona cattle ranch and serving as a state appeals judge, was appointed to the **US Supreme Court in 1981** by President Reagan — the **first woman ever to sit on the high court**. She served until 2006.", "answer": "Sandra Day O'Connor", "distractors": [ "Jan Brewer", "Rose Mofford", "Janet Napolitano" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-oconnor", "explanation": "Compare: Jan Brewer — She became Arizona's governor in 2009 after her predecessor left for a federal post. Janet Napolitano — She was serving as Arizona's governor in the late 2000s.", "uid": "1ft1ut4bvae7i" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-mo-udall", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "politicians" ], "template": "**___** represented Arizona's 2nd congressional district from **1961 to 1991**. A liberal Democrat in a conservative state, he was famous for his wit, his height (6'5\"), and his strong run for the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination.", "answer": "Morris 'Mo' Udall", "distractors": [ "Barry Goldwater", "Carl Hayden", "Ernest McFarland" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-mo-udall", "explanation": "Compare: Barry Goldwater — An Arizona senator and department-store heir famous for his desert photography. Carl Hayden — He was Arizona's very first U.S. Representative, starting at statehood in 1912.", "uid": "12yjx4vcibhft" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-sb1070", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "modern", "immigration" ], "template": "In **April 2010**, Governor **___** signed **Senate Bill 1070** — at the time the **toughest state-level immigration law in the country**, requiring police to check immigration status during stops. Most of it was struck down by the Supreme Court in 2012.", "answer": "Jan Brewer", "distractors": [ "Janet Napolitano", "Doug Ducey", "Fife Symington" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-sb1070", "explanation": "Compare: Janet Napolitano — She was serving as Arizona's governor in the late 2000s. Doug Ducey — He was Arizona's governor during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "uid": "149di30n4mqmo" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-covid-navajo", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "modern", "covid" ], "template": "The **___** had among the highest per-capita COVID infection rates in the United States in 2020 — a consequence of limited running water, crowded multigenerational housing, and few hospitals. The Nation imposed some of the country's strictest curfews in response.", "answer": "Navajo Nation", "distractors": [ "Hopi Tribe", "Tohono O'odham Nation", "San Carlos Apache" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-covid-navajo", "uid": "h0w4pi79nlrm" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-five-cs", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "sunbelt", "economy" ], "template": "Generations of Arizona schoolchildren learned the state's economic pillars as the **Five C's: Copper, Cattle, Cotton, ___, and Climate**. The first four built 20th-century Arizona; **Climate** — air-conditioned and sunny — built the rest.", "answer": "Citrus", "distractors": [ "Corn", "Coal", "Cactus" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-five-cs", "explanation": "Compare: Corn — A crop that arrived from central Mexico late in the Archaic period, since it did not grow wild in Arizona.", "uid": "1pks6jk1hnbpkk" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-ih-saguaro-sentinel", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "heritage", "desert" ], "template": "Only grows in the ___ — and only sprouts its first arm after about 70 years.", "answer": "Sonoran Desert", "distractors": [ "Mojave Desert", "Chihuahuan Desert", "Great Basin Desert" ], "derivedFrom": "ih-saguaro-sentinel", "uid": "m0hk69q80p2b" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-ih-saguaro-sentinel", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "heritage", "desert" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Only grows in the ___ — and only sprouts its first arm after about 70 years." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Great Basin Desert" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mojave Desert" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Chihuahuan Desert" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sonoran Desert" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "derivedFrom": "ih-saguaro-sentinel", "uid": "pfxdi91fxhn3h" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-map-tubac", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "history", "presidio", "map" ], "template": "Along the ___ south of Tucson, Spain built the Tubac presidio in 1752 — the first European fort in what's now Arizona. In 1775–76 it launched Anza's expedition that went on to found San Francisco.", "answer": "Santa Cruz River", "distractors": [ "San Pedro River", "Gila River", "Verde River" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-map-tubac", "explanation": "Compare: Gila River — Major river crossing southern Arizona; the Hohokam farmed its floodplain for centuries.", "uid": "qt6dnw1xxkhuc" }, { "id": "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-map-tubac", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "history", "presidio", "map" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Along the ___ south of Tucson, Spain built the Tubac presidio in 1752 — the first European fort in what's now Arizona. In 1775–76 it launched Anza's expedition that went on to found San Francisco." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Gila River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "San Pedro River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Santa Cruz River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Verde River" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "derivedFrom": "fact-map-tubac", "explanation": "Compare: Gila River — Major river crossing southern Arizona; the Hohokam farmed its floodplain for centuries.", "uid": "1cnuacfhe86hf" }, { "id": "cz-arizona-history-fact-map-hoover", "shape": "cloze", "tags": [ "history", "hoover", "map" ], "template": "Built 1931–1936 in ___ on the Arizona–Nevada line, Hoover Dam was a Depression-era engineering marvel. Its reservoir, Lake Mead, is the largest in the United States by capacity — and made large-scale settlement of the modern Southwest possible.", "answer": "Black Canyon", "distractors": [ "Glen Canyon", "Marble Canyon", "Grand Canyon" ], "derivedFrom": "fact-map-hoover", "explanation": "Compare: Grand Canyon — Arizona's defining landform; declared a National Park in 1919 after decades as a Monument.", "uid": "1ql647oi82lok" }, { "id": "tf-t-arizona-history-pair-cochise-recall", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "warriors", "people", "apache" ], "statement": "Cochise is \"Chiricahua Apache leader\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Cochise is Chiricahua Apache leader.", "derivedFrom": "pair-cochise-recall", "uid": "11tg8lg11rzkt4" }, { "id": "tf-t-arizona-history-pair-geronimo-recall", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "warriors", "people", "apache" ], "statement": "Geronimo is \"last Apache holdout, surrendered 1886\".", "isTrue": true, "why": "Geronimo is last Apache holdout, surrendered 1886.", "derivedFrom": "pair-geronimo-recall", "uid": "b80ruf1eu7odd" }, { "id": "tf-f-arizona-history-pair-hayden-recall", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "statesmen", "people", "statehood" ], "statement": "Carl Hayden is \"2008 GOP presidential nominee\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Carl Hayden actually is Arizona's congressman for 56 years.", "derivedFrom": "pair-hayden-recall", "uid": "1mjurr91qn3wyn" }, { "id": "tf-f-arizona-history-pair-goldwater-recall", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "statesmen", "people", "politicians" ], "statement": "Barry Goldwater is \"first woman on the Supreme Court\".", "isTrue": false, "why": "Barry Goldwater actually is 1964 GOP presidential nominee.", "derivedFrom": "pair-goldwater-recall", "uid": "13df4xa38lhw" }, { "id": "tf-df-arizona-history-def-tucson", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "place", "city" ], "statement": "Phoenix: Arizona's second-largest city; site of the Presidio San Agustín founded in 1775.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Tucson\", not \"Phoenix\".", "derivedFrom": "def-tucson", "uid": "15uid4k1fr08bs" }, { "id": "tf-d-arizona-history-def-phoenix", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "place", "city" ], "statement": "Phoenix: Arizona's capital and largest city, founded 1867 along the rebuilt Hohokam canals.", "isTrue": true, "why": "That definition is correct for \"Phoenix\".", "derivedFrom": "def-phoenix", "uid": "1fumbgs1fjy5l2" }, { "id": "tf-df-arizona-history-def-flagstaff", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "place", "city" ], "statement": "Prescott: Northern Arizona town that grew up around the railroad and Lowell Observatory.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Flagstaff\", not \"Prescott\".", "derivedFrom": "def-flagstaff", "uid": "1r91w7iqxhcbo" }, { "id": "tf-df-arizona-history-def-prescott", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "place", "city" ], "statement": "Tucson: First territorial capital of Arizona, established 1864 in cool pine country.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Prescott\", not \"Tucson\".", "derivedFrom": "def-prescott", "uid": "gws5uqg5haj0" }, { "id": "tf-df-arizona-history-def-colorado-river", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "geography", "river" ], "statement": "Salt River: Arizona's western boundary and water lifeline; carved the Grand Canyon over millions of years.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Colorado River\", not \"Salt River\".", "derivedFrom": "def-colorado-river", "uid": "hdi5cswh0q2m" }, { "id": "tf-df-arizona-history-def-gila-river", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "geography", "river" ], "statement": "Salt River: Major river crossing southern Arizona; the Hohokam farmed its floodplain for centuries.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Gila River\", not \"Salt River\".", "derivedFrom": "def-gila-river", "uid": "1q1mddt1pmmgjf" }, { "id": "tf-d-arizona-history-def-salt-river", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "geography", "river" ], "statement": "Salt River: Arizona river dammed by Roosevelt in 1911 to bring year-round water to the Phoenix valley.", "isTrue": true, "why": "That definition is correct for \"Salt River\".", "derivedFrom": "def-salt-river", "uid": "1ne301n1iiunpx" }, { "id": "tf-d-arizona-history-def-grand-canyon", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "geography", "landform" ], "statement": "Grand Canyon: Arizona's defining landform; declared a National Park in 1919 after decades as a Monument.", "isTrue": true, "why": "That definition is correct for \"Grand Canyon\".", "derivedFrom": "def-grand-canyon", "uid": "h5jv9b1wysug9" }, { "id": "tf-df-arizona-history-def-mogollon-rim", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "geography", "landform" ], "statement": "Grand Canyon: Long escarpment that splits Arizona into high pine country to the north and desert below.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Mogollon Rim\", not \"Grand Canyon\".", "derivedFrom": "def-mogollon-rim", "uid": "15rnv4f1cn4hkp" }, { "id": "tf-df-arizona-history-def-gadsden", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "treaty", "boundary" ], "statement": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: 1854 land buy that added southern Arizona below the Gila River to the United States.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Gadsden Purchase\", not \"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo\".", "derivedFrom": "def-gadsden", "uid": "uvd9371pjabwp" }, { "id": "tf-d-arizona-history-def-guadalupe-hidalgo", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "treaty", "boundary" ], "statement": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: 1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War; transferred most of present-day Arizona to the U.S.", "isTrue": true, "why": "That definition is correct for \"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo\".", "derivedFrom": "def-guadalupe-hidalgo", "uid": "d0v3hf12hpf2b" }, { "id": "tf-df-arizona-history-def-bisbee-mine", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "mining", "industry" ], "statement": "Jerome: Copper boom town near the Mexican border; the Copper Queen Mine drove its 1880s growth.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Bisbee\", not \"Jerome\".", "derivedFrom": "def-bisbee-mine", "uid": "wslbw41jc6lmk" }, { "id": "tf-df-arizona-history-def-jerome-mine", "shape": "trueFalse", "tags": [ "mining", "industry" ], "statement": "Bisbee: Hillside copper-mining town above Verde Valley; nearly abandoned after WWII, now an arts colony.", "isTrue": false, "why": "That's the definition of \"Jerome\", not \"Bisbee\".", "derivedFrom": "def-jerome-mine", "uid": "1oc601c1ch8yrq" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-coronado", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "exploration", "arizona" ], "name": "Coronado", "clues": [ "A 16th-century Spanish conquistador who pushed north into what became the American Southwest.", "In 1540 he set out hunting the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola and their rumored gold.", "His expedition found inhabited pueblos instead of the riches he had expected." ], "uid": "6wqrbshotbxa" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-kit-carson", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "navajo", "arizona" ], "name": "Kit Carson", "clues": [ "A US frontier soldier whose military campaign shattered a Southwestern tribe's resistance.", "In 1863 he led a scorched-earth campaign that broke the Navajo.", "That campaign forced the Long Walk to the Bosque Redondo reservation." ], "uid": "16rsl4l49jn29" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-sandra-day-o-connor", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "politics", "arizona" ], "name": "Sandra Day O'Connor", "clues": [ "She was raised on an Arizona cattle ranch before pursuing a career in law.", "In 1981 she was appointed to the nation's highest court.", "She became the first woman ever to sit on the US Supreme Court." ], "uid": "by0kb91capv11" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-john-mccain", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "politics", "arizona" ], "name": "John McCain", "clues": [ "A Navy pilot who endured five and a half years as a prisoner of war in Vietnam.", "He represented Arizona in the US Senate from 1987 until his death in 2018.", "He was the Republican Party's 2008 nominee for president." ], "uid": "1epqa5o1f0k04k" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-father-kino", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "missions", "arizona" ], "name": "Father Kino", "clues": [ "An Italian Jesuit missionary who worked among the peoples of the Arizona region.", "In 1692 he founded one of the area's most famous missions.", "He established San Xavier del Bac." ], "uid": "3y2hbo163c418" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-prescott", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "capital", "arizona" ], "name": "Prescott", "clues": [ "An Arizona town that held political importance in the territory's earliest days.", "It served as the very first territorial capital, before the seat of government moved away." ], "uid": "1kim1lx1f5834l" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-phoenix", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "capital", "arizona" ], "name": "Phoenix", "clues": [ "Arizona's population center and its largest city.", "It has served as the state capital since 1889." ], "uid": "1dgwzac1ap1oea" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-tucson", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "cities", "arizona" ], "name": "Tucson", "clues": [ "Arizona's second-largest city.", "It was Spanish, then Mexican, before it became American soil.", "It joined the United States through the 1853 Gadsden Purchase." ], "uid": "131u0cx1f8vuyt" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-colorado-river", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "water", "arizona" ], "name": "Colorado River", "clues": [ "This waterway is the backbone of Arizona's entire water supply.", "It was dammed at Hoover in 1936.", "The Central Arizona Project pumps its water clear across the state." ], "uid": "1sld0ht1rl8job" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-william-howard-taft", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "statehood", "president" ], "name": "William Howard Taft", "clues": [ "This U.S. president had the final say on admitting the last of the contiguous states to the union.", "He signed the admission document on Valentine's Day, February 14.", "In 1912 his signature made Arizona the 48th state, six weeks after New Mexico slipped in." ], "uid": "17xq9ciozvmwa" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-fred-harvey", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "grand-canyon", "tourism" ], "name": "Fred Harvey", "clues": [ "This entrepreneur ran the West's first restaurant chain, strung along the Santa Fe Railroad.", "His famous uniformed waitresses became icons of rail-travel hospitality.", "By 1905 he had built the El Tovar Hotel overlooking the Grand Canyon's South Rim." ], "uid": "17n850i1ivrgsw" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-john-wesley-powell", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "grand-canyon", "exploration" ], "name": "John Wesley Powell", "clues": [ "A one-armed Civil War veteran who became an explorer of the American West.", "In 1869 he led the first known boat descent of a great river through a mile-deep gorge.", "His expedition ran the Colorado River through the length of the Grand Canyon." ], "uid": "1u10kyr1eacc97" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-theodore-roosevelt", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "grand-canyon", "president" ], "name": "Theodore Roosevelt", "clues": [ "This U.S. president visited northern Arizona in 1903 and urged Americans to see its greatest sight.", "He praised a mile-deep gorge as 'one of the great sights every American should see.'", "In 1908 he made the Grand Canyon a national monument." ], "uid": "podu5nfdn7sr" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-davis-monthan-field", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "wwii", "military" ], "name": "Davis-Monthan Field", "clues": [ "This site outside Tucson trained Army Air Forces bomber crews during World War II.", "Today it hosts the famous aircraft 'Boneyard.'", "Its 2,600-acre yard holds thousands of retired military aircraft." ], "uid": "1c8n81jdqs0n5" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-fort-huachuca", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "wwii", "military" ], "name": "Fort Huachuca", "clues": [ "During World War II this Arizona army post swelled to 25,000 soldiers.", "It was the home base of two of the US Army's few large all-Black combat divisions.", "The 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions were stationed here." ], "uid": "6xj9v61ihm12q" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-poston", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "wwii", "internment" ], "name": "Poston", "clues": [ "One of the two large World War II camps where Arizona confined Japanese Americans.", "Over 30,000 people, most of them US citizens, were held here and at a sister camp from 1942 to 1945.", "It stood in western Arizona, on the Colorado River." ], "uid": "10ymyv1q9nr5" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-gila-river", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "wwii", "internment" ], "name": "Gila River", "clues": [ "This was one of Arizona's two major Japanese American internment camps in World War II.", "Together with a camp on the Colorado River, it confined more than 30,000 people, mostly US citizens.", "It lay just south of Phoenix." ], "uid": "oetqt4xp3j8k" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-morris-mo-udall", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "politics", "congress" ], "name": "Morris \"Mo\" Udall", "clues": [ "A liberal Democrat who represented Arizona's 2nd district in the House from 1961 to 1991.", "He was famous on Capitol Hill for his wit and humor.", "He made a strong run for the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination." ], "uid": "1xor7l47ur1ws" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-bruce-babbitt", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "politics", "governor" ], "name": "Bruce Babbitt", "clues": [ "He served as governor of Arizona from 1978 to 1987.", "In 1980 he pushed through the state's landmark Groundwater Management Act.", "He later became Bill Clinton's Secretary of the Interior." ], "uid": "jnithtwyab2n" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-jan-brewer", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "politics", "immigration" ], "name": "Jan Brewer", "clues": [ "She became Arizona's governor in 2009 after her predecessor left for a federal post.", "In 2010 she signed the toughest state-level immigration law in the country.", "She was known nationally for a tarmac finger-wag at President Obama in 2012." ], "uid": "k9ns0d1h4zfz" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-janet-napolitano", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "politics", "governor" ], "name": "Janet Napolitano", "clues": [ "She was serving as Arizona's governor in the late 2000s.", "In 2009 she left the governor's office for a post in President Obama's cabinet.", "She departed to head the Department of Homeland Security." ], "uid": "k95v6zmxw5r3" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-gabrielle-giffords", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "politics", "tragedy" ], "name": "Gabrielle Giffords", "clues": [ "An Arizona congresswoman severely wounded in a 2011 attack.", "She was shot in the head at a constituent event outside a Tucson supermarket.", "She survived, resigned from Congress, and founded a gun-control advocacy group." ], "uid": "17mpiav1qpljzt" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-doug-ducey", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "politics", "covid" ], "name": "Doug Ducey", "clues": [ "He was Arizona's governor during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "In mid-2020 he ended the statewide lockdown, and daily case counts soared afterward.", "He refused a statewide mask mandate, letting cities and counties decide for themselves." ], "uid": "1xrroes1icykt6" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-corn", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "farming", "three-sisters" ], "name": "Corn", "clues": [ "A crop that arrived from central Mexico late in the Archaic period, since it did not grow wild in Arizona.", "Planted near permanent water, it helped make permanent farming villages possible across the Southwest.", "In the three sisters, it provides the tall stalk that beans climb and squash shelters." ], "uid": "rvf3ywfmnkr8" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-beans", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "farming", "three-sisters" ], "name": "Beans", "clues": [ "One of the three sisters, a trio of crops that anchored Southwest farming for thousands of years.", "This crop was planted to climb the cornstalk, using it for support.", "It fixes nitrogen in the soil, enriching the ground for corn and squash." ], "uid": "1v02qnoec5u9e" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-squash", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "thing", "tags": [ "thing", "farming", "three-sisters" ], "name": "Squash", "clues": [ "The third of the three sisters of Southwest agriculture, grown near permanent water.", "This low-growing crop was planted among the taller corn and climbing beans.", "It shades the soil to keep it cool and moist, while corn gives the stalk and beans fix nitrogen." ], "uid": "1yzf4j51ixpdo1" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-marcos-de-niza", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "spanish-era", "explorer" ], "name": "Marcos de Niza", "clues": [ "A Franciscan friar who in 1539 led the first documented European expedition into what is now Arizona.", "He was chasing the Seven Cities of Cíbola, a Spanish fantasy of pueblos paved with gold.", "His glowing reports lured a much larger gold-seeking expedition to follow him north the very next year." ], "uid": "fs0hcl13crg0x" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-francisco-v-squez-de-coronado", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "spanish-era", "explorer" ], "name": "Francisco Vásquez de Coronado", "clues": [ "In 1540 this leader marched north with hundreds of soldiers on a fruitless hunt for cities of gold.", "He found the Zuni pueblos of mud and stone, and became the first European to gaze into the Grand Canyon.", "He straggled back to Mexico bankrupt and disgraced, a year after a friar's tales had sent him north." ], "uid": "nj7qjuy7t7jw" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-father-eusebio-francisco-kino", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "spanish-era", "missionary" ], "name": "Father Eusebio Francisco Kino", "clues": [ "An Italian Jesuit who, starting in the 1680s, founded a chain of missions across southern Arizona.", "He worked among the O'odham people and mapped the desert the Spanish called Pimería Alta.", "In 1692 he founded Mission San Xavier del Bac, which still stands south of Tucson." ], "uid": "153n63pe2k255" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-hugo-o-conor", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "spanish-era", "presidio" ], "name": "Hugo O'Conor", "clues": [ "An Irish-born officer serving in the Spanish army on Arizona's frontier.", "In 1775 he established a presidio — a Spanish military fort — on the site of a future major city.", "His adobe walls enclosed the settlement that grew into Tucson, now Arizona's second-largest city." ], "uid": "1vhxy1a18df24k" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-fort-defiance", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "frontier-fort", "navajo" ], "name": "Fort Defiance", "clues": [ "The first US military post established in what is now Arizona.", "Built in 1851 deep inside Navajo country as a deliberate provocation.", "In 1860 the war chief Manuelito led about 1,000 warriors in a dawn assault on it, but its garrison held." ], "uid": "1mv51zvqtuaw5" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-bosque-redondo", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "long-walk", "navajo" ], "name": "Bosque Redondo", "clues": [ "A bleak reservation in eastern New Mexico, the endpoint of a brutal 300-mile forced march.", "About 9,000 Navajo were driven here in 1864 in the ordeal remembered as the Long Walk.", "Plagued by bad water, failed crops, and disease, it was abandoned when an 1868 treaty let survivors return home." ], "uid": "bzeu311fzwz3j" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-fort-apache", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "place", "tags": [ "place", "frontier-fort", "apache-wars" ], "name": "Fort Apache", "clues": [ "A US Army post in Arizona, founded in 1870.", "Despite its fearsome reputation, it saw almost no combat during its years of service.", "It shut down in 1924, unlike a sister post to the south that never closed." ], "uid": "x0dfyvn2zoav" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-doc-holliday", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "ok-corral", "wild-west" ], "name": "Doc Holliday", "clues": [ "A Georgia dentist whose tuberculosis drove him west, where he remade himself as a gunfighter.", "He stood with the lawmen of Tombstone in the town's most famous fight.", "On October 26, 1881, he faced the McLaurys and Billy Clanton in the 30-second shootout near the O.K. Corral." ], "uid": "1fn1rfa1txbzr2" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-virgil-earp", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "ok-corral", "wild-west" ], "name": "Virgil Earp", "clues": [ "One of the brothers who arrived in Tombstone in 1879 for the silver boom, buying up mining shares and gambling concessions.", "He and his brother pinned on badges and became the town's lawmen.", "In the violent aftermath of the O.K. Corral fight, he was ambushed and left crippled." ], "uid": "18c44sg11r6x3a" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-morgan-earp", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "ok-corral", "wild-west" ], "name": "Morgan Earp", "clues": [ "One of the brothers who came to Tombstone chasing its 1879 silver boom.", "He was swept up in the deadly reckoning that followed the town's most famous gunfight.", "He was shot dead while playing a game of pool." ], "uid": "10u6ce01khcxlu" }, { "id": "concept-rw-arizona-history-billy-clanton", "shape": "concept", "conceptKind": "person", "tags": [ "person", "ok-corral", "wild-west" ], "name": "Billy Clanton", "clues": [ "A young cowboy in Tombstone during its silver heyday.", "He lined up alongside the McLaury brothers, opposite the town's lawmen.", "He was one of three cowboys shot dead in the 30-second fight near the O.K. Corral." ], "uid": "k0zms2ujvygu" }, { "id": "ot-first-az-atlatl", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "paleo-indians", "tools" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "After the megafauna died out, Arizona's hunters took smaller game using nets and a spear-thrower that multiplies a throw's force. What is that device called?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Atlatl" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Metate" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bola" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Clovis point" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The atlatl is the spear-thrower that multiplies a throw's force. A metate is a grinding slab, and a Clovis point is the stone spear tip — not the launcher.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1us4jmt12a1c7v" }, { "id": "ot-first-az-statehood-number", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "statehood" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona holds which number in the order of US statehood?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "49th" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "45th" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "50th" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "48th" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Arizona was the 48th state — the last of the contiguous US to join. Alaska (49th) and Hawaii (50th) came later but are not contiguous.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1wnsoxpty3xoh" }, { "id": "ot-first-az-admission-date", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "statehood", "1912" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona was admitted to the Union in 1912 on which holiday?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "February 14 (Valentine's Day)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "July 4 (Independence Day)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Thanksgiving" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "January 1 (New Year's Day)" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Arizona entered the Union on Valentine's Day, 1912. Disputes over mining wealth and a rejected merger with New Mexico had delayed admission.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "79abt011x5mzg" }, { "id": "ot-first-az-bands", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "paleo-indians" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Paleo-Indians who first reached Arizona traveled in mobile bands of roughly what size?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1,000–2,000 people" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "200–500 people" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2–5 people" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "20–50 people" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "They moved in small bands of about 20–50 people, following the herds. Larger permanent settlements only became possible once farming arrived much later.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "ffupv7s0l5qv" }, { "id": "ot-desert-three-sisters", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "three-sisters", "farming" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which trio makes up the 'three sisters' that anchored Southwest agriculture?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Squash, sunflowers, and potatoes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Corn, cotton, and agave" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Corn, beans, and squash" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wheat, beans, and chiles" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The three sisters are corn, beans, and squash. Cotton and agave were later Hohokam canal crops, not part of the trio.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "q72gp1igg2ut" }, { "id": "ot-desert-not-sister", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "three-sisters", "farming" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In the three sisters, which plant-and-role pairing is NOT correct?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Squash — shades the soil" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Beans — fix nitrogen in the soil" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Corn — provides the stalk" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Squash — climbs the corn stalk" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Beans are what climb the corn stalk; squash spreads low across the ground to shade the soil. Corn provides the stalk, and beans also fix nitrogen.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1xr41t61k71zt2" }, { "id": "ot-desert-saguaro-fruit", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "saguaro", "sonoran-desert" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Beyond food, what did the saguaro's spring flowers and summer fruit provide for the desert peoples?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A marker of the season, like a calendar" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A dye for black-on-white pottery" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Timber for pit-house roof beams" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fiber for weaving hunting nets" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The saguaro's flowers and fruit were both a vital food and a calendar marker for the desert peoples. Black-on-white pottery was Mimbres work by the Mogollon, unrelated to the saguaro.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "klsmcu1jtq7vy" }, { "id": "ot-desert-corn-origin", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "corn", "farming" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Where did the corn grown by late Archaic Arizonans come from?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It grew wild in the Sonoran Desert" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was traded east from California" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was brought north from central Mexico" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was introduced by Spanish missions" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Corn did not grow wild in Arizona — it arrived from central Mexico late in the Archaic period, long before any Spanish contact.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1mbykzf1tol1pj" }, { "id": "ot-puebloan-kiva-def", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "kiva", "ancestral-puebloans" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which best describes the Ancestral Puebloan structure used for ceremonies, councils, and gatherings?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A four-story earthen tower" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An open rectangular plaza ringed by walls" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A ladder-reached granary in a cliff face" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A round, often partially underground room" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The kiva is a round, often partially underground ceremonial room. The four-story earthen tower is Casa Grande — a Hohokam structure, not Puebloan.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "9t68mc1ptapty" }, { "id": "ot-puebloan-kiva-entry", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "kiva", "ancestral-puebloans" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How did Ancestral Puebloans typically enter a kiva?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "By hand-and-toe holds cut into the outer wall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Through a low doorway in the side wall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Down a ladder through a hole in the roof" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Through a tunnel from a neighboring pueblo" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Entry was down a ladder through a roof hole, which doubled as the smoke vent. Hand-and-toe holds were used to reach cliff dwellings, not to enter kivas.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1vsxxbbzbc0nr" }, { "id": "ot-puebloan-sipapu", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "kiva", "sipapu" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Many kivas held a small floor-niche called a sipapu. What did it symbolize?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The place where the people first emerged into this world" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The four corners of the Puebloan homeland" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The burial place of a clan ancestor" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The direction of the summer solstice sunrise" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The sipapu is a symbolic portal representing the place of emergence into this world. Solar alignments are associated with Casa Grande's wall openings instead.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "192ao7q18tr6jm" }, { "id": "ot-hohokam-canals", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hohokam", "canals" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What was the signature achievement of the Hohokam?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Black-on-white painted burial bowls", "short": "Black-on-white burial bowls" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hundreds of miles of irrigation canals across the Salt and Gila valleys", "short": "Miles of irrigation canals" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sandstone cliff dwellings in the Four Corners", "short": "Sandstone cliff dwellings" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Terraced hillside farms in the Mogollon Rim country", "short": "Terraced hillside farms" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Hohokam dug an enormous canal network across the Salt and Gila river valleys; modern Phoenix canals follow some of the same lines. Cliff dwellings were Puebloan and Sinagua work.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "elg9fj1muf2mz" }, { "id": "ot-hohokam-no-metal", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hohokam", "canals" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What makes the Hohokam canal network especially remarkable to engineers?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It used cast-bronze sluice gates" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was built in under a single decade" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It relied on windmills to lift water uphill" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was dug by hand with stone and wooden tools" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Hohokam engineered hundreds of miles of canals using only stone, wood, and human labor — no metal tools and no pack animals.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "v5p12z61trlj" }, { "id": "ot-hohokam-casa-material", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "casa-grande", "hohokam" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Casa Grande was built from which material?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Quarried sandstone blocks" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Caliche mud" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Volcanic basalt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fired clay brick" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Casa Grande was raised from caliche mud, not stone. Sandstone is associated with Puebloan pueblos and the walls at Kinishba.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "q089sj14ajd05" }, { "id": "ot-hohokam-region", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hohokam", "geography" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Hohokam thrived from roughly 300 to 1450 CE in which part of Arizona?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The volcanic highlands around Flagstaff" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Four Corners plateau country" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The southern deserts where Phoenix now stands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The forested Mogollon border country" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Hohokam occupied the southern deserts around present-day Phoenix. The Four Corners was Puebloan, and the Flagstaff highlands were Sinagua territory.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "r0avcld34dxj" }, { "id": "ot-mogsin-sinagua-name", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sinagua" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The central Arizona culture known as the Sinagua took its name from Spanish. What does the name mean?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "People of the pines" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Without stone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Without water" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sunless canyon" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Sinagua means 'without water' in Spanish, referring to their arid central Arizona homeland running from Flagstaff through the Verde Valley.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "314yaa1o5temg" }, { "id": "ot-mogsin-montezuma", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sinagua", "montezuma-castle" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Montezuma Castle is best described as which of the following?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A Hohokam canal headgate near Phoenix" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A Mogollon pottery workshop in Sonora" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An Aztec fortress built by Montezuma's army" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A Sinagua cliff dwelling in central Arizona" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Montezuma Castle is a Sinagua cliff dwelling — the name is doubly wrong, since it was neither Aztec nor a castle.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1c4w5b2m7k6iq" }, { "id": "ot-mogsin-dispersal", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "dispersal", "mystery" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What did Spanish conquistadors find when they arrived in the 1500s?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Thriving Hohokam cities along the canals" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mogollon potters selling Mimbres bowls" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kinishba still occupied by 600 households" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The great houses were already abandoned" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The great cultures dispersed in the 15th and 16th centuries, so the great houses stood empty by the time the Spanish arrived. The people had regrouped into the Hopi, Zuni, O'odham, and Pueblo nations.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1tv4rhk16aunfw" }, { "id": "ot-cibola-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "coronado", "grand-canyon" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Coronado's expedition was the first European party to lay eyes on which Arizona landmark?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Grand Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Monument Valley" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Meteor Crater" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Petrified Forest" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Coronado's men were the first Europeans to see the Grand Canyon. It was the one lasting discovery of an expedition that found no gold and ended in bankruptcy.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "sg23491tysuh3" }, { "id": "ot-cibola-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "cibola", "zuni" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The fabled cities of gold the Spanish hunted for in the Southwest turned out to be which real places?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Casa Grande ruins" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Hopi mesas" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Zuni Pueblos" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Tohono O'odham villages" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The 'cities of gold' were the Zuni Pueblos — real and impressive, but built of mud and stone rather than gold.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "100bfz51vjgxx3" }, { "id": "ot-cibola-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "coronado", "cibola" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these is NOT true of Coronado's expedition?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "He found pueblos rather than a golden city" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He returned to Mexico enriched by the gold he found" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He marched in with hundreds of soldiers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He was hunting for fabled pueblos paved with gold" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Coronado found pueblos, not gold, and limped back to Mexico bankrupt and disgraced. The other three statements are accurate.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1d1y8ug5jwyh8" }, { "id": "ot-kino-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "kino", "jesuit" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "To which religious order did Father Eusebio Francisco Kino belong?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Franciscan" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Augustinian" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Dominican" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jesuit" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Kino was an Italian Jesuit. Marcos de Niza, the earlier explorer, was the Franciscan — an easy pair to confuse.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "19wb6l0roa4im" }, { "id": "ot-kino-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "pimeria-alta", "geography" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What did the Spanish name Pimería Alta refer to?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The pine highlands of the Mogollon Rim" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Zuni and Hopi pueblo country" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The desert region of southern Arizona and northern Sonora" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Colorado River delta" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Pimería Alta means 'upper Pima country' — the desert straddling southern Arizona and northern Sonora, home of the O'odham and the territory Kino mapped.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1m0t6ut1idrp1r" }, { "id": "ot-kino-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "kino", "1680s" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In which decade did Father Kino begin founding missions among the O'odham of southern Arizona?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1820s" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1680s" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1540s" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1750s" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Kino began his mission work in the 1680s — a century and a half after Coronado, and Spain's first serious return to the region.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1kre6gs1v5hoby" }, { "id": "ot-kino-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "kino", "missions" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these is NOT part of Father Kino's legacy in Arizona?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Maps of the region the Spanish called Pimería Alta" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mission churches along the Santa Cruz River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The adobe walls of the Tucson presidio" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Missionary work among the O'odham people" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Tucson presidio was a military fort built by an army officer, not a Kino mission. Kino's work was churches, maps, and the O'odham missions.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "aozvxo1vcvsh8" }, { "id": "ot-presidio-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "presidio", "definition" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What is a presidio?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A Spanish colonial town council" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A Spanish mission church" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A Spanish frontier military fort" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A Spanish land grant for ranching" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "A presidio is a fortified military settlement on the Spanish frontier — a garrison, not a church. Kino's missions were the religious counterpart.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "16gyohneq4ktd" }, { "id": "ot-presidio-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tubac", "pima-uprising" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which event prompted Spain to put a garrison on the ground at Tubac?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Apache raids on Tucson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A deadly Pima uprising" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Coronado's search for Cíbola" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mexican independence from Spain" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Tubac was Spain's answer to a deadly Pima uprising the year before. Apache raids emptied ranches much later, during the Mexican period.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1jfnt9qg21kga" }, { "id": "ot-presidio-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tubac", "anza" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Tubac presidio launched Juan Bautista de Anza's expedition, which went on to found which city?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Los Angeles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "San Diego" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "San Francisco" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Santa Fe" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Anza's expedition set out from Tubac and went on to found San Francisco — the frontier fort's most far-reaching contribution.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "8743431hi8wt9" }, { "id": "ot-sonora-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sonora", "mexican-period" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "After Mexican independence, what is now Arizona was administered as part of which Mexican state?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Baja California" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nuevo México" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sonora" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Chihuahua" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "From 1822 onward the lands now called Arizona belonged to the Mexican state of Sonora — on paper, at least.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1onjwdx137kict" }, { "id": "ot-sonora-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "apache-raids", "ranching" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "During the Mexican period, what drove most ranchers out of southeastern Arizona?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Pima uprisings" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Spanish tax collectors" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A prolonged drought" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Apache raids" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Apache raids emptied the southeastern ranges during the Mexican period. The Pima uprising was earlier — 1751, under Spanish rule.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1p2lyfiwuyu0e" }, { "id": "ot-sonora-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wild-cattle", "1840s" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "By the 1840s, what were the abandoned ranges of southeastern Arizona running with?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Sheep left behind by Spanish missions" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nothing — the land had gone to desert scrub" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wild cattle, hunted for their hides" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wild horses, rounded up for the army" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Feral descendants of fled herds — wild cattle — filled the abandoned ranges by the 1840s, hunted for hides by anyone passing through.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "13sjvho17ufz1c" }, { "id": "ot-sonora-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mexican-period", "frontier" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How is Mexico's actual authority over the Arizona frontier best characterized in this period?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Shared jointly with Spain until 1848" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Delegated entirely to the Apache leadership" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Firm, enforced by large standing garrisons" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nominal on paper, thin to nonexistent in practice" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Arizona belonged to Mexico on paper, but Mexico City's control over the distant frontier was thin to nonexistent — which is why the raids emptied the ranches.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "136mryd1f15yiz" }, { "id": "ot-sonora-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "independence", "1821" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Mexico win its independence from Spain?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1821" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1836" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1810" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1848" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Mexico won independence in 1821, and Arizona passed to Mexican hands the following year. 1848 is when the war with the United States ended — a later handover.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1qakba9ds88sp" }, { "id": "ot-guadalupe-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "treaty", "mexican-american-war" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended which war?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The War of 1812" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Mexican-American War" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Spanish-American War" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The American Civil War" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The 1848 treaty settled the Mexican-American War. The Civil War came later (1861-65) and never involved Mexico as a party.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "19zxqp7etu5w9" }, { "id": "ot-guadalupe-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "treaty", "price" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How much did the United States pay Mexico under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "$7 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "$10 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "$25 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "$15 million" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Mexico ceded the vast northern territory for $15 million. The $10 million figure is the later Gadsden Purchase, a different deal.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1auwdnd1dizcsr" }, { "id": "ot-guadalupe-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "cession", "geography" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly what share of present-day Arizona did Mexico cede to the US under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The southern 50%" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The northern 30%" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The northern 70%" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "All of it" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The cession covered the northern 70% of present-day Arizona — everything above the Gila River. The southern remainder came later by purchase.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1sps52l12gsxib" }, { "id": "ot-guadalupe-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "border", "gila-river" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In 1850, a traveler standing at Tubac, south of the Gila River, was inside which country?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Spain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mexico" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Republic of Texas" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The United States" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The 1848 treaty set the border at the Gila River, so Tubac and Tucson stayed Mexican for five more years until the Gadsden Purchase.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "d4yr3y1b7mr14" }, { "id": "ot-guadalupe-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "treaty", "1848" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo concluded?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1848" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1863" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1821" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1853" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The treaty dates to 1848. 1853 is the Gadsden Purchase and 1863 the creation of Arizona Territory — both later milestones.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "13adttccf8a64" }, { "id": "ot-gadsden-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "gadsden", "price" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How much did the United States pay Mexico for the Gadsden Purchase?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "$10 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "$15 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "$7 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "$20 million" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The US paid $10 million for the strip south of the Gila. The $15 million figure belongs to the earlier Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "2iylan19lbtpn" }, { "id": "ot-gadsden-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "gadsden", "pierce" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which president sent James Gadsden to Mexico City to buy the strip of land south of the Gila River?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "James K. Polk" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Abraham Lincoln" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "James Buchanan" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Franklin Pierce" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Pierce sent Gadsden to Mexico City. Polk was the president of the Mexican-American War that produced the earlier cession; Lincoln's Arizona act came a decade after the purchase.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "ldakoh101b7nt" }, { "id": "ot-gadsden-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "gadsden", "tucson" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which present-day Arizona city is American because of the Gadsden Purchase rather than the 1848 treaty?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Tucson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Flagstaff" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Prescott" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Winslow" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Tucson sits south of the Gila River, so it stayed Mexican after 1848 and only became American with the Gadsden Purchase. Prescott and Flagstaff are north of the Gila.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1rtr1h5jpskvz" }, { "id": "ot-civilwar-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "picacho-pass", "1862" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "On what date did Union and Confederate cavalry clash at Picacho Pass?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "August 10, 1864" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "February 24, 1863" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "March 1, 1861" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "April 15, 1862" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The skirmish north of Tucson happened April 15, 1862, and three Union soldiers died. February 24, 1863 is the date Arizona Territory was created.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1l0hscu1axh9a8" }, { "id": "ot-civilwar-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "confederate-arizona", "people" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who proclaimed the Confederate Territory of Arizona in 1862?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "James Gadsden" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jefferson Davis" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Franklin Pierce" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Abraham Lincoln" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Southern New Mexico residents petitioned Richmond, and Confederate president Jefferson Davis proclaimed the territory. Lincoln signed the rival Union territory act in 1863.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "yxdf571hgbf17" }, { "id": "ot-civilwar-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "california-column", "carleton" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The California Column — about 2,300 Union volunteers — marched east across the desert in 1862 under which commander?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "James Henry Carleton" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Franklin Pierce" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "James Gadsden" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jefferson Davis" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Brigadier General James Henry Carleton led the column that finished the Confederate Territory by August 1862. Gadsden was a diplomat, not a soldier in this story.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "lvv8ut4nndoz" }, { "id": "ot-civilwar-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "civil-war", "chronology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which sequence puts Arizona's Civil War events in the correct order?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "California Column arrives → Picacho Pass → Southern declaration for the Confederacy", "short": "California Column → Picacho Pass → Secession" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Southern declaration for the Confederacy → California Column ends Confederate Arizona → Picacho Pass", "short": "Secession → California Column → Picacho Pass" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Southern declaration for the Confederacy → Picacho Pass → California Column ends Confederate Arizona", "short": "Secession → Picacho Pass → California Column" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Picacho Pass → Southern declaration for the Confederacy → California Column ends Confederate Arizona", "short": "Picacho Pass → Secession → California Column" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The declaration came March 1861, Picacho Pass April 1862, and the California Column finished the Confederate Territory by August 1862.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "hgm5r321mznl" }, { "id": "ot-territory-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "arizona-territory", "lincoln" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which president signed the act creating the Arizona Territory?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Abraham Lincoln" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ulysses S. Grant" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jefferson Davis" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Franklin Pierce" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Lincoln signed the act creating Arizona Territory. Pierce was the president behind the Gadsden Purchase a decade earlier.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "11di02t6vfv3f" }, { "id": "ot-territory-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "arizona-territory", "1863" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "On what date was the Arizona Territory created by act of Congress?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "April 15, 1862" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "March 1, 1861" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "February 14, 1912" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "February 24, 1863" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The territory was created February 24, 1863. February 14, 1912 is statehood — a much later milestone, not the territory's creation.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "17sxmq057dhe8" }, { "id": "ot-territory-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "capital", "prescott" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which town was Arizona's first territorial capital, picked for its central location and Union loyalty?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Phoenix" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Tucson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Prescott" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yuma" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Prescott was chosen partly because Tucson had leaned Confederate. Phoenix did not become the capital until 1889.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1yom8qg81o8sk" }, { "id": "ot-territory-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "capital", "chronology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which sequence correctly traces the moves of Arizona's territorial capital?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Prescott → Tucson → Prescott → Phoenix" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Prescott → Phoenix → Tucson → Prescott" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Tucson → Phoenix → Prescott → Tucson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Tucson → Prescott → Phoenix → Prescott" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The seat began at Prescott, went to Tucson in 1867, returned to Prescott in 1877, and settled in Phoenix in 1889 — each move tracking regional political weight.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1cczjjh1lbhmb3" }, { "id": "ot-territory-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "arizona-territory", "new-mexico" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona Territory was split off from which existing territory along a north-south line?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "New Mexico Territory" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Colorado Territory" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nevada Territory" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Utah Territory" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The 1863 act carved Arizona out of New Mexico Territory along a north-south line — the same New Mexico Territory whose southern residents had declared for the Confederacy.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "y5gsul1ps8nmv" }, { "id": "ot-fort-defiance-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "fort-defiance", "navajo" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which US officer established Fort Defiance, the first US military post in what is now Arizona?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Colonel Edward Canby" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "General George Crook" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Colonel Edwin V. Sumner" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Colonel Kit Carson" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Colonel Edwin V. Sumner established Fort Defiance in 1851. Kit Carson is a tempting distractor, but he did not reach Navajo country until his campaign more than a decade later.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1wmmuq3zd4uqh" }, { "id": "ot-fort-defiance-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "fort-defiance", "dates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "On what date was Fort Defiance established?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "June 1, 1863" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "September 18, 1851" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "April 12, 1860" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "June 1, 1868" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Fort Defiance was established September 18, 1851. April 1860 is when Manuelito attacked the fort — not when it was built.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "14n72hcv9qwu8" }, { "id": "ot-fort-defiance-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "manuelito", "fort-defiance" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how many warriors did Manuelito lead in the April 1860 dawn assault on Fort Defiance?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 35" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 300" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 9,000" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Manuelito led around 1,000 warriors. About 35 was the size of Geronimo's final band, and 9,000 is the number of Navajo later forced on the Long Walk.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "ragyku1t7ea9s" }, { "id": "ot-fort-defiance-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "fort-defiance", "navajo" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about Fort Defiance is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Manuelito's warriors captured and destroyed it in 1860" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was built deep inside Navajo country" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the first US military post in what is now Arizona" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Its name was a deliberate provocation" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The garrison held against Manuelito's 1860 assault — the fort was never captured. The other three statements are all accurate descriptions of Fort Defiance.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "712stbt21x6n" }, { "id": "ot-fort-defiance-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "manuelito", "policy" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What did Washington conclude from the boldness of Manuelito's 1860 assault on Fort Defiance?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "That the Navajo would have to be subdued" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That the Navajo should be offered a treaty at once" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That the Apache were the more urgent threat" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "That the fort should be relocated closer to Tucson" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The assault was so bold that Washington concluded the Navajo had to be subdued. A treaty came only in 1868, after the Long Walk — not in response to the attack.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "c4y7lt1wzj93j" }, { "id": "ot-long-walk-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "kit-carson", "navajo" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these was NOT part of Kit Carson's 1863 scorched-earth campaign in Navajo country?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Slaughtering sheep" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bombarding Fort Defiance with artillery" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Destroying the peach orchards in Canyon de Chelly" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Burning hogans" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Carson burned hogans, killed sheep, and destroyed the Canyon de Chelly peach orchards to starve the Navajo out. Fort Defiance was a US Army post — he had no reason to attack it.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "tz1ouc1qmae78" }, { "id": "ot-long-walk-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "long-walk", "bosque-redondo" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly how far were the Navajo force-marched on the Long Walk?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 3,000 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1,000 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 30 miles" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 300 miles" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The march to Bosque Redondo in eastern New Mexico covered roughly 300 miles, and hundreds died along the way.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1xw36ol1c0q1zt" }, { "id": "ot-long-walk-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "kit-carson", "dates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Colonel Kit Carson march into Navajo country with orders to break Navajo resistance?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1868" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1860" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1851" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1863" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Carson's scorched-earth campaign began in 1863; by 1864 starving Navajo families were surrendering. 1860 is Manuelito's attack on Fort Defiance, years before Carson arrived.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "9u1u5t1c7lrqr" }, { "id": "ot-long-walk-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "bosque-redondo", "long-walk" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Where was Bosque Redondo, the reservation the Navajo were marched to?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The White Mountains of eastern Arizona" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "East of Tucson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Eastern New Mexico" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Canyon de Chelly" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Bosque Redondo lay in eastern New Mexico, and proved a disaster of bad water, failed crops, and disease. Canyon de Chelly was Navajo homeland — what Carson destroyed, not where they were sent.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "g9cyxk1wmn9xw" }, { "id": "ot-geronimo-buffalo-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "buffalo-soldiers", "fort-huachuca" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Buffalo Soldiers stationed at Fort Huachuca belonged to which all-Black regiment?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The 7th Cavalry Regiment" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 10th Cavalry Regiment" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 5th Infantry Regiment" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1st Cavalry Regiment" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The all-Black 10th Cavalry Regiment — the Buffalo Soldiers — was stationed at Fort Huachuca and patrolled the Mexican border.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1hti2rmy7xtsm" }, { "id": "ot-geronimo-buffalo-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "buffalo-soldiers", "dates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "During which years were the Buffalo Soldiers stationed at Fort Huachuca?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1933 to 1945" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1886 to 1913" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1877 to 1886" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1913 to 1933" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The 10th Cavalry was at Huachuca from 1913 to 1933, patrolling the border during the Pancho Villa years — decades after the fort itself was founded.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1w9ydnr1i6pv0v" }, { "id": "ot-geronimo-buffalo-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geronimo", "apache-wars" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How large was Geronimo's final group of men, women, and children that evaded pursuit before surrendering?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 9,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 35" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 350" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Roughly 35 people eluded thousands of US and Mexican soldiers for over a year. About 1,000 was the size of Manuelito's force at Fort Defiance, a different event entirely.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1rk9rwl1q4c11x" }, { "id": "ot-geronimo-buffalo-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geronimo", "apache-wars" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What set Geronimo's resistance apart from that of other Apache leaders?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "He never fought the US Army, only Mexican troops", "short": "Only fought Mexico, never the US" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He led the largest Apache force ever assembled", "short": "Led the largest Apache force ever" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He kept fighting after most Apache had already been confined to reservations", "short": "Fought on after others were confined" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He signed a peace treaty in 1872 and then broke it", "short": "Signed an 1872 treaty, then broke it" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Geronimo, a medicine man and war leader, fought on after most Apache were confined; his surrender ended the Apache Wars. Cochise, not Geronimo, made the 1872 peace.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "15niqsp1uemz8r" }, { "id": "ot-frontier-forts-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "fort-apache", "dates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Fort Apache established in the White Mountains of eastern Arizona?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1886" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1870" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1851" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1877" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Fort Apache was founded in 1870 to control the surrounding Apache bands. 1851 belongs to Fort Defiance, and 1886 is the year Geronimo surrendered.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1kvf17fe4lytd" }, { "id": "ot-frontier-forts-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "fort-huachuca", "dates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Fort Huachuca founded, east of Tucson?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1851" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1877" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1913" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1870" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Fort Huachuca was founded in 1877, positioned to strike at raiders crossing the border. 1851 belongs to Fort Defiance, the far older Navajo-country post.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1qxdw471y84z6d" }, { "id": "ot-frontier-forts-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "fort-huachuca", "forts" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which frontier fort is one of the few that never closed, and today houses the US Army Intelligence Center?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Fort Defiance" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fort Apache" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fort Huachuca" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fort Bowie" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Fort Huachuca never closed and now houses the US Army Intelligence Center. Fort Apache closed in 1923, turned over to the Bureau of Indian Affairs once the Army judged it militarily obsolete.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1p9tidfq44o85" }, { "id": "ot-frontier-forts-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "fort-apache", "forts" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about Fort Apache is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It was established in the White Mountains of eastern Arizona" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It saw heavy combat throughout the Apache Wars" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was built to control the surrounding Apache bands" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It closed in 1924" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Fort Apache saw almost no combat — one small fight in September 1881 wounded three soldiers. The other three statements are accurate.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "gyt9b2s7o7oa" }, { "id": "ot-frontier-forts-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "fort-huachuca", "apache-wars" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Fort Huachuca was established as the base for US Army operations against whom?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Navajo warriors in Canyon de Chelly" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Comanche raiders out of Texas" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Confederate troops moving west" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Apache raiders crossing from Mexico" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Sitting east of Tucson near the border, Huachuca was the base against Apache raiders crossing from Mexico. Canyon de Chelly was Navajo country, targeted by Kit Carson instead.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "11ggx704sem70" }, { "id": "ot-silver-tombstone-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tombstone", "silver", "dates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Ed Schieffelin make his silver strike in southeastern Arizona?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1877" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1885" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1863" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1891" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Schieffelin found silver in 1877. 1885 is when Bisbee's first copper smelter opened — a different mining story.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "2v3v8w1dkj32k" }, { "id": "ot-silver-tombstone-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tombstone", "naming" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Why did Schieffelin choose the name he gave his silver strike?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "He named it for the grave of a partner killed in the strike" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Soldiers warned him that was all he'd find in Apache country" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The ore veins were shaped like grave markers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the name of a New York investing family" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Soldiers told him he'd only find his tombstone prospecting Apache country; he turned the taunt into the strike's name. The investing-family naming belongs to Jerome.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "ja73xo1mo6u2k" }, { "id": "ot-silver-tombstone-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tombstone", "boomtown" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these was NOT a feature of boom-era Tombstone in 1881?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A copper smelter" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Dozens of brothels" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Four churches" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Opera houses" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Tombstone was a silver town — the smelter belongs to Bisbee's copper story. Opera houses, four churches, and dozens of brothels are all listed among Tombstone's boom-town features.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1k6sjjm12pyqyo" }, { "id": "ot-silver-tombstone-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tombstone", "boomtown" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "By 1881 Tombstone held over 10,000 people. What comparison does the guide use to convey that size?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Larger than Denver at its silver-boom peak" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Larger than Phoenix would be at statehood" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Larger than San Francisco's population a generation earlier" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Larger than St. Louis at the time" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The guide measures Tombstone's boom against San Francisco a generation earlier. St. Louis appears only as one end of a different comparison, not as a population match.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "qk7o47126xpb9" }, { "id": "ot-copper-boom-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "copper", "electricity" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What development made copper a strategic commodity and drove Arizona's copper boom?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Civil War's demand for munitions" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The electrical revolution" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The invention of the automobile" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The spread of steam-powered mills" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "As America wired up with power lines, telephones, and electric motors, copper demand surged — this electrical revolution drove Arizona's mines to scale up.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1tsfho31wpgoun" }, { "id": "ot-copper-boom-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "bisbee", "copper", "dates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did the first copper smelter open in Bisbee?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1880" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1877" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1885" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1891" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Lewis Williams opened Bisbee's first copper smelter in 1885. 1877 was Schieffelin's silver strike at Tombstone, and 1880 was the railroad's arrival.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1amyv321wpjddq" }, { "id": "ot-copper-boom-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "jerome", "copper" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which company was incorporated on February 23, 1883 and developed the copper camp on Cleopatra Hill?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona Copper Company" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "United Verde Copper Company" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Copper Queen Consolidated" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Phelps Dodge Corporation" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The United Verde Copper Company was incorporated February 23, 1883. Copper Queen is the name of Bisbee's famous mine, not the Cleopatra Hill company.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1eozsji1gwvqno" }, { "id": "ot-copper-boom-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "bisbee", "copper-queen" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Bisbee's Copper Queen mine produced over how much copper before it shut in 1975?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "8 billion pounds" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "800 million pounds" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "80 billion pounds" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "8 million pounds" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Copper Queen alone produced over 8 billion pounds of copper before closing in 1975.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1riqrak1ibcbu4" }, { "id": "ot-copper-boom-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "jerome", "copper" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A mining camp sits on a 30-degree slope on Cleopatra Hill and was named for a New York investing family. Which town is it?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Tombstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bisbee" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jerome" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wickenburg" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Jerome was perched on a 30-degree slope on Cleopatra Hill and named after a New York investing family. Bisbee was a steep canyon town, but its name and setting differ.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "n20ngjfmwtex" }, { "id": "ot-ok-corral-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "ok-corral", "gunfight" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How long did the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral last?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Roughly 3 minutes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 5 minutes" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "30 seconds" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nearly an hour" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The fight lasted just 30 seconds and left three cowboys dead — its brevity is part of why it's so famous.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1fv0wjd1agm7q9" }, { "id": "ot-ok-corral-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "doc-holliday", "ok-corral" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who was the Georgia dentist turned tubercular gambler and gunfighter who stood with the Earps at the O.K. Corral?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Doc Holliday" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Henry Wickenburg" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Lewis Williams" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ed Schieffelin" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Doc Holliday was a Georgia dentist sent west by tuberculosis and Wyatt Earp's closest friend. Ed Schieffelin was the prospector who founded Tombstone, not a gunfighter.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "tgr58f2uuzyt" }, { "id": "ot-ok-corral-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "ok-corral", "clanton" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which man faced the Earps as part of the cowboy faction rather than fighting alongside them?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Billy Clanton" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Doc Holliday" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Virgil Earp" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Morgan Earp" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Billy Clanton and the McLaurys made up the cowboy faction. Virgil, Morgan, and Doc Holliday all stood on Wyatt's side.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1vyzx761c6yr9i" }, { "id": "ot-ok-corral-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "earps", "tombstone", "dates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Wyatt Earp and his brothers arrive in Tombstone?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1885" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1879" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1877" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1881" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Earps arrived in 1879 to profit from the boom, two years before the gunfight. 1877 was Schieffelin's strike.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "2eashb1mut97x" }, { "id": "ot-aftermath-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "vendetta-ride", "wyatt-earp" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What was Wyatt Earp's Vendetta Ride?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A cattle drive he led out of the territory" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A campaign to be elected territorial sheriff" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A prospecting expedition into Apache country" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A hunt to kill the men he blamed for attacking his brothers" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Wyatt's answer to the attacks on his brothers was to hunt down and kill the men he held responsible, then leave Arizona quietly. He never ran for sheriff or drove cattle.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "10jaznm1olczhi" }, { "id": "ot-aftermath-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "morgan-earp", "aftermath" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What happened to Morgan Earp after the gunfight?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "He died of tuberculosis in Colorado" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He was elected town marshal of Tombstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He was assassinated while shooting pool" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He rode east and was never heard from again" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Morgan was shot dead at a pool table. Dying of tuberculosis in Colorado was Doc Holliday's end, in 1887.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "ly31n5qpdmpz" }, { "id": "ot-aftermath-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tombstone", "fires", "dates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Tombstone burned to the ground twice. In which two months and years?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "June 1879 and May 1886" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "June 1881 and May 1882" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "May 1881 and June 1882" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "August 1880 and April 1883" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The fires struck in June 1881 and May 1882, and the wooden boomtown was rebuilt each time.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "sfs28t157t2ad" }, { "id": "ot-aftermath-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tombstone", "water", "decline" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What ultimately ended Tombstone's boom?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The railroad bypassed the town entirely" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A drought killed off the surrounding cattle herds" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The two fires destroyed the town beyond rebuilding" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mines hit the water table and pumps couldn't keep up" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "By 1886 the mines flooded at the water table and the silver gave out. The town survived both fires by rebuilding; the drought hit ranching, not Tombstone's mines.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "15w7yfg1quybfs" }, { "id": "ot-aftermath-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "virgil-earp", "aftermath" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Earp brother was ambushed and left crippled after the gunfight?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "James" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Virgil" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wyatt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Warren" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Virgil, a lawman alongside Wyatt, was ambushed and crippled. Wyatt came through unhurt and rode the Vendetta in response.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1oo7k2yue4faa" }, { "id": "ot-railroads-ranching-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "railroad", "southern-pacific" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which railroad ended Arizona's remoteness by crossing from California to El Paso?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Union Pacific" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Southern Pacific" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Central Pacific" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Santa Fe Railway" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Southern Pacific crossed the territory in 1880, letting mines ship ore and ranchers ship cattle profitably.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "dzwsek33c0dk" }, { "id": "ot-railroads-ranching-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "cattle", "drought" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What ended Arizona's cattle boom, and how severe was the loss?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "An Apache uprising scattered more than half the herd" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An 1891–1893 drought killed more than half the herd" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1880 railroad's freight rates halved the herd" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "An 1891–1893 drought killed about a tenth of the herd" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The 1891–1893 drought killed more than half of Arizona's cattle and stripped the grasslands that overgrazing had already primed for disaster.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "121tpa7142t2a9" }, { "id": "ot-statehood-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "statehood", "48th state" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona entered the Union as which numbered state?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The 48th" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 47th" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 46th" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 49th" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Arizona was the 48th state. New Mexico was the 47th, Oklahoma the 46th (1907), and Alaska the 49th (1959) — all real ordinals a learner might confuse.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1bdxsdm136you0" }, { "id": "ot-statehood-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "Taft", "statehood" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which president signed Arizona into statehood?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "William Howard Taft" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Woodrow Wilson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "William McKinley" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Taft signed Arizona into statehood in 1912. Roosevelt had left office in 1909, Wilson took office in 1913, and McKinley died in 1901.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1afee651l2jx2b" }, { "id": "ot-statehood-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "statehood", "New Mexico" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which state was admitted to the Union just six weeks before Arizona?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Nevada" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Oklahoma" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "New Mexico" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Utah" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "New Mexico beat Arizona by six weeks. Nevada (1864), Utah (1896), and Oklahoma (1907) were all admitted years earlier.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1btwdp71aby9cn" }, { "id": "ot-statehood-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "statehood", "contiguous US" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona is often called the last state admitted, yet Alaska and Hawaii joined later. What makes both statements true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Alaska and Hawaii were admitted together in one act of Congress", "short": "Alaska & Hawaii joined together" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona was the last state carved out of a federal territory", "short": "Last carved from a US territory" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona was the last state admitted within the contiguous US", "short": "Last state in the contiguous US" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Alaska and Hawaii count as territories rather than full states", "short": "Alaska & Hawaii aren't full states" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Arizona was the last of the contiguous states; Alaska and Hawaii are full states but are not contiguous. They were admitted separately, and both were federal territories first.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1b74e78uh2dc2" }, { "id": "ot-constitution-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "constitution", "Progressive Era" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these was NOT part of Arizona's first proposed constitution?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Recall of officials, including judges" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Women's suffrage" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Statewide prohibition of alcohol" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Initiative and referendum" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Progressive package was initiative, referendum, recall (including judges), direct election of senators, and women's suffrage. Statewide prohibition was not among its provisions.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "5r9n7bokt1qh" }, { "id": "ot-constitution-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "constitution", "delegates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What did the lone Hispanic delegate at Arizona's 1910 constitutional convention do?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "He drafted the women's suffrage clause" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He walked out before the first vote was taken" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He refused to sign the finished document" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He was elected president of the convention" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The single Hispanic delegate refused to sign the document — a pointed dissent in a convention, and an early state government, that was overwhelmingly Anglo.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1g5iw64qtm0vi" }, { "id": "ot-constitution-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "constitution", "delegates" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many delegates attended Arizona's 1910 constitutional convention, and how many were Hispanic?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "52 delegates, one Hispanic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "48 delegates, one Hispanic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "19 delegates, three Hispanic" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "52 delegates, none Hispanic" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Of the 52 delegates, exactly one was Hispanic. The early state government was overwhelmingly Anglo despite Arizona's deep Spanish and Mexican roots.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "ef6zbb129aym7" }, { "id": "ot-constitution-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "constitution", "statehood" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How did Arizona get its Progressive provisions past a skeptical Congress?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It refused to change anything and waited Congress out", "short": "Refused to change, waited it out" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It stripped the offending provisions, won admission, then restored them", "short": "Stripped them, then restored them" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It let the Supreme Court overrule Congress's objections", "short": "Let the courts overrule Congress" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It traded them away permanently for federal water funding", "short": "Traded them for federal water funds" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Arizona removed the provisions Congress objected to, secured admission, then promptly put them back. It never waited Congress out, nor did courts or water funding play a role.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "a653t8qvy8k0" }, { "id": "ot-hayden-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "Carl Hayden", "Congress" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Carl Hayden's congressional service is best described as which sequence?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Senate from 1912 to 1968, never in the House" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "House from 1912 to 1969, never in the Senate" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Senate from 1912, then House from 1927 to 1969" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "House from 1912, then Senate from 1927 to 1969" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Hayden entered the House at statehood in 1912 and moved to the Senate in 1927, serving until 1969. He held both offices, in that order.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "13kagyb1n609r7" }, { "id": "ot-hayden-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "Carl Hayden", "Appropriations" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which committee did Hayden chair, and for how long?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Appropriations, for 14 years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Finance, for 14 years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Armed Services, for 8 years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Appropriations, for 41 years" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Hayden chaired the powerful Appropriations Committee for 14 years alongside his seniority record. The 41 years is the length of his Central Arizona Project fight, not a chairmanship.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "spzxw01q1ijm0" }, { "id": "ot-tourism-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "Santa Fe Railroad", "tourism" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did the Santa Fe Railroad reach the Grand Canyon's South Rim, opening the floodgates for tourism?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1912" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1919" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1869" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1901" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Santa Fe Railroad arrived at the South Rim in 1901. 1869 is Powell's descent, 1912 is statehood, and 1919 is national park designation.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "tkptpq1kbq36c" }, { "id": "ot-tourism-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "El Tovar", "Fred Harvey" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which luxury Harvey House lodge was hosting guests overlooking the Grand Canyon by 1905?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The El Tovar Hotel" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "La Posada" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Hassayampa Inn" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Hotel Monte Vista" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The El Tovar Hotel, a luxury Harvey House lodge, was hosting canyon-rim guests by 1905. The others are real Arizona hotels, but none of them sits on the canyon rim.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "m10qnx1uqtd1d" }, { "id": "ot-tourism-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tourism", "railroad" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What changed at the Grand Canyon that turned it from a remote curiosity into a mass destination?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Powell's expedition opened a river route for visitors", "short": "Powell opened a river route" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Congress funded a paved highway all the way to the rim", "short": "A paved highway to the rim" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A railroad line reached the rim, replacing long overland trips", "short": "A railroad reached the rim" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Federal promotion followed its designation as a national park", "short": "Federal promotion after park status" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The rail line to the rim brought tourism in a flood, and Harvey House lodging met the arriving visitors. Park designation came later and followed the tourism boom rather than causing it.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "pw0tri1vy5of8" }, { "id": "ot-tourism-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "Fred Harvey", "tourism" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about Fred Harvey's operations is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "He built the West's first restaurant chain", "short": "First restaurant chain in the West" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He owned the Santa Fe Railroad and built its line to the rim", "short": "Owned the Santa Fe Railroad" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "His Grand Canyon hotels set the standard for national-park lodging", "short": "Hotels set the lodging standard" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "His clean dining rooms were staffed by the famed Harvey Girls", "short": "Staffed by the Harvey Girls" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Harvey built restaurants and hotels ALONG the Santa Fe Railroad — he never owned the railroad or laid its track. The other three describe his operation accurately.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "11aibt9tjggvl" }, { "id": "ot-canyonpark-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "John Wesley Powell", "1869" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Who led the first known descent of the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon in 1869?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "John Wesley Powell" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John C. Frémont" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Fred Harvey" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Powell, a one-armed Civil War veteran, led the 1869 descent, and his reports made the canyon famous and laid the groundwork for federal water policy in the West.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1r96ktx1tjdxar" }, { "id": "ot-canyonpark-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "Grand Canyon", "chronology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Place these Grand Canyon milestones in correct chronological order." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "First river descent, presidential visit, monument status, park status", "short": "River descent, Presidential visit, Monument, Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "First river descent, monument status, presidential visit, park status", "short": "River descent, Monument, Presidential visit, Park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Presidential visit, first river descent, park status, monument status", "short": "Presidential visit, River descent, Park, Monument" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Monument status, first river descent, presidential visit, park status", "short": "Monument, River descent, Presidential visit, Park" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The first descent came in 1869, the presidential visit in 1903, monument status in 1908, and park status in 1919. Monument status followed the visit rather than preceding it.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "4zvfgc73t63s" }, { "id": "ot-canyonpark-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "national monument", "1908" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In 1908, a president used his own authority to give the Grand Canyon what federal designation?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "National monument" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "National recreation area" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "National park" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "National forest" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The 1908 designation was national monument — a step a president can take alone. Only Congress could elevate it to a national park, which it did later.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "g2sdtdzpou0r" }, { "id": "ot-canyonpark-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "Theodore Roosevelt", "1903" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which president visited the Grand Canyon in 1903 and called it one of the great sights every American should see?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Benjamin Harrison" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Woodrow Wilson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Theodore Roosevelt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "William Howard Taft" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Theodore Roosevelt made the 1903 visit and became the canyon's most powerful advocate. Taft signed Arizona's statehood, and Wilson was president when the park was created in 1919.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "vrlpetit6a8f" }, { "id": "ot-compact-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "colorado-compact", "water" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was the Colorado River Compact signed, dividing the river's water among seven states?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1931" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1912" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1936" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1922" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The compact was signed in 1922. 1912 is Arizona's statehood, 1931 the start of Hoover Dam's construction, and 1936 its completion.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1xww7lvnd6x4n" }, { "id": "ot-compact-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "colorado-compact", "allocation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What share of the lower basin's Colorado River water was Arizona allocated?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "19%" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "37%" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "50%" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "59%" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Arizona's 2.8 million acre-feet is about 37% of the lower basin's 7.5. 19% is its share of the river's full 15 million acre-feet, and 59% is California's share of the lower basin.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1s7g5821kwmq6q" }, { "id": "ot-compact-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "colorado-compact", "allocation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Under the Boulder Canyon Project Act, which state received the largest share of the Lower Basin's Colorado River water?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "California" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nevada" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Utah" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The 1928 Boulder Canyon Project Act gave California 4.4 million acre-feet of the lower basin's 7.5 — about 59% — against Arizona's 2.8 (37%) and Nevada's 0.3 (4%). That dominant share so angered Arizona it refused to ratify until 1944. Utah is an Upper Basin state and got none.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1qzq208hbv2ha" }, { "id": "ot-compact-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "colorado-compact", "politics" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Why did Arizona refuse to ratify the Colorado River Compact for more than two decades?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It demanded the compact cover only the upper basin states", "short": "Covering only upper-basin states" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It objected to the dam being named for Herbert Hoover", "short": "The dam being named for Hoover" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It wanted Nevada excluded from the lower basin entirely", "short": "Excluding Nevada from lower basin" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It believed California had taken the lion's share of the water", "short": "California took the lion's share" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Arizona was furious that California had taken most of the lower-basin water while Arizona's own share was small, and held out for years. The naming fight over Boulder/Hoover Dam was a separate issue.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "18mwkdzihcgqh" }, { "id": "ot-compact-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "colorado-compact", "ratification" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Arizona finally ratify the Colorado River Compact?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1944" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1936" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1922" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1968" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Arizona held out until 1944. 1922 was the signing, 1936 Hoover Dam's completion, and 1968 the authorization of the Central Arizona Project.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "15jgwb81rk1pcs" }, { "id": "ot-hoover-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hoover-dam", "naming" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What was Hoover Dam originally called?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Boulder Dam" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mead Dam" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Black Canyon Dam" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glen Canyon Dam" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The dam was originally named Boulder Dam. Glen Canyon Dam is a different, later dam upstream on the Colorado.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "3xg23roajqx7" }, { "id": "ot-hoover-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hoover-dam", "engineering" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How tall is Hoover Dam — the height that made it the tallest dam in the world when completed?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "255 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1,050 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "726 feet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "480 feet" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Hoover Dam stands 726 feet tall, a world record it held until 1957. The other heights are well off the mark.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "rlr9kw4x55eo" }, { "id": "ot-hoover-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hoover-dam", "geography" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hoover Dam was built in which canyon of the Colorado, on the Arizona-Nevada border?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Boulder Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Marble Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glen Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Black Canyon" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The dam sits in Black Canyon on the Arizona-Nevada line. Glen and Marble Canyons are farther upstream, and Boulder Canyon echoes the dam's original name but not its site.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "18fk22ctqi91w" }, { "id": "ot-hoover-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hoover-dam", "engineering" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The arch's concrete was so massive it would still be cooling today if left alone. How did engineers solve this?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "They ran refrigerated water through pipes embedded in the concrete", "short": "Refrigerated pipes in the concrete" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They left ventilation shafts open through the dam's core", "short": "Open ventilation shafts in the core" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They poured the arch only during winter months", "short": "Poured only in winter months" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They mixed crushed ice into every batch of concrete", "short": "Crushed ice in every batch" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Engineers embedded pipes in the concrete and circulated refrigerated water to draw off the heat of curing. Winter pouring alone could never shed that much heat.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "ky3uo5lv0h5t" }, { "id": "ot-wwii-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wwii", "davis-monthan" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What was Davis-Monthan Field outside Tucson primarily used for during World War II?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Testing atomic weapons components" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Training Army Air Forces bomber crews" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Building B-17 airframes for the Pacific theater" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Housing German prisoners of war" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Davis-Monthan was the main training center for Army Air Forces bomber crews. It was a training field, not a manufacturing plant — aircraft production was concentrated in California.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "g4zs31t4xt6t" }, { "id": "ot-wwii-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wwii", "fort-huachuca" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Fort Huachuca became home to which two units — among the few large all-Black combat divisions in the US Army?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The 442nd and 100th Infantry Regiments" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1st and 2nd Armored Divisions" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions were based at Fort Huachuca, which peaked at 25,000 soldiers. The 442nd was the Japanese American regiment, not a Huachuca division.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "895amzah5hl" }, { "id": "ot-wwii-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wwii", "geography" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which was NOT one of the advantages that drew the wartime military to Arizona?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Proximity to California aviation plants" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Deepwater ports for naval convoys" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Large stretches of empty land" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Clear flying weather year-round" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Arizona is landlocked and had no ports. Its draw was clear flying weather, empty land, cheap labor, and closeness to California's aviation plants.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "10o8kvj1no6ruz" }, { "id": "ot-wwii-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wwii", "uss-arizona" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "On what date was the battleship USS Arizona destroyed?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "December 7, 1942" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "September 2, 1945" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "December 7, 1941" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "June 6, 1944" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The USS Arizona was destroyed at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. June 6, 1944 is D-Day and September 2, 1945 is Japan's surrender.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1toenj7mrd6z5" }, { "id": "ot-intern-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "internment", "camps" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which two large Japanese American internment camps were located in Arizona?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Heart Mountain and Amache" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Topaz and Minidoka" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Manzanar and Tule Lake" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Poston and Gila River" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Arizona hosted Poston and Gila River. Manzanar and Tule Lake were in California; the others were in Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, and Colorado.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "3vcb4o30telc" }, { "id": "ot-intern-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "internment", "geography" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Arizona internment camp sat on the Colorado River, and which sat south of Phoenix?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Poston on the river; Gila River south of Phoenix" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Poston on the river; Fort Huachuca south of Phoenix" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gila River on the river; Davis-Monthan south of Phoenix" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gila River on the river; Poston south of Phoenix" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Poston stood on the Colorado River and Gila River lay south of Phoenix. Fort Huachuca and Davis-Monthan were military posts, not internment camps.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ccig1t1k0u81x" }, { "id": "ot-intern-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "internment", "war-relocation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Poston and Gila River were among the largest camps in which wartime confinement system?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Bureau of Indian Affairs boarding schools" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The German prisoner-of-war camps" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Civilian Conservation Corps camps" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The War Relocation camps" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Both were War Relocation camps, two of the largest in that system. CCC camps were a New Deal work program, and POW camps held enemy combatants, not US citizens.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "a9q5dqrbu4im" }, { "id": "ot-intern-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "internment", "scale" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "About how many Japanese Americans were confined in Arizona's two camps?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1,200" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 300,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Over 30,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 3,000" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Poston and Gila River together confined over 30,000 people, most of them US citizens. 3,000 is far too low for two of the largest camps in the country.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1vzcp5slxaam0" }, { "id": "ot-intern-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "internment", "citizenship" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about Arizona's internment camps is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "They operated from 1942 to 1945", "short": "Operated from 1942 to 1945" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "They were among the largest War Relocation camps in the country", "short": "Among the largest relocation camps" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nearly all those confined were citizens of Japan, not the US", "short": "Confined were Japan citizens, not US" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Both were built in Arizona rather than in California", "short": "Both built in Arizona, not California" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The reverse is true: most of those confined at Poston and Gila River were US citizens. The camps ran 1942-1945 and were among the largest in the system.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "5kflnwvtp6rc" }, { "id": "ot-postwar-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "cap", "water" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Central Arizona Project was authorized in 1968. When was the aqueduct finally completed?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1980" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1972" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1993" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2005" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Construction ran until 1993, a quarter century after authorization. 1980 is the Groundwater Management Act, a separate milestone.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "dhreihkklc0t" }, { "id": "ot-postwar-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "groundwater-act", "babbitt" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which governor pushed through Arizona's 1980 Groundwater Management Act?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Bruce Babbitt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "George W. P. Hunt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Barry Goldwater" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Carl Hayden" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Bruce Babbitt drove the 1980 act. Carl Hayden was the senator who fought for the Central Arizona Project, and Hunt was Arizona's first governor.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1tr7sv31j5rn3b" }, { "id": "ot-postwar-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "groundwater-act", "safe-yield" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "A new subdivision must prove a 100-year water supply and pump no more than nature replenishes. Which principle is this?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Safe yield, under the Groundwater Management Act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Prior appropriation, under the Colorado River Compact" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Beneficial use, under the Central Arizona Project" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Reclamation, under the Newlands Act" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "'Safe yield' — using no more groundwater than nature replenishes — is the goal of the 1980 Groundwater Management Act, which also required the 100-year supply proof for new development.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1n96ncht98bil" }, { "id": "ot-postwar-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "high-tech", "manufacturing" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Phoenix manufacturing jobs grew from 49,000 in 1960 to roughly what figure by 1985?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "500,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "75,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "62,000" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "183,000" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Manufacturing jobs reached 183,000 by 1985 — nearly a fourfold jump — as Motorola, Hughes, Honeywell, IBM, and Goodyear Aircraft opened operations.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "10zkdfi7sr9y2" }, { "id": "ot-population-2000-total", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "population", "sunbelt" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's population stood at about 700,000 in 1950. What had it reached by 2000?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "About 2.5 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 12 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Over 5 million" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "About 1.5 million" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "700,000 to over 5 million is the sevenfold jump. 1.5 or 2.5 million would be far short of sevenfold; 12 million overshoots the state's actual size.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "d5yitt19hdj07" }, { "id": "ot-population-not-enabler", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "population", "water", "air-conditioning" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Three things made the postwar boom possible. Which was NOT one of them?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Cheap land" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Affordable air conditioning" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A statewide exemption from income tax" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Federal water from Hoover Dam and later the CAP" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The three enablers were federal water, cheap land, and air conditioning. Tax policy is not among them.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ifm25c1ouwwre" }, { "id": "ot-population-phoenix-july", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "air-conditioning", "climate" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The case that air conditioning was essential rests on Phoenix's July heat. What is the average July temperature there?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "88°F" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "96°F" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "121°F" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "106°F" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Phoenix averages 106°F in July — hot enough that without affordable AC from the 1950s on, the boom would have been unthinkable. 121°F is a record extreme, not an average.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1yq0iex1lfrwgh" }, { "id": "ot-population-concentration", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "population", "phoenix" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement best describes where Arizona's 1950–2000 growth landed?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Spread across rural counties rather than any metro area", "short": "Spread across rural counties" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Almost all of it around one metro area, with Tucson a distant second", "short": "One metro area; Tucson distant 2nd" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mostly around Tucson, with Phoenix a distant second", "short": "Mostly Tucson; Phoenix distant 2nd" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Split about evenly between the state's two largest metro areas", "short": "Split evenly between top two metros" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Growth concentrated almost entirely around Phoenix, with Tucson a distant second — not an even split, not Tucson-led, and not rural.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1j1688y11ph3lu" }, { "id": "ot-five-cs-full-list", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "five-cs", "economy" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which list correctly gives Arizona's traditional Five C's?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Copper, Chiles, Cotton, Cattle, Climate" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Copper, Cattle, Cotton, Citrus, Climate" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Copper, Cattle, Corn, Citrus, Climate" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Copper, Cattle, Cotton, Citrus, Canyons" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The pillars taught to generations of Arizona schoolchildren are Copper, Cattle, Cotton, Citrus, and Climate. Corn, canyons, and chiles never made the list.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "ngudm5117ogqh" }, { "id": "ot-five-cs-climate", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "five-cs", "climate" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Four of the Five C's built 20th-century Arizona. Which one is credited with building everything after 1950?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Climate" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Citrus" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Copper" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cattle" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The first four C's built 20th-century Arizona; Climate — air-conditioned and sunny — built the rest. Citrus in fact declined after 1950.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1g2br017nm27h" }, { "id": "ot-five-cs-paved-over", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "five-cs", "citrus" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of the Five C's industries was almost entirely paved over around Phoenix after 1950?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Cotton" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Copper" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cattle" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Citrus" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Phoenix's citrus groves were paved over because the land was worth more as suburban housing. Cotton declined too, but from water limits and global competition — not by being replaced with subdivisions.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "102ltl51btbi2l" }, { "id": "ot-five-cs-missing", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "five-cs" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "One of Arizona's Five C's is missing from this list: Copper, Cattle, Citrus, Climate. Which is it?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Cactus" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cotton" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Canyons" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Corn" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The fifth pillar is Cotton, a mainstay that declined after 1950. Cactus and canyons are Arizona icons but never economic pillars, and corn was never on the list.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "qwc2ck1uqclm4" }, { "id": "ot-retirement-youngtown-year", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "youngtown", "retirement" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Youngtown — the first US planned community dedicated exclusively to retirees — founded?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1946" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1960" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1954" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1972" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Youngtown was founded in 1954 on 320 acres northwest of Phoenix. 1960 is Sun City's opening, six years later.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "sffymdk26dp9" }, { "id": "ot-retirement-sun-city-compare", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sun-city", "del-webb" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about Sun City is correct?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It was built by the federal government as a veterans' colony", "short": "Built by feds as a veterans' colony" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It opened in 1960, six years after Youngtown, with pools and golf courses", "short": "Opened 1960, after Youngtown; golf" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was marketed to young families priced out of Phoenix", "short": "Marketed to young Phoenix families" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It opened in 1948, the first US community built only for retirees", "short": "Opened 1948, first US retiree town" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Del Webb's Sun City opened in 1960 as an 'active adult' community — six years after Youngtown, which held the 'first' distinction. Opening weekend drew 100,000 visitors.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "t6ssc3bref3t" }, { "id": "ot-retirement-snowbirds-origin", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "snowbirds", "migration" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The retirees nicknamed 'snowbirds' migrated to Arizona mainly from which regions?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Pacific Northwest and Alaska" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mexico and Central America" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Deep South and Texas" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Northeast and Midwest" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Arizona's warm winters drew snowbirds from the Northeast and Midwest, bringing pensions, Social Security checks, and savings.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "15p3o8t10rgdu1" }, { "id": "ot-retirement-share-2000", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "retirement", "snowbirds" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "By 2000, what share of Arizona retirees lived in dedicated 'lifestyle' communities?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "62%" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "4%" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "18%" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "35%" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "18% — a substantial minority, but most Arizona retirees still lived outside dedicated communities, so figures like 62% overstate the model's reach.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "17r2guo247vfm" }, { "id": "ot-nat-goldwater-year", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "goldwater", "elections" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Barry Goldwater, son of a Phoenix department-store family, was the Republican presidential nominee in which year?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1964" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1968" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1972" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1960" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Goldwater was the 1964 Republican nominee and lost in a landslide to LBJ. 1968 and 1972 were Nixon's nominations.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "10im54lgfbacr" }, { "id": "ot-nat-mccain-2008", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mccain", "elections" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Arizonan — a Navy pilot held prisoner in Vietnam for five and a half years — was the 2008 Republican presidential nominee?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Morris 'Mo' Udall" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bruce Babbitt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John McCain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Barry Goldwater" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "McCain won Goldwater's old Senate seat in 1986 and was the 2008 nominee, losing to Barack Obama. Goldwater's nomination came far earlier, in 1964.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1gxt19pbcmy4x" }, { "id": "ot-nat-oconnor-first", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "oconnor", "supreme-court" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Sandra Day O'Connor, raised on a remote Arizona cattle ranch, is remembered for which distinction?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "First woman nominated for president by a major party" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "First woman ever to sit on the US Supreme Court" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "First woman elected to the US Senate from Arizona" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "First woman to serve as US Attorney General" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Reagan appointed O'Connor to the Supreme Court in 1981, making her the first woman on the high court. She served until 2006.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1b1hlqj1nzuz6x" }, { "id": "ot-nat-goldwater-legacy", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "goldwater", "conservatism" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Goldwater lost the presidency badly. What lasting effect is he nonetheless credited with?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Writing Arizona's 1980 Groundwater Management Act", "short": "Writing the 1980 Groundwater Act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Reshaping the GOP into the conservative movement that produced Reagan", "short": "Reshaping the GOP toward Reagan" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Serving as Secretary of the Interior under Bill Clinton", "short": "Interior Secretary under Clinton" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Founding Sun City as an 'active adult' retirement community", "short": "Founding Sun City retirement town" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Despite the landslide loss to LBJ, Goldwater remade the GOP into the conservative movement that later produced Reagan. Sun City was Del Webb's; the groundwater law and Interior post were Babbitt's.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "9q12f1iuj2oh" }, { "id": "ot-state-pair-years", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "udall", "babbitt" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which option correctly matches each man to the office he held and his years in it?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Udall: US Senate 1961–1991; Babbitt: governor 1988–1998" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Udall: US House 1978–1987; Babbitt: governor 1961–1991" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Udall: US House 1961–1991; Babbitt: governor 1978–1987" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Udall: governor 1961–1991; Babbitt: US House 1978–1987" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Mo Udall served in the US House (2nd district) 1961–1991; Bruce Babbitt was governor 1978–1987. Udall was never governor or a senator, and Babbitt left office in 1987.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "12krymm897ova" }, { "id": "ot-state-udall-not", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "udall", "congress" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these was NOT part of Mo Udall's career?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Three decades representing Arizona's 2nd congressional district", "short": "Three decades in the US House" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A term as governor of Arizona", "short": "A term as governor of Arizona" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A reputation as a liberal Democrat known for his wit", "short": "A witty liberal Democrat" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A strong run for the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination", "short": "A 1976 Democratic presidential run" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Udall was a congressman, never governor — that was Babbitt. Udall did serve 1961–1991 in the House, ran strongly in 1976, and was famed for his wit.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "fahdnj18g7qcx" }, { "id": "ot-state-udall-run", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "udall", "elections" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Mo Udall, a liberal Democrat famous for his wit, made a strong run for which nomination?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1988 Democratic presidential nomination" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1976 Democratic presidential nomination" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1980 Republican presidential nomination" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1964 Republican presidential nomination" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Udall ran strongly for the 1976 Democratic nomination. The 1988 Democratic run was Bruce Babbitt's, and 1964 was Goldwater's Republican nomination.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1uyif2s1recgde" }, { "id": "ot-state-babbitt-cabinet", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "babbitt", "interior" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which cabinet post did Bruce Babbitt hold under President Bill Clinton?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Attorney General" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Secretary of Agriculture" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Secretary of Energy" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Secretary of the Interior" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "After his governorship and a 1988 presidential run, Babbitt became Clinton's Secretary of the Interior — a fit for his water and land record.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "9y5fqb3moa61" }, { "id": "ot-state-babbitt-law", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "babbitt", "groundwater" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which law did Governor Babbitt push, shaping Arizona's modern growth?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1912 Enabling Act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1902 Reclamation Act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1980 Groundwater Management Act" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1968 Colorado River Basin Project Act" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Babbitt pushed the 1980 Groundwater Management Act. The 1902 Reclamation Act and 1968 basin act long predate his governorship (1978–1987).", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1p36uu71689kor" }, { "id": "ot-sb1070-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sb-1070", "immigration" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What did SB 1070 require Arizona police to do?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Check immigration status during stops" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Staff checkpoints along the Mexican border" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Deport anyone arrested without an ID" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Report all traffic stops to Homeland Security" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "SB 1070 required police to check immigration status during stops — the 'show me your papers' provision. It did not give state police deportation power; removal remains a federal function.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1tjrjboc05yr6" }, { "id": "ot-sb1070-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sb-1070", "supreme-court" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What happened to most of SB 1070 in 2012?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Governor Brewer suspended it by executive order", "short": "Brewer suspended it by order" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The legislature let it expire unrenewed", "short": "Legislature let it expire" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona voters repealed it by ballot measure", "short": "Voters repealed it by ballot" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Supreme Court struck it down as preempted by federal authority", "short": "Supreme Court struck it down" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "In Arizona v. United States (2012) the Supreme Court struck down most of SB 1070 as preempted by federal authority over immigration; only the narrow 'show me your papers' provision survived.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "12qbeuz1nxzfh" }, { "id": "ot-sb1070-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "jan-brewer", "governors" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How did Jan Brewer become governor of Arizona in 2009?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "She succeeded Janet Napolitano, who left to head Homeland Security", "short": "Succeeded Napolitano (left for DHS)" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "She defeated Doug Ducey in the 2008 general election", "short": "Defeated Ducey in the 2008 election" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "She was appointed by the state legislature", "short": "Appointed by the state legislature" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "She won a special election called after a recall", "short": "Won a special election after a recall" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Brewer, then secretary of state, succeeded to the governorship in 2009 when Janet Napolitano left to lead Homeland Security. Ducey was a later governor, not her 2008 opponent.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1p9x8fxchunxd" }, { "id": "ot-sb1070-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "sb-1070", "border" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about SB 1070 is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the toughest state-level immigration law in the country when signed", "short": "Toughest state immigration law then" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It funded construction of a state-built fence along the border", "short": "Funded a state-built border fence" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Governor Jan Brewer signed it in April 2010", "short": "Brewer signed it in April 2010" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Most of it was struck down by the Supreme Court in 2012", "short": "Mostly struck down by SCOTUS in 2012" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "SB 1070 was a policing law — status checks during stops — not a fence-funding bill; fence construction belongs to the wider border story. The other three statements match the guide.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1hlxuetqzgm49" }, { "id": "ot-tragedies-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "giffords", "tucson" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Where was Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords shot on January 8, 2011?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "In her congressional office in Washington, DC" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "At a campaign rally in downtown Phoenix" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Outside a Tucson supermarket at a constituent meet-and-greet" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "At a fundraising dinner in Prescott" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Giffords was shot in the head at a constituent meet-and-greet outside a Tucson supermarket. Six people died; she survived, resigned from Congress, and later founded a gun-control group.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "zmx0hndp4vv" }, { "id": "ot-tragedies-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "giffords", "tucson" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How many people were killed in the January 2011 Tucson shooting?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Thirteen" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "One" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Six" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Nineteen" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Six people died, including a federal judge and a nine-year-old girl. Nineteen is the Yarnell Hill Fire death toll, not the Tucson shooting's.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "waqtgt1fgaegd" }, { "id": "ot-tragedies-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yarnell", "wildfire" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which crew was overrun by a wind shift near Yarnell on June 30, 2013?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Granite Mountain Hotshots" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Superstition Hotshots" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Prescott Smokejumpers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Coconino Rim Crew" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Granite Mountain Hotshots, an elite Prescott Fire Department crew, were overrun by a wind shift near Yarnell. Only one Hotshot survived, having been posted elsewhere.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "dm5xgad4jnjq" }, { "id": "ot-tragedies-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "yarnell", "wildfire" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about the Yarnell Hill Fire is NOT true?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Every member of the Granite Mountain Hotshots died in the fire", "short": "Every Granite Mountain Hotshot died" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It happened on June 30, 2013", "short": "Happened on June 30, 2013" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It was the deadliest US firefighting incident since 1933", "short": "Deadliest US firefighting incident since 1933" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The crew belonged to the Prescott Fire Department", "short": "A Prescott Fire Department crew" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "One Hotshot survived, having been posted elsewhere, so the crew was not lost entirely. The 1933 benchmark, the June 30, 2013 date, and the Prescott Fire Department crew are all accurate.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "10irc7yu5o0p6" }, { "id": "ot-covid-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "covid", "navajo-nation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What distinguished the Navajo Nation's COVID-19 experience in 2020?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The nation's earliest full vaccination rollout" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The lowest infection rate of any tribal nation" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The first confirmed US case of the virus" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Among the highest per-capita infection rates in the US" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Navajo Nation had among the highest per-capita COVID infection rates in the United States in 2020 — the opposite of the lowest-rate distractor.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "5o52ho1xualdo" }, { "id": "ot-covid-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "covid", "navajo-nation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which condition did NOT contribute to the Navajo Nation's high COVID infection rate?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Few hospitals across the territory" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Limited access to running water" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Crowded multigenerational housing" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A dense population concentrated in large cities" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The guide cites limited running water, crowded multigenerational housing, and few hospitals. Dense big-city population was not a factor — the Nation's territory is largely rural.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "17t2xke17c89o6" }, { "id": "ot-covid-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "covid", "navajo-nation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How did the Navajo Nation respond to its 2020 outbreak?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "It imposed some of the country's strictest curfews" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It relied entirely on Arizona's statewide mandates" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It closed its borders to all federal aid" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "It declined to issue any public health orders" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Nation imposed some of the country's strictest curfews. It could not rely on Arizona's statewide rules — Governor Ducey refused a statewide mask mandate.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "hrdd8aw8wo98" }, { "id": "ot-covid-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "covid", "doug-ducey" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What was Governor Doug Ducey's stance on masks during Arizona's 2020 surge?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "He required masks only on the Navajo Nation", "short": "Required masks only on Navajo land" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He imposed a statewide mandate in June 2020", "short": "Imposed a state mandate in June 2020" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He banned local governments from requiring masks", "short": "Banned local mask requirements" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He left mask rules to individual cities and counties", "short": "Left mask rules to local governments" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Ducey refused a statewide mask mandate but permitted individual cities and counties to issue their own — neither a statewide requirement nor a ban on local rules.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1li6cl61ixg5qy" }, { "id": "ot-covid-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "covid", "navajo-nation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Given the conditions the guide cites on the Navajo Nation, which public health measure would many households have found hardest to follow?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Frequent handwashing at home" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Wearing a mask in public" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Staying home after a nightly curfew" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Avoiding travel to other communities" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The guide cites limited running water, so handwashing at home was often not possible. Curfews, masking, and limiting travel did not depend on plumbing — and the Nation enforced some of the strictest curfews in the country.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "k76c8ik4uu02" }, { "id": "ot-early-pop-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "population", "1860", "frontier" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What was Arizona's population in 1860?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "2,140" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "6,482" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "12,908" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "40,440" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The 1860 count was 6,482 — a frontier territory largely unsettled by non-Native populations. 40,440 is the 1880 figure, after the railroads arrived.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "grwcwd4sjdmp" }, { "id": "ot-early-pop-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "population", "1880", "railroads" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What was Arizona's population at the 1880 census?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "6,482" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "20,780" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "40,440" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "204,354" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "1880 recorded 40,440 people as the railroads arrived — a 319% jump in that decade. 6,482 was the 1860 count; 204,354 is the 1910 total, three decades later.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "9mwflqzo5zwm" }, { "id": "ot-early-pop-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "population", "1910", "statehood" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona's 1910 census — taken just before statehood, with mining and ranching matured — recorded how many people?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "749,587" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "402,354" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "104,354" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "204,354" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "1910 stood at 204,354. 749,587 is the 1950 postwar baseline, far later than the pre-statehood count.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "12zfxzvjw54md" }, { "id": "ot-early-pop-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "population", "territorial" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which is NOT one of Arizona's recorded populations for the frontier and territorial decades of 1860, 1880, and 1910?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "40,440" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "6,482" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "204,354" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "749,587" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "749,587 is the 1950 postwar figure, not a territorial-era count. The other three are 1860, 1880, and 1910 respectively.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "n6hfle16r5i8u" }, { "id": "ot-modern-pop-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "population", "1950", "postwar" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What was Arizona's population in 1950, the postwar baseline before air conditioning went mainstream?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "204,354" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "749,587" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1,302,161" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2,718,215" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "1950 recorded 749,587 people. 2,718,215 is the 1980 figure, after the Sunbelt boom was already under way.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1r0qn1b1qhcrtj" }, { "id": "ot-modern-pop-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "population", "1980", "sunbelt" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "With the Sunbelt boom in full swing, what was Arizona's 1980 population?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "3,665,228" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1,770,900" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "5,130,632" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2,718,215" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "1980 stood at 2,718,215. 5,130,632 is the 2000 count — Arizona nearly doubled again in the two decades after 1980.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1uh4anx1y946s5" }, { "id": "ot-modern-pop-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "population", "2000" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What was Arizona's population at the 2000 census?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "3,665,228" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "6,392,017" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "4,130,632" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "5,130,632" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "2000 recorded 5,130,632 — roughly sevenfold its 1950 level of 749,587. 6,392,017 is the 2010 count, one census later.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "v23ehk1998gd4" }, { "id": "ot-modern-pop-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "population", "2010" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What was Arizona's population in 2010?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "6,392,017" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "5,130,632" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "7,278,717" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "6,132,017" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "2010 recorded 6,392,017, nearly double the 1980 figure of 2,718,215. 5,130,632 belongs to the previous census in 2000.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1bqckq1jpomp4" }, { "id": "ot-modern-pop-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "population", "sunbelt", "chronology" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which census year is NOT correctly matched to Arizona's population?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1980 — 2,718,215" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1950 — 204,354" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2010 — 6,392,017" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "2000 — 5,130,632" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "1950 recorded 749,587, not 204,354 — that figure belongs to the 1910 census. The 1980, 2000, and 2010 pairings are all correct.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "nyjqsf17dcial" }, { "id": "ot-early-years-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "coronado", "spanish", "1540" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Coronado march into the Southwest hunting the Seven Cities of Cíbola?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1492" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1752" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1610" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1540" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Coronado's entrada was in 1540. 1752 is the founding of the Tubac presidio, more than two centuries later.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "f1a6k81f7xg16" }, { "id": "ot-early-years-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tubac", "presidio", "1752" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Tubac presidio — Arizona's first European settlement with a military garrison — was established in what year?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1540" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1752" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1853" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1691" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Tubac was established in 1752. 1540 is Coronado's march and 1853 is the Gadsden Purchase treaty.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "h091rw1vtzyz8" }, { "id": "ot-early-years-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "gadsden", "treaty", "1853" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was the treaty signed that made Tucson and southern Arizona American?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1853" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1912" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1863" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1848" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Gadsden Purchase treaty was signed in 1853. 1863 is when Congress created the Arizona Territory, a separate event a decade later.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "176zy2owf6x16" }, { "id": "ot-early-years-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "territory", "congress", "1863" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Congress split Arizona off from New Mexico and created the Arizona Territory in what year?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1850" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1853" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1863" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1881" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Arizona Territory was created in 1863. 1853 is the Gadsden Purchase, which added the land but did not create the territory.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1883881jebdty" }, { "id": "ot-early-years-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "chronology", "territorial" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Place these Spanish and territorial milestones in chronological order." }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Coronado, Tubac, Gadsden, Territory" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Tubac, Coronado, Territory, Gadsden" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Coronado, Gadsden, Tubac, Territory" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gadsden, Territory, Coronado, Tubac" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Coronado 1540, Tubac 1752, Gadsden 1853, Arizona Territory 1863 — the order the guide lists them in.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "l6o2mg167mgia" }, { "id": "ot-later-years-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "ok-corral", "tombstone", "1881" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone — thirty seconds, three dead cowboys — took place in what year?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1881" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1876" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1886" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1863" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The O.K. Corral gunfight was in 1881. 1886 is Geronimo's surrender, five years later.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "3ucfwvgmp07z" }, { "id": "ot-later-years-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geronimo", "apache-wars", "1886" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Geronimo surrender, ending the Apache Wars?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1886" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1890" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1876" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1881" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Geronimo surrendered in 1886. 1881 is the O.K. Corral gunfight, a different Wild West milestone.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "uwls1cb5btdy" }, { "id": "ot-later-years-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hoover-dam", "1936" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Hoover Dam — the tallest dam in the world at the time — was completed in what year?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1929" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1936" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1945" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1912" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Hoover Dam was completed in 1936, the last of the eight pivotal years. 1912 is Arizona's statehood.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1i28ax2h7wbt2" }, { "id": "ot-later-years-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "chronology", "geronimo", "statehood" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which is NOT correctly matched to its year?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Hoover Dam completed — 1936" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona becomes the 48th state — 1912" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gunfight at the O.K. Corral — 1881" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Geronimo surrenders — 1881" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Geronimo surrendered in 1886, not 1881 — 1881 is the year of the O.K. Corral gunfight. The other three pairings are correct.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "xnw0l31chxjhp" }, { "id": "ot-warriors-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "apache", "geronimo" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which leader was the last Apache holdout, whose surrender ended the Apache Wars?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Kit Carson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Coronado" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Geronimo" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cochise" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Geronimo, an Apache medicine man and war leader, surrendered in 1886, ending the Apache Wars. Cochise had already made peace in 1872; Kit Carson fought the Navajo, not the Apache.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "iak8jhi6w7g3" }, { "id": "ot-warriors-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "kit-carson", "navajo" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Kit Carson's 1863 scorched-earth campaign broke Navajo resistance and triggered which event?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Bascom Affair" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Long Walk to Bosque Redondo" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The end of the Apache Wars" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The founding of San Xavier del Bac" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Carson's 1863 campaign forced the Navajo onto the Long Walk to Bosque Redondo. The Bascom Affair was an 1861 incident involving Cochise, and the Apache Wars ended in 1886 with Geronimo.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "qaomyt1fssdx5" }, { "id": "ot-warriors-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "cochise", "apache" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these is NOT true of Cochise?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "He fought the US Army to a stalemate" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He surrendered in 1886, ending the Apache Wars" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He was a Chiricahua Apache leader" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "He signed peace in 1872" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The 1886 surrender that ended the Apache Wars was Geronimo's. Cochise was a Chiricahua Apache leader who fought the US Army to a stalemate and signed peace in 1872.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1i8zkaf1z05tgn" }, { "id": "ot-warriors-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "cochise", "bascom-affair" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Cochise's long fight against the US Army followed which 1861 incident?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Bascom Affair" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The gunfight at the O.K. Corral" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Gadsden Purchase" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Long Walk" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The 1861 Bascom Affair set off Cochise's war with the US Army. The Long Walk followed Carson's 1863 Navajo campaign, and the O.K. Corral gunfight was an 1881 Tombstone shootout.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "18clzjg1m8u420" }, { "id": "ot-warriors-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "timeline", "apache-wars" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which ordering of these three events is correct, earliest to latest?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Carson's Navajo campaign → Cochise's peace → Geronimo's surrender", "short": "Carson → Cochise → Geronimo" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cochise's peace → Carson's Navajo campaign → Geronimo's surrender", "short": "Cochise → Carson → Geronimo" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Carson's Navajo campaign → Geronimo's surrender → Cochise's peace", "short": "Carson → Geronimo → Cochise" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Geronimo's surrender → Carson's Navajo campaign → Cochise's peace", "short": "Geronimo → Carson → Cochise" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Carson's campaign was 1863, Cochise signed peace in 1872, and Geronimo surrendered in 1886 — the last of the three, since his surrender ended the Apache Wars.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "6uxeo652q6vs" }, { "id": "ot-statesmen-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "oconnor", "supreme-court" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year was Sandra Day O'Connor appointed the first woman on the US Supreme Court?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1981" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1975" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1969" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1986" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "O'Connor, raised on an Arizona cattle ranch, was appointed in 1981 — the first woman to sit on the US Supreme Court.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "15cxdpr10gtjat" }, { "id": "ot-statesmen-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hayden", "congress" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How long did Carl Hayden represent Arizona in Congress?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "38 years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "44 years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "62 years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "56 years" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Hayden served 56 years — the House from 1912 to 1927 and the Senate from 1927 to 1969. No other Arizonan came close to that span.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "12nh0tezbs7f" }, { "id": "ot-statesmen-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mccain", "vietnam" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How long was John McCain held as a prisoner of war in Vietnam?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Eleven months" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Two years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Eight years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Five and a half years" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Navy pilot was a POW for five and a half years. He later served as an Arizona senator from 1987 until his death in 2018 and was the 2008 GOP presidential nominee.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "145yk0d9zn2tt" }, { "id": "ot-statesmen-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hayden", "cap" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about Arizona's national statesmen is NOT correct?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Barry Goldwater is the father of the Central Arizona Project" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Sandra Day O'Connor was raised on an Arizona cattle ranch" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Carl Hayden served in Congress for 56 years" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "John McCain was the 2008 GOP presidential nominee" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Carl Hayden, not Goldwater, is the father of the Central Arizona Project. Goldwater is remembered as the 1964 GOP nominee who reshaped the modern conservative movement.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "k4ybfjqujolt" }, { "id": "ot-spanish-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "coronado", "cibola" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What was Coronado searching for when he marched into the Southwest in 1540?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Seven Cities of Cíbola" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Fountain of Youth" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Copper Queen lode" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Northwest Passage" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Coronado's 1540 expedition hunted the Seven Cities of Cíbola. The Copper Queen was an 1880s Bisbee mine, centuries later and unrelated to the conquistadors.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "14p6q6lmag6jx" }, { "id": "ot-spanish-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "coronado", "conquistadors" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What did Coronado's expedition actually find in the Southwest?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "An open route to the Pacific" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Aztec capital" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rich silver veins" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Pueblos, but no gold" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Coronado found pueblos, not the gold of the Cíbola legend. The wealth the Spanish imagined was never there, which is why the expedition is remembered as a disappointment.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "oapmakwi9mp2" }, { "id": "ot-spanish-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "kino", "san-xavier" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In what year did Father Kino found San Xavier del Bac?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1540" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1864" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1775" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1692" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Kino founded San Xavier del Bac in 1692, over 150 years after Coronado's 1540 march and long before Arizona's territorial era.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1rzp8qhpc1p7x" }, { "id": "ot-spanish-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "kino", "jesuits" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Father Kino, founder of San Xavier del Bac, came from which country and belonged to which order?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Spain; Franciscans" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Portugal; Dominicans" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "France; Jesuits" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Italy; Jesuits" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Kino was an Italian Jesuit. 'France; Jesuits' gets the order right but the nationality wrong — he came from Italy, not France.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "92ijs21k7gjte" }, { "id": "ot-spanish-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "timeline", "spanish-era" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which ordering of these Spanish-era events is correct, earliest to latest?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Presidio San Agustín founded → Coronado's march → Kino founds San Xavier del Bac", "short": "Presidio → Coronado → Kino" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Kino founds San Xavier del Bac → Coronado's march → Presidio San Agustín founded", "short": "Kino → Coronado → Presidio" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Coronado's march → Kino founds San Xavier del Bac → Presidio San Agustín founded", "short": "Coronado → Kino → Presidio" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Coronado's march → Presidio San Agustín founded → Kino founds San Xavier del Bac", "short": "Coronado → Presidio → Kino" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Coronado marched in 1540, Kino founded San Xavier del Bac in 1692, and Tucson's Presidio San Agustín came in 1775 — over two centuries of Spanish presence in order.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "fg1p9ptyk2p" }, { "id": "ot-cities-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "tucson", "presidio" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Arizona city is the site of the Presidio San Agustín, founded in 1775?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Phoenix" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Prescott" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Tucson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Flagstaff" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Tucson, Arizona's second-largest city, grew from the Presidio San Agustín of 1775. It was Spanish, then Mexican, and became American with the Gadsden Purchase.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "38x22e88vmc0" }, { "id": "ot-cities-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "phoenix", "capital" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Phoenix has served as Arizona's capital since which year?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "1867" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1889" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1912" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "1864" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Phoenix has been the capital since 1889. It was founded in 1867 along rebuilt Hohokam canals, and 1912 is the year of statehood — neither is the date it took the capital.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "qz818w1yxqmbo" }, { "id": "ot-cities-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "flagstaff", "railroad" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which northern Arizona town grew up around the railroad and Lowell Observatory?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Bisbee" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Prescott" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jerome" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Flagstaff" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Flagstaff grew around the railroad and Lowell Observatory. Jerome and Bisbee were copper-mining towns, and Prescott is the cool pine-country town established in 1864.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1bcfmut1rtx4ht" }, { "id": "ot-cities-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "cities", "capital" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement about Arizona's cities is NOT correct?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Tucson is Arizona's second-largest city" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Phoenix was founded in 1867 along rebuilt Hohokam canals" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Prescott was established in 1864 in cool pine country" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Flagstaff has been the state capital since 1889" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Phoenix, not Flagstaff, has been the capital since 1889 and is the population center. Flagstaff is the northern railroad and observatory town.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1e8gqk1wqvbnn" }, { "id": "ot-geo-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "colorado-river", "rivers" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which river is Arizona's western boundary and water lifeline, and carved the Grand Canyon?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Gila River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Salt River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Colorado River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Rio Grande" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Colorado River is the spine of Arizona's water supply, dammed at Hoover in 1936 and pumped across the state by the Central Arizona Project. The Rio Grande never touches Arizona.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "8j8cpcu5gvl2" }, { "id": "ot-geo-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "salt-river", "dams" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Arizona river was dammed by Roosevelt in 1911 to bring year-round water to the Phoenix valley?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Verde River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Salt River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gila River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Colorado River" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Salt River was dammed by Roosevelt in 1911. The Colorado's big dam was Hoover in 1936, and the Gila is the southern river whose floodplain the Hohokam farmed.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "e26ecz6j0v7x" }, { "id": "ot-geo-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "mogollon-rim", "landforms" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Driving north out of the desert, you climb a long escarpment and emerge into high pine country. What have you just crossed?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Central Arizona Project canal" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Gila River floodplain" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Mogollon Rim" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Grand Canyon's South Rim" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The Mogollon Rim is the escarpment splitting Arizona into high pine country to the north and desert below. The CAP is a canal system, not a landform.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "139byrp13nf7un" }, { "id": "ot-geo-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "guadalupe-hidalgo", "treaties" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which agreement ended the Mexican-American War and transferred most of present-day Arizona to the US?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Treaty of Córdoba" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Gadsden Purchase" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Compromise of 1850" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war and transferred most of present-day Arizona. The Gadsden Purchase was a later land buy, not a war-ending treaty.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "8nla801d27ds" }, { "id": "ot-geo-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "gadsden", "treaties" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which part of Arizona did the Gadsden Purchase add to the United States?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Southern Arizona below the Gila River" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Colorado River's west bank" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The pine country atop the Mogollon Rim" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The strip north of the Grand Canyon" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Gadsden Purchase added southern Arizona below the Gila River — which is how Tucson, Spanish then Mexican, became American. Land north of the Gila had come via Guadalupe Hidalgo.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1q8w4fq1bqo9d0" }, { "id": "ot-people-frontier-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "geronimo", "apache-wars" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Geronimo's 1886 surrender in Skeleton Canyon brought an end to which conflict?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The Mexican–American War" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Civil War in the Southwest" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Apache Wars" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Navajo Long Walk campaign" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Geronimo's 1886 surrender ended the major Apache Wars — the last organized Native American armed resistance in the U.S. The Mexican–American War had ended decades earlier, in 1848.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "e0vi7x1fupwhp" }, { "id": "ot-people-frontier-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "cochise", "tom-jeffords" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Chiricahua Apache chief made peace with the U.S. in 1872 in a deal brokered by his friend, the scout Tom Jeffords?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Cochise" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Victorio" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Geronimo" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mangas Coloradas" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Cochise, a Chiricahua chief in southeastern Arizona, made peace in 1872 through his friend Tom Jeffords. Geronimo kept fighting and did not surrender until 1886.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "h9thoyppcpzi" }, { "id": "ot-people-frontier-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "wyatt-earp", "tombstone" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which of these is NOT associated with Wyatt Earp?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The feud with the Clanton–McLaury cowboys" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The silver boomtown of Tombstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1881 gunfight near the O.K. Corral" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The 1886 surrender in Skeleton Canyon" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The 1886 surrender in Skeleton Canyon was Geronimo's, not Earp's. Earp was a Tombstone lawman who feuded with the Clanton–McLaury cowboys and fought the 1881 gunfight near the O.K. Corral.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "11ry4ek3aobl4" }, { "id": "ot-people-frontier-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "key-people", "matching" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which figure is correctly paired with his role?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Wyatt Earp — Chiricahua chief who made peace in 1872" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Cochise — prospector who struck silver in 1877" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Geronimo — Apache leader who surrendered in 1886" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Ed Schieffelin — lawman in the O.K. Corral gunfight" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Geronimo was the Apache leader whose 1886 surrender ended the Apache Wars. Cochise was a Chiricahua chief, Schieffelin the prospector who struck silver, and Earp the Tombstone lawman.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "qgmkyzwc2m5f" }, { "id": "ot-statesmen-5", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "statesmen", "compare" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which statement correctly distinguishes Carl Hayden from Barry Goldwater?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Hayden ran for president in 1964; Goldwater served over 50 years", "short": "Hayden '64 run; Goldwater: 50+ yrs Congress" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hayden served over 50 years in Congress; Goldwater ran for president in 1964", "short": "Hayden: 50+ yrs Congress; Goldwater '64 run" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Both were Republican presidential nominees", "short": "Both: GOP presidential nominees" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Both entered Congress in 1912 as Arizona's first delegation", "short": "Both entered Congress in 1912" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Hayden's record was longevity — over 50 years in Congress starting in 1912. Goldwater's national moment was the 1964 Republican presidential nomination.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "ttxdr210b5598" }, { "id": "ot-places-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hoover-dam", "lake-mead" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Finished in 1936 on the Arizona–Nevada border in Black Canyon, which structure created Lake Mead, the largest reservoir in the U.S.?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Parker Dam" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hoover Dam" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Glen Canyon Dam" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Roosevelt Dam" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "Hoover Dam, an arch-gravity dam built during the Great Depression and finished in 1936, created Lake Mead — the largest reservoir in the United States.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "a1m9b11w4wz79" }, { "id": "ot-places-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "canyon-de-chelly", "navajo" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which canyon on Navajo Nation land holds Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwellings such as the White House Ruin, and saw Kit Carson's 1864 campaign?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Oak Creek Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Black Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Walnut Canyon" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Canyon de Chelly" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "Canyon de Chelly, in northeastern Arizona, holds the White House Ruin and was where Kit Carson's 1864 campaign forced the Navajo on the Long Walk. Black Canyon is Hoover Dam's site.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1c90ppo1vr0nuu" }, { "id": "ot-places-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "bisbee", "copper-queen" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The Copper Queen Mine made which Mule Mountains town — now a well-known artist colony — one of the richest copper districts on earth?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Bisbee" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Jerome" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Globe" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Tombstone" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Bisbee, in the Mule Mountains of Cochise County, was home to the Copper Queen Mine and is now an artist colony. Tombstone was a silver town, not a copper one.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "o90tbg1so1kw" }, { "id": "ot-places-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "grand-canyon", "matching" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Arizona place is matched with the correct description?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Tombstone — Navajo canyon with Ancestral Puebloan cliff dwellings", "short": "Tombstone — Puebloan cliff dwellings" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The Grand Canyon — mile-deep gorge that became a national park in 1919", "short": "Grand Canyon — mile-deep gorge, park 1919" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Hoover Dam — the silver boomtown of the 1881 gunfight", "short": "Hoover Dam — silver boomtown, 1881 gunfight" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Bisbee — the first European fort in Arizona, built in 1752", "short": "Bisbee — first European fort, 1752" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Grand Canyon, carved by the Colorado River, became a national park in 1919. The cliff dwellings are at Canyon de Chelly, the 1752 presidio is Tubac, and the 1881 gunfight was in Tombstone.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1b2sprcze604e" }, { "id": "ot-things-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "copper", "five-cs" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Arizona mines more of which metal than any other U.S. state, and named it the official state metal?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Copper" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Silver" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gold" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Zinc" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Copper is one of the Five C's and Arizona's state metal; the state mines more of it than any other. Silver built Tombstone but is not the state metal.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1r5rsg6xwmz0u" }, { "id": "ot-things-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "saguaro", "sonoran-desert" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which giant cactus, found almost nowhere but the Sonoran Desert, can top 40 feet and live 150–200 years?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The barrel cactus" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The cholla" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The saguaro" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The organ pipe cactus" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The saguaro tops 40 feet, lives 150–200 years, and grows almost only in the Sonoran Desert. Its white blossom is Arizona's state flower.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "l6lpy41qwker4" }, { "id": "ot-things-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "bolo-tie", "state-symbols" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which item did Arizona name its official state neckwear in 1971?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The squash blossom necklace" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The bolo tie" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The silver concho belt" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The bandana" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The bolo tie — a braided cord with metal tips and a sliding clasp — became Arizona's official state neckwear in 1971. The squash blossom necklace and concho belt are Southwest jewelry, not the state neckwear.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1q6y564rqbyvu" }, { "id": "ot-things-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "state-symbols", "saguaro" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which Arizona emblem is NOT correctly matched with its official title?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Copper — state metal" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The bolo tie — state neckwear" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The saguaro blossom — state tree" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Turquoise — state gemstone" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "The saguaro's white blossom is Arizona's state flower, not its state tree. Copper is the state metal, turquoise the state gemstone, and the bolo tie the official state neckwear.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "eejq9bwkia2h" }, { "id": "ot-events-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "gadsden-purchase", "railroad" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "In 1853 the United States paid Mexico $10 million for what is now southern Arizona. What was the main goal of the purchase?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "A buffer zone to stop Apache raids" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Control of the silver deposits near Tombstone" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Access to a port on the Gulf of California" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A flat southern route for a transcontinental railroad" } ], "correctIndex": 3, "explanation": "The Gadsden Purchase secured the land below the Gila River for a flat southern transcontinental railroad route, completing Arizona's modern boundary.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "h0ze413k9mez" }, { "id": "ot-events-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "picacho-pass", "civil-war" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "The clash fought April 15, 1862 near Picacho Peak northwest of Tucson is recognized as what?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "The bloodiest fight of territorial Arizona" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The westernmost battle of the Civil War" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The first battle of the Apache Wars" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "The last battle of the Mexican–American War" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Battle of Picacho Pass was a Civil War clash with only a handful of casualties, recognized as the war's westernmost battle — hardly its bloodiest.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1i2h2v31sizwjd" }, { "id": "ot-events-3", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "arizona-territory", "prescott" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "When Congress split Arizona Territory off from New Mexico Territory on February 24, 1863, which city served as the first territorial capital?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Prescott" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Yuma" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Tucson" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Phoenix" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "Prescott was the first territorial capital; the seat later moved to Phoenix. The 1863 split gave the region its own government for the first time.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1xo0g4scfqely" }, { "id": "ot-events-4", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "chronology", "key-events" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "Which sequence puts these events in the correct chronological order?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "Guadalupe Hidalgo → Mexican independence → Gadsden Purchase → O.K. Corral gunfight", "short": "Guad. Hidalgo → Mex. indep. → Gadsden → O.K. Corral" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mexican independence → Gadsden Purchase → Guadalupe Hidalgo → O.K. Corral gunfight", "short": "Mex. indep. → Gadsden → Guad. Hidalgo → O.K. Corral" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Mexican independence → Guadalupe Hidalgo → Gadsden Purchase → O.K. Corral gunfight", "short": "Mex. indep. → Guad. Hidalgo → Gadsden → O.K. Corral" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Gadsden Purchase → Mexican independence → O.K. Corral gunfight → Guadalupe Hidalgo", "short": "Gadsden → Mex. indep. → O.K. Corral → Guad. Hidalgo" } ], "correctIndex": 2, "explanation": "Mexico won independence in 1821, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo came in 1848, the Gadsden Purchase in 1853, and the O.K. Corral gunfight in 1881.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1n73ib717wftzb" }, { "id": "fi-mcq-puebloan-region", "tags": [ "prehistoric", "ancestral-puebloans" ], "title": "The Four Corners homeland", "body": "The Ancestral Puebloans made their home in the Four Corners region, where the borders of Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico all meet.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Four Corners Monument desert", "imagePrompt": "The high desert plateau landscape of the Four Corners region where four states meet.", "alt": "The Four Corners homeland", "depictable": true, "credit": "Library of Congress · Four Corners Monument, marking the only spot in the United S · No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2011633953/", "subject": "Library of Congress (Highsmith) photo of the monument's granite platform showing the engraved ARIZONA / NEW MEXICO / UTAH / COLORADO plaques radiating from the central medallion marking where the four states meet, framed by handrails and access ramps, desert mesa visible behind.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fi-mcq-puebloan-region.webp" }, "uid": "62gt3fz1up" }, { "id": "fi-ot-mogsin-montezuma", "tags": [ "sinagua", "montezuma-castle" ], "title": "Not Aztec, not a castle", "body": "Montezuma Castle isn't Aztec and isn't a castle — it's a Sinagua cliff dwelling in central Arizona.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Montezuma Castle cliff dwelling", "imagePrompt": "A multi-story ancient cliff dwelling built into a limestone alcove above a valley in central Arizona.", "alt": "Montezuma Castle, the multi-storey tan-plastered Sinagua cliff dwelling set into a recessed alcove high in a pale limestone cliff at Montezuma Castle National Monument, Camp Verde, Arizona, seen…", "depictable": true, "credit": "ksblack99 (Openverse) · pdm 1.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/91064752@N03/24698419258", "subject": "Montezuma Castle, the multi-storey tan-plastered Sinagua cliff dwelling set into a recessed alcove high in a pale limestone cliff at Montezuma Castle National Monument, Camp Verde, Arizona, seen from the trail below under a blue sky.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fi-ot-mogsin-montezuma.webp" }, "uid": "az31spuw90uj" }, { "id": "fi-ot-railroads-ranching-1", "tags": [ "railroad", "southern-pacific" ], "title": "Ore, cattle, and rails", "body": "The Southern Pacific Railroad crossed Arizona from California in 1880, reaching El Paso the following year — finally letting mines ship ore and ranchers ship cattle at a profit.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Southern Pacific Railroad historic", "imagePrompt": "A historic steam locomotive pulling freight cars loaded with ore across the Arizona desert in the 1880s.", "alt": "Ore, cattle, and rails", "depictable": true, "credit": "Library of Congress · Arizona, Maricopa. Southern Pacific Railroad station · No known restrictions (verify at source)", "creditUrl": "http://www.loc.gov/item/2006679484/", "subject": "Black-and-white historic photo of a train station platform signed 'MARICOPA' with a large water tank, horse-drawn freight carts, and people loading goods — the Southern Pacific Railroad's Maricopa, Arizona depot, LOC-titled exactly as such.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fi-ot-railroads-ranching-1.webp" }, "uid": "xx0ta1s9m7ck" }, { "id": "fi-ot-hayden-1", "tags": [ "Carl Hayden", "Congress" ], "title": "From House to Senate", "body": "Carl Hayden entered the U.S. House in 1912, the year Arizona became a state, then moved to the Senate in 1927 and served there until 1969.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Carl Hayden portrait", "imagePrompt": "A formal black-and-white portrait of a senator in a suit seated at a wooden desk.", "alt": "A black-and-white formal head-and-shoulders portrait of Senator Carl Hayden of Arizona in his later years: bald, round wire-rimmed glasses, dark suit and patterned tie, against a plain grey backdrop.", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Carl Hayden · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hayden", "subject": "A black-and-white formal head-and-shoulders portrait of Senator Carl Hayden of Arizona in his later years: bald, round wire-rimmed glasses, dark suit and patterned tie, against a plain grey backdrop. U.S. Senate Historical Office portrait (Wikimedia Commons File:Carl_Hayden.jpg).", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fi-ot-hayden-1.webp" }, "uid": "17x98d21lwph9q" }, { "id": "fi-ot-hayden-2", "tags": [ "Carl Hayden", "Appropriations" ], "title": "Hayden's Appropriations chairmanship", "body": "Carl Hayden chaired the powerful Appropriations Committee — one of Congress's most influential posts — for 14 years.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Carl Hayden committee chairman", "imagePrompt": "A senator presiding over a formal committee hearing in a wood-paneled Capitol hearing room.", "alt": "Hayden's Appropriations chairmanship", "depictable": true, "credit": "United States Senate Historical Office · Public domain", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Hayden.jpg", "subject": "Same photo as 0/1 (identical sha256) — elderly bald man with round glasses, suit and tie, formal head-and-shoulders portrait; Wikimedia Commons file credited to the U.S. Senate Historical Office, public domain.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fi-ot-hayden-2.webp" }, "uid": "w610rto96d3f" }, { "id": "fi-ot-tourism-3", "tags": [ "tourism", "railroad" ], "title": "Tourism came before the park", "body": "A rail line reaching the South Rim turned the Grand Canyon from a remote curiosity into a mass tourist destination — national park status came later, riding the wave of tourism rather than starting it.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Grand Canyon railway historic", "imagePrompt": "An early-1900s steam train arriving at a rustic depot near the rim of the Grand Canyon with tourists disembarking.", "alt": "A blue vintage Grand Canyon Railway passenger coach, number 2119, with \"GRAND CANYON\" lettered in gold along its side and red-framed windows, standing on the track at the Williams, Arizona depot…", "depictable": true, "credit": "Pexels · Lindsey Willard · Pexels License", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/historic-grand-canyon-railway-train-in-williams-az-38328808/", "subject": "A blue vintage Grand Canyon Railway passenger coach, number 2119, with \"GRAND CANYON\" lettered in gold along its side and red-framed windows, standing on the track at the Williams, Arizona depot under a clear sky.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fi-ot-tourism-3.webp" }, "uid": "19ir3l829c5n2" }, { "id": "fi-ot-postwar-1", "tags": [ "cap", "water" ], "title": "A 25-year wait", "body": "Congress authorized the Central Arizona Project in 1968, but the aqueduct wasn't finished until 1993 — a quarter-century of construction.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Central Arizona Project aqueduct", "imagePrompt": "A long concrete irrigation canal carrying water across the open Arizona desert toward distant mountains.", "alt": "A 25-year wait", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons — Arizona cap canal.jpg · See Wikimedia Commons (per-file)", "creditUrl": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053686", "subject": "Aerial photo of a concrete-lined canal (the Central Arizona Project aqueduct) winding through desert scrubland toward distant mountains; this is Wikidata's own identifying image for the Central Arizona Project", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fi-ot-postwar-1.webp" }, "uid": "4nl0r867gwjq" }, { "id": "fi-ot-postwar-3", "tags": [ "groundwater-act", "safe-yield" ], "title": "Prove 100 years of water", "body": "Under Arizona's Groundwater Management Act, new subdivisions must prove a 100-year water supply and can pump no more groundwater than nature replenishes — a rule known as safe yield.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Arizona desert housing subdivision", "imagePrompt": "Rows of new suburban homes under construction on the edge of the desert with a water tower nearby.", "alt": "A house under construction, stucco walls up and roof rafters exposed, at the edge of a new subdivision in Scottsdale, Arizona, with finished homes beside it, Sonoran desert scrub and cholla in the…", "depictable": true, "subject": "A house under construction, stucco walls up and roof rafters exposed, at the edge of a new subdivision in Scottsdale, Arizona, with finished homes beside it, Sonoran desert scrub and cholla in the foreground and bare desert mountains behind.", "credit": "Wikimedia Commons · File:Desert backyard.JPG", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Desert_backyard.JPG", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fi-ot-postwar-3.webp" }, "uid": "1701vz4uh8j0o" }, { "id": "fi-ot-population-2000-total", "tags": [ "population", "sunbelt" ], "title": "Arizona's population boom", "body": "Arizona had about 700,000 residents in 1950. By 2000, that number had passed 5 million — a sevenfold increase in just fifty years.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Phoenix Arizona skyline growth", "imagePrompt": "A sprawling modern Phoenix skyline and suburbs stretching to the horizon beneath a desert sky.", "alt": "A wide, slightly hazy panorama of the downtown Phoenix, Arizona skyline seen from Interstate 10, with Chase Tower and the other downtown high-rises in the centre, desert mountains behind, palm…", "depictable": true, "credit": "Ken Lund (Openverse) · by-sa 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://www.flickr.com/photos/75683070@N00/15435619010", "subject": "A wide, slightly hazy panorama of the downtown Phoenix, Arizona skyline seen from Interstate 10, with Chase Tower and the other downtown high-rises in the centre, desert mountains behind, palm trees and a lamp post in the foreground.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fi-ot-population-2000-total.webp" }, "uid": "3z7jnrpgd67f" }, { "id": "fi-ot-retirement-share-2000", "tags": [ "retirement", "snowbirds" ], "title": "Most retirees lived elsewhere", "body": "By 2000, only about 18% of Arizona's retirees actually lived in dedicated 'lifestyle' communities like Sun City — most retirees settled elsewhere in the state.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Sun City Arizona community", "imagePrompt": "A retirement community neighborhood with palm-lined streets, low stucco homes, and a golf course.", "alt": "Aerial photograph of Sun City, Arizona, showing its distinctive concentric rings of single-storey houses around golf courses and small lakes, with a freeway, a baseball stadium and newer…", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikimedia Commons · Ken Lund from Reno, Nevada, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0", "creditUrl": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_City,_Arizona_(101300784).jpg", "subject": "Aerial photograph of Sun City, Arizona, showing its distinctive concentric rings of single-storey houses around golf courses and small lakes, with a freeway, a baseball stadium and newer subdivisions in the foreground.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fi-ot-retirement-share-2000.webp" }, "uid": "1sspsfv1j76kgt" }, { "id": "fi-ot-retirement-sun-city-compare", "tags": [ "sun-city", "del-webb" ], "title": "Sun City's opening weekend", "body": "When Del Webb's Sun City opened in 1960 with pools and golf courses built for retirees, opening weekend alone drew 100,000 visitors.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "Sun City Arizona golf pool", "imagePrompt": "Retirees gathered around a swimming pool and golf course in a 1960s-style planned retirement community.", "alt": "Sun City's opening weekend", "depictable": true }, "uid": "p8e4x81hhym08" }, { "id": "fi-ot-sb1070-2", "tags": [ "sb-1070", "supreme-court" ], "title": "SB 1070 in court", "body": "In the 2012 case Arizona v. United States, the Supreme Court struck down most of SB 1070 as preempted by federal immigration authority — only the 'show me your papers' provision survived.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "US Supreme Court building", "imagePrompt": "The white marble facade and columns of the United States Supreme Court building.", "alt": "SB 1070 in court", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — United States Supreme Court Building · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building", "subject": "Dusk panorama of the U.S. Supreme Court Building's west facade in Washington, D.C.: lit Corinthian-columned portico, pediment inscribed 'EQUAL JUSTICE UNDER LAW', flanking allegorical statues, marble plaza and fountains in the foreground. Wikipedia's lead image for the building's article.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fi-ot-sb1070-2.webp" }, "uid": "z2tlepsaffh" }, { "id": "fi-ot-sb1070-1", "tags": [ "sb-1070", "immigration" ], "title": "What SB 1070 couldn't do", "body": "SB 1070 let Arizona police check immigration status during stops, but it did not give them power to deport anyone — deportation remained a federal responsibility.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "police officer traffic stop", "imagePrompt": "A police officer standing beside a car during a roadside traffic stop, checking a driver's documents.", "alt": "A uniformed policewoman wearing corporal's chevrons stands at the driver's window of a black sedan on a sunlit residential street, gesturing as she speaks to the bearded man at the wheel while…", "depictable": true, "subject": "A uniformed policewoman wearing corporal's chevrons stands at the driver's window of a black sedan on a sunlit residential street, gesturing as she speaks to the bearded man at the wheel while holding a folder; a licensed Pexels stock photo of a daytime traffic stop, with the badge too small to read", "credit": "Pexels · A police officer interacts with a driver during a daytime traffic stop on a residential street.", "creditUrl": "https://www.pexels.com/photo/policewoman-talking-to-a-man-riding-in-a-car-7715200/", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fi-ot-sb1070-1.webp" }, "uid": "196bic51f9ty1z" }, { "id": "fi-ot-tragedies-3", "tags": [ "yarnell", "wildfire" ], "title": "The lone survivor", "body": "At the Yarnell Hill Fire in 2013, an elite crew called the Granite Mountain Hotshots was overrun when the wind suddenly shifted. Only one Hotshot survived, having been posted elsewhere that day.", "shape": "fact", "illustration": { "imageSearchTerm": "wildland firefighter memorial Arizona", "imagePrompt": "Nineteen wildland firefighter helmets arranged in a row as a memorial tribute on a grassy hillside.", "alt": "The lone survivor", "depictable": true, "credit": "Wikipedia — Yarnell Hill Fire · See Wikimedia Commons", "creditUrl": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarnell_Hill_Fire", "subject": "Two wildland firefighters in yellow shirts and hard hats, carrying packs, walking through rocky brush terrain away from a massive black-and-orange smoke plume — the lead photo of Wikipedia's 'Yarnell Hill Fire' article, i.e. an authentic image from the actual 2013 fire the card describes.", "url": "https://cdn.recurxive.com/packs/arizona-history/images/fi-ot-tragedies-3.webp" }, "uid": "1121880jz8m4y" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-hohokam-1", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hohokam", "canals", "irrigation" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "What was the Hohokam's signature engineering achievement in the Salt and Gila river valleys?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "An extensive irrigation canal system watering their crops" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A system of paved roads linking desert villages" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A chain of fortified hilltop watchtowers" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "A network of cliff dwellings tucked into sandstone alcoves" } ], "correctIndex": 0, "explanation": "The Hohokam dug hundreds of miles of irrigation canals across the Salt and Gila valleys to water crops like corn, beans, cotton, and agave.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "9xeo1d1quuexl" }, { "id": "ot-cov-obj-hohokam-2", "shape": "mcq", "tags": [ "hohokam", "canals", "engineering" ], "prompt": { "modality": "text", "value": "How did the Hohokam build their vast canal network across the desert?" }, "options": [ { "modality": "text", "value": "With enslaved labor and iron machinery" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "With stone and wood tools, no metal or pack animals" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "Using imported Roman aqueduct engineering" }, { "modality": "text", "value": "With iron tools and ox-drawn plows" } ], "correctIndex": 1, "explanation": "The Hohokam engineered their canals using only stone, wood, and human labor, without metal tools or pack animals.", "source": { "label": "History of Arizona — Objective Test" }, "uid": "1ve21101xchr0s" } ], "lessons": [ { "id": "l1-prehistoric", "title": "Lesson 1: Before Europeans", "order": 0, "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/l1p1-first-arizonans.md", "parts": [ { "id": "l1p1-first-arizonans", "title": "Part 1: First Arizonans", "order": 0, "blurb": "Mammoth hunters, atlatls, and the slow shift from chasing big game to growing corn.", "studyGuideAnchor": "part-1-first-arizonans", "itemIds": [ "fact-arizona-intro", "fact-paleo-indians", "fact-mammoth-hunters", "fact-archaic-period", "fact-corn-arrives", "mcq-first-arizonans", "cloze-atlatl", "ih-saguaro-sentinel", "ih-meteor-crater", "cz-arizona-history-fact-arizona-intro", "cz-arizona-history-ih-saguaro-sentinel", "mcq-c-arizona-history-ih-saguaro-sentinel", "concept-rw-arizona-history-corn", "concept-rw-arizona-history-beans", "concept-rw-arizona-history-squash", "ot-first-az-atlatl", "ot-first-az-statehood-number", "ot-first-az-admission-date", "ot-first-az-bands", "ot-desert-three-sisters", "ot-desert-not-sister", "ot-desert-saguaro-fruit", "ot-desert-corn-origin" ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/l1p1-first-arizonans.md" }, { "id": "l1p2-puebloans-hohokam", "title": "Part 2: Ancestral Puebloans & Hohokam", "order": 1, "blurb": "Cliff dwellings, kivas, and hundreds of miles of desert canals.", "studyGuideAnchor": "part-2-ancestral-puebloans-hohokam", "itemIds": [ "fact-ancestral-puebloans", "fact-kiva", "fact-hohokam", "fact-casa-grande", "mcq-puebloan-region", "cloze-kiva-2", "mcq-casa-grande", "cz-arizona-history-fact-ancestral-puebloans", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-ancestral-puebloans", "cz-arizona-history-fact-casa-grande", "ot-puebloan-kiva-def", "ot-puebloan-kiva-entry", "ot-puebloan-sipapu", "ot-hohokam-canals", "ot-hohokam-no-metal", "ot-hohokam-casa-material", "ot-hohokam-region", "fi-mcq-puebloan-region", "ot-cov-obj-hohokam-1", "ot-cov-obj-hohokam-2" ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/l1p2-puebloans-hohokam.md" }, { "id": "l1p3-mogollon-sinagua", "title": "Part 3: Mogollon, Sinagua & the Mystery", "order": 2, "blurb": "The other great cultures — and the unsolved riddle of why they all vanished.", "studyGuideAnchor": "part-3-mogollon-sinagua-the-mystery", "itemIds": [ "fact-mogollon", "fact-sinagua", "fact-kinishba", "fact-disappearance", "mcq-mogollon-pottery", "cloze-sinagua", "mcq-kinishba-rooms", "cmp-cultures-region", "cz-arizona-history-fact-sinagua", "cz-arizona-history-fact-disappearance", "ot-mogsin-sinagua-name", "ot-mogsin-montezuma", "ot-mogsin-dispersal", "fi-ot-mogsin-montezuma" ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/l1p3-mogollon-sinagua.md" } ], "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-first-arizonans", "statement": "Identify when humans first reached Arizona, the atlatl they hunted with, and Arizona's statehood framing.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-first-arizonans" ] }, { "id": "obj-desert-farming", "statement": "Recognize the saguaro as the Sonoran Desert's emblem and the Three Sisters that anchored Southwest farming.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-saguaro", "d-three-sisters" ] }, { "id": "obj-ancestral-puebloans", "statement": "Identify the Ancestral Puebloans, their Four Corners homeland, and the kiva ceremonial chamber.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-puebloans" ] }, { "id": "obj-hohokam", "statement": "Describe the Hohokam canal builders and their four-story earthen tower Casa Grande.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-casa-grande" ] }, { "id": "obj-mogollon-sinagua", "statement": "Distinguish the artistic Mogollon (Mimbres pottery, Kinishba) from the Sinagua ('without water'), and recognize the cultures' dispersal.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-mogollon", "d-sinagua-mystery" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-first-arizonans", "label": "First peoples and statehood setting", "itemIds": [ "mcq-first-arizonans", "cloze-atlatl", "cz-arizona-history-fact-arizona-intro" ] }, { "id": "d-saguaro", "label": "Saguaro of the Sonoran Desert", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-ih-saguaro-sentinel", "mcq-c-arizona-history-ih-saguaro-sentinel" ] }, { "id": "d-three-sisters", "label": "Corn, beans, squash", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-arizona-history-corn", "concept-rw-arizona-history-beans", "concept-rw-arizona-history-squash" ] }, { "id": "d-puebloans", "label": "Ancestral Puebloans and the kiva", "itemIds": [ "mcq-puebloan-region", "cloze-kiva-2", "cz-arizona-history-fact-ancestral-puebloans", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-ancestral-puebloans" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-casa-grande", "label": "Casa Grande earthen tower", "itemIds": [ "mcq-casa-grande", "cz-arizona-history-fact-casa-grande", "ot-cov-obj-hohokam-1", "ot-cov-obj-hohokam-2" ] }, { "id": "d-mogollon", "label": "Mogollon pottery and Kinishba", "itemIds": [ "mcq-mogollon-pottery", "mcq-kinishba-rooms" ] }, { "id": "d-sinagua-mystery", "label": "Sinagua and the great dispersal", "itemIds": [ "cloze-sinagua", "cz-arizona-history-fact-sinagua", "cz-arizona-history-fact-disappearance" ], "requiredCorrect": 2 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-first-arizonans", "objectiveId": "obj-first-arizonans", "title": "First Arizonans & Statehood", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-first-arizonans", "ot-first-az-atlatl", "ot-first-az-statehood-number", "ot-first-az-admission-date", "ot-first-az-bands" ] }, { "id": "test-desert-farming", "objectiveId": "obj-desert-farming", "title": "Saguaro & the Three Sisters", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-c-arizona-history-ih-saguaro-sentinel", "ot-desert-three-sisters", "ot-desert-not-sister", "ot-desert-saguaro-fruit", "ot-desert-corn-origin" ] }, { "id": "test-ancestral-puebloans", "objectiveId": "obj-ancestral-puebloans", "title": "Ancestral Puebloans & the Kiva", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-puebloan-region", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-ancestral-puebloans", "ot-puebloan-kiva-def", "ot-puebloan-kiva-entry", "ot-puebloan-sipapu" ] }, { "id": "test-hohokam", "objectiveId": "obj-hohokam", "title": "Hohokam Canals & Casa Grande", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-casa-grande", "ot-hohokam-canals", "ot-hohokam-no-metal", "ot-hohokam-casa-material", "ot-hohokam-region", "ot-cov-obj-hohokam-1", "ot-cov-obj-hohokam-2" ] }, { "id": "test-mogollon-sinagua", "objectiveId": "obj-mogollon-sinagua", "title": "Mogollon, Sinagua & Dispersal", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-mogollon-pottery", "mcq-kinishba-rooms", "ot-mogsin-sinagua-name", "ot-mogsin-montezuma", "ot-mogsin-dispersal" ] } ] }, { "id": "l2-spanish-mexican", "title": "Lesson 2: Spanish & Mexican Eras", "order": 1, "parts": [ { "id": "l2p1-first-europeans", "title": "Part 1: First European Eyes", "order": 0, "blurb": "Friar Marcos, Coronado, and the Seven Cities of gold that never were.", "itemIds": [ "fact-marcos-de-niza", "fact-coronado", "fact-cibola", "fact-kino", "fact-san-xavier", "mcq-coronado-year", "cloze-cibola", "cz-arizona-history-fact-marcos-de-niza", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-marcos-de-niza", "cz-arizona-history-fact-coronado", "cz-arizona-history-fact-san-xavier", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-san-xavier", "concept-rw-arizona-history-marcos-de-niza", "concept-rw-arizona-history-francisco-v-squez-de-coronado", "concept-rw-arizona-history-father-eusebio-francisco-kino", "ot-cibola-1", "ot-cibola-2", "ot-cibola-3", "ot-kino-1", "ot-kino-3", "ot-kino-4" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "first-european-eyes" }, { "id": "l2p2-presidios-mexico", "title": "Part 2: Presidios & Mexican Sonora", "order": 1, "blurb": "Tubac, Tucson, Pimería Alta — and the slow collapse of Mexican control under Apache raids.", "itemIds": [ "fact-tubac", "fact-tucson-presidio", "fact-pimeria-alta", "fact-mexican-independence", "fact-apache-raids", "mcq-tubac-year", "cloze-presidio", "fact-map-tubac", "cz-arizona-history-fact-tubac", "cz-arizona-history-fact-tucson-presidio", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-tucson-presidio", "cz-arizona-history-fact-pimeria-alta", "cz-arizona-history-fact-mexican-independence", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-mexican-independence", "cz-arizona-history-fact-apache-raids", "cz-arizona-history-fact-map-tubac", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-map-tubac", "concept-rw-arizona-history-hugo-o-conor", "ot-kino-2", "ot-presidio-1", "ot-presidio-2", "ot-presidio-3", "ot-sonora-1", "ot-sonora-2", "ot-sonora-3", "ot-sonora-4", "ot-sonora-5" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "presidios-and-mexican-sonora" } ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/l2-spanish-mexican.md", "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-cibola-explorers", "statement": "Explain the Spanish search for the Seven Cities of Cibola under Marcos de Niza (1539) and Coronado (1540).", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-marcos", "d-coronado" ] }, { "id": "obj-kino-missions", "statement": "Identify Father Kino, Pimeria Alta, and Mission San Xavier del Bac as Arizona's oldest European structure.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-san-xavier" ] }, { "id": "obj-presidios", "statement": "Define a presidio and identify Tubac (1752) and the Tucson presidio (1775, Hugo O'Conor).", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-tubac", "d-tucson-presidio" ] }, { "id": "obj-mexican-sonora", "statement": "Explain how Arizona became part of Mexican Sonora after 1821 and how Apache raids emptied the ranches.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-mexican-sonora" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-marcos", "label": "Marcos de Niza's 1539 expedition", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-fact-marcos-de-niza", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-marcos-de-niza", "concept-rw-arizona-history-marcos-de-niza" ] }, { "id": "d-coronado", "label": "Coronado and Cibola, 1540", "itemIds": [ "mcq-coronado-year", "cloze-cibola", "cz-arizona-history-fact-coronado", "concept-rw-arizona-history-francisco-v-squez-de-coronado" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-san-xavier", "label": "Kino, Pimeria Alta, San Xavier del Bac", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-fact-san-xavier", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-san-xavier", "concept-rw-arizona-history-father-eusebio-francisco-kino", "cz-arizona-history-fact-pimeria-alta" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-tubac", "label": "Presidio defined; Tubac 1752", "itemIds": [ "mcq-tubac-year", "cloze-presidio", "cz-arizona-history-fact-tubac", "cz-arizona-history-fact-map-tubac" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-tucson-presidio", "label": "Tucson presidio and Hugo O'Conor", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-fact-tucson-presidio", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-tucson-presidio", "concept-rw-arizona-history-hugo-o-conor", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-map-tubac" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-mexican-sonora", "label": "Mexican Sonora and Apache raids", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-fact-mexican-independence", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-mexican-independence", "cz-arizona-history-fact-apache-raids" ] } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-cibola-explorers", "objectiveId": "obj-cibola-explorers", "title": "Cibola & the First Explorers", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-marcos-de-niza", "mcq-coronado-year", "ot-cibola-1", "ot-cibola-2", "ot-cibola-3" ] }, { "id": "test-kino-missions", "objectiveId": "obj-kino-missions", "title": "Kino, Pimeria Alta & San Xavier", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-san-xavier", "ot-kino-1", "ot-kino-2", "ot-kino-3", "ot-kino-4" ] }, { "id": "test-presidios", "objectiveId": "obj-presidios", "title": "Presidios: Tubac & Tucson", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-tubac-year", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-tucson-presidio", "ot-presidio-1", "ot-presidio-2", "ot-presidio-3" ] }, { "id": "test-mexican-sonora", "objectiveId": "obj-mexican-sonora", "title": "Mexican Sonora & Apache Raids", "mcqIds": [ "ot-sonora-1", "ot-sonora-2", "ot-sonora-3", "ot-sonora-4", "ot-sonora-5" ] } ] }, { "id": "l3-becoming-american", "title": "Lesson 3: Becoming American", "order": 2, "parts": [ { "id": "l3p1-treaties", "title": "Part 1: Guadalupe Hidalgo & the Gadsden Purchase", "order": 0, "blurb": "Two treaties redraw the border. Tucson goes American.", "itemIds": [ "fact-guadalupe-hidalgo", "fact-gila-border", "fact-gadsden-purchase", "fact-southern-emigrant-trail", "mcq-gadsden-year", "cloze-gadsden-price", "mcq-gadsden-reason", "cmp-az-border", "fact-map-gadsden", "cz-arizona-history-fact-guadalupe-hidalgo", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-guadalupe-hidalgo", "cz-arizona-history-fact-gadsden-purchase", "ot-guadalupe-1", "ot-guadalupe-2", "ot-guadalupe-3", "ot-guadalupe-4", "ot-guadalupe-5", "ot-gadsden-1", "ot-gadsden-2", "ot-gadsden-3" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "guadalupe-hidalgo-and-the-gadsden-purchase" }, { "id": "l3p2-civil-war", "title": "Part 2: Civil War in the Desert", "order": 1, "blurb": "Confederate Arizona, the Battle of Picacho Pass, and the creation of the Arizona Territory.", "itemIds": [ "fact-confederate-arizona", "fact-picacho-pass", "fact-california-column", "fact-arizona-territory", "fact-shifting-capital", "mcq-picacho-significance", "cloze-territory-year", "cz-arizona-history-fact-confederate-arizona", "cz-arizona-history-fact-picacho-pass", "cz-arizona-history-fact-california-column", "cz-arizona-history-fact-arizona-territory", "cz-arizona-history-fact-shifting-capital", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-shifting-capital", "ot-civilwar-1", "ot-civilwar-2", "ot-civilwar-3", "ot-civilwar-4", "ot-territory-1", "ot-territory-2", "ot-territory-3", "ot-territory-4", "ot-territory-5" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "civil-war-in-the-desert" } ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/l3-becoming-american.md", "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-guadalupe-hidalgo", "statement": "Explain the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) and the Mexican cession of northern Arizona.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-guadalupe" ] }, { "id": "obj-gadsden", "statement": "Describe the Gadsden Purchase by its year, $10 million price, and southern-railroad motive.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-gadsden" ] }, { "id": "obj-civil-war-battle", "statement": "Recognize the Confederate Territory of Arizona, the Battle of Picacho Pass, and the California Column.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-civil-war" ] }, { "id": "obj-territory-capital", "statement": "Identify the 1863 creation of Arizona Territory and its wandering territorial capital.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-territory" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-guadalupe", "label": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-fact-guadalupe-hidalgo", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-guadalupe-hidalgo" ] }, { "id": "d-gadsden", "label": "Gadsden Purchase year, price, reason", "itemIds": [ "mcq-gadsden-year", "cloze-gadsden-price", "mcq-gadsden-reason", "cz-arizona-history-fact-gadsden-purchase" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-civil-war", "label": "Confederate Arizona, Picacho Pass, California Column", "itemIds": [ "mcq-picacho-significance", "cz-arizona-history-fact-confederate-arizona", "cz-arizona-history-fact-picacho-pass", "cz-arizona-history-fact-california-column" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-territory", "label": "Arizona Territory created; shifting capital", "itemIds": [ "cloze-territory-year", "cz-arizona-history-fact-arizona-territory", "cz-arizona-history-fact-shifting-capital", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-shifting-capital" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-guadalupe-hidalgo", "objectiveId": "obj-guadalupe-hidalgo", "title": "Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo", "mcqIds": [ "ot-guadalupe-1", "ot-guadalupe-2", "ot-guadalupe-3", "ot-guadalupe-4", "ot-guadalupe-5" ] }, { "id": "test-gadsden", "objectiveId": "obj-gadsden", "title": "The Gadsden Purchase", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-gadsden-year", "mcq-gadsden-reason", "ot-gadsden-1", "ot-gadsden-2", "ot-gadsden-3" ] }, { "id": "test-civil-war-battle", "objectiveId": "obj-civil-war-battle", "title": "Civil War in the Desert", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-picacho-significance", "ot-civilwar-1", "ot-civilwar-2", "ot-civilwar-3", "ot-civilwar-4" ] }, { "id": "test-territory-capital", "objectiveId": "obj-territory-capital", "title": "Arizona Territory & Its Capital", "mcqIds": [ "ot-territory-1", "ot-territory-2", "ot-territory-3", "ot-territory-4", "ot-territory-5" ] } ] }, { "id": "l4-conflict-frontier", "title": "Lesson 4: Conflict on the Frontier", "order": 3, "parts": [ { "id": "l4p1-long-walk", "title": "Part 1: The Navajo Long Walk", "order": 0, "blurb": "From Fort Defiance to Bosque Redondo — and the return.", "itemIds": [ "fact-fort-defiance", "fact-manuelito-attack", "fact-kit-carson", "fact-long-walk", "fact-navajo-treaty", "mcq-long-walk-number", "cloze-bosque-redondo", "proc-long-walk", "cz-arizona-history-fact-fort-defiance", "cz-arizona-history-fact-manuelito-attack", "cz-arizona-history-fact-kit-carson", "cz-arizona-history-fact-long-walk", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-long-walk", "concept-rw-arizona-history-fort-defiance", "concept-rw-arizona-history-bosque-redondo", "ot-fort-defiance-1", "ot-fort-defiance-2", "ot-fort-defiance-3", "ot-fort-defiance-4", "ot-fort-defiance-5", "ot-long-walk-1", "ot-long-walk-2", "ot-long-walk-4", "ot-long-walk-5" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "the-navajo-long-walk" }, { "id": "l4p2-apache-forts", "title": "Part 2: Apaches, Geronimo & the Forts", "order": 1, "blurb": "Cochise, Geronimo, Buffalo Soldiers — and the bases that fought them.", "itemIds": [ "fact-fort-apache", "fact-fort-huachuca", "fact-buffalo-soldiers", "fact-cochise", "fact-geronimo", "mcq-geronimo-surrender", "cloze-buffalo-soldiers", "cz-arizona-history-fact-fort-apache", "cz-arizona-history-fact-fort-huachuca", "cz-arizona-history-fact-buffalo-soldiers", "concept-rw-arizona-history-fort-apache", "ot-geronimo-buffalo-1", "ot-geronimo-buffalo-2", "ot-geronimo-buffalo-3", "ot-geronimo-buffalo-4", "ot-frontier-forts-1", "ot-frontier-forts-2", "ot-frontier-forts-3", "ot-frontier-forts-4", "ot-frontier-forts-5" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "apaches-geronimo-and-the-forts" } ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/l4-conflict-frontier.md", "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-fort-defiance", "statement": "Identify Fort Defiance and Manuelito's 1860 assault that led Washington to subdue the Navajo.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-fort-defiance" ] }, { "id": "obj-long-walk", "statement": "Explain Kit Carson's 1863 campaign and the Long Walk of about 9,000 Navajo to Bosque Redondo.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-long-walk", "d-long-walk-places" ] }, { "id": "obj-geronimo-buffalo", "statement": "Recognize Geronimo's 1886 surrender ending the Apache Wars and the Buffalo Soldiers at Fort Huachuca.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-geronimo-buffalo" ] }, { "id": "obj-frontier-forts", "statement": "Identify Fort Apache (1870) and Fort Huachuca (1877) as the frontier forts of the Apache wars.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-forts" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-fort-defiance", "label": "Fort Defiance and Manuelito", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-fact-fort-defiance", "cz-arizona-history-fact-manuelito-attack", "concept-rw-arizona-history-fort-defiance" ] }, { "id": "d-long-walk", "label": "Kit Carson campaign and the Long Walk", "itemIds": [ "mcq-long-walk-number", "cloze-bosque-redondo", "cz-arizona-history-fact-kit-carson", "cz-arizona-history-fact-long-walk" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-long-walk-places", "label": "Long Walk destination places", "itemIds": [ "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-long-walk", "concept-rw-arizona-history-bosque-redondo" ] }, { "id": "d-geronimo-buffalo", "label": "Geronimo surrender and Buffalo Soldiers", "itemIds": [ "mcq-geronimo-surrender", "cloze-buffalo-soldiers", "cz-arizona-history-fact-buffalo-soldiers" ] }, { "id": "d-forts", "label": "Fort Apache and Fort Huachuca", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-fact-fort-apache", "cz-arizona-history-fact-fort-huachuca", "concept-rw-arizona-history-fort-apache" ] } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-fort-defiance", "objectiveId": "obj-fort-defiance", "title": "Fort Defiance & Manuelito", "mcqIds": [ "ot-fort-defiance-1", "ot-fort-defiance-2", "ot-fort-defiance-3", "ot-fort-defiance-4", "ot-fort-defiance-5" ] }, { "id": "test-long-walk", "objectiveId": "obj-long-walk", "title": "Kit Carson & the Long Walk", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-long-walk-number", "ot-long-walk-1", "ot-long-walk-2", "ot-long-walk-4", "ot-long-walk-5" ] }, { "id": "test-geronimo-buffalo", "objectiveId": "obj-geronimo-buffalo", "title": "Geronimo & the Buffalo Soldiers", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-geronimo-surrender", "ot-geronimo-buffalo-1", "ot-geronimo-buffalo-2", "ot-geronimo-buffalo-3", "ot-geronimo-buffalo-4" ] }, { "id": "test-frontier-forts", "objectiveId": "obj-frontier-forts", "title": "Fort Apache & Fort Huachuca", "mcqIds": [ "ot-frontier-forts-1", "ot-frontier-forts-2", "ot-frontier-forts-3", "ot-frontier-forts-4", "ot-frontier-forts-5" ] } ] }, { "id": "l5-wild-west", "title": "Lesson 5: The Wild West Era", "order": 4, "parts": [ { "id": "l5p1-mining", "title": "Part 1: Mining Booms", "order": 0, "blurb": "Tombstone silver, Bisbee copper, and the electrical revolution that paid for it.", "itemIds": [ "fact-tombstone-discovery", "fact-tombstone-boom", "fact-bisbee-copper", "fact-jerome-copper", "fact-copper-electricity", "mcq-tombstone-population", "cloze-tombstone-named", "cz-arizona-history-fact-tombstone-discovery", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-tombstone-discovery", "cz-arizona-history-fact-bisbee-copper", "cz-arizona-history-fact-copper-electricity", "ot-silver-tombstone-1", "ot-silver-tombstone-2", "ot-silver-tombstone-3", "ot-silver-tombstone-4", "ot-copper-boom-1", "ot-copper-boom-2", "ot-copper-boom-3", "ot-copper-boom-4", "ot-copper-boom-5" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "mining-booms" }, { "id": "l5p2-ok-corral", "title": "Part 2: Tombstone & the O.K. Corral", "order": 1, "blurb": "30 seconds that became the most famous gunfight in American history.", "itemIds": [ "fact-earps-arrive", "fact-ok-corral", "fact-vendetta-ride", "fact-doc-holliday", "fact-tombstone-fires", "mcq-ok-corral-year", "cloze-doc-holliday", "fact-map-tombstone", "cz-arizona-history-fact-earps-arrive", "cz-arizona-history-fact-ok-corral", "cz-arizona-history-fact-vendetta-ride", "cz-arizona-history-fact-tombstone-fires", "concept-rw-arizona-history-doc-holliday", "concept-rw-arizona-history-virgil-earp", "concept-rw-arizona-history-morgan-earp", "concept-rw-arizona-history-billy-clanton", "ot-ok-corral-1", "ot-ok-corral-2", "ot-ok-corral-3", "ot-ok-corral-4", "ot-aftermath-1", "ot-aftermath-2", "ot-aftermath-3", "ot-aftermath-4", "ot-aftermath-5" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "tombstone-and-the-o-k-corral" }, { "id": "l5p3-railroads-ranching", "title": "Part 3: Railroads, Ranching & Population", "order": 2, "blurb": "The trains arrive, the cattle herds explode, then the drought arrives.", "itemIds": [ "fact-railroads-1880", "fact-cattle-boom", "fact-1891-drought", "fact-1880-population", "mcq-railroads-year", "cloze-cattle-peak", "cz-arizona-history-fact-cattle-boom", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-cattle-boom", "cz-arizona-history-fact-1891-drought", "cz-arizona-history-fact-1880-population", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-1880-population", "ot-railroads-ranching-1", "ot-railroads-ranching-2", "fi-ot-railroads-ranching-1" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "railroads-ranching-and-population" } ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/l5-wild-west.md", "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-silver-tombstone", "statement": "Explain Ed Schieffelin's 1877 silver strike and how Tombstone got its name and boomed.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-tombstone-silver" ] }, { "id": "obj-copper-boom", "statement": "Describe Arizona's copper boom at Bisbee and Jerome, driven by the electrical revolution.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-copper" ] }, { "id": "obj-ok-corral", "statement": "Identify the O.K. Corral gunfight participants (Earps, Doc Holliday, Clanton) and its 1881 date.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-ok-corral", "d-ok-people" ] }, { "id": "obj-tombstone-aftermath", "statement": "Recognize the aftermath of the gunfight — Wyatt Earp's Vendetta Ride and the fires that razed Tombstone.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-aftermath" ] }, { "id": "obj-railroads-ranching", "statement": "Explain how the 1880 railroad drove population growth and fueled the cattle boom-and-bust.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-railroad-pop", "d-cattle" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-tombstone-silver", "label": "Schieffelin's silver strike and Tombstone's boom", "itemIds": [ "mcq-tombstone-population", "cloze-tombstone-named", "cz-arizona-history-fact-tombstone-discovery", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-tombstone-discovery" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-copper", "label": "Bisbee, Jerome, and the electrical revolution", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-fact-bisbee-copper", "cz-arizona-history-fact-copper-electricity", "ot-copper-boom-3", "ot-copper-boom-5" ] }, { "id": "d-ok-corral", "label": "The gunfight, 1881", "itemIds": [ "mcq-ok-corral-year", "cloze-doc-holliday", "cz-arizona-history-fact-earps-arrive", "cz-arizona-history-fact-ok-corral" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-ok-people", "label": "Gunfight participants", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-arizona-history-doc-holliday", "concept-rw-arizona-history-virgil-earp", "concept-rw-arizona-history-morgan-earp", "concept-rw-arizona-history-billy-clanton" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-aftermath", "label": "Vendetta Ride and Tombstone fires", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-fact-vendetta-ride", "cz-arizona-history-fact-tombstone-fires" ] }, { "id": "d-railroad-pop", "label": "Railroad and population leap", "itemIds": [ "mcq-railroads-year", "cz-arizona-history-fact-1880-population", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-1880-population" ] }, { "id": "d-cattle", "label": "Cattle boom and 1891 drought", "itemIds": [ "cloze-cattle-peak", "cz-arizona-history-fact-cattle-boom", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-cattle-boom", "cz-arizona-history-fact-1891-drought" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-silver-tombstone", "objectiveId": "obj-silver-tombstone", "title": "Schieffelin's Silver Strike", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-tombstone-population", "ot-silver-tombstone-1", "ot-silver-tombstone-2", "ot-silver-tombstone-3", "ot-silver-tombstone-4" ] }, { "id": "test-copper-boom", "objectiveId": "obj-copper-boom", "title": "Bisbee, Jerome & Copper", "mcqIds": [ "ot-copper-boom-1", "ot-copper-boom-2", "ot-copper-boom-3", "ot-copper-boom-4", "ot-copper-boom-5" ] }, { "id": "test-ok-corral", "objectiveId": "obj-ok-corral", "title": "The O.K. Corral Gunfight", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-ok-corral-year", "ot-ok-corral-1", "ot-ok-corral-2", "ot-ok-corral-3", "ot-ok-corral-4" ] }, { "id": "test-tombstone-aftermath", "objectiveId": "obj-tombstone-aftermath", "title": "Vendetta Ride & Tombstone's End", "mcqIds": [ "ot-aftermath-1", "ot-aftermath-2", "ot-aftermath-3", "ot-aftermath-4", "ot-aftermath-5" ] }, { "id": "test-railroads-ranching", "objectiveId": "obj-railroads-ranching", "title": "Railroads, Cattle & Population", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-railroads-year", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-1880-population", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-cattle-boom", "ot-railroads-ranching-1", "ot-railroads-ranching-2" ] } ] }, { "id": "l6-statehood-early-20th", "title": "Lesson 6: Statehood & Early 20th Century", "order": 5, "parts": [ { "id": "l6p1-statehood", "title": "Part 1: The Road to Statehood", "order": 0, "blurb": "Valentine's Day 1912, a Progressive constitution, and women voting eight years early.", "itemIds": [ "fact-statehood-day", "fact-progressive-constitution", "fact-women-vote-1912", "fact-hispanic-delegate", "fact-jointure-rejected", "mcq-statehood-date", "cloze-48th-state", "cz-arizona-history-fact-statehood-day", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-statehood-day", "cz-arizona-history-fact-women-vote-1912", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-women-vote-1912", "cz-arizona-history-fact-hispanic-delegate", "concept-rw-arizona-history-william-howard-taft", "ot-statehood-1", "ot-statehood-2", "ot-statehood-3", "ot-statehood-4", "ot-constitution-1", "ot-constitution-2", "ot-constitution-3", "ot-constitution-4" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "the-road-to-statehood" }, { "id": "l6p2-carl-hayden", "title": "Part 2: Carl Hayden", "order": 1, "blurb": "From Maricopa County sheriff catching train robbers to 56 years in Congress.", "itemIds": [ "fact-carl-hayden", "fact-hayden-sheriff", "fact-hayden-cap", "mcq-hayden-years", "cloze-hayden-cap", "cz-arizona-history-fact-carl-hayden", "cz-arizona-history-fact-hayden-sheriff", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-hayden-sheriff", "cz-arizona-history-fact-hayden-cap", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-hayden-cap", "ot-hayden-1", "ot-hayden-2", "fi-ot-hayden-1", "fi-ot-hayden-2" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "carl-hayden" }, { "id": "l6p3-grand-canyon", "title": "Part 3: The Grand Canyon Becomes an Icon", "order": 2, "blurb": "Powell's expedition, Fred Harvey's hotels, and a national park.", "itemIds": [ "fact-grand-canyon-tourism", "fact-fred-harvey", "fact-john-wesley-powell", "fact-grand-canyon-national-park", "mcq-canyon-park-year", "cz-arizona-history-fact-grand-canyon-tourism", "cz-arizona-history-fact-fred-harvey", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-fred-harvey", "cz-arizona-history-fact-john-wesley-powell", "cz-arizona-history-fact-grand-canyon-national-park", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-grand-canyon-national-park", "concept-rw-arizona-history-fred-harvey", "concept-rw-arizona-history-john-wesley-powell", "concept-rw-arizona-history-theodore-roosevelt", "ot-tourism-1", "ot-tourism-2", "ot-tourism-3", "ot-tourism-4", "ot-canyonpark-1", "ot-canyonpark-2", "ot-canyonpark-3", "ot-canyonpark-4", "fi-ot-tourism-3" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "the-grand-canyon-becomes-an-icon" } ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/l6-statehood-early-20th.md", "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-statehood", "statement": "Identify Arizona's Valentine's Day 1912 admission as the 48th state, signed by President Taft.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-statehood-date", "d-taft" ] }, { "id": "obj-progressive-constitution", "statement": "Recognize Arizona's Progressive constitution — women's suffrage in 1912 and the constitutional convention delegates.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-suffrage" ] }, { "id": "obj-carl-hayden", "statement": "Describe Carl Hayden's 56-year congressional career, his sheriff past, and the Central Arizona Project.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-hayden", "d-hayden-cap" ] }, { "id": "obj-grand-canyon-tourism", "statement": "Explain how the Santa Fe Railroad and Fred Harvey brought tourism to the Grand Canyon.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-tourism" ] }, { "id": "obj-canyon-park", "statement": "Identify Powell's 1869 descent, Roosevelt's advocacy, and the 1919 designation of Grand Canyon National Park.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-canyon-park", "d-canyon-people" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-statehood-date", "label": "48th state on Valentine's Day 1912", "itemIds": [ "mcq-statehood-date", "cloze-48th-state", "cz-arizona-history-fact-statehood-day" ] }, { "id": "d-taft", "label": "Taft signs statehood", "itemIds": [ "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-statehood-day", "concept-rw-arizona-history-william-howard-taft" ] }, { "id": "d-suffrage", "label": "Women's suffrage and convention delegates", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-fact-women-vote-1912", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-women-vote-1912", "cz-arizona-history-fact-hispanic-delegate" ] }, { "id": "d-hayden", "label": "Hayden's career and sheriff past", "itemIds": [ "mcq-hayden-years", "cz-arizona-history-fact-carl-hayden", "cz-arizona-history-fact-hayden-sheriff", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-hayden-sheriff" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-hayden-cap", "label": "Central Arizona Project", "itemIds": [ "cloze-hayden-cap", "cz-arizona-history-fact-hayden-cap", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-hayden-cap" ] }, { "id": "d-tourism", "label": "Santa Fe Railroad and Fred Harvey", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-fact-grand-canyon-tourism", "cz-arizona-history-fact-fred-harvey", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-fred-harvey", "concept-rw-arizona-history-fred-harvey" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-canyon-park", "label": "Powell, Roosevelt, and the 1919 park", "itemIds": [ "mcq-canyon-park-year", "cz-arizona-history-fact-john-wesley-powell", "cz-arizona-history-fact-grand-canyon-national-park", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-grand-canyon-national-park" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-canyon-people", "label": "Powell and Roosevelt", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-arizona-history-john-wesley-powell", "concept-rw-arizona-history-theodore-roosevelt" ] } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-statehood", "objectiveId": "obj-statehood", "title": "Statehood: Feb 14, 1912", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-statehood-date", "ot-statehood-1", "ot-statehood-2", "ot-statehood-3", "ot-statehood-4" ] }, { "id": "test-progressive-constitution", "objectiveId": "obj-progressive-constitution", "title": "A Progressive Constitution", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-women-vote-1912", "ot-constitution-1", "ot-constitution-2", "ot-constitution-3", "ot-constitution-4" ] }, { "id": "test-carl-hayden", "objectiveId": "obj-carl-hayden", "title": "Carl Hayden", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-hayden-years", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-hayden-sheriff", "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-hayden-cap", "ot-hayden-1", "ot-hayden-2" ] }, { "id": "test-canyon-tourism", "objectiveId": "obj-grand-canyon-tourism", "title": "Railroad & Canyon Tourism", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-c-arizona-history-fact-fred-harvey", "ot-tourism-1", "ot-tourism-2", "ot-tourism-3", "ot-tourism-4" ] }, { "id": "test-canyon-park", "objectiveId": "obj-canyon-park", "title": "Grand Canyon National Park", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-canyon-park-year", "ot-canyonpark-1", "ot-canyonpark-2", "ot-canyonpark-3", "ot-canyonpark-4" ] } ] }, { "id": "l7-depression-war-water", "title": "Lesson 7: Depression, War & Water", "order": 6, "parts": [ { "id": "l7p1-hoover", "title": "Part 1: Hoover Dam & the Depression", "order": 0, "blurb": "The 726-foot dam in Black Canyon that pulled Arizona out of the Depression.", "itemIds": [ "fact-colorado-compact", "fact-hoover-dam", "fact-hoover-height", "fact-great-depression-az", "mcq-hoover-years", "cloze-colorado-share", "fact-map-hoover", "cz-arizona-history-fact-colorado-compact", "cz-arizona-history-fact-hoover-dam", "cz-arizona-history-fact-map-hoover", "ot-compact-1", "ot-compact-2", "ot-compact-3", "ot-compact-4", "ot-compact-5", "ot-hoover-1", "ot-hoover-2", "ot-hoover-3", "ot-hoover-4" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "hoover-dam-and-the-depression" }, { "id": "l7p2-wwii", "title": "Part 2: Arizona in World War II", "order": 1, "blurb": "Bomber training, segregated divisions, internment camps, and a sunken battleship.", "itemIds": [ "fact-wwii-arizona", "fact-davis-monthan", "fact-huachuca-wwii", "fact-poston-gila-river", "fact-arizona-warship", "mcq-uss-arizona-deaths", "cloze-poston", "cz-arizona-history-fact-wwii-arizona", "cz-arizona-history-fact-davis-monthan", "cz-arizona-history-fact-poston-gila-river", "concept-rw-arizona-history-davis-monthan-field", "concept-rw-arizona-history-fort-huachuca", "concept-rw-arizona-history-poston", "concept-rw-arizona-history-gila-river", "ot-wwii-1", "ot-wwii-2", "ot-wwii-3", "ot-wwii-4", "ot-intern-1", "ot-intern-2", "ot-intern-3", "ot-intern-4", "ot-intern-5" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "arizona-in-world-war-ii" }, { "id": "l7p3-cap-postwar", "title": "Part 3: Postwar Water & Industry", "order": 2, "blurb": "The Central Arizona Project finally happens — and Phoenix becomes a high-tech town.", "itemIds": [ "fact-cap", "fact-groundwater-act", "fact-postwar-tech", "mcq-cap-distance", "cloze-babbitt-water", "cz-arizona-history-fact-groundwater-act", "cz-arizona-history-fact-postwar-tech", "ot-postwar-1", "ot-postwar-2", "ot-postwar-3", "ot-postwar-4", "fi-ot-postwar-1", "fi-ot-postwar-3" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "postwar-water-and-industry" } ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/l7-depression-war-water.md", "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-colorado-compact", "statement": "Explain the 1922 Colorado River Compact and Arizona's disputed 19% lower-basin allocation.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-compact" ] }, { "id": "obj-hoover-dam", "statement": "Describe Hoover Dam's 1931-1936 construction in Black Canyon on the Arizona-Nevada border.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-hoover" ] }, { "id": "obj-wwii-military", "statement": "Recognize Arizona as a WWII training ground and the loss of the USS Arizona at Pearl Harbor.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-wwii-bases", "d-wwii-concepts" ] }, { "id": "obj-internment", "statement": "Identify Arizona's two large Japanese American internment camps, Poston and Gila River.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-internment" ] }, { "id": "obj-postwar-water", "statement": "Explain the Central Arizona Project, the 1980 Groundwater Management Act, and postwar high-tech growth.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-postwar" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-compact", "label": "Colorado River Compact and 19% share", "itemIds": [ "cloze-colorado-share", "cz-arizona-history-fact-colorado-compact", "ot-compact-2" ] }, { "id": "d-hoover", "label": "Hoover Dam construction", "itemIds": [ "mcq-hoover-years", "cz-arizona-history-fact-hoover-dam", "cz-arizona-history-fact-map-hoover" ] }, { "id": "d-wwii-bases", "label": "Training bases and the USS Arizona", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-fact-wwii-arizona", "cz-arizona-history-fact-davis-monthan", "mcq-uss-arizona-deaths" ] }, { "id": "d-wwii-concepts", "label": "Davis-Monthan and Fort Huachuca", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-arizona-history-davis-monthan-field", "concept-rw-arizona-history-fort-huachuca" ] }, { "id": "d-internment", "label": "Poston and Gila River camps", "itemIds": [ "cloze-poston", "cz-arizona-history-fact-poston-gila-river", "concept-rw-arizona-history-poston", "concept-rw-arizona-history-gila-river" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-postwar", "label": "CAP, Groundwater Act, and tech growth", "itemIds": [ "mcq-cap-distance", "cloze-babbitt-water", "cz-arizona-history-fact-groundwater-act", "cz-arizona-history-fact-postwar-tech" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-colorado-compact", "objectiveId": "obj-colorado-compact", "title": "The 1922 Colorado River Compact", "mcqIds": [ "ot-compact-1", "ot-compact-2", "ot-compact-3", "ot-compact-4", "ot-compact-5" ] }, { "id": "test-hoover-dam", "objectiveId": "obj-hoover-dam", "title": "Hoover Dam", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-hoover-years", "ot-hoover-1", "ot-hoover-2", "ot-hoover-3", "ot-hoover-4" ] }, { "id": "test-wwii-military", "objectiveId": "obj-wwii-military", "title": "Arizona at War", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-uss-arizona-deaths", "ot-wwii-1", "ot-wwii-2", "ot-wwii-3", "ot-wwii-4" ] }, { "id": "test-internment", "objectiveId": "obj-internment", "title": "Poston & Gila River", "mcqIds": [ "ot-intern-1", "ot-intern-2", "ot-intern-3", "ot-intern-4", "ot-intern-5" ] }, { "id": "test-postwar-water", "objectiveId": "obj-postwar-water", "title": "Postwar Water & Industry", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-cap-distance", "ot-postwar-1", "ot-postwar-2", "ot-postwar-3", "ot-postwar-4" ] } ] }, { "id": "l8-sunbelt-boom", "title": "Lesson 8: The Sunbelt Boom", "order": 7, "parts": [ { "id": "l8p1-population", "title": "Part 1: Population Explosion", "order": 0, "blurb": "Seven times the people in fifty years — air conditioning, water, the Five C's, and cheap land.", "itemIds": [ "fact-population-explosion", "fact-citrus-replaced", "fact-air-conditioning", "fact-five-cs", "mcq-population-1950", "mcq-five-cs", "cz-arizona-history-fact-population-explosion", "cz-arizona-history-fact-five-cs", "ot-population-2000-total", "ot-population-not-enabler", "ot-population-phoenix-july", "ot-population-concentration", "ot-five-cs-full-list", "ot-five-cs-climate", "ot-five-cs-paved-over", "ot-five-cs-missing", "fi-ot-population-2000-total" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "population-explosion" }, { "id": "l8p2-retirement", "title": "Part 2: Retirement Communities", "order": 1, "blurb": "Youngtown, Sun City, and the snowbirds who reinvented retirement.", "itemIds": [ "fact-youngtown", "fact-sun-city", "fact-snowbirds", "mcq-sun-city-founder", "cloze-youngtown", "cz-arizona-history-fact-youngtown", "cz-arizona-history-fact-sun-city", "cz-arizona-history-fact-snowbirds", "ot-retirement-youngtown-year", "ot-retirement-sun-city-compare", "ot-retirement-snowbirds-origin", "ot-retirement-share-2000", "fi-ot-retirement-share-2000", "fi-ot-retirement-sun-city-compare" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "retirement-communities" }, { "id": "l8p3-politicians", "title": "Part 3: Politicians on the National Stage", "order": 2, "blurb": "Goldwater, McCain, O'Connor, Udall, Babbitt — an outsized share of national politics.", "itemIds": [ "fact-goldwater", "fact-mccain", "fact-oconnor", "fact-mo-udall", "fact-babbitt-gov", "mcq-oconnor-year", "cloze-goldwater-year", "cz-arizona-history-fact-goldwater", "cz-arizona-history-fact-mccain", "cz-arizona-history-fact-oconnor", "cz-arizona-history-fact-mo-udall", "concept-rw-arizona-history-morris-mo-udall", "concept-rw-arizona-history-bruce-babbitt", "ot-nat-goldwater-year", "ot-nat-mccain-2008", "ot-nat-oconnor-first", "ot-nat-goldwater-legacy", "ot-state-pair-years", "ot-state-udall-not", "ot-state-udall-run", "ot-state-babbitt-cabinet", "ot-state-babbitt-law" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "politicians-on-the-national-stage" } ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/l8-sunbelt-boom.md", "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-population-explosion", "statement": "Explain Arizona's sevenfold population boom (1950-2000), enabled by federal water and air conditioning.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-population" ] }, { "id": "obj-five-cs", "statement": "Identify Arizona's traditional Five C's — Copper, Cattle, Cotton, Citrus, and Climate.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-five-cs" ] }, { "id": "obj-retirement", "statement": "Describe the retirement-community model — Youngtown (1954), Del Webb's Sun City (1960), and the snowbirds.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-retirement-towns", "d-snowbirds" ] }, { "id": "obj-national-politicians", "statement": "Identify Arizona's national politicians — Goldwater (1964), McCain (2008), and O'Connor (1981).", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-nominees", "d-oconnor" ] }, { "id": "obj-state-figures", "statement": "Recognize Arizona statesmen Mo Udall and Bruce Babbitt.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-udall-babbitt" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-population", "label": "Sevenfold population growth", "itemIds": [ "mcq-population-1950", "cz-arizona-history-fact-population-explosion" ] }, { "id": "d-five-cs", "label": "The Five C's", "itemIds": [ "mcq-five-cs", "cz-arizona-history-fact-five-cs" ] }, { "id": "d-retirement-towns", "label": "Youngtown and Sun City", "itemIds": [ "cloze-youngtown", "cz-arizona-history-fact-youngtown", "mcq-sun-city-founder", "cz-arizona-history-fact-sun-city" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-snowbirds", "label": "Snowbird migration", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-fact-snowbirds", "cz-arizona-history-fact-sun-city" ] }, { "id": "d-nominees", "label": "Goldwater and McCain, GOP nominees", "itemIds": [ "cloze-goldwater-year", "cz-arizona-history-fact-goldwater", "cz-arizona-history-fact-mccain" ] }, { "id": "d-oconnor", "label": "O'Connor on the Supreme Court", "itemIds": [ "mcq-oconnor-year", "cz-arizona-history-fact-oconnor" ] }, { "id": "d-udall-babbitt", "label": "Mo Udall and Bruce Babbitt", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-fact-mo-udall", "concept-rw-arizona-history-morris-mo-udall", "concept-rw-arizona-history-bruce-babbitt" ] } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-population-explosion", "objectiveId": "obj-population-explosion", "title": "The Population Explosion", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-population-1950", "ot-population-2000-total", "ot-population-not-enabler", "ot-population-phoenix-july", "ot-population-concentration" ] }, { "id": "test-five-cs", "objectiveId": "obj-five-cs", "title": "Arizona's Five C's", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-five-cs", "ot-five-cs-full-list", "ot-five-cs-climate", "ot-five-cs-paved-over", "ot-five-cs-missing" ] }, { "id": "test-retirement", "objectiveId": "obj-retirement", "title": "Retirement Communities", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-sun-city-founder", "ot-retirement-youngtown-year", "ot-retirement-sun-city-compare", "ot-retirement-snowbirds-origin", "ot-retirement-share-2000" ] }, { "id": "test-national-politicians", "objectiveId": "obj-national-politicians", "title": "Arizona on the National Stage", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-oconnor-year", "ot-nat-goldwater-year", "ot-nat-mccain-2008", "ot-nat-oconnor-first", "ot-nat-goldwater-legacy" ] }, { "id": "test-state-figures", "objectiveId": "obj-state-figures", "title": "Udall and Babbitt", "mcqIds": [ "ot-state-pair-years", "ot-state-udall-not", "ot-state-udall-run", "ot-state-babbitt-cabinet", "ot-state-babbitt-law" ] } ] }, { "id": "l9-modern", "title": "Lesson 9: Modern Arizona", "order": 8, "parts": [ { "id": "l9p1-border", "title": "Part 1: Border & Immigration", "order": 0, "blurb": "SB 1070, the southern crossing corridor, and a decade of fights over enforcement.", "itemIds": [ "fact-sb1070", "fact-border-crisis", "fact-jan-brewer", "mcq-sb1070-year", "cloze-brewer", "cz-arizona-history-fact-sb1070", "concept-rw-arizona-history-jan-brewer", "concept-rw-arizona-history-janet-napolitano", "ot-sb1070-1", "ot-sb1070-2", "ot-sb1070-3", "ot-sb1070-4", "fi-ot-sb1070-2", "fi-ot-sb1070-1" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "border-and-immigration" }, { "id": "l9p2-tragedies", "title": "Part 2: Tragedies & Crises", "order": 1, "blurb": "Tucson, Yarnell Hill, and Arizona's hard COVID year.", "itemIds": [ "fact-giffords", "fact-yarnell", "fact-arizona-covid", "fact-covid-navajo", "mcq-yarnell-toll", "cloze-giffords-date", "cz-arizona-history-fact-covid-navajo", "concept-rw-arizona-history-gabrielle-giffords", "concept-rw-arizona-history-doug-ducey", "ot-tragedies-1", "ot-tragedies-2", "ot-tragedies-3", "ot-tragedies-4", "ot-covid-1", "ot-covid-2", "ot-covid-3", "ot-covid-4", "ot-covid-5", "fi-ot-tragedies-3" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "tragedies-and-crises" } ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/l9-modern.md", "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-sb1070", "statement": "Explain SB 1070 (2010), signed by Governor Jan Brewer, and Arizona's border-immigration politics.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-sb1070", "d-governors" ] }, { "id": "obj-modern-tragedies", "statement": "Recognize the modern tragedies — the 2011 Giffords shooting and the 2013 Yarnell Hill Fire.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-tragedies" ] }, { "id": "obj-covid-navajo", "statement": "Identify COVID-19's disproportionate impact on the Navajo Nation in 2020.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-covid" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-sb1070", "label": "SB 1070 and Jan Brewer", "itemIds": [ "mcq-sb1070-year", "cloze-brewer", "cz-arizona-history-fact-sb1070", "concept-rw-arizona-history-jan-brewer" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-governors", "label": "Brewer and Napolitano", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-arizona-history-jan-brewer", "concept-rw-arizona-history-janet-napolitano" ] }, { "id": "d-tragedies", "label": "Giffords shooting and Yarnell Hill Fire", "itemIds": [ "mcq-yarnell-toll", "cloze-giffords-date", "concept-rw-arizona-history-gabrielle-giffords" ] }, { "id": "d-covid", "label": "COVID and the Navajo Nation", "itemIds": [ "cz-arizona-history-fact-covid-navajo", "concept-rw-arizona-history-doug-ducey" ] } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-sb1070", "objectiveId": "obj-sb1070", "title": "SB 1070 & Border Politics", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-sb1070-year", "ot-sb1070-1", "ot-sb1070-2", "ot-sb1070-3", "ot-sb1070-4" ] }, { "id": "test-modern-tragedies", "objectiveId": "obj-modern-tragedies", "title": "Giffords & Yarnell Hill", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-yarnell-toll", "ot-tragedies-1", "ot-tragedies-2", "ot-tragedies-3", "ot-tragedies-4" ] }, { "id": "test-covid-navajo", "objectiveId": "obj-covid-navajo", "title": "COVID & the Navajo Nation", "mcqIds": [ "ot-covid-1", "ot-covid-2", "ot-covid-3", "ot-covid-4", "ot-covid-5" ] } ] }, { "id": "l10-by-the-numbers", "title": "Lesson 10: By the Numbers", "order": 9, "parts": [ { "id": "l10p1-population", "title": "Part 1: Population by Decade", "order": 0, "blurb": "From 6,500 people in 1860 to nearly 6.4 million in 2010.", "itemIds": [ "num-pop-1860", "num-pop-1880", "num-pop-1910", "num-pop-1950", "num-pop-1980", "num-pop-2000", "num-pop-2010", "mcq-rw-l10p1-population", "ot-early-pop-1", "ot-early-pop-2", "ot-early-pop-3", "ot-early-pop-4", "ot-modern-pop-1", "ot-modern-pop-2", "ot-modern-pop-3", "ot-modern-pop-4", "ot-modern-pop-5" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "population-by-decade" }, { "id": "l10p2-years", "title": "Part 2: Pivotal Years", "order": 1, "blurb": "Eight years to know cold — from Coronado to Hoover Dam.", "itemIds": [ "num-year-coronado", "num-year-tubac", "num-year-gadsden", "num-year-territory", "num-year-ok-corral", "num-year-geronimo", "num-year-statehood", "num-year-hoover", "mcq-rw-l10p2-years", "ot-early-years-1", "ot-early-years-2", "ot-early-years-3", "ot-early-years-4", "ot-early-years-5", "ot-later-years-1", "ot-later-years-2", "ot-later-years-3", "ot-later-years-4" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "pivotal-years" } ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/l10-by-the-numbers.md", "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-early-population", "statement": "Recall Arizona's population figures for the frontier and territorial decades (1860-1910) and what drove the 1880 surge.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-early-pop" ] }, { "id": "obj-modern-population", "statement": "Recall Arizona's population figures across the Sunbelt boom (1950-2010).", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-modern-pop" ] }, { "id": "obj-early-years", "statement": "Recall the pivotal years of Spanish and territorial Arizona — Coronado, Tubac, Gadsden, and Territory.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-early-years" ] }, { "id": "obj-later-years", "statement": "Recall the pivotal years of the Wild West and statehood era — O.K. Corral, Geronimo, statehood, and Hoover Dam.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-later-years", "d-statehood-holiday" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-early-pop", "label": "Population 1860-1910 and the railroad surge", "itemIds": [ "num-pop-1860", "num-pop-1880", "num-pop-1910", "mcq-rw-l10p1-population" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-modern-pop", "label": "Population 1950-2010", "itemIds": [ "num-pop-1950", "num-pop-1980", "num-pop-2000", "num-pop-2010" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-early-years", "label": "Coronado, Tubac, Gadsden, Territory", "itemIds": [ "num-year-coronado", "num-year-tubac", "num-year-gadsden", "num-year-territory" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-later-years", "label": "O.K. Corral, Geronimo, statehood, Hoover Dam", "itemIds": [ "num-year-ok-corral", "num-year-geronimo", "num-year-statehood", "num-year-hoover" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-statehood-holiday", "label": "Statehood year and holiday", "itemIds": [ "num-year-statehood", "mcq-rw-l10p2-years" ] } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-early-population", "objectiveId": "obj-early-population", "title": "Frontier & Territorial Population", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-l10p1-population", "ot-early-pop-1", "ot-early-pop-2", "ot-early-pop-3", "ot-early-pop-4" ] }, { "id": "test-modern-population", "objectiveId": "obj-modern-population", "title": "Sunbelt Boom Population", "mcqIds": [ "ot-modern-pop-1", "ot-modern-pop-2", "ot-modern-pop-3", "ot-modern-pop-4", "ot-modern-pop-5" ] }, { "id": "test-early-years", "objectiveId": "obj-early-years", "title": "Spanish & Territorial Years", "mcqIds": [ "ot-early-years-1", "ot-early-years-2", "ot-early-years-3", "ot-early-years-4", "ot-early-years-5" ] }, { "id": "test-later-years", "objectiveId": "obj-later-years", "title": "Wild West & Statehood Years", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-l10p2-years", "ot-later-years-1", "ot-later-years-2", "ot-later-years-3", "ot-later-years-4" ] } ] }, { "id": "l11-quick-recall", "title": "Lesson 11: Quick Recall", "order": 10, "parts": [ { "id": "l11p1-people-recall", "title": "Part 1: People & Places", "order": 0, "blurb": "Match each Arizona name to what they're known for.", "itemIds": [ "pair-cochise-recall", "pair-geronimo-recall", "pair-kit-carson-recall", "pair-hayden-recall", "pair-goldwater-recall", "pair-oconnor-recall", "pair-mccain-recall", "pair-coronado-recall", "mcq-rw-l11p1-people-recall", "tf-t-arizona-history-pair-cochise-recall", "tf-t-arizona-history-pair-geronimo-recall", "tf-f-arizona-history-pair-hayden-recall", "tf-f-arizona-history-pair-goldwater-recall", "concept-rw-arizona-history-coronado", "concept-rw-arizona-history-kit-carson", "concept-rw-arizona-history-sandra-day-o-connor", "concept-rw-arizona-history-john-mccain", "concept-rw-arizona-history-father-kino", "ot-warriors-1", "ot-warriors-2", "ot-warriors-3", "ot-warriors-4", "ot-warriors-5", "ot-statesmen-1", "ot-statesmen-2", "ot-statesmen-3", "ot-statesmen-4", "ot-spanish-1", "ot-spanish-2", "ot-spanish-3", "ot-spanish-4", "ot-spanish-5" ], "studyGuideAnchor": "people-and-places" }, { "id": "l11p2-az-trivia-mix", "title": "Part 2: Arizona Trivia Mix", "order": 1, "blurb": "Cities, rivers, landforms, treaties, mining towns — pick the right category.", "itemIds": [ "def-tucson", "def-phoenix", "def-flagstaff", "def-prescott", "def-colorado-river", "def-gila-river", "def-salt-river", "def-grand-canyon", "def-mogollon-rim", "def-gadsden", "def-guadalupe-hidalgo", "def-bisbee-mine", "def-jerome-mine", "mcq-rw-l11p2-az-trivia-mix", "czr-arizona-history-def-tucson", "czr-arizona-history-def-phoenix", "czr-arizona-history-def-flagstaff", "czr-arizona-history-def-prescott", "czr-arizona-history-def-colorado-river", "czr-arizona-history-def-gila-river", "czr-arizona-history-def-salt-river", "czr-arizona-history-def-grand-canyon", "czr-arizona-history-def-mogollon-rim", "czr-arizona-history-def-gadsden", "czr-arizona-history-def-guadalupe-hidalgo", "czr-arizona-history-def-bisbee-mine", "czr-arizona-history-def-jerome-mine", "tf-df-arizona-history-def-tucson", "tf-d-arizona-history-def-phoenix", "tf-df-arizona-history-def-flagstaff", "tf-df-arizona-history-def-prescott", "tf-df-arizona-history-def-colorado-river", "tf-df-arizona-history-def-gila-river", "tf-d-arizona-history-def-salt-river", "tf-d-arizona-history-def-grand-canyon", "tf-df-arizona-history-def-mogollon-rim", "tf-df-arizona-history-def-gadsden", "tf-d-arizona-history-def-guadalupe-hidalgo", "tf-df-arizona-history-def-bisbee-mine", "tf-df-arizona-history-def-jerome-mine", "concept-rw-arizona-history-prescott", "concept-rw-arizona-history-phoenix", "concept-rw-arizona-history-tucson", "concept-rw-arizona-history-colorado-river", "ot-cities-1", "ot-cities-2", "ot-cities-3", "ot-cities-4", "ot-geo-1", "ot-geo-2", "ot-geo-3", "ot-geo-4", "ot-geo-5" ] } ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/l11-quick-recall.md", "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-recall-warriors", "statement": "Recall key figures of the Apache and Navajo conflicts and their deeds — Cochise, Geronimo, and Kit Carson.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-warriors-pairs", "d-warriors-verify" ] }, { "id": "obj-recall-statesmen", "statement": "Recall Arizona's national statesmen — Hayden, Goldwater, O'Connor, and McCain.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-statesmen-pairs", "d-statesmen-verify" ] }, { "id": "obj-recall-spanish", "statement": "Recall the Spanish-era figures — Coronado and Father Kino.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-spanish" ] }, { "id": "obj-recall-cities", "statement": "Recall Arizona's key cities by their defining facts — Tucson, Phoenix, Flagstaff, and Prescott.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-cities-def", "d-cities-concepts" ] }, { "id": "obj-recall-geography", "statement": "Recall Arizona's rivers, landforms, and treaty boundaries.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-rivers", "d-landforms-treaties" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-warriors-pairs", "label": "Cochise, Geronimo, Kit Carson pairs", "itemIds": [ "pair-cochise-recall", "pair-geronimo-recall", "pair-kit-carson-recall" ] }, { "id": "d-warriors-verify", "label": "Verify warrior facts", "itemIds": [ "tf-t-arizona-history-pair-cochise-recall", "tf-t-arizona-history-pair-geronimo-recall", "concept-rw-arizona-history-kit-carson" ] }, { "id": "d-statesmen-pairs", "label": "Hayden, Goldwater, O'Connor, McCain pairs", "itemIds": [ "pair-hayden-recall", "pair-goldwater-recall", "pair-oconnor-recall", "pair-mccain-recall" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-statesmen-verify", "label": "Verify statesmen facts", "itemIds": [ "mcq-rw-l11p1-people-recall", "tf-f-arizona-history-pair-hayden-recall", "tf-f-arizona-history-pair-goldwater-recall", "concept-rw-arizona-history-sandra-day-o-connor" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-spanish", "label": "Coronado and Father Kino", "itemIds": [ "pair-coronado-recall", "concept-rw-arizona-history-coronado", "concept-rw-arizona-history-father-kino" ] }, { "id": "d-cities-def", "label": "City definitions", "itemIds": [ "def-tucson", "def-phoenix", "def-flagstaff", "def-prescott" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-cities-concepts", "label": "City recall and capital quiz", "itemIds": [ "concept-rw-arizona-history-prescott", "concept-rw-arizona-history-phoenix", "concept-rw-arizona-history-tucson", "mcq-rw-l11p2-az-trivia-mix" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-rivers", "label": "Rivers and the Grand Canyon", "itemIds": [ "def-colorado-river", "def-gila-river", "def-salt-river", "def-grand-canyon" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-landforms-treaties", "label": "Mogollon Rim, Gadsden, Guadalupe Hidalgo", "itemIds": [ "def-mogollon-rim", "def-gadsden", "def-guadalupe-hidalgo", "concept-rw-arizona-history-colorado-river" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-recall-warriors", "objectiveId": "obj-recall-warriors", "title": "Warriors of the Apache Wars", "mcqIds": [ "ot-warriors-1", "ot-warriors-2", "ot-warriors-3", "ot-warriors-4", "ot-warriors-5" ] }, { "id": "test-recall-statesmen", "objectiveId": "obj-recall-statesmen", "title": "Arizona's National Statesmen", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-l11p1-people-recall", "ot-statesmen-1", "ot-statesmen-2", "ot-statesmen-3", "ot-statesmen-4" ] }, { "id": "test-recall-spanish", "objectiveId": "obj-recall-spanish", "title": "Spanish-Era Figures", "mcqIds": [ "ot-spanish-1", "ot-spanish-2", "ot-spanish-3", "ot-spanish-4", "ot-spanish-5" ] }, { "id": "test-recall-cities", "objectiveId": "obj-recall-cities", "title": "Arizona's Key Cities", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-l11p2-az-trivia-mix", "ot-cities-1", "ot-cities-2", "ot-cities-3", "ot-cities-4" ] }, { "id": "test-recall-geography", "objectiveId": "obj-recall-geography", "title": "Rivers, Landforms & Treaties", "mcqIds": [ "ot-geo-1", "ot-geo-2", "ot-geo-3", "ot-geo-4", "ot-geo-5" ] } ] }, { "id": "l-key-concepts", "title": "Key Concepts", "order": 99, "parts": [ { "id": "lc-people", "title": "Key People", "order": 0, "itemIds": [ "concept-geronimo", "concept-cochise", "concept-wyatt-earp", "concept-schieffelin", "concept-carl-hayden", "concept-goldwater", "mcq-rw-lc-people", "ot-people-frontier-1", "ot-people-frontier-2", "ot-people-frontier-3", "ot-people-frontier-4", "ot-statesmen-5" ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/lc-people.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "key-people" }, { "id": "lc-places", "title": "Key Places", "order": 1, "itemIds": [ "concept-tombstone", "concept-tubac", "concept-grand-canyon", "concept-hoover-dam", "concept-canyon-de-chelly", "concept-bisbee", "mcq-rw-lc-places", "ot-places-1", "ot-places-2", "ot-places-3", "ot-places-4" ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/lc-places.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "key-places" }, { "id": "lc-things", "title": "Key Things", "order": 2, "itemIds": [ "concept-copper", "concept-saguaro", "concept-turquoise", "concept-bolo-tie", "concept-cotton", "concept-cattle", "mcq-rw-lc-things", "ot-things-1", "ot-things-2", "ot-things-3", "ot-things-4" ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/lc-things.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "key-things" }, { "id": "lc-events", "title": "Key Events", "order": 3, "itemIds": [ "concept-arizona-becomes-mexican", "concept-treaty-of-guadalupe-hidalgo", "concept-gadsden-purchase", "concept-battle-of-picacho-pass", "concept-arizona-territory-created", "concept-gunfight-at-the-o-k-corral", "mcq-rw-lc-events", "ot-events-1", "ot-events-2", "ot-events-3", "ot-events-4" ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/lc-events.md", "studyGuideAnchor": "key-events" } ], "studyGuidePath": "/packs/arizona-history/guides/lc-people.md", "objectives": [ { "id": "obj-key-people-frontier", "statement": "Identify the Native leaders and frontier figures — Geronimo, Cochise, Wyatt Earp, and Ed Schieffelin.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-natives-lawmen", "d-people-quiz" ] }, { "id": "obj-key-people-statesmen", "statement": "Identify Arizona statesmen Carl Hayden and Barry Goldwater by their national roles.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-statesmen" ] }, { "id": "obj-key-places", "statement": "Identify Arizona's key places — Tombstone, Tubac, Grand Canyon, Hoover Dam, Canyon de Chelly, and Bisbee.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-places-a", "d-places-b" ] }, { "id": "obj-key-things", "statement": "Recognize Arizona's emblems — the Five C's crops and metal plus the saguaro, turquoise, and bolo tie.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-things-a", "d-things-b" ] }, { "id": "obj-key-events", "statement": "Identify the events that made Arizona American — Mexican rule, Guadalupe Hidalgo, Gadsden, Picacho Pass, Territory, and the O.K. Corral.", "demonstrationIds": [ "d-events-a", "d-events-b" ] } ], "demonstrations": [ { "id": "d-natives-lawmen", "label": "Geronimo, Cochise, Earp, Schieffelin", "itemIds": [ "concept-geronimo", "concept-cochise", "concept-wyatt-earp", "concept-schieffelin" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-people-quiz", "label": "Who named Tombstone", "itemIds": [ "mcq-rw-lc-people", "concept-schieffelin" ] }, { "id": "d-statesmen", "label": "Hayden and Goldwater", "itemIds": [ "concept-carl-hayden", "concept-goldwater" ] }, { "id": "d-places-a", "label": "Tombstone, Tubac, Grand Canyon, Hoover Dam", "itemIds": [ "concept-tombstone", "concept-tubac", "concept-grand-canyon", "concept-hoover-dam" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-places-b", "label": "Canyon de Chelly, Bisbee, and Tubac quiz", "itemIds": [ "concept-canyon-de-chelly", "concept-bisbee", "mcq-rw-lc-places" ] }, { "id": "d-things-a", "label": "Copper, cotton, cattle, and Five C's quiz", "itemIds": [ "concept-copper", "concept-cotton", "concept-cattle", "mcq-rw-lc-things" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-things-b", "label": "Saguaro, turquoise, bolo tie", "itemIds": [ "concept-saguaro", "concept-turquoise", "concept-bolo-tie" ] }, { "id": "d-events-a", "label": "Mexican rule, Guadalupe Hidalgo, Gadsden, Territory", "itemIds": [ "concept-arizona-becomes-mexican", "concept-treaty-of-guadalupe-hidalgo", "concept-gadsden-purchase", "concept-arizona-territory-created" ], "requiredCorrect": 3 }, { "id": "d-events-b", "label": "Picacho Pass, O.K. Corral, and cession quiz", "itemIds": [ "concept-battle-of-picacho-pass", "concept-gunfight-at-the-o-k-corral", "mcq-rw-lc-events" ] } ], "objectiveTests": [ { "id": "test-key-people-frontier", "objectiveId": "obj-key-people-frontier", "title": "Apache Leaders & Frontier Figures", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-lc-people", "ot-people-frontier-1", "ot-people-frontier-2", "ot-people-frontier-3", "ot-people-frontier-4" ] }, { "id": "test-key-people-statesmen", "objectiveId": "obj-key-people-statesmen", "title": "Hayden & Goldwater", "mcqIds": [ "ot-statesmen-2", "ot-hayden-2", "ot-nat-goldwater-legacy", "ot-statesmen-4", "ot-statesmen-5" ] }, { "id": "test-key-places", "objectiveId": "obj-key-places", "title": "Arizona's Key Places", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-lc-places", "ot-places-1", "ot-places-2", "ot-places-3", "ot-places-4" ] }, { "id": "test-key-things", "objectiveId": "obj-key-things", "title": "Five C's & State Emblems", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-lc-things", "ot-things-1", "ot-things-2", "ot-things-3", "ot-things-4" ] }, { "id": "test-key-events", "objectiveId": "obj-key-events", "title": "Events That Made Arizona American", "mcqIds": [ "mcq-rw-lc-events", "ot-events-1", "ot-events-2", "ot-events-3", "ot-events-4" ] } ] } ], "icon": "🌵", "shortName": "AZ History" }